From Food Production to Food Security Class 7 Notes Questions and Answers Social Chapter 7

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Class 7 Social Science Chapter 7 From Food Production to Food Security Notes Questions and Answers

From Food Production to Food Security Class 7 Notes Pdf

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 7 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
What kind of food crops does Neetu cultivate for daily purposes?
Answer:

• Eggplant
• Brinjal
• Yard long beans
• Snake gourd
• Lady’s finger
• Spinach
• Yam
• Sorghum

Question 2.
How is surplus production used?
Answer:

• Gave some to Keerthi’s house
• Sold to market

Question 3.
What are the benefit of such farming?
Answer:

• Pesticide free
• Availability of healthy and fresh vegetables

Question 4.
What are the benefits of mixed farming?
Answer:

• Livestock can utilise crop residues and by-products, reducing waste and improving water use efficiency.
• Provides multiple income streams, ensuring more stable and reliable farm revenue.
• Promotes biodiversity.
• Reduces the environmental impact through integrated pest management and reduced reliance on chemical inputs.

Question 5.
You have learned about the different types of farming methods in our country, expand the below list by adding more features.

Answer:

Subsistence farming	Mixed farming	Cultivation of plantation crops	Cultivation of commercial crops
Production for own consumption.	The same fertiliser can be used for multiple crops.	Cost of production is relatively low.	High capital investment.
Cultivation is possible even in small plots of land.	Lower cost of production.	Large-scale production.	Provides raw materials.
Profit is not the primary objective.	Provides multiple income.	Long-term income.	Use of modem technology.
Traditional agricultural tools are mostly used.	Promotes biodiversity.	Conserving soil and ecosystem.	Large-scale production of agricultural products.

Question 6.

a. Which of the crops seen in the picture are used for food?
b. Which are the other crops?
Answer:
a. Maize, Rice, Wheat
b. Rubber, Tea, Cotton

Question 7.
Find the crops of our country and complete the list.
Answer:

Food crops	Cash crops
Rice	Cotton
Wheat	Rubber
Maize	Tea
Pulses	Coffee
Millets	Jute

Question 8.
From the table given below, you can understand which crops grow in which states. Identify those states on the map and colour them.

Crops	States
Wheat	Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
Cotton	Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana and Rajasthan
Rice	West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar

Answer:

Question 9.
Mention the agricultural seasons in our country.
Answer:
Three distinct cropping seasons: –

• Kharif
• Rabi
• Zaid

Question 10.
Can all crops be grown everywhere? Why? Make a note.
Answer:
No, not all crops can be grown everywhere because different crops have specific requirements for climate, soil type, water availability, and growing season. For example, rice needs a lot of water and warm temperatures, so it grows well in tropical and subtropical regions. Soil types vary in nutrients and drainage properties, which can affect crop growth. Farmers must choose crops that are suitable for their local environmental conditions to ensure good yields and sustainable farming practices.

Question 11.
Find more Agro-based industries that use agricultural products as raw materials and add them to the list.
Answer:

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS	INDUSTRY
Cotton	Textile industry
Sugarcane	Sugar industry
Jute	Textile industry
Wheat	Food industry

Question 12.

See the above images of minerals and areas where minerals are mined.
a. What are Minerals?
b. Where do we get these from?
c. What is the use of these?
Answer:
a. Minerals are metallic and non-metallic compounds found in the Earth’s crust
b. We get minerals from the Earth’s crust, where they are extracted through mining processes.
c.

• Technology: Components for electronics, batteries, and computers.
• Industry: Manufacturing processes and machinery.
• Energy: Coal, uranium, and other resources for power generation.
• Agriculture: Fertilizers to enrich soil.
• Healthcare: Pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

Question 13.
Important mineral-based industries.
Answer:

• Iron and Steel industry
• Copper industry
• Aluminium industry
• Cement industry
• Glass industry
• Ceramic Industry

Question 14.
What are the following minerals used for? Find their usages and complete the list.
Answer:

Minerals	Usage
Hematite	Manufacturing of iron bars
Silica (sand)	Glass manufacturing
Bauxite	Aircraft and electrical equipment
Diamond	Jewellery
Coal	Railway, Iron and Steel production
Petroleum	Fuel, lubricant

