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Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Part I Chapter 2 Theory of Consumer Behaviour.

Kerala Plus Two Microeconomics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 2 Theory of Consumer Behaviour

Question 1.
The demand function of commodity X of three Households are given below: (MARCH-2008)
Household 1 – D_x = 50 – 5 P_x
Household 2 – D_x = 50 – 6 P_x
Household 3 – D_x = 50 – 3 P_x
If the values of P_x are (5,4, 3, 2,1)
a) Prepare the Household demand schedule.
b) Calculate the market demand schedule.
c) Draw the three Household demand curves on the same axis.
Answer:
a)

Question 2.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answer. (MARCH-2009)
a) Equilibrium price is the price at which the demand for the commodity is greater than its supply.
b) A rise in supply due to non-price factors is called
expansion in supply.
Answer:
a) False.
Equillibrium price is the price at which the demand for the commodity is equal to supply.
b) False.
Increase in supply.

Question 3.
Sree Ram buys 10kg of wheat at a price of ₹ 20 per kg. It is found that the price elasticity of demand is 2. At what price he will be ready to buy 15 kg. of wheat? Exhibit in a diagram. (MARCH-2009)
Answer:

Question 4.
The Demand function of Commodity ‘y’ of two households are given below: (MARCH-2009)
Household I: DY = 80 – 20P Household II: DY= 100 – 20P If the value of P_y are 1,2, 3,4, 5
a) Derive the demand schedule of two households.
b) Draw the two household demand curves on the
same axis.
Answer:
Demand Schedule of Household I

Demand Schedule of Household II

Question 5.
A seller supplies 100 Kg. of rice at price ₹25. It is found that price elasticity of supply is 2. At what price he will be ready to sell 150 Kg. of rice?
(MAY-2009)
Answer:
Price elasticity of supply is defined as the degree of responsiveness of change in supply due to change in price. That is,
–
Therefore, new price = 25 + 6.25 = 31.25

Question 6.
The demand function of commodity x for three households are given below: (MAY-2009)
D_x= 300-30 P_x (1)
D_x = 200 – 20 P_x (2)
D_x= 200 – 10 P_x (3)
If the value of Px are 5, 4, 3,2 and 1.
a) Prepare the individual demand schedule.
b) Prepare the market demand schedule.
c) Draw the market demand curve.
Answer:
a) There are Three individual demand schedules.

Question 7.
Calculate the elasticity of demand by using total expenditure method from the data given below: (MAY-2009)

Answer:

Change in price leading to changes in quantity demanded causes changes in total expenditure incurred on commodity. By looking at the variation in total expenditure, price elasticity can be calculated. Since total expenditure remaining the same when price changes, elasticity is equal to one (unitary elastic demand).

Question 8.
During Onam festival Govt, of Kerala offered 20% discount on the prices of Khadi items. As a result of this sales of Khadi items registered an increase of 30%. Find out price elasticity by applying appropriate method. (MAY-2009)
Answer:
Price elasticity of demand can be found out by using the formula

The method used here is percentage or proportional method.

Question 9.
What may happen to the supply of two wheelers if Tata introduces new car at low cost and supplies them in the market which is more or less equal to prices of two wheelers? (MAY-2009)
Answer:
When a new car is supplied in the market at a lower price, the demand for two wheelers will be reduced. This is because, more customers will switch over their demand of two wheelers and start demanding the new car.

Question 10.
The Govt, of Kerala decided to abolish lottery system from November2008 onwards. Do you agree with the policy of the Govt, of Kerala? Justify your answer. (MAY-2009)
Answer:
Yes/No
State any answer and substantiate the answer

Question 11.
A production possibility schedule for good x and y is given below: (MARCH-2010)

a) Define production possibility frontier.
b) Draw the PPC.
Answer:
a) A production possibility curve is a geometrical device representing all such combinations of two goods that can be produced with given technology and available resources,

Question 12.
A consumer purchased 4 kg. of good A when his income was ₹500 per month. He reduces the consumption of good A to 2 kg. when his income alone increase to ₹1,000 per month. If so, (MARCH-2010)
a) State the nature of good A and justify.
b) Give one example for commodity like good A.
Answer:
a) Inferior goods or Giffen goods
b) Bajra, Ragi, Tapioca, etc.

Question 13.
An indifference curve possesses several properties. One of them is that, it is a downward sloping curve from left to right. Write any other two properties. (MARCH-2010)
Answer:
a) Indifference curve is convex to origin
b) Higher and higher indifference curve represents higher level of satisfaction.
c) Indifference curves never intersect each other.

Question 14.
Observe the diagram (MARCH-2010)

a) Comment on the given demand curve.
b) Give any two reasons for the positional change of demand curve from D_d to D_p.
Answer:
a) Shift in demand / increase in demand
b) Increase in income of the consumers. Change in taste and preference of the consumers.

Question 15.
“The direction of change in equilibrium price and quantity is same whenever there is a shift in demand curve.” (MAY-2010)
a) Identify the two types of shift in demand curve.
b) Draw the relevant diagrams.
Answer:
a) Increase in demand and decrease in demand.
b)

Question 16.
Ramu has an income of ₹20 and suppose he wants to consume two commodities X and Y, both the goods are priced at ₹4 per unit. (MAY-2010)
a) Find out all the budget sets available to Ramu.
b) Draw the budget-line.
c) What factors can change the budget set of Ramu?
Answer:
a) 4x + 4y = 20

Question 17.
“Prices of related goods affect the household demand, and we can differentiate the related goods into two types.” (MAY-2010)
a) Which are the types of related goods that determine the demand?
b) Define them.
Answer:
) Substitutes
ii) Complementaries
b) Substitutes are those goods where one good can be used instead of other. Eg. Tea and Coffee. Complementary goods are those goods which are used together. Eg. Car and Petrol.

Question 18.

From the following indifference curve, mark (MARCH-2011)
a) monotonic preferences
b) inferior bundles
c) Preferred bundles
Answer:
a) D b) E c) D

Question 19.
Raghu, Yadav and Basheer are 3 customers who purchased mangoes from a market. Individual quantity demanded for mangoes are given in the schedule. (MARCH-2011)

a) Construct market demand schedule
b) Draw market demand curve.
c) Based on the given schedule, identify the nature of good (Hint: Normal, Inferior, Giffen).
Answer:

Question 20.
A consumer wants to consume two goods ‘x’ and ‘y’ with his income of ₹20. The prices of the two goods are ₹4 and ₹5 respectively.
a) Write down the equation of the budget line. (MARCH-2012)
b) Represent the budget line diagramatically.
c) How much of good x can the consumer consume if he spends his entire income on that good?
Answer:
a) 4x + 5y = 20

Question 21.
Consider the demand for a good. At a price ₹4 the demand for the good is 30 kg. Suppose price of the good increases to ₹5 and as a result the demand for the good falls to 20 kg. Calculate the price elasticity of demand. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
Elasticity of demand

Question 22.
Consider the following figure: (MARCH-2012)
Why point E in the figure is considered as consumer’s optimum? Justify your answer.

Answer:
Point E is considered as consumers’s optimum. The optimum bundle of the consumer is located at the point where the budget line is tangent to one of the indifference curves. It is drawn below

Condition I : Budget line should be tangent to the indifference Curve
Condition II: Slope of IC ((MRS_xy)) should be equal to slope of budget line (Price Ratio)

Question 23.
In economics, it is generally assumed that consumer is rational. The consumer have well defined preference over a set of available bundle. He always tries to maximise his satisfaction or attain the optimum level. Diagrammatically illustrate the consumer’s optimum. (Hint: Consumer’s equilibrium). (MARCH-2013)
Answer:
Consumer’s Equilibrium
Consumer’s equilibrium shows a situation in which a consumer buys such a combination of goods from which he gets the maximum satisfaction with his given income and given prices of the goods.
The term consumer’s equilibrium refers to the amount of goods and services which the consumer may buy in the market given his income and given prices of goods in the market. The aim of the consumers is to get maximum satisfaction from his money income. Given the price line (budget line) and the indifference map, a consumer is said to be in equilibrium at a point where the price line is touching the highest attainable indifference curve from below. Thus the consumer’s equilibrium under the indifference curve theory must meet the following two conditions.
First order condition.
A given price line should be tangent to an indifference curve or marginal rate of substitution of good X for good Y (MRSxy) must be equal to the price ratio of the two goods.
(MRS_xy) = (P_x)/(P_y) Second order condition.
The second condition is that indifference curve must be convex to the origin at the point of tangency. Assumptions
The following assumptions are made to determine the consumer’s equilibrium position.
(1) Rationality. The consumer is rational. He wants to obtain maximum satisfaction given his income and prices.
(2) Utility is ordinal. It is assumed that the consumer can rank his preferences according to the satisfaction of each combination of goods.
(3) Consistency of choice. It is also assumed that the consumer is consistent in the choice of goods.
(4) Perfect competition. There is perfect competition in the market from where the consumer is purchasing the goods.
The optimum bundle of the consumer is located at the point where the budget line is tangent to one of the indifference curves. It is drawn below.

Condition I: Budget line should be tangent to the in-difference Curve
Condition II: Slope of IC ((MRS_xy)) should be equal to slope of budget line (Price Ratio)

Question 24.
Identify the relationship between good X and good Y. (MAY-2014)
i) Price of good X rises and demand for good Y rises, goods are
ii) Price of good X falls and demand for good Y rises, goods are
Answer:
i) Substitutes
ii) Complementary goods

Question 25.
Let Price of good X((P_x)) = ₹3 price of good Y((P_x)) = ₹5, income of the consumer (Y) = 130 and assume whole income is spend on good X and good Y. (MAY-2014)
a) Construct the budget equation and draw the budget line.
b) Suppose the prices of both goods, X and Y doubles, then what happens to the budget equation and the budget line?
c) Suppose income of the consumer (Y) doubles, then what happens to the budget equation and the budget line?
Answer:
a)

b) budget equation becomes 6X + 10 Y = 30 budget line will shift downward by half
c) budget equation becomes 3X+ 5 Y = 60 budget line will shift outward

Question 26.
Calculate the. price elasticity of demand from a movement from point A to B on the demand curve DD. (MAY-2014)

Answer:

Elasticity is 2.5. (Elastic demand)

Question 27.
If the demand curve is a rectangular hyperbola, elasticity is (MARCH-2015)
a) zero b) One
c) Less than one d) Infinity
Answer:
b) One

Question 28.
Mr. Abhi wants to consume two goods. The prices of two goods are ₹4 and ₹5 respectively. If Abhi’s income is ₹20, answer the following questions: (MARCH-2015)
a) Write down the equation of the budget line.
b) How much of good-1 that Abhi can consume if he spends his entire income on good-1?
c) How much of good-2 that Abhi can consume if he spends his entire income on good-2?
d) ‘ What is the slope of budget line?
e) How does the budget line change if the customer’s income increases from ₹20 to ₹40 but prices remain unchanged?
f) Show the change in budget line if the price is
good – 2 decreases by ₹1 but the price of good – 1 and consumers income remains unchanged.
Answer:

e) When income of the consumer increases without any changes in the price then the budget line shifts parallel upwards to the earlier budget line.

When only the price of good 2 decreases the budget line changes upwards in the good 2 axis, (vertical intercept)

Question 29.
“Consumer’s optimum bundle is located at the point of tangency between the budget indifference curve.” Explain with the help of a suitable diagram. Hint: Indifference Curve Analysis (MAY-2015)
Answer:
Consumer’s Equilibrium Consumer’s equilibrium shows a situation in which a consumer buys such a combination of goods from which he gets the maximum satisfaction with his given income and given prices of the goods.
The term consumer’s equilibrium refers to the amount of goods and services which the consumer may buy in the market given his income and given prices of goods in the market. The aim of the consumers is to get maximum satisfaction from his money income. Given the price line (budget line) and the indifference map, a consumer is said to be in equilibrium at a point where the price line is touching the highest attainable indifference curve from below. Thus the consumer’s equilibrium under the indifference curve theory must meet the following two conditions.
The following assumptions are made to determine the consumer’s equilibrium position.
1) Rationality. The consumer is rational. He wants to obtain maximum satisfaction given his income and prices.
2) Utility is ordinal. It is assumed that the consumer can rank his preferences according to the satisfaction of each combination of goods.
3) Consistency of choice. It is also assumed that the consumer is consistent in the choice of goods.
4) Perfect competition. There is perfect competition in the market from where the consumer is purchasing the goods.
The optimum bundle of the consumer is located at the point where the budget line is tangent to one of the indifference curves. It is drawn below.

Condition I: Budget line should be tangent to the indifference Curve
Condition II: Slope of IC (MRS_xy) should be equal to slope of budget line (Price Ratio)

Question 30.
Suppose there was a decrease in the price of good ‘X’ and as a result, the demand for good ‘Y’ increases. What will be the type of goods? (MAY-2015)
Answer:
Complementary goods.

Question 31.
Consider the demand curve D = 10 – 3p. What is the elasticity of price \(\frac { 5 }{ 3 }\) (MAY-2015)
Answer:

Elasticity is = 3

Question 32.
P₁ X₁+P₂ X₂ ≤ M is a budget constraint. Identify the constraints. (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
P₁, P₂, M

Question 33.
Given the diagram (MARCH-2016)

a) Identify:
i) AB
ii) Pont E
b) Elaborate the properties of indifference curve.
c) Point ‘C’ is not the equilibrium of the consumer,
do you agree? Explain.

