Plus Two

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Geography Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One September Previous Year Question Paper September 2021

Answer all questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 1.
The shadow zone for ‘P’ waves
a) Beyond 105°
b) Between 105°-145°
c) Beyond 140°
d) Between 110°-130°
Answer:
b) Between 105°-145°

Question 2.
Tides formed when the position of the earth, the moon and the sun are in straight line
a) Neap tide
b) Low tide
c) Spring tide
d) Mixed tide
Answer:
c) Spring tide

Question 3.
The most explosive of the earth’s volcanoes
a) Shield volcano
b) Composite
c) Caldera
d) Flood basalt
Answer:
c) Caldera

Question 4.
The periodic rise and fall in the sea level is called
a) Tide
b) Wave
c) Drift
d) Current
Answer:
a) Tide

Question 5.
The layer of the earth known as ‘NIFE’
a) Crust
b) Mantle
c) Aesthenosphere
d) Core
Answer:
d) Core

Question 6.
A cold current
a) Kuroshio
c) Labrador
b) Gulf stream
d) Aghulhas
Answer:
c) Labrador

Answer any five questions from 7 to 16. Each carries 2 scores. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 7.
Identify the four branches of Physical geography
Answer:

1. Geomorphology
2. Climatology
3. Hydrology
4. Soil Geography

Question 8.
List the factors affecting ocean temperature distribution.
Answer:
Latitudes, Unequal distribution of land and water, Prevailing wind, Ocean currents.

Question 9.
Name the forces suggested by Alfred Wegener for the movement of continents.
Answer:
Pole Fleeing Force, Tidal Force

Question 10.
‘Carbon dioxide is meteorologically an important gas’. Comment on the statement.
Answer:
It is the green house gas that lets solar rays fall onto the earth. Its presence in the atmosphere keeps some of the radiant energy received by Earth from being returned to space.

Question 11.
Distinguish between dew and frost.
Answer:
On the cold surface of solid things small water temperature falls below 0°C, the water drops get frozen and this is frost.

Question 12.
Name any two minor plates.
Answer:
Cocos, Nazca, Philippine, Arabian, and Caribbean.

Question 13.
What do you mean by inversion of temperature?
Answer:
Inversion of temperature: Normally in the troposphere, the higher you go, the less is the temperature. But when the sky is clear, as the earth radiation is more, the atmosphere gets cooled fast. Then, the situation changes. The higher it goes, the temperature also gets higher. This phenomenon is called Inversion of temperature.

Question 14.
List the basic factors that control the formation of soils.
Answer:
Parent material, topography, climate, biota (organisms) and time.

Question 15.
Write the importance of water vapour in the atmo-sphere.
Answer:
Water vapour also, like the greenhouse gases, absorbs earth’s radiation and controls the temperature of the atmosphere.

Question 16.
Suggest any two differences between terrestrial and jovian planets.
Answer:
Terrestrial Planets: The terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus and Earth. One of the main differences between terrestrial and Jovian planets, is their surfaces. The terrestrial planets are made of solid surfaces. Density is more. Solar energy plays a big role here. They are small planets.

Jovian Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the Jovian planets. They are made of gaseous surfaces. They are less dense when compared to the terrestrial planets, because they are mainly composed of hydrogen gas. They are huge. Less influenced by solar energy. Atmosphere is thicker.

Answer any four questions from 17 to 26. Each carries 3 scores. (4 × 3 = 12)

Question 17.
Write a short note on I ndian desert.
Answer:
Situated north-west of the Aravali Hills.

1. Annual rainfall less than 150 mm.
2. During the rainy season, one can find the streams here but they do not reach the seas , as they do not have sufficient water to carry them to the sea.
3. During daytime it is very hot.

Question 18.
List the branches of geography based on regional approach.
Answer:

1. Regional Studies
2. Regional Planning
3. Regional development
4. Regional analysis and interpretation

Question 19.
Mention the indirect sources of information about the interior of the earth.
Answer:

1. As we go deeper into the surface of the earth, the temperature, pressure and density gradually increase.
2. We can conclude that the structure of the earth is very similar to the structure of meteors.
3. The difference in the actual gravity and the expected gravity in a region gives some idea about what the things are deep down the surface.
4. The difference in the magnetic power of the earth gives some indication about the distribution of magnetic materials.
5. The movements of earthquake waves and the magma give us strong ideas about the core of the earth.