Question 15.
Above mentioned are some of the problems faced by the Indian agriculture sector during the pre-independence and post-independence period. What are the reasons for this?
Answer:

• The land tax system implemented by the British
• Limited infrastructure
• Outdated technology
• Food shortage
• Decline in agricultural productivity

Question 16.
Discuss and make notes on how the Green Revolution helped to eradicate food shortage and poverty in India.
Answer:
Green Revolution in India: Eradicating Food Shortage and Poverty
Introduction to the Green Revolution in India:

• Initiated in the mid-1960s to address severe food shortages and dependence on food imports.
• Focused on high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice, improved irrigation infrastructure, use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and agricultural mechanisation.

Key Aspects and Strategies:
1. High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs):

• Introduction of new wheat and rice varieties with higher productivity.
• Notable varieties: IR8 rice and Kalyan Sona wheat.

2. Irrigation Expansion:

• Large-scale development of irrigation projects (dams, canals, tube wells).
• Improved water management practices.

3. Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides:

• Increased use of nitrogen-based fertilisers and chemical pesticides to boost crop growth and protect against pests.

4. Mechanization:
Adoption of tractors, harvesters, and other machinery to enhance efficiency and reduce labour costs.

Impact on Food Shortage:

1. Increased Food Production:

• Substantial rise in wheat and rice production.
• Wheat production: From 12 million tons in the early 1960s to over 50 million tons by the late 1970s.
• Rice production: Significant increase, though less pronounced than wheat.

2. Food Self-Sufficiency:

• India transformed from a food-importing country to self-sufficiency in food grains.
• Reduction in dependency on foreign aid and food imports.

3. Reduction in Hunger and Famine:

• Alleviation of severe hunger and prevention of famines, particularly in drought-prone regions.

Impact on Poverty:
1. Increased Farmer Incomes:

• Higher crop yields and productivity led to increased incomes for farmers, especially those with access to land, water, and capital.

2. Rural Employment:

• Creation of employment opportunities in agriculture and related sectors (transport, marketing, processing).
• Increased demand for agricultural labour during planting and harvesting seasons.

3. Economic Growth:

• Boost rural economies through increased agricultural productivity.
• Stimulation of secondary industries (agro-chemicals, machinery, seed production).

4. Reduction in Rural Poverty:

• Significant reduction in rural poverty levels due to increased agricultural incomes.
• Enhanced living standards and improved access to education and healthcare.

Challenges and Limitations:
1. Environmental Concerns:

• Soil degradation, water pollution, and decline in biodiversity due to excessive use of chemical inputs.

2. Resource Strain:

• Over-extraction of groundwater and unsustainable irrigation practices.

3. Health Impacts:

• Health issues arising from exposure to chemical fertilisers and pesticides.

4. Loss of Crop Diversity:

• Focus on wheat and rice led to neglect of other important crops, affecting dietary diversity.

Question 17.
Many people in our society are unable to meet even their basic needs. What can we call the condition of not being able to fulfil such needs?
Answer:
Poverty

Question 18.
Complete the sun diagram by finding out other causes that lead to poverty.

Answer:
Causes of poverty are:

• Traditional practises
• War
• Political instability
• Economic downturn
• Inadequate social policies
• Natural disasters

Question 19.
a. Find Kerala’s position among Indian states according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index.
b. Find out how much of Kerala’s poverty has decreased in 2019-2021 compared to 2015- 2016.
c. Find out how Kerala has achieved this and make a note
Answer:
a. Among the states, Kerala ranks first position
b. Poverty decreased by 0.15 per cent
c.
1. Strong Emphasis on Education:

• High Literacy Rates: Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates in India. The state government has historically prioritised education, ensuring universal access to primary and secondary education.
• Quality of Education: Investment in the quality of education, including better school infrastructure, qualified teachers, and innovative teaching methods, has led to high educational attainment among its population.

2. Strong Healthcare System:

• Universal Healthcare: Kerala has a well-established public healthcare system that provides accessible and affordable healthcare services to its residents.
• Health Indicators: The state boasts impressive health indicators, such as low. infant mortality rates and high life expectancy, due to its focus on preventive and primary healthcare.