Answer:
a) i) AB is the Budget line
ii) Point E is the equilibrium point
b) Properties of indifference curves are:
Indifferences curves are negatively sloped.
Indifference curves are convex to origin.
Higher and higher indifference curve represents higher level of satisfaction.
Two indifference curves never intersect each other.
c) I agree. Equilibrium point is reached by satisfying the following conductions.
1) IC must be tangent with budget line.
2) Slope of IC must be equal to slope of budget line.
These two conditions are satisfied at the point E. Hence ‘C’ is not the equilibrium point.

Question 34.
Distinguish between the movement along a demand . curve and the shifts in demand curve. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
Change in quantity demanded due to change in price leads to expansion and contraction of demand. In this case, there is the movement along a demand curve.
Change in quantity demanded due to change in factors other than price leads to increase and decrease in demand. In this case, there is shift in demand curve.

Question 35.
“The consumer’s optimum bundle is located at the point of tangency between the budget line and the highest indifference curve”. Explain the consumers’ equilibrium as per the indifference curve approach with a suitable diagram. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
The interest of the consumer is to purchase those goods and services which provides him maximum satisfaction. So the consumer chooses the best bundle available to him. The consumer always prefers to have bundles on the higher indifference curve. The preference of the consumer to have the bundle, which provides him maximum satisfaction, is known as consumer’s equilibrium. It is the optimum point, a point of maximum satisfaction.
The equilibrium of the consumers is possible only when the budget line is tangent to the indifference curve. The consumer purchases the goods and services on the budget line, which provides him maximum satisfaction. It is possible only when the slope of the budget line  and the slope of the indifference curve (MRS) are equal.

Question 36.
Why there is different price elasticity along a linear demand curve? Illustrate with the help of a diagram. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
The price elasticity of a linear demand curve is based on slope of demand curve. Slope of the demand curve is the ratio between change in quantity demanded (∆q) to change in price (∆p). So the slope of a demand curve will be different at different points. This can be explained with diagram.

Question 37.
From the Budget line shown below, find the price of good X₂ given that the price of X₁ good is ? 30. The equation on the Budget line is given as P₁X₁+ P₂ X₂=1000 (MARCH-2017)

Answer:

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 5 Web Designing Using HTML.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 5 Web Designing Using HTML

3 types of Lists in HTML.

1. Unordered List (<UL>) – Items are displayed with square, circle or disc in front.

2. Ordered List (<OL>) – Items are displayed with the following type values.

• Type = 1 for 1,2, 3, ……..
• Type = i for i, ii, iii, ………
• Type = I for I, II, III, ……….
• Type = a for a, b, c, ………..
• Type = A for A, B, C, …………

3. Definition List (<DL>) – It is formed by definitions.
<L/> – It is used to specify List items.
<DT> – It is used to specify Definition Term.
<DD> – Used to specify the description
<A> is used to provide hyperlinks. Two types of linking. Its attribute is HREF.

1. External link – Used to connect 2 different web pages.
2. Internal link – Used to connect different locations of same page.

Concept of URL
URL means Uniform Resource Locator.
Two types of URL
a) Relative URL – Here we explicitly give the web site address
Eg: <A href=http://www.hscap.kerala.gov.in>

b) Absolute URL – Here we implicitly give the website address. The path is not specified here.
Eg: Consider the web pages index.html and school.html saved in the folder C:\BVM.
The file indexs.html contains the following.
<A href=”school.html”>.

Here we did not specify the full path of the file school.html. But this implicitly points to the file stored in C:\BVM

Creating Graphical hyperlinks
It can be achieved by using the <img> tag inside the <a> tag.
Eg: <A href=”school.html”><img src=”schoo|.jpg”></A>

Creating E- mail linking
It can be achieved by using the key word mailto as a value to href attribute
Eg: <A href=mailto:”info@spark.gov.in”> SPARK</A>

Insert music and videos
<embed> tag is used to add music or video to the page

Attributes

• src – specifies the file to play
• width – Specifies the width of the player
• height – Specifies the height of the player
• hidden – Used to specifies the player is visible or not
• <noembed> – Used to specifies an alternate when the browser does not support the <embed> tag.

Attribute

• src – Used to specify the image file
• alt – Used to specify the alternate text

Eg:
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
Here is a tag embed to play music
<embed src=”c:\alvis.wma” width=”500″ height=”500″ hidden=”true”> </embed>
</body>
</html>

<bgsound> tag
This tag is used to play back ground song or music
Eg:
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<bgsound src=”c:\alvis.wma” loop=”infinite”>
</body>
</html>

• <Table> is used to create a table.
• <TR> is used to create a row.
• <TH> is used to create heading cells.
• <TD> is used to create data cells.

<Table> Attributes

1. Border – It specifies the thickness of the borderlines.
2. Bordercolor – Color for borderlines.
3. Align – Specifies the table alignment in the window.
4. Bgcolor – Specifies background colour.
5. Cellspacing – Specifies space between table cells.
6. Cellpadding – Specifies space between cell border and content.
7. Cols – Specifies the number of columns in the table.
8. Width – Specifies the table width.
9. Frame – Specifies the border lines around the table.
10. Rules – Specifies the rules (lines) and it overrides the border attribute. Values are given below:
    • none – display no rules
    • cols – display rules between columns only(vertical lines)
    • rows – display rules between rows only(horizontal lines)
    • groups – display rules between row group and column groups only
    • all – rules between all rows and columns

<TR> attributes

1. align – specifies the horizontal alignment. Its val¬ues are left, right, centre or justify.
2. Valign – Specifies the vertical alignment. Its values are top, middle, bottom or baseline.
3. Bgcolor – Used to set background-color

<TH> and <TD> attributes

1. Align – specifies a horizontal alignment. Its values are left, right, centre or justify.
2. Valign – Specifies vertical alignment. Its values are top, middle, bottom or baseline.
3. Bgcolor – Specifies border color for the cell.
4. Colspan – Specifiesthenumberofcolumnsspan for the cell.
5. Rowspan – Specifies the number of rows span for the cell.

Frameset – It is used to divide the window into more than one pane. It has no body section.

<Frameset> attributes

1. cols – It is used to divide the window vertically.
2. rows – It is used to divide the window horizontally.
3. border – specifies the thickness of the frame border.
4. bordercolor – specifies the color of the frame border.

Frame – It specifies the pages within a frameset.

<Frame> attributes

1. SRC – specifies the web page.
2. Scrolling – Scroll bar is needed or not its values are yes, no or auto.
3. Noresize – It stops the resizing of the frame.
4. Margin width and Marginheight – Sets margins
5. Name – To give a name for the frame.
6. Target – specifies the target.

<Noframe> – It is used to give content when some browsers that do not support frameset.
Nesting of framesets
Step 6: Finally execute the frame.html file

<Form> – It is used to take data from the users and send to the server.

<Input> – It is used to create input controls. Its type attribute determines the control type.

Main values of the type attribute are given below.

1. Text – To create a text box.
2. Password – To create a password text box.
3. Checkbox – Tq^teate a check box.
4. Radio – To create a radio button.
5. Reset – To create a Reset button.
6. Submit-To creates a submit button.
7. Button – To create a button

To create a group of radio buttons, then the name attribute must be the same.

<Textarea> is used to create a multiline text box. <Label> It is used to give labels.

<Select> It is used to create a list box or combo box. The items must be given by using <option> tag.

Attribute

Name – Specifies the name of the object to identify

Size – If it is 1, the object is a combo box otherwise it is a list box.

Multiple – Allows selecting multiple items

<Form> attributes

1) Action – Here we give the name of the program (including the path) stored in the Webserver.
2) Method – There are 2 types of methods get and post.

3) Target – Specifies the target window for displaying the result. Values are given below.

• _blank – Opens in a new window
• _self – Opens in the same frame
• _parent – Opens in the parent frameset
• _top – Opens in the main browser window
• name – Opens in the window with the specified name.
• <Fieldset> tag

This tag is helpful to divide a form into different subsections and form groups. <legend> tag used to give a caption forthe <fieldset> section.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 4 Web Technology.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 4 Web Technology

Website – It is a collection of web pages contained text and multimedia(image, audio, video, graphics, animation etc) files.

A webpage is created by HTML tags

The first web page of a website is known as the home page.

www – means world wide web.

Portals – Rediff, Hotmail, Yahoo, etc are called portals from which the user can do multiple activities.

Communication on the Web
Following are the steps that happened in between the user’s click and the page being displayed

1. The browser determines the URL selected.
2. The browser asks the DNS for URLS corresponding IP address (Numeric address)
3. The DNS returns the address to the browser.
4. The browser makes a TCP connection using the IP address.
5. then it sends a GET request for the required file to the server.
6. The server collects the file and sends it back to the browser.
7. The TCP connection is released.
8. The text and the images in the web pages are displayed in the browser.

Client to Web Server Communication
This communication is carried out between the client to the webserver (shopping site). The technology used to protect data that are transferred from client to web server is HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure). This encrypts user name, password etc., and sent to the server. HTTPS works using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) ensures privacy as well as prevents it from unauthorized access (changes) from other websites. Following are the steps

1. The browser requests a web page to the server.
2. The server returns its SSL certificate.
3. The browser checks the genuinity of the certificate by the authorised certification authority
   (Eg: Veri sign)
4. The certificate authority certifies whether it is valid or not.
5. If it is valid the browser encrypts the data and transmits it. The certificate can be viewed by click on the lock symbol.

Web Server to Web Server Communication
This communication is usually carried out between web server (seller) to another web server (normally bank). For the safe transactions Digital certificate issued by third party web sites are used.
Payment gateway is a server (Computer) that acts as a bridge (interface) between merchant’s server and bank’s server to transfer money.

Web Server Technologies

Web server: A computer with high storage capacity, high speed and processing capabilities is called a web server.

Software ports: The computer is not a single unit. It consists of many components. The components are connected to the computer through various ports. Two types of ports Hardware and Software.

Hardware ports: Monitors are connected through VGA ports and the keyboard or mouse are connected through PS/2 ports.

Software ports: It is used to connect client computers to servers to access different types of services. For example HTTP, FTP, SMTP etc. Unique numbers are assigned to software ports to identify them. It is a 16-bit number followed by an IP address.

DNS Servers
A DNS server is a powerful computer with networking software. It consists of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. A string address is used to represent a website, it is familiar to humans. The string address is mapped back to the numeric address using a Domain Name System (DNS). It may consist of 3 or 4 parts. The first part is www., the second part is the website name, the third top-level domain, and the fourth geographical top-level domain.
eg.- http://www.nic.kerala.gov.in / results.html.

http – http means hypertext transfer protocol. It is a protocol used to transfer hypertext.
www – World Wide Web. With an email address, we can open our mailbox from anywhere in the world.
nic.kerala – It is a unique name. It is the official website name of the National Informatics Centre.
<script> in – It is the geographical top-level domain. It represents the country, in is used for India.
results.html – It represents the file name.

Web Designing
Any text editor can be used for web designing. Besides that many software tools are available in the market to make the web pages more attractive and interactive, some of the popular softwares are Adobe dream weaver, Microsoft Expression web, Blue fish, Bootstrap etc.

Static and Dynamic Web Pages
Some pages are displaying same content(same text, images,etc) every time. Its content are not changing. This type of web pages are called static page. Conventional wep pages display static pages and has some limitations.
Advanced tools are used to create web pages dynamic, which means pages are more attractive and interactive. For this JavaScript, VBScript, ASP, JSP, PHP, etc are used.
Following are the differences

Scripts
Scripts are small programs embedded in the HTML pages.
<script> tag is used to write scripts The attributes used are
Type – To specify the scripting language
Src – Specify the source file

Two types of scripts
1. Client scripts – These are scripts executed by the browser.
Eg: VB Script, Javascript etc.
2. Server scripts – These are scripts executed by the server.
Eg: ASP, JSP, PHP, Perl, etc.

The languages that are used to write scripts are known as scripting languages.

Scripting Languages
a. JavaScript: Java script(developed by Brendan Eich for the Netscape browser) is a platform independent scripting language. Means It does not require a particular browser. That is it runs on any browser hence it is mostly accepted scripting language.
Ajax: It is a technology to take data from the server and filled in the text boxes without refreshing (without reloading the entire page) the web page. Ajax is Asynchronous JavaScript and Extensible Mark up Language (XML). XML is an Extensible Mark up Language, it allows to create our own new tags. This technology uses JavaScript to perform this function. When we turned off JavaScript features in the browser, the Ajax application will not work.

b. VB Script: VB Script(developed by Microsoft) is a platform dependent scripting language. Means it requires a particular browser(MS Internet Explorer) to work that is’why it is not widely accepted scripting language.

c. PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor)

• It is an open source, general purpose scripting language.
• It is a server side scripting language
• Introduced by Rasmus Lendorf
• A PHP file with extension .php
• It supports data base programming the default DBMS is MySQL
• It is platform independent
• PHP interpreter in Linux is LAMP(Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)

d. Active Server Pages (ASP)

• ASP introduced by Microsoft
• ASP stands for Active Server Page.
• ASP’s are web pages that are embedded with dynamic contents, such as text, HTML tags and scripts.
• An ASP file uses .asp extension.
• In ASP, the script executes in the server and the effect will be sent back to the client computer.
• Here a real time communication exists between the client and server.
• ASP applications are very small.
• The only server used is Microsoft Internet Information Server(IIS), hence it is platform dependant

e. Java Server Pages (JSP)

• JSP introduced by Sun Micro System
• JSP stands for Java Server Page.
• An JSP file uses .jsp extension
• It is platform-independent
• It uses Apache Tomcat webserver
• JSP binds with Servlets (Servlets are Java codes run in Server to serve the client requests).