Question 20.
What are the significances of weathering?
Answer:

1. Through weathering, rocks get fragmented and it paves the way for the formation of soil.
2. Weathering helps in creating landforms such as mountains, valleys, canyons, and plateaus.
3. It is because of weathering and the consequent readjustment that iron, manganese, aluminium and copper ores get concentrated in certain places.

Question 21.
Differentiate betwefen east coastal and west coastal plains of India.
Answer:

Eastern Coastal Plains	Western CoastalPlains
Example for elevated shore.	Example for lowered shore.
Very wide.	Not wide.
Deltas are formed.	Deltas are not formed.
Not deep enough for ports.	Conducive circumstances for ports.

Question 22.
Distinguish between Himalayan rivers and peninsular rivers.
Answer:

• Himalayan Rivers
  1. Originate from the Himalayas.
  2. Water throughout the year.
  3. Flows as per the slope and acquires the model of a tree.
  4. Long rivers.
  5. Very big river basin.
  6. Rivers comparatively young.
• Peninsular Rivers
  1. Originate from the Peninsular Plateau.
  2. They are seasonal. In the summerthey become dry.
  3. Since the flow stops and restarts, the course of these rivers is normally fixed and without meanders.
  4. Comparatively short rivers.
  5. Comparatively smaller river basins.
  6. They are in their old stage.

Question 23.
Ecosystem are of two major types. Comment on it.
Answer:
Terrestrial ecosystem can be divided into different biomes. Aquatic ecosystem can be divided into marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems.

Question 24.
Describe diastrophism.
Answer:
Diastrophism: Diastrophism, also called tectonism, is the large-scale deformation of Earth’s crust by natural processes.

1. Vertical movements that can raise or lower the parts of the earth’s crest.
2. Earthquakes
3. Plate Movements

Question 25.
Write the characteristic features of two major island groups in India.
Answer:

• Lakshadweep
  1. Located in the Arabian Sea, 280 to 480 km away from the Kerala shore.
  2. There are 36 islands here. There is human habitation in 11 of them.
  3. 11°Channel divides these islands into Amini Islands and Cannanore Islands.
  4. They are coral islands.
• Andaman Nicobar
  1. located in the Bay of Bengal, this s group of 572 islands.
  2. 10° Channel divides these islands into Andaman and Nicobar.
  3. These islands are the upper crests of sea- mountains.
  4. Barren island, an active volcano, is Nicobar.

Question 26.
Explain the concept of Sea floor spreading.
Answer:
Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. The magma flowing out from the volcanic activity pushes away the existing crusts’ and spreads making new sea floors.

Answer any five questions from 27 to 36. Each carries 4 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 27.
Describe the classification of tides based on fre-quency.
Answer:
Based on their frequency, tides are divided into three.

1. Semi-Diurnal Tides: The most common tidal pattern featuring two high tides and two fow tides each day.
2. Diurnal Tides: There is only one hi§h tide and one low tide during each day.
3. Mixed Tides: Tides having variation in heights.

Question 28.
Discuss any two evidences that support continental drift theory.
Answer:
Evidences that support Continental Drift Theory

1. The Matching of Continents: The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.
2. Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans: The belt of ancient rocks of 2,000 million years from Brazil coasf matches with those from western Africa.
3. Tillite: The Gondwana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. Counterparts of this succession are found in Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia besides India.
4. Deposits of gold in the Ghana coast in Africa and the gold-bearing rocks in Brazil indicate that the gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.
5. Distribution of Fossils: Identical species of plants and animals found in different continents

Question 29.
List out any four immediate hazardous effects of earthquakes.
Answer:
Hazardous effects of earthquakes

1. Himalayan Deer Project
2. Landslides
3. Tsunamis
4. Destructions of buildings and other structures
5. Ground shaking and rupture
6. Liquefaction
7. Fire
8. Change of directioft of Rivers and the floods created by dams

Question 30.
What are the basic requirements for the formation of a tropical cyclone?
Answer:

1. High sea temperatures of at least 27°C.
2. Influence of the Coriolis force.
3. Converging winds near the ocean surface forcing air to rise and form storm clouds.
4. Winds that do not vary greatly with height – known as low wind shear.
5. Places with low pressure.
6. Warm air rising quickly.