3. Social Welfare Programs:

• Comprehensive Social Safety Nets: Kerala has implemented various social welfare programs aimed at reducing poverty and inequality. These include pensions for the elderly, widows, and disabled individuals, as well as welfare schemes for marginalised communities.
• Public Distribution System (PDS): An effective PDS ensures food security by providing essential commodities at subsidised rates to the poor.

4. Infrastructure Development:

• Rural Development: Investment in rural infrastructure, including roads, electrification, and sanitation, has improved the quality of life in rural areas and reduced urban-rural disparities.
• Urban Amenities: Kerala’s cities and towns are equipped with better urban infrastructure and services, enhancing living conditions for urban residents.

5. Decentralized Governance:

• Local Self-Government: Kerala has effectively decentralised governance, empowering local bodies and communities to make decisions and implement development projects that directly benefit the local population.

6. Economic Factors:

• Remittances: A significant portion of Kerala’s population works abroad, particularly in the Gulf countries. Remittances from these workers contribute substantially to the state’s economy, improving household incomes and reducing poverty.
• Diversified Economy: Kerala’s economy is diversified with significant contributions from agriculture, services, and tourism sectors.

7. Cultural and Social Factors:

• Progressive Social Norms: Kerala’s society has historically been progressive, with a focus on social justice and equity. Social movements and a strong civil society have played crucial roles in advocating for the rights and welfare of marginalised groups.
• Community Participation: Active participation of the community in developmental activities and strong grassroots organisations have been pivotal in implementing and sustaining poverty alleviation programs.

Question 20.
Find out the beneficiaries of the poverty schemes in your area. Also find the similar schemes that exist and make a note.
Answer:
Through the poverty alleviation schemes, people in my village can receive employment and income; it also provides livelihood for the people who are suffering through financial hardship.

• It also ensures food security for the people.
• It also provides pension coverage for old age people.
• It also ensures the health of the people by conducting camps and vaccinations on time.

(By conducting research and engaging with local authorities and community organisations, you can collect detailed information on the beneficiaries of poverty alleviation schemes in your area and identify similar schemes that exist at both the state and central levels.)

Question 21.
Prepare a questionnaire to organise an interview with Kudumbashree unit members in your area in order to understand how Kudumbashree’s work is helpful in poverty alleviation.
Answer:
(Hints: Kudumbashree Interview Questionnaire)

1. Can you please introduce yourself and tell us about your role in the Kudumbashree unit?
2. How long have you been associated with Kudumbashree?
3. Can you give us a brief overview of Kudumbashree’s mission and objectives?
4. What motivated you to join Kudumbashree?
5. What are the main activities and projects undertaken by your Kudumbashree unit?
6. How often do you meet, and what typically happens during these meetings?
7. How has participating in Kudumbashree helped you and your family economically?
8. Can you provide examples of income-generating activities initiated by your unit?
9. Have you received any financial support or loans through Kudumbashree? If yes, how has it impacted your livelihood?
10. Apart from economic benefits, how has Kudumbashree contributed to your personal and social development?
11. How has your participation in Kudumbashree affected your confidence and decision-making abilities?
12. What kind of training and capacity-building programs have you attended through Kudumbashree?
13. How have these trainings improved your skills and knowledge?
14. Is there anything else you would like to share about your experience with Kudumbashree?

Question 22.
Why can’t Food safety be ensured?
Answer:

• Climate change
• Low income
• Industrialisation
• Rise in price
• Imbalance in distribution
• Lack of availability of food
• Economic Pressures
• Emerging Risks
• lack of training and poor hygiene practices
• Resource Limitations

Question 23.
Which are the government agencies that distribute food grains at subsidy rates? Find
Answer:

• Civil suppliers
• Triveni Super Market
• Food Corporation of India
• State food corporation
• Ration shops
• Public distribution system

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Find out and describe the farming practices that use advanced technology as opposed to traditional farming practices.
Answer:
Here are some key advanced technologies used in modern agriculture:
1. Precision Agriculture:

• Uses GPS and satellite imagery to monitor and manage crops and soil.
• Enables farmers to apply water, fertilisers, and pesticides more efficiently.