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
It is a style sheet language used for specifying common format like colour of the text, font, size, etc. other than the HML codes. That is CSS file used to separate HTML content from its style.
It can be written in 3 ways as follows:

1. Inline CSSIn the body section of the HTML file
2. Embedded CSS In the head section of the HTML file
3. Linked CSS A separate file(extemal file, eg. bvm.css) with extension .css and can be linked in the web page

Code reusability(just like a function in C++) is the main advantage of CSS and can be used in all the pages in a website

• HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language. Used to create webpage.
• A website is a collection of web pages.
• It was developed by Tim Berners – Lee in 1980 at CERN.
• Lynx, a text only browser for unix.
• Mosaic it is a graphical browser.
• Netscape’ Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Opera, Ice Weasel,Mozilla FireFox etc. are dif¬ferent browsers.
• Java, C#are programming languages used for web applications.
• HTML files are saved with .htm or .html.
• A web browser is a piece of software used to view web pages.

Structure of an HTML Document

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
give title to the web page here
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is the body section.
</BODY>
</HTML>

Tags are keywords used to define the HTML document. Two types of tags Empty and container. The container tag has both an opening and closing tags. But empty tag has an opening tag only, no closing tag.
Eg: empty tag: <hr>, <br> etc.
container tag: <html>, </html>, etc.

Attributes are parameters used for providing additional information within a tag.

An HTML document has 2 sections. Head section and body section.

Attributes of <HTML> tag
1. Dir – This attribute specifies the direction of text displayed on the webpage, values are ltr(left to right), rtl(right to left)
2. Lang – This attribute specifies the language values are En(English), Hi(Hindi), Ar(Arabic), etc
Eg: <HTML dir=”ltr” lang=”Hi”>

The title tag is given in the head section.

Web page contents are given in the body section.

Attributes of the Body tag.
Bgcolor, Background, Text, Link, ALink, VLink, LeftMargin andTopmargin

Heading Tags(6 tags)
<H1 >,<H2>,<H3>,<H4>,<H5> and <H6>.

<H1> provides big heading and <H6> provides smallest

<HR> is used to draw a horizontal line. Its attributes are size, width, no shade and color.

<BR> is used to break a line.

Six Heading tags are used in HTML <H1 > to <H6>.

<B> to make the content Bold.

<I> to make the content in Italics.

<U> to underline the content.

<S> and <STRIKE> – These two are used for striking out the text

<BIG> To make the text size bigger than the normal text

<SMALL> To make the size smaller than the normal text.

<STRONG> The effect is same as <B> tag. That is to emphasize a block of text

<EM> – The effect is same as <i> tag

<SUB> – create a subscript

<SUP> create a superscript

<BLOCKQUOTE> – It is used to give indentation(giving leading space to a line)

<Q> It is used to give text within double quotes

<PRE> (Preformatted text) – This tag is used to display the content as we entered in the text editor.

<ADDRESS> This tag is used to provide information of the author or owner.

<MARQUEE> – This tag is used to scroll a text or image vertically or horizontally.

Attributes of <MARQUEE>

Height – Sets the height of the Marquee text

Width – Sets the width of the Marquee text

Direction – Specifies the scrolling direction of the text such as up, down, left or right

Behavior- Specifies the type such as Scroll, Slide(Scroll and stop)and altemate(to and fro).
<marquee behavior=”scroirscrollamount=”100″> hello</marquee>
<manquee behavior=”slide” scrollamount=”100″> hello</manquee>
<marquee behavior=”alternate” scrollamount= “100”>hello</manquee>

Scrolldelay – Specifies the time delay in seconds between each jump.

scrollamount- Specifies the speed of the text

loop – This specifies the number of times the marquee scroll. Default infinite.

bgcolor – Specifies the back ground colour.

Hspace – Specifies horizontal space around the marquee

Vspace – Specifies vertical space around the marquee

<Div> – Used to define a section or a block of text with the same format.

Attributes
align – Sets the horizontal alignment. Values are left, right, center and justify
Id – Used to give a unique name
Style – Specify a common style to the content for example
<Font> used to specify the font characteristics. Its attributes are size, face, and color.

Special Characters

<IMG> tag is used to insert an image. Its important attributes are align, height, width and alt.

Comments are given by using <!– and → symbols.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 3 Functions.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 3 Functions

String handling using arrays: A string is a combination of characters hence char data type is used to store the string. A string should be enclosed in double-quotes. In C++ a variable is to be declared before it is used.Eg. “BVM HSS KALPARAMBU”.

Memory allocation for strings: To store “BVM” an array of char type is used. We have to specify the size. Remember each and every string is end with a null (\0) character. So we can store only size-1 characters in a variable. Please note that \0 is treated as a single character. \0 is also called as the delimiter, char school_name[4]; By this, we can store a maximum of three characters.

Consider the following declarations
char my_name[10]=”Andrea”;
char my_name2[]=”Andrea”;
char str[ ]=”Hello World”

In the first declaration 10 Bytes will be allocated but it will use only 6+1 (one for ‘\0’) = 7 Bytes the remaining 3 Bytes will be unused. But in the second declaration the size of the array is not mentioned so only 7 Bytes will be allocated and used hence no wastage of memory. Similarly in the third declaration the size of the array is also not mentioned so only 12( one Byte for space and one Byte for‘\0’) Bytes will be allocated and used hence no wastage of memory.

Input / output operations on strings

Consider the following code

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
charname[20];
cout<<“Enter your name:”; cin>>name;
cout<<“Hello “<<name;
}

If you run the program you will get the prompt as follows:
Enter your name: Alvis Emerin
The output will be displayed as follows and the “Emerin” will be truncated.
Hello Alvis

This is because of cin statement that will take upto space. Here space is the delimiter. To resolve this gets() function can be used. To use gets() and puts() function the header file stdio.h must be included. gets() function is used to get a string from the keyboard including spaces.
puts() function is used to print a string on the screen. Consider the following code snippet that will take the input including the space.

# include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
charname[20];
cout<<“Enter your name:”;
gets(name);
cout<<“Hello”<<name;
}

More console functions
Input functions

Output functions

Stream functions for I/O operations: Some functions that are available in the header file iostream.h to perform I/O operations on character and strings(stream of characters). It transfers streams of bytes between memory and objects. Keyboard and monitor are considered as the objects in C++.

Input functions: The input functions like get( ) (to read a character from the keyboard) and getline() (to read a line of characters from the keyboard) is used with cin and dot(.) operator.

Eg.

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str[80], ch= 'z';
cout<<“enter a string that end with z:”;
cin.getline(str, 80, ch);
cout<<str;
}

If you run the program you will get the prompt as follows:
Enter a string that end with z: Hi I am Jobi. I am a teacherz. My school is BVM HSS
The output will be displayed as follows and the string after ‘z’ will be truncated.
Hi I am Jobi. I am a teacher

Output function: The output functions like put() (to print a character on the screen) and write() (to print a line of characters on the screen) is used with cout and dot(.) operator.

Complex programs are divided into smaller subprograms. These subprograms are called functions.
Eg. main(), clrscr(), sqrt(), strlen(),…

Concept of modular programming: The process of converting big and complex programs into smaller programs is known as modularisation. These small programs are called modules or subprograms or functions. C++ supports modularity in programming called functions.

Merits of modular programming

• It reduces the size of the program
• Less chance of error occurrence
• Reduces programming complexity
• Improves reusability

Demerits of modular programming
While dividing the program into smaller ones extra care should be taken otherwise the ultimate result will not be right.

Functions in C++
Some functions that are already available in C++ are called pre defined or built in functions.
In C++, we can create our own functions for a specific job or task, such functions are called user-defined functions.
A C++ program must contain a mainO function. A C++ program may contain many lines of statements(including so many functions) but the execution of the program starts and ends with main() function.

Predefined functions
To invoke a function that requires some data for performing the task, such data is called parameter or argument. Some functions return some value back to the called function.

String functions
To manipulate string in C++ a header file called string.h must be included.
a) strlen() – to find the number of characters in a string(i.e. string length).
Syntax: strlen(string);
Eg.
cout<<strlen(“Computer”); It prints 8.

b) strcpy() – It is used to copy the second string into the first string.
Syntax: strcpy(string1, string2);
Eg.
strcpy(str, “BVM HSS”);
cout<<str; It prints BVM HSS.

c) strcat() – It is used to concatenate the second string into first one.
Syntax: strcat(string1, string2)
Eg.
strcpy(str1, “Hello”);
strcpy(str2, “World”);
strcat(str1, str2);
cout<<str1; It displays the concatenated string “Hello World”

d) strcmp() – it is used to compare two strings and returns an integer.
Syntax: strcmp(string1, string2)

• if it is 0 both strings are equal.
• if it is greater than 0(i.e. +ve) stringl is greater than string2
• if it is less than 0(i.e. -ve) string2 is greater than string1

Eg.

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str1[10], str2[10];
strcpy(str1, “Kiran”);
strcpy(str2, “Jobi”);
cout<<strcmp(str1, str2);
}

It returns a +ve integer.

e) strcmpi() – It is same as strcmp() but it is not case sensitive. That means uppercase and lowercase are treated as same.
Eg. “ANDREA” and “Andrea” and “andrea” these are same.

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str1[10], str2[10];
strcpy(str1, "Kiran”);
strcpy(str2, "KIRAN”);
cout<<strcmpi(str1, str2);
}

It returns 0. That is both are the same.

Mathematical functions.
To use mathematical functions a header file called math.h must be included
a) abs() – To find the absolute value of an integer.
Eg. cout<<abs(-25); prints 25.
cout<<abs(+25); prints 25.

b) sqrt() – To find the square root of a number.
Eg. cout<<sqrt(49); prints 7.

c) pow() – To find the power of a number.
Syntax. pow(number1, number2)
Eg. cout<<pow(2, 10); It is equivalent to 210. It prints 1024.

Character functions
To manipulate the character in C++ a header file called ctype.h must be included.
a) isupper() – To check whether a character is in uppercase or not. If the character is in uppercase it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isupper(char ch);

b) islower() – To check whether a character is in lowercase or not. If the character is in lowercase it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: islower(char ch);

c) isalpha() – To check whether a character is an alphabet or not. If the character is an alphabet it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isalpha(char ch);

d) isdigit() – To check whether a character is a digit or not. If the character is a digit it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isdigit(char ch);

e) isalnum() – To check whether a character is an alphanumeric or not. If the character is an alphanumeric it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isalnum(char ch);

f) toupper() – It is used to convert the given character into uppercase.
Syntax: toupper(char ch);

g) tolower() – It is used to convert the given character into lowercase.
Syntax: tolower(char ch);

User defined functions

Syntax:

Return type Function_name(parameter list)
{
Body of the function
}

1. Return type: It is the data type of the value returned by the function to the called function;
2. Function name: A name given by the user.

Different types of User-defined functions.

1. A function with arguments and return type.
2. A function with arguments and no return type.
3. A function with no arguments and with the return type.
4. A function with no arguments and no return type.

Prototype of functions

Consider the following codes

Method 1

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
return(n1+n2);
}
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:”; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}

Method 2

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:”; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
retum(n1+n2);
}

In method 1 the function is defined before the main function. So there is no error.
In method 2 the function is defined after the main function and there is an error called “function sum should have a prototype”. This is because the function is defined after the main function. To resolve this a prototype should be declared inside the main function as follows.

Method 2

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
int sum(int, int);
cout<<“Errter 2 numbers:"; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
return(n1+n2);
}

Functions with default arguments
We can give default values as arguments while declaring a function. While calling a function the user doesn’t give a value as arguments the default value will be taken. That is we can call a function with or without giving values to the default arguments.

Methods of calling functions: Two types call by value and call by reference.
1. Call by value: In the call by value method, the copy of the original value is passed to the function, if the function makes any change will not affect the original value.
2. Call by reference: In the call by reference method, the address of the original value is passed to the function, if the function makes any change will affect the original value.

Scope and life of variables and functions
a) Local scope – A variable declared inside a block can be used only in the block. It cannot be used in any other block.
Eg.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
int s;
s=n1+n2;
return(s);
}
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:"; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}

Here the variable s is declared inside the function sum and has a local scope;

b) Global scope – A variable declared outside of all blocks can be used anywhere in the program.

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int s;
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
s=n1+n2;
return(s);
}
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:"; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}

Here the variable s is declared outside of all functions and we can use variable s anywhere in the program.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 2 Arrays.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 2 Arrays

An array is a collection of elements with same data type Or with the same name we can store many elements, the first or second or third etc can be distinguished by using the index(subscript). The first element’s index is 0, the second element’s index is 1, and so on.

Declaring arrays
Suppose we want to find the sum of 100 numbers then we have to declare 100 variables to store the values. It is laborious work. Hence the need for an array arises.

Syntax: data_type array_name[size];

To store 100 numbers the array declaration is as follows
int n[100]; By this, we store 100 numbers. The index of the first element is 0 and the index of last element is 99.

Memory allocation for arrays
The amount of memory requirement is directly related to its type and size.
int n[100]; It requires 2 Bytes (for each integer)*100 = 200 Bytes.
float d[100]; It requires 4 Bytes(for each float)*100 = 400 Bytes.

Array initialization
Array can be initialized in the time of declaration.
Eg. int age[4] = {16, 17, 15, 18};

Accessing elements of arrays
Normally loops are used to store and access elements in an array.
Eg.

int mark[50], i;
for(i=0; i<50; i++)
{
cout<<“Enter value formark”<<i+1; cin>>mark[i];
}
cout<<“The marks are given below:’’;
for(i=0; i<50; i++)
cout<<mark[i];

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Maths Previous Year Question Papers and Answers.

Kerala Plus Two Maths Previous Year Question Paper Say 2018 with Answers

Board	SCERT
Class	Plus Two
Subject	Maths
Category	Plus Two Previous Year Question Papers

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Cool off time : 15 Minutes
Maximum : 80 Score

General Instructions to Candidates :

• There is a ‘Cool off time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time.
• Use the ‘Cool off time’ to get familiar with questions and to plan your answers.
• Read questions carefully before you answering.
• Read the instructions carefully.
• When you select a question, all the sub-questions must be answered from the same question itself.
• Calculations, figures and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
• Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
• Give equations wherever necessary.
• Electronic devices except non programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

Question 1 to 7 carry 3 scores each. Answer any 7 questions.

Question 1.
a) Construct a 2 × 2 matrix whose elements are given a_ij = 2i + j
b) Find A².
Answer:

Question 2.
a) If \(\int \frac{f(x)}{x^{2}+1} d x\) = log | x² + 1 | + C, then f(x) = …………
b) Find ∫ xe^x dx
Answer:
a) f(x) = 2x
b) ∫ xe^x dx = x∫e^x dx – ∫1 × e^x dx
= xe^x – e^x + c = e^x (x – 1) + c

Question 3.
Form the differential equation of the family of all circles touching the y-axis at origin.
Answer:
Equation of the family of circle which touches the y-axis at origin is of the form.
(x – a)² + y² = a² ……… (1)

Question 4.
Consider the relation in the set N of Natural numbers defined as R = { (a,b): ab is a factor of 6}. Determine whether the relation is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
Answer:
(2, 2) ∉ R, Not reflexive
(x, y) ∈ R ⇒ (y, x) ∈ R ⇒ xy = yx, Symmetric
(3, 2) ∈ R, (2, 3) ∈ R ⇒ (3, 3) ∉ R,
Since 3 × 3 = 9, not transitive.

Question 5.
Find the area bounded by the curve y= cos x and x axis between x = 0 and x = π.
Answer:
Area = 2 \(\int_{0}^{\pi / 2}\) cos xdx
= 2 \([\sin x]_{0}^{\pi / 2}\) = 2[1 + 0] = 2

Question 6.

A rectangular plot is to be fenced using a rope of length 20 meters with one of its sides is a wall as shown in the figure. Find the maximum area of such rectangle.

Length = 20 – 2x, breadth = x
A = x(20 – 2x) = 20x – 2x²
A'(x) = 20 – 4x ⇒ A'(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 5
A”(x) = -4 < 0
Hence A is maximum at x = 5
Maximum area = 5 × 10 = 50

Question 7.
A manufacture produces nuts and bolts. The time required to produce one packet of nuts and one packet of bolts on machines A and B is given in the following table

	Machine A	Machine B
Nuts (1 packet)	2 hours	3 hours
Bolts (1 packet)	3 hours	1 hour

He earns a profit of Rs. 25 per packet of nuts and Rs. 12 per packet of bolts. He operates his machines for almost 15 hours a day. Formulate a linear programming problem to maximise his profit.
Answer:
Maximise: Z = 25x + 12y
Subject to
2x + 3y ≤ l5; 3x + y ≤ 5; x, y ≥ 0

Questions 8 to 17 carry 4 scores each. Answer any 8.

Question 8.
Consider the curve y = x³ + 8x + 3
a) Find the point on the curve at which the slope of the tangent is 20.
b) Does there exist a tangent to the curve with negative slope? Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 3x² + 8
Slope is given as 20
20 = 3x² + 8 ⇒ x = ±2
Therefore points (2, 27), (-2, -21)
b) No. 3x² + 8 ≥ 0 (Always positive for any value of x.)

Question 9.
a) Which of the following functions is not continuous at zero?
i) f(x) = sin x

b) Find the Values of a and b such that the function defined by
f(x) = \(\left\{\begin{array}{cc}
10, & x \leq 3 \\
a x+b, & 3<x<4 \\
20, & x \geq 4
\end{array}\right.\)
[Here f(x) is oscillating between -1 and 1 as x approaches to 0. In other cases the limit value and function value are same. So continuous.]
b) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3^{+}}\)f(x) = 3a + b ⇒ 3a + b = 10
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 4^{-}}\) f(x) = 4a + b ⇒ 4a + b = 20
Solving both equations we get a = 10, b = -20

Question 10.
Consider the plane 2x – 3y + z = 5
a) Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, 3) and parallel to the above plane.
b) Find the distance between above planes
Answer:
a) Equation of a plane parallel to the
2x – 3y + z = 5 is of the form 2x – 3y + z = k .
Since it passes through the point (1, 1, 3),
we have 2 – 3 + 3 = k ⇒ k = 2
⇒ 2x – 3y + z = 2

b) Distance between the planes
= \(\left|\frac{5-2}{\sqrt{4+9+1}}\right|=\frac{3}{\sqrt{14}}\)

Question 11.
Consider the vectors
\(\vec{a}\) = 2i + j + 3k; \(\vec{b}\) = i + 4j – k
a) Find the projection of \(\vec{a}\) on \(\vec{b}\)
b) If \(\vec{a}\) is perpendicular to a vector \(\vec{c}\) then projection of \(\vec{a}\) on \(\vec{c}\)
c) Write a vector \(\vec{d}\) such that the projection of \(\vec{a}\) on \(\vec{d}\) = |\(\vec{a}\)|
Answer:

b) Projection will be zero.
c) Projection of \(\vec{a}\) on \(\vec{d}\) = |\(\vec{a}\)|, means the angle between \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{d}\) is zero. Hence both are parallel. So any vector parallel to \(\vec{a}\) is \(\vec{d}\).

Question 12.
a)

In the figure ABCD is a Parallelogram. If
\(\overrightarrow{A B}\) = 3i – j + 2k; \(\overrightarrow{A D}\) = i + j + 2k, find \(\overrightarrow{A C}\) and \(\overrightarrow{D B}\)
b) If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are adjacent sides of any parallelogram \(\vec{c}\) and \(\vec{d}\) are diagonals,
then show that |\(\vec{c}\) × \(\vec{d}\)| = 2|\(\vec{a}\) × \(\vec{b}\)|
Answer:
a) \(\overrightarrow{A C}\) = \(\overrightarrow{A B}\) + \(\overrightarrow{A D}\) = 4i + 4j
\(\overrightarrow{B D}\) = \(\overrightarrow{A B}\) – \(\overrightarrow{A D}\) = 2i – 2j

b) Let \(\vec{c}\) = \(\vec{a}\) + \(\vec{b}\) and d = \(\vec{a}\) – \(\vec{b}\)
\(\vec{c}\) × \(\vec{d}\) = (\(\vec{a}\) + \(\vec{b}\)) × (\(\vec{a}\) – \(\vec{b}\))
= \(\vec{a}\) × \(\vec{a}\) – \(\vec{a}\) × \(\vec{b}\) + \(\vec{b}\) × \(\vec{a}\) – \(\vec{b}\) × \(\vec{b}\)
= 0 – \(\vec{a}\) × \(\vec{b}\) – \(\vec{a}\) × \(\vec{b}\) – 0 = -2(\(\vec{a}\) × \(\vec{b}\))

Question 13.
Find ∫(4x + 7)\(\sqrt{x^{2}+4 x+13}\)dx
Answer:
4x + 7 = A(2x + 4) + B ⇒ A = 2, B = -1
I = 2∫\(\sqrt{x^{2}+4 x+13}\)dx – ∫\(\sqrt{x^{2}+4 x+13}\)dx
I = 2I₁ – I₂

Question 14.
a) Write integrating factor of the linear differential equation \(\frac{d y}{d x}+\frac{y}{x}\) = sin x
b) Slope of the tangent to a curve at any point is twice the x coordinate of the point. If the curve passes through the point (1, 4), find its equation.
Answer:
IF = \(e^{\int P d x}\) = \(e^{\log x}\) = x
b) \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2x ⇒ dy = 2x dx
Integrating we get;
∫dy = ∫ 2x dx + C ⇒ y = x² + C
Since passes through (1, 4) we have;
4 = 1 + C ⇒ C = 3
Hence equation is y = x² +3

Question 15.
Solve the linear programming problem graphically Maximise Z = 3x + 5y
Subject to the constraints
x + 3y ≤ 3
x + y ≤ 2
x, y ≥ 0

Corner points	Z = 3x + 5y
O (0, 0)	0
A (2, 0)	6
B\( \left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)\)	7
C (0, 1)	5

Maximum 7 at B = \(\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)\)

Question 16.
a) If cos^-1 \(\frac{12}{13}\) = tan^-1 x then find x.
b) Show that cos^-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\) + cos^-1 \(\frac{12}{13}\) = tan^-1 \(\frac{14}{33}\)
Answer:

Question 17.
Consider the binary operation * on the set R of real numbers, defined by a*b = \(\frac{a b}{4}\)
a) Show that * is commutative and associative.
b) Find the identity element for * o R.
c) Find the inverse of 5.
Answer:

Questions from 18 to 24 carry 6 scores each. Answer any 5.

Question 18.
Consider the matrix A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
1 & 0 & 2 \\
0 & 1 & 2 \\
0 & 4 & 9
\end{array}\right]\)
a) Find A^-1 using elementary row operations.
b) Find the solution of the system of equations given below:
(A^-1 obtained above may be used)
x + 2z + 2; y + 2z + 1; 4y + 9z = 3
Answer:
a) A = IA
\(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
1 & 0 & 2 \\
0 & 1 & 2 \\
0 & 4 & 9
\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{lll}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}\right] A\)

Question 19.
a) Show that
\(\left|\begin{array}{lll}
1 & a & b c \\
1 & b & a c \\
1 & c & a b
\end{array}\right|\) = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)
b) If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
2 & 3 \\
4 & -1
\end{array}\right]\) verift that A × adj A = |A|I
Answer:

Question 20.
a) If f is a function such that f(-x) = f(x), then \(\int_{-a}^{a}\) f(x) dx = ………
b) Evaluate \(\int_{-\pi / 2}^{\pi / 2}\) cos x dx
c) Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{1}\) (x² + 1)dx as the limit of a sum.
Answer:

Question 21.
a) Verify mean value theorem for the function f(x) = x² – 4x – 3 in the interval [1, 4].
b) Consider the function
f(x) = sin^-1 2x \(\sqrt{1-x^{2}}\), \(\frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}} \leq x \leq \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
i) Show that f(x) = 2sin^-1 x
ii) Find f'(x)
Answer:
a) f(x) is a continuous function in [1, 4], since it is a polynomial.
f'(x) = 2x – 4, f is differentiable in (1, 4).
f(4) = 16 – 16 – 3 = -3, f(1) = 1 – 4 – 3 = -6

Hence mean value theorem is verified.

b) i) Put x = sinθ
f(x) = sin^-1 (2 sin θ\(\sqrt{1-\sin ^{2} \theta}\))
= sin^-1 (2 sin θ cos θ)
= sin^-1 (sin 2θ) = 2θ = 2 sin^-1 x
ii) f'(x) = \(\frac{2}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\)

Question 22.
a) Show that the lines
\(\frac{x-2}{1}=\frac{y+1}{2}=\frac{z-3}{1} ; \frac{x-3}{2}=\frac{y-1}{1}=\frac{z-4}{2}\) are coplanar.
b) Find the equation of the plane that contains the above lines.
c) Show that the above lines intersect at the point (3, 1, 4).
Answer:
a) Points (2, -1, 3) and (3, 1, 4)

Normal direction ratios are 3, 0, -3.
Therefore equation of the plane is
3(x – 2) -3 (z – 3) = 0
3x – 6 – 3z + 9 = 0
x – z + 1 = 0

c) (3, 1, 4) is a point on the second line. Substitute the point in the first line
\(\frac{3-2}{1}=\frac{1+1}{2}=\frac{4-3}{1} \Rightarrow \frac{1}{1}=\frac{2}{2}=\frac{1}{1}\)
Therefore the point (3, 1, 4) satisfies the first line. Hence both interest at (3, 1, 4).

Question 23.
a) A coin is tossed 3 times. Find the probability distribution of the number of heads.
b) A bag contains 5 black and 6 white balls, 4 balls of the same colour (Black or white) are added to the bag, shuffled well and one ball is drawn. If the ball obtained is white. What is the probability that the balls added are black?
Answer:
a) Let X be the random variable denoting the
number of heads appears. Then X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
P(X = x) = ⁿC_x P^xq^n-x; p = \(\frac{1}{2}\), q = \(\frac{1}{2}\), n = 3

X	0	1	2	3
P(X)	\(\frac{1}{8}\)	\(\frac{3}{8}\)	\(\frac{3}{8}\)	\(\frac{1}{8}\)

E₁ = Balls added are black.
E₂ = Balls added are white.
A = Ball drawn is white.

Question 24.