2. Drones and UAVs:

• Monitor crop health, soil conditions, and irrigation needs from above.
• Provide real-time data and high-resolution images for better decision-making.

3. IoT and Sensors:

• Deploy sensors in fields to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels.
• IoT devices collect and transmit data for real-time analysis and automated adjustments.

4. Automated Machinery:

• Tractors, harvesters, and planting equipment equipped with automation and robotics.
• Reduces labour costs and increases precision in planting, harvesting, and other tasks.

5. Vertical Farming and Hydroponics:

• Grow crops in controlled indoor environments with stacked layers.
• Utilize nutrient-rich water solutions instead of soil, conserving water and space.

Question 2.
Prepare a seminar paper on ‘poverty alleviation programmes and poverty Eradication’.
Answer:
(Hints: using the below programme prepare a seminar report)
1. Growth-oriented approach: The growth-oriented approach assumes that the economic growth of the economy will reduce the magnitude of poverty. It is based on the expectation that the effects of economic growth led to a rapid increase in gross domestic product, and per capita income would spread to poor sections of society.

2. Creation of assets and employment to generate income Expanding self-employment and wage employment programmes are being considered as the major ways of addressing poverty. a) Self Employment Programmes, Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP), Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Swarna Jayanthi Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).

b) Wage Employment Programmes, National Food for Work Programme, Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP) In 2005 Indian Parliament passed the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. The act guaranteed 100 days wages employment to every rural household. NREGP has now been renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP).

3. Providing minimum Basic amenities to people:
a) a) Food Security Programmes: Public Distribution System, Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), Mid-day meal scheme.
b) Social security programmes: Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana, Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, Janasree Bima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana.

Question 3.
Organise interviews with Kudumbashree members regarding the activities of Kudumbashree.
Answer:
(Hint: Based on the following questions, conduct an interview in your locality)
Sample Interview Questions
Activities:
1. Can you describe the specific activities you participate in through Kudumbashree?
2. How do these activities benefit you and your family?
Impact:
1. What changes have you noticed in your community since you started participating in Kudumbashree activities?
2. Can you share a success story from your experience with Kudumbashree?
Challenges:
1. What are the main challenges you face in your Kudumbashree activities?
2. How do you think these challenges can be addressed?

Support and Resources:
1. What type of support do you receive from Kudumbashree (training, financial, etc.)
2. Are there additional resources or support you feel would be beneficial?
By following this plan, you can effectively organise and conduct interviews with Kudumbashree members to gain a comprehensive understanding of their activities and the impact of Kudumbashree on their lives and communities.

Question 4.
Find out the features of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and answer the questionnaire given below.
Answer:

Year of implementation of the scheme	2005
Objective of the scheme	100-day work for the rural people
The first two districts to implement the project in Kerala	Palakkad and Wayanad
Number of working days guaranteed	100
Current daily wages as per the scheme	320 per person
What are the activities included in the scheme	Construction of check dams, ponds, and other water bodies. Activities aimed at improving the moisture retention capacity of the soil. Development of micro-irrigation facilities.

Class 7 Social Science From Food Production to Food Security Notes Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Differentiate between cash crops and food crops.
Answer:
Food crops are grown primarily for direct consumption (either human or animal), while cash crops are grown primarily for commercial sale and profit, not direct consumption.

Question 2.
List the important cropping seasons.
Answer:
Three distinct cropping seasons: –

• Kharif
• Rabi
• Zaid

Question 3.
What are the major differences between mixed farming and subsistence farming?
Answer:
Subsistence Farming

• This is the method in which farmers produce and use only the products required for their sustenance.
• Profit is not the primary objective of this method.
• Traditional agricultural tools are mostly used in this farming.

Mixed Farming

• Mixed farming is the simultaneous cultivation of more than one crop in a given plot of land.
• Along with this, livestock rearing, poultry farming, fish farming, etc. can also be combined.
• Livestock feed comes from agriculture.
• Manure required for agriculture is also obtained from livestock.
• The cost of production will be relatively low.

Question 4.
Explain the origin of Agriculture.
Answer:

• Agricuiture has played a crucial role in transforming human beings from hunter-gatherers to a modem man.
• The necessary systems for social life, such as family, community, village and town, emerged with the beginning of agriculture.
• Over a peri9d of time, man shifted from subsistence-based agriculture to market-based agriculture.
• The crops that can be directly consumed as food are called food crops.
• Cash crops are those having industrial and commercial significance.

Question 5.
Define plantation crops.
Answer:

• With the arrival of the British, the farmers who traditionally cultivated paddy and other food crops started cultivating plantation crops like tea, coffee, cloves, cardamom, and pepper in large areas.
• Britishers ‘promoted plantation crops in the colonial countries from the beginning of the 19th century.
• Long-term income and relatively low cost of production are the characteristics of this farming method.

Question 6.
Name the non-metallic minerals.
Answer:

• Limestone
• Mica
• Gypsum
• Coal
• Petroleum

Question 7.
Petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions. Why?
Answer:
Fossil fuels include petroleum. It is created when the remains of marine life decompose. They are largely limited to the areas along the coast.

Question 8.
Define metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Metallic minerals are minerals that contain metal elements, while non-metallic minerals do not.

Question 9.
Which among the following is a mineral-based industry.
a. Sugar industry
b. Jute industry
c. Iron and steel industry
d. Cotton industry
Answer:
Iron and steel industry.

Question 10.
What was the Green Revolution?
Answer:
The Green Revolution was a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives that took place from the 1940s to the late 1960s. It aimed to increase agricultural production worldwide, particularly in developing countries, through the introduction of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques.

Question 11.
What were the main goals of the Green Revolution?
Answer:
The main goals were to boost agricultural productivity, alleviate hunger and poverty, achieve food security, and stimulate economic growth in developing countries by adopting modern agricultural technologies and practices.

Question 12.
What were some of the key innovations of the Green Revolution?
Answer:
Key innovations included the development and widespread adoption of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, which produced significantly higher crop yields compared to traditional varieties. Other innovations included the use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, mechanised farm equipment, and improved irrigation systems.

Question 13.
Explain in the causes of poverty.
Answer:
Poverty’s causes are multifaceted, stemming from factors like lack of education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, as well as discrimination, conflict, and climate change, which can all contribute to a cycle of deprivation.

Question 14.
Define poverty.
Answer:
Poverty is a state or condition where individuals lack the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living, encompassing inadequate access to food, shelter, healthcare, and education, among other necessities.

Question 15.
Write about Hunger-free Kerala.
Answer:
The key objective of the Hunger-Free Kerala Project is to eliminate hunger and make Kerala a hunger-free state.
From 2017 to 2018, the project is being run with the help of Kudumbashree and local self- government bodies. Through such innovative projects, the aim is to achieve food security by ensuring adequate food for all.

Question 16.
Explain the objectives of life plan.
Answer:
To provide livelihood to dependents of victims of crime who are suffering financial hardship

Question 17.
How can we get out of poverty?
Answer:
The Central and State governments are implementing many poverty alleviation schemes to eradicate the poverty prevalent in our country. These projects can be classified into three categories:
Self-employment wage employment schemes
Food security projects
Social security schemes

Question 18.
What is farming?
Answer:
Farming is the practice of cultivating land, growing crops, and raising animals for food, fibre, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It encompasses a variety of techniques and practices that have evolved over centuries to maximise productivity and sustainability.

Question 19.
What are plantation crops?
Answer:
Plantation crops are usually grown on large estates for commercial purposes and require specific climatic conditions. Examples include tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, and oil palm. These crops are typically labour-intensive.

Question 20.
What are the main characteristics of plantation farming?
Answer:
Characteristics of plantation farming include large-scale operations, monoculture (cultivation of a single crop over a large area), significant investment in infrastructure, intensive labour requirements, and production primarily for export markets.

Question 21.
What distinguishes commercial crops from subsistence crops?
Answer:
Commercial crops are grown for profit and are typically sold in national or international markets. In contrast, subsistence crops are grown primarily for the farmer’s family consumption, with little surplus for sale. Commercial crops often require more investment in terms of inputs and technology.