In a circle of radius 2 a square is inscribed as shown in the figure. Using integration, find the area of the shaded region (Area of a square may be calculated using any convenient method)
Answer:

Equation of the circle is x² + y² = 4
Area of the sector in the first quadrant

Area of the triangle = \(\frac{1}{2}\) (2)(2) = 2
Area of the shaded region in the first quadrant = π – 2
Hence the area of the required region = 4(π – 2) = 4π – 8

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 1 Review of C++ Programming.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 1 Review of C++ Programming

It is developed by Bjame Stroustrup. It is an extension of C Language.

Character set: To study a language first we have to familiarize the character set. For example to study English language first we have to study the alphabets. Similarly here the character set includes letters (A to Z & a to z), digits (0 to 9), special characters(+, -, ?, *, /, …….) white spaces(non printable) etc….

Token: It is the smallest individual units similarto a word in English or Malayalam language. C++ has 5 tokens
1. Keywords: These are reserved words for the compiler. We can’t use for any other purposes.
Eg: float is used to declare variable to store numbers with decimal point. We can’t use this for any other purpose

2. Identifier: These are user defined words.
Eg: variable name, function name, class name, object name etc…

3. Literals (Constants): Its value does not change during execution
i. Integer literals : Whole numbers without fractional parts are known as integer literals, its value does not change during execution. There are 3 types decimal, octal and hexadecimal.
Eg. For decimal 100, 150, etc
For octal 0100, 0240, etc
For hexadecimal 0x100, 0x1A, etc

ii. Float literals: A number with fractional parts and its value does not change during execution is called floating point literals.
Eg. 3.14157, 79.78, etc..

iii. Character literal: A valid C++ character enclosed in single quotes, its value does not change during execution.
Eg. ‘m’, ‘f’, etc…

iv. String literal: One or more characters enclosed in double quotes is called string constant. A string is automatically appended by a null character (‘\0’)
Eg. “Mary’s”, “India”, etc

4. Punctuators: In English or Malayalam language punctuation marks are used to increase the readability but here it is used to separate the tokens. Eg: {,}, (,),

5. Operators: These are symbols used to perform an operation (Arithmetic, relational, logical, etc…)

Integrated Development Environment(IDE): It is used for developing programs

• It helps to write as well as editing the program.
• It helps to compile the program and linking it to other (header files and another user) programs
• It helps to run the program

Turbo C++ IDE
Following is a C++ IDE

a) Opening the edit window
Method I: File → Click the menu item
New Method II: Press Alt and F simultaneously then press N
b) Saving the program:
Click File → Save or Press Function key F2 or Alt + F and then press S
Then give a file name and press ok.
c) Running/executing the program
Press Alt + R then press R OR Click Run → press R, OR Press Ctrl + F9
d) Viewing the output: Press Alt + F5
e) Closing Turbo C++ IDE
Click File → then press Quit menu Or Press Alt + X

Geany IDE

Step 1: Take Geany Editor and type the program(source code)
Step 2: Save the file with the extension.cpp
Step 3: Compile the program by Click the Compile Option
Step 4: After successful compilation, Click the Build option
Step 5: Then click on the Execute option

Important Notes while using Geany Editor

1. For the header files .h extension need not given
2. Header files are given below

3. Add a new statement using namespace std; after the preprocessor
4. Instead of void main() use int main();

Let us see the following to distinguish the editor’s Turbo C++ and Geany

1. Write a C++ program to read a number and print.

Using Turbo C++ editor

#include
#include
int main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout<<“Enter a number”; cin>>a;
cout<<“The number you entered is ”<<a;
getch();
}

To compile and press Ctrl+F9.

Using Geany editor

#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a;
cout<<“Enter a number”; cin>>a;
cout<<“The number you entered is ”<<a;
}

Type the above and save it as a file name with .cpp.
Compile, Build and then Execute

Concepts of data types: The nature of data is different, data type specifies the nature of data we have to store.

C++ data types

Fundamental data types: It is also called a built-in data type. They are int, char, float, double and void
i) int data type: It is used to store whole numbers without fractional (decimal point) part. It can be either negative or positive. It consumes 2 bytes(16 bits) of memory.i.e. 216 = 65536 numbers. That is 32768 negative numbers and 32768 positive numbers(0 is considered as +ve ) So a total of 65536 (32768+32768) numbers. We can store a number in between -32768 to + 32767.

ii) char data type: Any symbol from the key ‘ board, eg. ‘A’, ‘?’, ‘9’,…. It consumes one byte (8 bits) of memory. It is internally treated as integers, i.e. 28 = 256 characters. Each character is having an ASCII code, ‘a’ is having ASCI I code 97, and zero is having ASCII code 48.

iii) float data type: It is used to store real numbers i.e. the numbers with a decimal points. It uses 4 bytes(32 bits) of memory.
Eg. 67.89, 89.9 E-15.

iv) double data type: It is used to store very large real numbers. It uses 8 bytes(64 bits) of memory.

(v) void data type: void means nothing. It is used to represent a function that returns nothing.

User-defined Data types: C++ allows programmers to define their own data type. They are Structure(struct), enumeration(enum), union, class, etc.

Derived data types: The data types derived from fundamental data types are called Derived data types. They are Arrays, pointers, functions, etc

Variables:
The named memory locations are called variables. A variable has three important things

1. variable name: A variable should have a name
2. Memory address: Each and every byte of memory has an address. It is also called the location (L) value.
3. Content: The value stored in a variable is called content. It is also called Read(R) value.

Operators: An operator is a symbol that performs an operation. The data on which operations are carried out are called operands. Following are the operators
1) Input (>>) and output (<<) operators are used to performing input and output operations. Eg. cin >> n;
cout << n;

2) Arithmetic operators: It is a binary operator. It is used to perform addition(+), subtraction(-), division (/), multiplication(*) and modulus(%-gives the remainder) operations.
Eg. If x = 10 and y = 3 then

x/y = 3, because both operands are integer. To get the floating-point result one of the operands must be float.

3) Relational operator: It is also a binary operator. It is used to perform comparison or relational operation between two values and it gives either true (1) or false(0). The operators are <, <=, >, >=, == (equality) and != (not equal to)

4) Logical operators: Here AND(&&), OR(||) are binary operators, and NOT(!) is a unary operator.
It is used to combine relational operations and it gives either true (1) or false (0).
If x = 1 and y = 0 then

Both operands must be true to get a true value in the case of AND (&&) operation.
If x = 1 and y = 0 then

Either one of the operands must be true to get a true value in the case of OR(||) operation
If x = 1 and y = 0 then

5) Conditional operator: It is a ternary operator hence it needs three operands. The operator is ?:.
Syntax: expression ? value if true : value if false.
First evaluates the expression if it is true the second part will be executed otherwise the third part will be executed.
Eg. If x = 10 and y = 3 then
x > y ? cout<<x; cout<<y
Here the output is 10

6) sizeof(): This operator is used to find the size used by each data type.
Eg. sizeof(int) gives 2.

7) Increment and decrement operator: These are unary operators.
a) Increment operator (++): It is used to increment the value of a variable by one i.e., x++ is equivalent to x = x + 1;
b) Decrement operator (–): It is used to decrement the value of a variable by one i.e., x– is equivalent to x = x – 1.

8) Assignment operator (=): It is used to assign the value of the right side to the left side variable.
eg. x = 5; Here the value 5 is assigned to the variable x.

Expressions: It is composed of operators and operands

Arithmetic expression: It is composed of arithmetic operators and operands. In this expression the operands are integers then it is called the Integer expression. If the operands are real numbers then it is called Floating point expression. If the operands are constants then it is called constant expression.

Relational expression: It is composed of relational operators and operands.

Logical expression: It is composed of logical operators and operands

Statements: Statements are the smallest executable unit of a programming language. Each and every statement must end with a semicolon(;).

Declaration statement: Each and every variable must be declared before using it.
Eg: int age;

Assignment statements: The assignment operator is used to assign the value of RHS to LHS.
Eg: x = 100;

Input statements:
input(>>) operator is used to perform input operation. Eg. cin>>n;

Output statements
output(<<) operator is used to perform output operation.
Eg. cout<<n;

Cascading of I/O operations
The multiple uses of input or output operators in a single statement is called Cascading of i/o operators.
Eg: To take three numbers by using one statement is as follows
cin>>x>>y>>z;
To print three numbers by using one statement is as follows
cout<<x<<y<<z;

Structure of a C++ program:
A typical C++ program would contain four sections as shown below.
Include files(Preprocessor directives)
Function declarations
Function definitions
Main function programs
Eg:

# include
using namespace std;
int sum(int x, int y)
{return (x+y);}
intmain()
{
cout<<sum(2, 3);
}

Preprocessor directives: A C++ program starts with the preprocessor directive i.e., # include, #define, #undef, etc, are such a preprocessor directive. By using #include we can link the header files that are needed to use the functions. By using #define we can define some constants.
Eg. #define x 100. Here the value of x becomes 100 and cannot be changed in the program.
No semicolon is needed.

Header files:
header files: A header file is a pre-stored file that helps to use some operators and functions. To write C++ programs the header files are a must. Following are the header files used in Geany editor.
iostream
cstdio
cctype
cmath
cstring
cstdlib
The syntax for including a header file is as follows
#include<name of the header file>
Eg. #include<iostream>

The main function: The main function is the first function which is invoked at the time of execution and the program ends within main(). The other functions are invoked from main().

Programming tips:
The identifier name must be clear, precise, brief, and meaningful
Use clear and simple expressions.
Use comments wherever needed.
To give tips in between the program comments are used. A comment is not considered as the part of the program and cannot be executed. There are 2 types of comments single line and multiline. Single line comment starts with //(2 slashes) but multi-line comment starts with /* and ends with */
indentation: Giving leading spaces to the statements is called indentation. It is a good programming practice.

Variable initialisation: Giving value to a variable at the time of declaration.
Eg: intage=16; Here the OS allocates 4 bytes memory for the variable age and it stores a value 16.

const-The access modifier: By using the keyword const we can create symbolic constants its value does not change during execution.
Eg: const int bp=100;

Type modifiers: With the help of type modifiers we can change the sign and range of data with same size. The important modifiers are signed, unsigned, long and short

Shorthands in C++

Arithmetic assignment operators: It is faster. This is used with all the arithmetic operators as follows.

a) Increment operator(++): It is used for incrementing the content by one.
++x(pre increment) and x++ (post increment) both are equivalent to x = x + 1.

b) decrement operator (–): It is used for decrementing the content by one.
–x (pre decrement) and x– (post decrement) both are equivalent to x = x – 1.

Prefix form: In this, the operator is placed before the operand and the operation is performed first then use the value.

Postfix form: In this, the operator is placed after the operand and the value of the variable is used first then the operation is performed
Eg: Post increment a++
Here first use the value of ‘a’ and then change the value of ‘a’.
Eg: if a=10 then b=a++.
After this statement b=10 and a=11

Pre increment ++a
Here first change the value of a and then use the value of a.
Eg: if a=10 then b=++a.
After this statement b=11 and a=11.

Precedence of operators: Consider a situation where an expression contains all the operators then the operation will be carried in the following order(priority)

Type conversion: Type conversions are of two types.
1) Implicit type conversion: This is performed by the C++ compiler internally. C++ converts all the lower sized data type to the highest sized operand. It is known as type promotion. Data types are arranged lower size to higher size is as follows, unsigned int(2 bytes), int(4 bytes), long (4 bytes), unsigned long (4 bytes), float(4 bytes), double(8 bytes), long double(10 bytes)

2) Explicit type conversion: It is known as typecasting. This is done by the programmer. The syntax is given below.
(data type to be converted) expression
Eg. int x=10;
(float) x;
This expression converts the data type of the variable from integer to float.
These are classified into two decision making and iteration statements

Decision-making statements:

if statement:

Syntax: if (condition)
{
Statement block;
}

First, the condition is evaluated if it is true the statement block will be executed otherwise nothing will be happened.

if… else statement:

Syntax:

if (condition)
{
Statement block1;
}
Else
{
Statement block2;
}

Nested if
An if statement contains another if statement completely then it is called nested if.

if (condition 1)
{
if (condition 2)
{
Statement block;
}
}

The statement block will be executed only if both the conditions evaluated are true.

The else if ladder: The syntax will be given below:

if (expression 1)
{
statement block1;
}
else if (expression 2)
{
statement block 2;
}
else if (expression 3)
{
statement block 3;
}
..............
else
{
statement block n;
}

Here firstly, expression 1 will be evaluated if it is true only the statement block1 will be executed otherwise expression 2 will be evaluated if it is true only the statement block2 will be executed and so on. If all the expression evaluated is false then only statement block n will be executed.

switch statement:
It is a multiple branch statement. Its syntax is given below.

switch(expression)
{
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
...............................
default: statements;
}

The first expression evaluated and selects the statements with the matched case value. If all values are not matched the default statement will be executed.

Conditional operator: It is a ternary operator hence it needs three operands. The operator is ?:.
Syntax: expression ? value if true : value if false.
First evaluates the expression if it is true the second part will be executed otherwise the third part will be executed.