Question 22.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of commercial farming?
Answer:

• Advantages: Increased income for farmers, employment opportunities, contribution to the national economy, and access to new technologies and improved farming practices.
• Disadvantages: Can lead to environmental degradation, over-reliance on a single crop. (monoculture), potential displacement of small farmers, and vulnerability to market fluctuations and global trade dynamics.

Question 23.
What are the benefits of mixed farming?
Answer:
Benefits of mixed farming include enhanced soil fertility due to crop rotation and animal manure, reduced risk of crop failure, diversified income sources, and improved resource utilisation. It also promotes ecological balance and reduces dependency on a single agricultural product.

Question 24.
What are the different types of farming?
Answer:
Different types of farming include subsistence farming, commercial farming, mixed farming, organic farming, and intensive farming. Each type varies based on the scale of operation, the methods used, and the primary goals (e.g., food for family use vs. profit).

Question 25.
How do government policies influence the success of commercial farming?
Answer:
Government policies play a critical role by providing subsidies, ensuring access to credit, investing in infrastructure, offering extension services, setting trade policies, and enacting regulations that promote fair competition and sustainability. Supportive policies can enhance productivity and market access, while restrictive policies can hinder growth and innovation.

Question 26.
How does mixed farming contribute to food security?
Answer:
Mixed farming contributes to food security by diversifying production, which reduces the risk of total crop failure and ensures a steady supply of food products. It also provides a more balanced diet through the combination of crops and livestock products.

Question 27.
How can sustainable farming practices benefit the environment?
Answer:
Sustainable farming practices, such as crop rotation, organic farming,and agroforestry, can improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve water, and prevent land degradation.

Question 28.
Write a note on the origin of agriculture.
Answer:
Nomadic man began farming around 7000 BCE. Humans started farming at different times in Mesopotamia, Turkey, Egypt, Western Asia and Europe; around 3000 BCE, an agrarian culture developed in India along with the Indus Valley Civilization. Cereals such as wheat, barley, etc., were cultivated in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, the twin cities situated along the banks of the river Indus. Agriculture started much later in South India.

Question 29.
Write a short note on agricultural crops.
Answer:
The diverse crops of India can be classified as food crops and cash crops. The crops that can be directly consumed as food are called food crops. Cash crops are those having industrial and commercial significance.
Food crops- Rice, wheat, maise, millets and pulses.
Cash crops- cotton, rubber, jute, tea and coffee.

Question 30.
Write the geographical factors of cultivation.
Answer:

• Favourable climate
• Irrigation facility
• Fertile soil

Question 31.
Categories the following crops into food crops and cash crops.
Rice, wheat, cotton, tea, coffee, pulses, tobacco, maize, ragi, and rubber.
Answer:

Food crops	Cash crops
Rice Wheat Pulses Maize Ragi	Cotton Tea Coffee Tobacco Rubber

Question 32.
Which is the major wheat-producing states in India?
Answer:

• Punjab
• Uttar Pradesh
• Haryana
• Himachal Pradesh
• Uttarakhand
• Rajasthan
• Bihar

Question 33.
What is Agriculture and Agro-based industries?
Answer:
Agriculture involves the cultivation of crops, rearing of animals, and other activities related to food production. Agro-based industries are those industries that process agricultural raw materials into value-added products, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, and biofuel production.

Question 34.
What is the significance of agriculture and agro-based industries in the economy?
Answer:
Agriculture and agro-based industries play a vital role in economic development by providing food, raw materials, employment, and income generation opportunities. They contribute to GDP growth, foreign exchange earnings, rural development, and poverty alleviation.

Question 35.
What are some examples of agro-based industries?
Answer:
Examples include food processing (e.g., milling, canning, dairy, meat processing), textile manufacturing (e.g., cotton spinning, weaving, garment production), biofuel production (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel), agrochemicals (e.g., fertilisers, pesticides), and pharmaceuticals (e.g., herbal medicines, plant-based drugs

Question 36.
What are the raw materials for agro-based industries?
Answer:
Sugarcane, cotton, jute, rubber, oil seeds.