Iteration statements: If we have to execute a block of statements more than once then iteration statements are used.

while statement: It is an entry controlled loop. An entry controlled loop first checks the condition and executes (or enters into) the body of the loop only if it is true. The syntax is given below:

Loop variable initialised
while(expression)
{
Body of the loop;
Update loop variable;
}

Here the loop variable must be initialised before the while loop. Then the expression is evaluated if it is true then only the body of the loop will be executed and the loop variable must be updated inside the body. The body of the loop will be executed until the expression becomes false.

for statement
The syntax of for loop is

for(initialization; checking; update loop variable)
{
Body of loop;
}

The first part, initialization is executed once, then checking is carried out if it is true the body of the for loop is executed. Then the loop variable is updated and again checking is carried out this process continues until the checking becomes false. It is an entry controlled loop.

do-while statement: It is an exit controlled loop. Exit control loop first executes the body of the loop once even if the condition is false then checks the condition.

do
{
Statements
}while(expression);

Here the body executes at least once even if the condition is false. After executing the body it checks the expression if it false it quits the body otherwise the process will continue.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Part II Chapter 6 Open Economy Macroeconomics.

Kerala Plus Two Macroeconomics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 6 Open Economy Macroeconomics

Question 1.
Indian Economy is having a deficit of Balance of Payment Account. Suggest some measures to improve its balance of payment position. (MARCH-2008)
Answer:
Measures to improve balance of payment deficit are given below:
1) Devaluation of rupee
2) Control of inflation
3) Promotional measures
4) Tariff and quota restrictions
5) Reduction of imports
6) Provision of incentives

Question 2.
Correct the following statements if necessary. (MARCH-2009)
1) Balance of payment at current account rate to both visible and invisible trade.
2) International trade is trade within the boundaries of a country.
3) The theory of comparative cost advantage is stated by David Ricardo
Answer:
1) True/ Correct
2) False. International trade means trade between two or more countries or internal trade is the trade within the boundaries of a country.
3) True/Correct

Question 3.
Devaluation of domestic currency will enable an economy to overcome deficit in balance of payments. Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer. (JUNE-2009)
Answer:
Yes. I agree with this statement. Because, when there is deficit in balance of payment, the domestic currency is devalued. This will increase our exports and reduce imports. As a result of increased export and less imports, the deficit in balance of payment can be solved.

Question 4.
If C = 0.8 and M = 0.3
a) Calculate open economy and closed economy multiplier. (MARCH-2010)
b) If domestic autonomous demand increases by 100, what will be multiplier effect on output in both economy?
c) Elucidate the result.
Answer:
i) Open economy multiplier

ii) Closed economy multiplier

b) Multiplier effect of output on closed economy
5 x 100 = 500
Multiplier effect of output on open economy,
2 x 100 = 200

Question 5.
The following table shows the total cost schedule of a competitive firm. It is given that the price of the . good is ₹15. (MARCH-2010)

Answer:
a)

b) The profit maximising level of outputs is ₹6, where the difference between TR and TC is highest.

Question 6.
Mr. Sudheer converted rupees into dollar, he got 20 dollars in exchange of ₹1,000. (JUNE-2010)
a) Calculate profit at each level of output.
b) Find the profit maximising level of output.
Answer:
a) Exchange rate
b) Real exchange rate is the relative price of foreign goods in terms of domestic goods. It is equal to the nominal exchange rate times the foreign price level divided by the domestic price level. When the real exchange rate is equal to one, the two countries are said to be in purchasing power parity.

Question 7.
An Imaginary Balance of Payment situation is given in the table. (JUNE-2010)

a) Find out the trade balance, explain the concept.
b) Calculate the Current Account Balance, comment about the figure.
Answer:
a) Export-Import =12801 -19103
= – 6302
b) 998

Question 8.
Economics are classified into open and closed economics. Distinguish between open and closed economy with an example. (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
An open economy is one which has trade relationship with rest of the world.
Eg: A country with exports (India export rubber). On the other hand a closed economy is one which has not trade relation with rest of the world.
Eg: A country which has no exports or imports.

Question 9.
If a toy costs ₹10 in America and exchange rate is at 45 per U.S. dollar, what is the price of this toy in Indian currency? (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
₹450

Question 10.
If inflation is higher in country ‘A’ than in country ‘B’ and the exchange rate between the two countries is fixed, what is likely to happen to the trade balance between the two countries? Justify your answer. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
When there is inflation, the domestic currency of country A’will depreciate. Depreciation of domestic currency will lead to increase in export and decrease in import. But this will depend on the elasticity of export and import. If the sum of export and import elasticities is greater than T, there will be positive effect on trade balance. However, in short run the elasticities are supposed to be less than T and therefore there may be negative effect on trade balance. The ultimate effect depends on the composition of trade items.

Question 11.
Compare the following graphs and explain the positions of economy that the diagrams represent. Suggest measures to correct these situations. (MARCH-2012)

Answer:


Excess demand

• Increase taxes
• Decrease Government expenditure
• Reduce deficit financing
• Increase public borrowing

Deficient demand

• Decrease taxes
• Increase government expenditure
• Increase deficit financing
• Reduce public borrowing

Question 12.
Among the following, identify the concepts (JUNE-2014)
i) Trade deficit
ii) Budget deficit
a) G + T
b) T + X
c) G-T
d) G + M
e) X-M
f) X+M
Answer:
i) e) X-M
ii) c) G-T

Question 13.
Fill appropriately. (JUNE-2014)
a) Domestic demand for foreign goods leads to ______
b) The tiny production unit is referred as ________
c) The expenses that raise productive capacity is called ________
Answer:
a) import
b) firm
c) investment expenditure

Question 14.
Distinguish nominal exchange rate and real exchange rate. (JUNE-2014)
Answer:
The price of one currency in terms of the other is . known as the exchange rate. Nominal exchange rates are bilateral in the sense that they are exchange rates for one currency against another and they are nominal because they quote the exchange rate in money terms, i.e. so many rupees per dollar or per pound. However, the real exchange rate is the ratio of foreign to domestic prices, measured in the same currency. It is defined as Real exchange rate = eP_f / P where P and P_f are the price levels here and abroad, respectively, and e is the rupee price of foreign exchange (the nominal exchange rate).
The real exchange rate is often taken as a measure of a country’s international competitiveness. Therefore, real exchange rate is considered to be more relevant.

Question 15.
Write down the national income identify for an open economy with due explanation of the terms used. (JUNE-2014)
Answer:
National income identity for an open economy
In a closed economy, there are three sources of demand for domestic goods – Consumption (C), government spending (G), and domestic investment (I).
We can write Y =C+ l + G
In an open economy, exports (X) constitute an additional source of demand for domestic goods and services that comes from abroad and therefore must be added to aggregate demand. Imports (M) supplement supplies in domestic markets and constitute that part of domestic demand that falls on foreign goods and services. Therefore, the national income identity for an open economy is
Y+M = C + I + G + X
Rearranging, we get
Y = C + I + G + X-M or
Y = C + I + G + NX
where, NX is net exports (exports – imports). A positive NX (with exports greater than imports) implies a trade surplus and a negative NX (with imports exceeding exports) implies a trade deficit.

Question 16.
Differentiate between: (JUNE-2014)
i) Currency Devaluation and
ii) Currency Depreciation
Answer:
Devaluation means increase in exchange rate. Devaluation is said to occur when the exchange rate is increased by social action under a pegged exchange rate system. Devaluation is used as a tool to bridge the gap of trade deficit.
On the other hand, change in the price of foreign exchange under flexible exchange rate, when it becomes cheaper as compared to domestic currency is known as depreciation.

Question 17.
Two National Income identities are shown below: (MARCH-2015)
i) Y = C + I + G
ii) Y = C + I + G + X – M
a) Pick out the National Income identity for an open economy.
b) If marginal propensity to consume (C) = 0.5 and marginal propensity to import (M) = 0.3, prove that the open economy multiplier is smaller than that of the closed economy
Answer:

the multiplier in closed economy is 2 and open economy is 1.25.

Question 18.
The economic principle of exchange rate determination are different in different systems. Write in one or two sentences how the exchange rate is determined under:  (MARCH-2015)
a) Flexible Exchange rate system
b) Fixed Exchange rate system
c) Managed floating Exchange rate system.
Answer:
a) A country’s exchange rate regime where its currency is set by the foreign-exchange market through supply and demand for that particular currency relative to other currencies. Thus, floating exchange rates change freely and are determined by trading in the for ex market. This is in contrast to a “fixed exchange rate” regime.

b) Fixed Exchange Rate’ A country’s exchange rate regime under which the government or central bank ties the official exchange rate to another country’s currency (or the price of gold). The purpose of a fixed exchange rate system is to maintain a country’s currency value within a very narrow band. Also known as pegged exchange rate.
In a fixed exchange-rate system, a country’s central bank typically uses an open market mechanism and is committed at all times to buy and/or sell its currency at a fixed price in order to maintain its pegged ratio and, hence, the stable value of its currency in relation to the reference to which it is pegged. The central bank provides the assets and/or the foreign currency or currencies which are needed in order to finance any payments imbalances.

c) Managed float regime is the current international financial environment in which exchange rates fluctuate from day to day, but central banks attempt to influence their countries exchange by buying and selling currencies. It is also known as a dirty float.
Managed float exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market. Authorities can and do intervene, but are not bound by any intervention rule.
Often accompanied by a separate nominal anchor, such as inflation target. The arrangement provides a way to mix market-determined rates with stabilizing intervention in a non-rule-based system. Its potential drawbacks are that it doesn’t place hard constraints on monetary and fiscal policy. It suffers from uncertainty from reduced credibility, relying on the credibility of monetary authorities. It typically offers limited transparency.

Question 19.
Differentiate between fixed and floating exchange rates.  (MAY-2015)
Answer:
In a system of flexible exchange rates (also known as floating exchange rates), the exchange rate is determined by the forces of market demand and supply.
Countries have had flexible exchange rate system ever since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s. Prior to that, most countries had fixed or what is called pegged exchange rate system, in which the exchange rate is pegged at a particular level. Sometimes, a distinction is made between the fixed and pegged exchange rates.
Under a fixed exchange rate system, such as the gold standard, adjustment to BOP surpluses or deficits cannot be brought about through changes in the exchange rate.

Question 20.
Give one-word for the following:  (MAY-2015)
The price of one unit of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency.
Answer:
Exchange rate

Question 21.
Explain Balance of Payments (BOP). What do you mean by balance of payment surplus and balance of payment deficit?  (MAY-2015)
Answer:
Balance of trade is the record of a country’s visible export and visible imports. It includes only visible trade and excludes invisible trade of services. However, balance of payment is a more comprehensive term which denoted a country’s total monetary transactions with the rest of the world. It includes both visible and invisible trade of goods and services.
The balance of payments (BOP) records the transactions in goods, services and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world. There are two main accounts in the BOP – the current account and the capital account.
When the total receipt is larger than the payment the balance of payment is said to be surplus. On the other hand when payments are larger than receipts, balance of payments is said to be deficit.

Question 22.
Differentiate:  (MARCH-2016)
a) Currency devaluation
b) Currency depreciation
Answer:
a) Currency devaluation: It is the deliberate reduction of the value of domestic currency in terms of a foreign currency.
b) Currency depreciation: It is the reduction in the value of domestic currency due to the operation of supply for money and demand for money.

Question 23.
Write a note on fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.  (MAY-2016)
Answer:
In a system of flexible exchange rates (also known as floating exchange rates), the exchange rate is determined by the forces of market demand and supply.
Countries have had flexible exchange rate system ever since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970’s. Prior to that, most countries had fixed or what is called pegged exchange rate system, in which the exchange rate is pegged at a particular level. Sometimes, a distinction is made between the fixed and pegged exchange rates.
Under a fixed exchange rate system, such as the gold standard, adjustment to BOP surpluses or deficits cannot be brought about through changes in the exchange rate.

Question 24.
The relative price of foreign goods in terms of domestic goods is _____ (MAY-2016)
a) The nominal exchange rate
b) The real exchange rate
c) Floating exchange rate
d) All of the above
Answer:
The real exchange rate

Question 25.
Explain the working of a pegged exchange rate system with suitable diagram. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Fixed exchange rate is also known as pegged exchange rate system. Under this system, the exchange rate will be determined by central bank. The intervention made in the foreign exchange market by the central bank to keep exchange rate fixed is known as pegging. This can be explained with the help of diagram. Which is given below.

Here e* is the market determined exchange rate. Suppose that government fixes exchange rate as e₁ At e, exchange rate the demand for foreign exchange is greater than the supply of foreign exchange. If there is no.control over exchange rate. It will increase to e*. In order to maintain the exchange rate at e₁ the central bank will sell AB amount of foreign exchange in the market. So the exchange will be maintained at e*.
Suppose that the central bank fixes the exchange rate e₂. If there is no central bank intervention in the market the exchange rate will fall to e*. In order to maintain the exchange rate at e₂ the central bank will purchase CD amount of foreign exchange from the market. Thus fixed exchange rate is maintained.

Question 26.
Differentiate between Devaluation and Depreciation. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Devalution: Lowering of the value of domestic currency through official procedure by the central bank under fixed exchange rate system is known as currency devaluation.
Depreciation: The loss in the value of domestic currency when exchanged with foreign currency under flexible exchange rate system is known as currency depreciation.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Part II Chapter 5 The Government: Budget and The Economy.

Kerala Plus Two Macroeconomics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 5 The Government: Budget and The Economy

Question 1.
Keynes suggested a deficit budget for a developing economy but classical economists supported a surplus budget. (MARCH-2008)
a) Differentiate the two concepts of budget.
b) What is your opinion? Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) Deficit budget and Surplus budget.
When the proposed expenditure is greater than the expected revenue, the budget is said to be deficient. On the other hand, when the proposed expenditure is less than the expected revenue, the budget is said to be a surplus one.
b) I do agree with the opinion of Keynes. Because in a developing economy govt, will have to make so many developmental activities for the welfare of the society. In such a situation, a deficit budget is possible and it will become unavoidable.

Question 2.
discretionary and non-discretionary.  (MARCH-2009)
a) Progressive Income Tax
b) Unemployment allowances
c) Public Expenditure programme.
d) Public borrowing
Answer:

Discretionary	Non-discretionary
Public expenditure programme	Progressive income tax
Public borrowing	Unemployment allowance

Question 3.
In the present world, the budget is an important instrument of government policy. One of the objectives of the budget is given below. Supplement the other objectives. (MARCH-2008)
Redistribution of Income and Wealth
Answer:

• Reallocation of resources
• Stabilisation of economy
• Management of public enterprises
• Execution of plans
• Control of public fund

Question 4.
Classify the followings into tax revenue and non-tax revenue: (MARCH-2008)
Personal Income Tax, Excise duty, Import duty, License Fee, Surplus from Public Enterprise, Escheat.
Answer:

Tax Revenue	Non – Tax Revenue
Personal Income Tax	License Fee
Excise Duty	Escheat
Import Duty	Surplus from public enterprises

Question 5.
In a developed economy Keynesian budgetary policy is more effective compared to classical budgetary policy. Can you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. (JUNE-2009)
Answer:
Yes. I agree with this statement. Because in the developed economy the role of government and the private sector is more desirable. There will be situations of the business cycle in such economies. General overproduction and underproduction are common features. On such occasions, the classical policy will not properly work. Keynesian ideas will help the proper functioning of the developed economies.

Question 6.
Complete the following chart: (MARCH-2010)

Answer:

Question 7.
A glance at the Union Budget of 2009 reveals that there is a fiscal deficit of 6.8% of GDP as compared to 6% last year. What are the various measures used for deficit reduction? (JUNE-2010)
Answer:
If the government increases taxes or decreases expenditure then the fiscal deficit gets reduced. Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit by increasing tax revenue by selling the share of PSUs and by reducing the government expenditure. The deficit reduction influences the different sectors of an economy in different ways.
The government is trying to fill the gap of reduced fiscal deficit by making government activities more efficient through better planning of programmes and better administration.
The cutting back government programmes in vital areas like agriculture, education, health, poverty alleviation has adverse effect on the economy.
The same fiscal measures can lead to a large or small deficit government by the state of the economy. During recession period GDP falls which reduces tax revenue which increase the fiscal deficit.

Question 8.
The Government allocates more amount for subsidies in the budget. (MARCH-2011)
a) Give your opinion about its impact on fiscal deficit.
b) Total Expenditure = ₹3,000 crores
Revenue receipts = ₹1,500 crores
Non-debt creating Capital receipts = ₹600 crores
Calculate Gross
c) Define Primary Deficit.
Answer:
a) Increases fiscal deficit.
b) Gross fiscal deficit, = 3000 – (1500 + 600)
= 3000-2100 = 900
c) Primary deficit is fiscal deficit minus the interest payments
ie, Primary deficit = fiscal deficit – Interest payments

Question 9.
“Fiscal deficits are inflationary.” Do you agree with this statement? Comment. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
Fiscal deficits are generally treated as inflationary. Increase in govt, expenditure and cuts in taxes both leads to government deficit. Increased govt, expenditure and reduced taxes tend to increase the aggregate demand. Generally firms are not able to produce higher quantities that are demanded at the going prices. This leads to inflationary pressure. However, there is a solution to this inflationary pressure. The economy can utilize the unutilized resources and raise production. Therefore, the deficit cannot be inflationary when an economy has unutilized resources.

Question 10.
The following are some of the fiscal policy measures. Complete the table appropriately.(MARCH-2012)

Fiscal policy measures	At the time of Excess demand	At the time of Deficit demand
Taxation
Public borrowing
Public expenditure

Answer:

Fiscal policy measures	At the time of Excess demand	At the time of Deficit demand
Taxation	Increase	Decrease
Public borrowing	Increase	Decrease
Public expenditure	Decrease	Increase

Question 11.
Below are given the relative size of the budget. Mention the type of budget. (MARCH-2013)
Relative size of Budget
i) Revenue > Expenditure
ii) Revenue = Expenditure
iii) Revenue < Expenditure
Type of Budget?
Answer:
i) surplus budget
ii) balanced budget
iii) deficit budget

Question 12.
Schematically represent the components of a government budget. (JUNE-2014)
Answer:

Question 13.
Which of the following is a transfer payment? (MARCH-2015)
a) Rent
b) Wages
c) Interest
d) Old age pension
Answer:
old age pension

Question 14.
Distinguish between revenue deficit and fiscal deficit. (MAY-2015)
Answer:
When a government spends more than it collects by way of revenue, it incurs a budget deficit. There are various measures that capture government deficit and they have their own implications for the economy. The important concepts of deficits are discussed below.

Revenue Deficit: The revenue deficit refers to the excess of government’s revenue expenditure over revenue receipts.
Fiscal Deficit: Fiscal deficit is the difference between the government’s total expenditure and its total receipts excluding borrowing.
Primary Deficit: We must note that the borrowing requirement of the government includes interest obligations on accumulated debt. To obtain an estimate of borrowing on account of current expenditures exceeding revenues, we need to calculate what has been called the primary deficit. It is simply the fiscal deficit minus the interest payments.
Gross primary deficit = Gross fiscal deficit – net interest liabilities.

Question 15.
Should current account deficit be a cause for alarm? (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Yes, current account deficit is a cause for alarm because it will create inflationary pressures in the economy. Inflation will badly affect all classes of society. Hence current account deficit should be reduced by taking effective fiscal measures.

Question 16.
Complete the following equations: (MAY-2016)
a) Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure – ( ___________ )
b) Gross Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure – (_________ )
c) Gross Primary Deficit = Gross Fiscal Deficit – ( _________)
d) 1 – MPC = (_________)
Answer:
a) Revenue receipts
b) Revenue receipts + non-debt creating capital receipts
c) Net investment liabilities
d) MPS

Question 17.
Are Fiscal deficit inflationary? Substantiate your answer.(MAY-2016)
Answer:
Yes. An increase in government expenditure beyond certain limits leads to a fiscal deficit increased spending thus pumps too much money into the economy. It increases the purchasing power of the public. The ultimate result of this overspending or fiscal deficit is an increase in the price level. Thus, fiscal deficits are inflationary in nature.

Question 18.
Fill in the blanks:
i) _______ = Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts (MARCH-2017)
ii) Primary Deficit = _______ – Net Interest Liabilities
Answer:
i) Revenue Deficit
ii) Gross fiscal deficit

Question 19.
Distinguish between Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Revenue expenditure: Revenue expenditure is expenditure incurred for the normal functioning of the government. Which does not create liabilities or reduce the assets of the govt.
It can be further classified into plan revenue expenditure and non-plan revenue expenditure.
Capital expenditure: This expenditure creates physical or financial assets or decreases the liability of the government. Capital expenditure can be further classified into plan capital expenditure and non-plan capital expenditure.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Business Studies Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Directing.

Kerala Plus Two Business Studies Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 7 Directing

Plus Two Business Studies Directing 1 Mark Important Questions

Question 1.
Mr. Abhinav has been working as Marketing Manager of an electrical components manufacturing unitforthe last five years. Mr. Suresh is working as an assistant in the same section. Suresh made a complaint about his junior to the Marketing Manager. Mention the direction in which communication flows. (MARCH-2009)
Answer:
Upward communication

Question 2.
Suggest a suitable term to describe the network of informal communication which lead to ________ (February-2010)
Answer:
Grapevine communication

Question 3.
Mr.Praveen, the production manager of ABC Ltd, always encourages his subordinates to work hard. Which management term is used to refer Praveen’s activity? (MARCH -2010)
Answer:
Motivation

Question 4.
Identify the term used to refer to the ability of a person to look at things from other’s point of view. (MARCH-2010)
a) empathy
b) responsibility
c) sympathy
d) authority
Answer:
Empathy

Question 5.
Observe the following and pick out and odd one. Justify your answer. (MAY-2010)
a) Supervision
b) Control
c) Motivation
d) Leadership
Answer:
Control

Question 6.
Maslow defines this need as “The desire to become everything one is capable of becoming.” (MARCH-2012)
a) Social need
b) Self actualization need
c) Safety need
d) Esteem need
Answer:
Self actualization need

Question 7.
“I am always with the subordinates, giving them direct and immediate guidance and controlling them in the performance of their tasks”. Who am I? (MAY-2012)
Answer:
Supervision

Question 8.
“Desire to become everything one is capable to becoming” Which is the need that Maslow mean here? (MAY-2012)
Answer:
Self Actualisation Needs

Question 9.
Ability of a leader to look things from others point of view is (MARCH-2013)
a) Empathy
b) Sympathy
c) Responsibility
d) Authority
Answer:
a) Empathy

Question 10.
Identify the communication network in the following diagram. (MARCH-2013)

a) wheel pattern
b) Chain pattern
c) Circle pattern
d) Ladder pattern
Answer:
Chain pattern

Question 11.
Which among the following is not an example of downward communication? (MAY-2013)
a) Letters
b) Memos
c) Complaints
d) Orders
Answer:
Complaints

Question 12.
Who among the following suggested need hierarchy theory? . (MARCH-2014)
a) Henry Fayol
b) F.W. Taylor
c) Abraham Maslow
d) Peter Drucker
Answer:
Abraham Maslow

Question 13.
Which one of the following is not an element of directing? (MAY-2016)
a) Planning
b) Supervision
c) Leadership
d) Communication
Answer:
a) Planning

Question 14.
Which one of the following is not a semantic barrier of communication? (MAY-2016)
a) Technical Jargons
b) Gesture decoding
c) Badly expressed messages
d) Status
Answer:
d) Status

Question 15.
Autonomy status requirement of an individual is a factor, under which category of needs identified by Abraham Maslow: (MAY-2017)
a) Affiliation
b) Self Actualisation
c) Esteem needs
d) Safety
Answer:
c) Esteem needs

Question 16.
A democratic leader is otherwise known as: (MAY-2017)
a) Participative leader
b) Free-rein leader
c) Autocratic leader
d) Laissezfaire leader
Answer:
a) Participative leader

Plus Two Business Studies Directing 2 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Shajahan, one of your classmates, asks you why informal communication is also known as ‘grapevine’? What explanation will you give to shajahan? (MARCH-2009)
Answer:
The network or pathway of Informal communication is known as grapevine communication. Because the origin and direction of flow of the informal mes-sages cannot be easily traced.

Question 2.
“The sales executive of marketing department communicates with the manager of Production Department about the quality of products.
a) What type of communication takes place here? (MAY-2012)
b) If the sales executive communicates with his boss, ie. marketing manager, what type of communication will be that?
Answer:
a) Diagonal communication
b) Upward communication.

Question 3.
The newly established Technical University in Kerala wants to appoint 100 data entry operators. (MARCH-2015)
a) Suggest a suitable testto be conducted to select the candidates.
b) Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) Performance test.
b) These tests are conducted to assess the actual performance and ability to do the particular job.

Question 4.
Observe the following methods of communication (MARCH-2015)
i) Upward communication
ii) Informal communication
iii) Horizontal communication
iv) Diagonal commyfiication
a) Spot the odd orfe
b) Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) Informal communication
b) Others are methods or types of formal communication.

Question 5.
Prepare a pyramidal diagram showing Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory. (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory

Question 6.
Diagrammatically present communication process involved in a telephonic conversation between X and Y. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:

Plus Two Business Studies Directing 3 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Put a right word in the circle in the picture given be-low. Explain the meaning of that term. (MARCH-2009)

Answer:
Directing: Directing refers to the process of instruct-ing, guiding, counselling, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives.

Question 2.
Identify the communication pattern. Also explain its feature. (MARCH-2011)

Answer:
In wheel network, all subordinates under one superior communicate through him only. The subordinates are not allowed to communicate among themselves.

Question 3.
Differentiate between formal and informal communication. (MAY-2016)
Answer:

Formal communication	Informal communication
1. Communication through the official chain of command	1. Communication through the informal communci  network.
2. It is rigid	2. It is flexible
3. The messages can be kept as .records for future reference.	3. No messages can be kept as records
4. The responsibility of the sender can be fixed	4. The responsibility of the sender cann’t be fixed

Question 4.
Organisation keen on developing effective communication should adopt suitable measures to overcome the barriers. Suggest any six measures to overcome the barriers of communication. (MAY-2017)
Answer:
Measures to overcome barriers to communication
1) The entire problem to be communicated should be studied in depth, analysed and stated in such a mannerthat it is clearly conveyed to subordinates.
2) Communication must be according to the education and understanding levels of subordinates.
3) Before communicating.the message, it is better to consult with others.
4) The contents of the message, tone, language used, etc. are important aspects of effective communication.
5) While conveying message to others, it is better to know the interests and needs of the receiver.
6) Ensure proper feedback.
7) Manager should be a good listener.