Question 37.
Which are the major agro-based industries in India?
Answer:
Sugar industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, paper industry, woollen industry, silk industry, paint industry, varnish industry, soap industry, rubber industry, etc.

Question 38.
Name any three agro-based industries in India.
Answer:
i) Textile industry
ii) Jute industry
iii) Sugar industry.

Question 39.
Define metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Minerals are metallic and non-metallic compounds found in the Earth’s crust. Hematite, Magnetite, Calamine, Bauxite and Cinnabar are metallic minerals. Many of these are used in the industrial manufacture of metals. Mica, Diamond, Silica (Sand), etc., are non-metallic minerals.

Question 40.
What were the impacts of the Green Revolution on agricultural production?
Answer:
The Green Revolution led to substantial increases in crop yields, particularly for wheat, rice, and maize. It transformed many countries from food deficit to surplus regions, significantly improving food availability and reducing hunger and malnutrition.

Question 41.
What were some of the environmental consequences of the Green Revolution?
Answer:
The Green Revolution had both positive and negative environmental consequences. While it increased agricultural productivity and helped alleviate hunger, it also led to environmental degradation due to the overuse of chemical inputs, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and depletion of water resources.

Question 42.
What are the major causes of poverty.
Answer:

• Unemployment
• Corruption
• Political instability
• Price rise
• Overpopulation
• Inequality

Question 43.
Define multinational poverty index.
Answer:

• The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a new method developed to measure global poverty.
• It was jointly prepared by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
• Multidimensional poverty is calculated by assessing twelve indicators across three dimensions: health, education and standard of living of the members of a household.
• Multidimensional poverty is calculated by taking into account how much each individual and family can achieve in terms of health, education and standard of living.

Question 44.
How is poverty measured?
Answer:
Poverty is commonly measured using income-based measures like the poverty line, which denotes the minimum income level needed to meet basic needs. Other measures include the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which considers factors such as health, education, and living standards.

Question 45.
How does poverty impact children?
Answer:
Poverty affects children by limiting their access to education, nutrition, healthcare, and safe living environments. It can lead to malnutrition, poor academic performance, higher dropout rates, and increased vulnerability to exploitation and abuse.

Question 46.
What are some strategies to reduce poverty?
Answer:
Strategies include improving access to education and healthcare, creating job opportunities, ensuring fair wages, implementing social safety nets, investing in infrastructure, promoting economic growth, and fostering inclusive policies that address inequality.

Std 7 Social Science From Food Production to Food Security Notes

• Agriculture has played a crucial role in transforming human beings from hunter-gatherers to a modern man.
• The necessary systems for social life, such as family, community, village and town, emerged with the beginning of agriculture.
• Subsistence farming is a method in which farmers produce and use only the products required for their sustenance.
• Traditional agricultural tools are mostly used in subsistence farming.
• Mixed farming is the simultaneous cultivation of more than one crop in a given plot of land. The cost of production will be relatively low in mixed farming.
• Britishers promoted plantation crops in the colonial countries from the beginning of the 19th century.
• Cultivation of commercial crops is the large-scale production of agricultural products on a commercial basis.
• The role of commercial crop farming is significant in providing agricultural raw materials to industries.
• The crops that can be directly consumed as food are called food crops. Cash crops are those having industrial and
• commercial significance. Agro-based industries are industries that depends on agricultural products.
• Cotton, an agricultural product, is the raw material for the textile industry. So, the textile industry is an example of an Agro-based Industry.
• Minerals are metallic and non-metallic.compounds found in the Earth’s crust.
• Hematite, Magnetite, Calamine, Bauxite and Cinnabar are metallic minerals. Many of these are used in the industrial manufacture of metals.
• Mica, Diamond, Silica (Sand), etc., are non-metallic minerals, while Coal and Petroleum are fuel minerals.
• The iron ore industry is the largest mineral-based industry in the country.
• Among food grains, the result of Green Revolution was first visible in wheat production. Hence, it is also called as ‘Wheat Revolution’.
• Poverty is a condition in which basic human needs such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health are not accessible as per the requirement.
• The poor are those who do not have access to income or property to meet even their basic needs. A poverty line is an imaginary line that divides the population of a country into those who are poor and those who are not.