Plus Two Business Studies Directing 4 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Mr.Ramesh is the newly appointed Branch Manager of a bank in the town. There are 40 employees in the branch. He is very active and enthusiastic in the duties. State any four qualities should he acquire to become a good leader.(MAY-2011)
Answer:
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Question 2.
The workers of the catering department of Akshaya Food Industries, Thrissur whole heartedly accepted Mr.Vivek, the production Manager, as their leader. Explain the qualitieswhich make Mr.Vivek, a good leader. (MAY-2012)
Answer:
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Question 3.
“It is the process of stimulating subordinates to act for accomplishing desired goals.” (MARCH-2014)
a) Identified it.
b) State its importance in business organisation.
Answer:
a) Motivation
b) Importance of Motivation
1) Motivation helps to improve performance levels of employees as well as the organisation.
2) Motivation helps to change negative attitudes of employee to positive attitudes.
3) Motivation helps to reduce employee turnover.
4) Motivation helps to reduce absenteeism in the organisation.
5) Motivation helps managers to introduce changes smoothly

Question 4.
Suppose you are appointed as Marketing Manager in S.K.Industries.State different types of communications possible here. Explain each with its requirements. (MARCH-2014)
Answer:
Formal Communication : Communication through the official chain of command is called formal communication. It flows through the scalar chain of authority. Formal communication may be of two types:
1) Vertical Communication
2) Horizontal Communication
Vertical Communication: Vertical communication flows vertically i.e., upwards or downwards through formal communication channels.
a) Downward Communication : Downward communication refers to flow of communication from a superior to subordinate. E.g. Notices, circulars, memos, reports, etc.
b) Upward Communication : It refers to flow of communication from a subordinate to superior. E.g. application for leave, submission of progress report, suggestions, complaints, etc.
Horizontal or Lateral communication : The flow of communication between persons holding position at the same level of the organisation is known as horizontal communication.

Question 5.
“Effectiveness of leadership depends upon the qualities of a leader.” Explain any four qualities of a leader. (MARCH-2015)
Answer:
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Plus Two Business Studies Directing 5 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
‘A good communication system is necessary for effective coordination of activities. But there are cer¬tain factors which disrupt the flow of information and communication process. Discuss. (MAY-2009)
a) Briefly explain the factors which disrupt the proper flow of information and communication process.
Answer:
 Barriers to Communication
1) Semantic barriers : Semantic barriers are concerned with problems and obstructions in the process of encoding and decoding of message into words or impressions. Semantic barriers are:-
a) Badly expressed message : The badly expressed messages may be an account of inadequate vocabulary, usage of wrong words, omission of needed words, etc.
b) Symbols with different meanings : People may interpret the same message differently depending upon their attitude, education, social and cultural backgrounds.
c) Faulty Translations : If the translator is not proficient with both the languages, mistakes may arise causing different meanings to the communication.
d) Technical jargon : Technical words may not be understood by the workers.
2) Psychological Barriers : Emotional or psychological factors act as barriers to communicators. Psychological barriers are:
a) Premature evaluation : People evaluate the meaning of message before the sender completes his message.
b) Lack of attention : The preoccupied mind of receiver and the resultant non-listening of message acts as a major psychological barrier.
c) Loss by transmission and poor retention : When communication passes through various levels, there is a chance of distortion of the message.
d) Distrust: Distrust between communicator and communicatee act as a barrier.
3) Organisational Barriers
Organisation’s policies, Number of levels of management, rigid rules, etc,, are the examples . of organisational barriers.
a) Organisational policy: If the organisational policy is complex, it restricts the free flow of communication.
b) Rules and regulations : Rigid Rules and regulations may be a hurdle to communication
c) Status : Status differences of people in communication chain also adversely affect the effectiveness of communication.
d) Complex organisational structure: If there are number of managerial levels, communication gets delayed and distorted.
4) Personal barriers
It includes fear of challenge to authority, lack of confidence, lack of incentives, etc.
a) Fear of challenge to authority: If a superior perceives that a particular communication may affect his authority, then he withhold such communication.
b) Lack of confidence: If superiors do not have confidence on the competency of subordinates*tPiey may not seek their advice.
c) Lack of incentives: If there is no motivation or incentive for communication, subordinates may not take initiative to communicate.

Question 2.
Biju is a newly appointed manager of Niranjan Ltd, where 40 workers are working. He is active and enthusiastic in his duties. What qualities should be possess to become a good leader. (February-2010)
Answer:
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Question 3.
The Manager of Unitech Software Solutions, Mr. Vipin found that majority of his employees are wasting their time unless somebody oversees their activities. (MARCH-2010)
a) How can the Manager solve this problem?
b) Explain the management term related to this and also explain its importance.
Answer:
a) The manager can solve the problem by appointing the supervisors.
b) 1) A good supervisor acts as a guide, friend and philosopher to the workers.
2) Supervisor acts as a link between workers and management. It helps to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts among the management and workers.
3) Supervisor provides good On the Job training to the workers and employees.
4) A supervisor with good leadership qualities can build up high morale among workers.

Question 4.
The success of an enterprise highly depends on effective leadership. (MAY-2010)
a) Do you agree with this statement?
b) State any three qualities of a good leader.
Answer:
a) Yes.
b) Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Question 5.
“All organizational facility will become unproductive in the absence of Motivated People.” Explain. (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
Importance of Motivation
1) Motivation helps to improve performance levels of employees as well as the organisation.
2) Motivation helps to change negative attitudes of employee to positive attitudes.
3) Motivation helps to reduce employee turnover.
4) Motivation helps to reduce absenteeism in the organisation.
5) Motivation helps managers to introduce changes smoothly.

Question 6.
Identify the name of the famous psychologist who developed the need hierarchy theory. Explain the theory with the help of a diagram. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory is considered fundamental to understanding of motivation. His theory was based on human needs. Various human needs are:
1) Physiological Needs : These are the basic needs which include food, clothes, hunger, thirst,shelter, sleep and sex. If physiological needs are not satisfied, the higher level needs will not be emerged.
2) Safety/Security Needs : These needs provide security and protection from physical and emotional harm. These needs include job security, stability of income, pension plans, etc.
3) Social Needs : These needs refer to affection, sense of belongingness, acceptance and friendship. Informal organisation helps to satisfy the social needs of an individual.
4) Esteem Needs : These include factors such as self-respect, autonomy status, recognition and attention.
5) Self Actualisation Needs: It is the highest level of need in the hierarchy. Self actualisation is the need to maximise one’s potential, whatever it may be. These needs include growth, self-fulfilment and achievement of goals

Question 7.
Amal is the newly elected leader of Seven Hills School. Suggest the qualities he should have to become a good leader.(MARCH-2013)
Answer:
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Question 8.
Mr. Ram Mohan is a newly appointed MBA in the marketing Department of a firm. There are 50 7 employees under him and he is very active and enthusiastic in his duties. State the qualities should he acquire to become a good leader. (MAY-2013)
Answer:
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Question 9.
Explain briefly the various qualities to be possessed by a good leader. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.

Question 10.
Explain the term directing in the context of management.Briefly explain the salient principles of directing. (MAY-2017)
Answer:
a) Meaning : Directing refers to the process of in¬structing, guiding, counselling, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives.
b) Principles of Directing
1) Maximum Individual Contribution: This principle emphasises that directing techniques must help every individual in the organization to contribute to his maximum potential for achievement of organisational objectives.
2) Harmony of Objectives : The objectives of individual and organization must be in harmony with each other.
3) Unity of Command : This principle insists that a person in the organisation should receive instructions from one superior only.
4) Appropriateness of Direction Technique : According to this principle, appropriate motivational and leadership techniques should be used while directing the people.
5) Managerial Communication : Effective managerial communication across all the levels in the organisation makes direction effective.
6) Use of informal organization : Managers must make use of informal structure in the formal organisation forgetting correct and real feedback.
7) Leadership : While directing the subordinates, managers should exercise good leadership.
8) Follow through : Managers must continuously review whether the instructions are being understood and followed by the employees or not.

Plus Two Business Studies Directing 8 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
“Incentives contribute to the performance of the employees.”(MAY-2013)
a) Do you agree with this statement?
b) Justify your view points.
c) Mention the various monetary incentives
Answer:
a) Yes
b) Financial and Non-Financial Incentives: Incentive means all measures which are used to motivate people to improve performance. These incentives maybe-
Financial Incentives: Financial incentives refer to incentives which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary term and serve to motivate people for better performance. Financial incentives are:
a) Pay and allowances : It includes basic pay, dearness allowances and other allowances.
b) Commission: Underthis system, a sales person is guaranteed a minimum wage as well as commission on sales. A commission plan motivates him to work better.
c) Bonus : Bonus is an incentive offered over and above the wages/salary to the employees.
d) Profit Sharing: Profit sharing is meant to provide a share to employees in the profits of the organisation.
e) Co-partnership/ Stock option : Under these incentive schemes, employees are offered company shares at a price which is lower than market price.
f) Retirement Benefits : Several retirement benefits such as provident fund,, pension, and gratuity provide financial security to employees after their retirement.
g) Perquisites: It includes car allowance housing, medical aid, and education to the children, etc., over and above the salary.

Question 2.
a) “It is a process of instructing, guiding, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives.”
Identify the definition and briefly explain the elements of it.(MARCH-2016)
1) Supervision 2) Motivation
3) Leadership 4) Communication
Answer:

Supervision : Supervision means overseeing the subordinates at work. Supervision is instructing, guiding and controlling the workforce with a view to see that they are working according to plans, policies, programmes and instructions.
Motivation: Motivation is the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Motivation depends upon satisfying needs of people. Leadership : Leadership can be defined as the process of influencing the behaviour of employees at work towards the accomplishment of organisational objectives.
Communication: Communication may be defined as an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions between two or more persons to create mutual understanding.

Question 3.
b) What do you mean by incentive? Briefly explain different types of incentives. (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Financial and Non-Financial Incentives : Incen¬tive means all measures which are used to motivate people to improve performance. These incentives may be –
Financial Incentives : Financial incentives refer to people for better performance. Financial incentives . are:
a) Pay and allowances : It includes basic pay, dearness allowances and other allowances.
b) Commission: Urttferthis system, a sales person is guaranteed a minimum wage as well as commission on sales. A commission plan motivates him to work better.
Non-Financial Incentives: Incentives which are not measurable in terms of money are called Non-Financial Incentives. These incentives are essential forsatisfying psychological, social and emotional needs. Some of the important non-financial incentives are:
a) Status: status means ranking of positions in the organisation. Psychological, social and esteem needs of an individual are satisfied by status given to their job.
b) Organisational Climate : It includes individuals autonomy, reward orientation, consideration to employees, etc. These characteristics influence the behaviour of individuals in the organization

Question 4.
Pecuniary and non-pecuniary incentives are used to motivate employees to improve their performance. Explain the pecuniary and non-peruniary incentives used by organizations now-a-days. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Financial Incentives: Financial incentives refer to incentives which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary term and serve to motivate people for better performance. Financial incentives are:
a) Pay and allowances : It includes basic pay, dearness allowances and other allowances.
b) Commission: Underthis system, a sales person is guaranteed a minimum wage as well as commission on sales. A commission plan motivates him to work better.
c) Bonus : Bonus is an incentive offered over and above the wages/salary to the employees.
d) Profit Sharing: Profit sharing is meant to provide a share to employees in the profits of the organisation.
e) Co-partnership/ Stock option : Under these incentive schemes, employees are offered company shares at a price which is lower than market price.
f) Retirement Benefits : Several retirement benefits such as provident fund,, pension, and gratuity provide financial security to employees after their retirement.
g) Perquisites: It includes car allowance housing, medical aid, and education to the children, etc., over and above the salary.
Non-Financial Incentives: Incentives which are not measurable in Terms of money are called Non- Financial Incentives. These incentives are essential for satisfying physiological, social and emotional needs. Some of the important non-financial incentives are:
a) Status: status means ranking of positions in the organisation. Physiological, social and esteem needs of an individual are satisfied by status given to their job.
b) Organisational Climate : It includes individual autonomy, reward orientation, consideration to employees, etc. These characteristics influence the behaviour of individuals in the organization.
c) Career Advancement Opportunity: Managers should provide opportunity to employees to improve their skills and be promoted to the higher level jobs.
d) Job Enrichment: It is a method of motivating employee by making the task to be performed by him more interesting and challenging.
e) Employee Recognition Programmes : It includes Congratulating the employee for good performance, Displaying on the notice board about the achievement of employee, installing award or certificate for best performance and Distributing mementos or complimentaries etc.
f) Employee Participation : It means involving employees in decision making of the issues related to them.

Question 5.
What is leadership? What qualities should a leader possess to become a successful one? Briefly ex¬plain its different styles. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Leadership : Leadership can be defined as the process of influencing the behaviour of employees at work towards the accomplishment of organisational objectives.
Qualities of Good Leader
1) Physical Features : Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of a leader.
2) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence.
3) Honesty: A leader should possess high level of honesty.
4) Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative.
5) Communication Skills : A leader should have the capacity to clearly explain the ideas.
6) Motivation Skills : The leader should have the ability to motivate the subordinates by satisfying their needs.
7) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence.
Leadership Style
1) Autocratic or Authoritarian Leader : An autocratic leader gives orders and expects his subordinates to obey those orders. Here communication is only one-way with the subordinate.
2) Democratic or Participative Leader : A democratic leader encourages subordinates to participate in decision-making. They respect the other’s opinion and support subordinates to perform their duties.
3) Laissez Faire or Free-rein Leader: Here the followers are given a high degree of independence to formulate their own objectives and ways to achieve them.