Question 31.
Write a short note on the northen plains of India.
Answer:
Northern Plains of India
The Northern plains were formed by the alluvial soil brought and deposited by the Sindhu, Ganges and Brahmaputra Rives. North-West diameter 3200 km. Average width 150 to 300 km. Divided into four sectors:
a) Bhabhar,
b) Terai,
c) Khadar,
d) Bhangar.

a) Bhabhar: At the bottom of the Shivalik Hills, this is a narrow part with a lot of rocks and round stones.

b) Terai: This is the sector where the rivers surface again after flowing under the deposits of the Bhabhar Sector. This area is full of stagnant pools and marshes. A lot of plant species and wild animals can be seen here.

c) Khadar: This is the new alluvial deposits found at the top layer.

d) Bhangar: The old alluvial deposits at the bottom.

Question 32.
Write the characteristics of ocean currents, miasipseel
Answer:
The speed of the ocean currents is more on the surface of the ocean (Up to 5 knots). As they go down, the speed becomes less and reaches up to 0.5 knot. The speed of the flow is the same as the force of the flow. Therefore on the surface the flow is strong and at the bottom it is weak.

Question 33.
Suggest some measures to protect wildlife.
Answer:

1. In 1973 Project Tiger was implemented.
2. In 1992, Project Elephant was helpful to the
3. States in which the number of wild elephants was getting reduced.
4. Crocodile Conservation Project
5. Himalayan Deer Project
6. In collaboration with the UNESCO, the Indian Government took steps in the preservations of its flora and fauna.

Question 34.
Briefly explain the volvanic intrusive forms.
Answer:
Volcanic Intrusive Forms
Batholith : A batholith is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock that forms from cooled magma deep in Earth’s crust.\

Laccolith : A laccolith is a body of intrusive rock with a dome-shaped upper surface and a level base.

Lapolith : A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region, like a saucer.

Phacolith : A phacolith is a form of igneous rock that is shaped live waves.

Sill : Flat horizontal shape.

Dyke : Vertical formation like a wall.

Sheet : Very thin Sills.

Question 35.
Define the term ‘Plate tectonics’
Answer:
Plate Tectonics: Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements. In plate tectonics, Earth’s outermost layer, or lithosphere – made up of the crust and upper mantle – is broken into large rocky plates. These plates lie on top of a partially molten layer of rock called the asthenosphere. Due to the convection of the asthenosphere and lithosphere, the plates move relative to each other at different rates, from two to 15 centimetres (one to six inches) per year. This movement is called Plate Tectonics.

Question 36.
Identify the primary forces that influence the ocean currents.
Answer:

1. Heating by solar energy
2. Wind
3. Gravity
4. Coriolis force

Answer any one question from 37 to 39. Carries 6 scores. (1 × 6 = 6)

Question 37.
Prepare a note on the three different layers of the interior of the earth.
Answer:
Three different layers of the interior of the earth
Crust: This is the outer layer of the Earth. This includes the continents and the sea floor. At the continents the thickness is more, between of 5 to
30 km. But in the mountain regions it can be up to 70 km. It is made up of mainly basalt rocks. Average density is 2.7 gm/cubic cm.

Mantle: The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle. It extends to about 2,900 km. In the upper part of the mantle called asthenosphere the top rock remains solid, whereas in the lower part the rocks are in molten form. It goes deep up to 400 km. Volcanoes get their lava from asthenosphere. Density is 3.4 g/cm3 The crust and the upper part of the asthenosphere together are called Lithosphere.

The core: This is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth which lies below the mantle. This extends from 2900 km to the centre of the earth. It is divided into outer core and inner core. The outer core is in liquid state and the inner core is in solid state. When the centre is reached the density is 13 g/cm³. The core composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe) and so it is called NIFE.

Question 38.
Explain the northern most physiographical division of India, with its sub-divisions.
Answer:
North and North Eastern Mountains
This includes the Himalayas and the North-Eastern Hills. In the Himalayas, the main parallel ranges are Greater Himalaya and Shivalik. Their average length is 2500 km and width 260 to 400 km.
The Himalayas are not only the natural boundary of India but play a major role in the climate, water flow and culture.
As per the topography, the Himalayas can be divided into 5 divisions.

1. Kashmir/North-Western Himalayas
2. Himachal/Uttaranchal Himalayas
3. Darjeeling/Sikkim Himalayas
4. Arunachal Himalayas Eastern Hills
5. Eastern Hills

Question 39.
Mention the characteristics features of the different layers of the atmosphere.
Answer:
Based on the temperature, the atmosphere can be divided into the following layers:
a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Thermosphere
e) Exosphere

a) Troposphere:

1. The lowest layer
2. Average height 8 -18 km
3. The layer where all kinds climatic phenomena – rain, snow, wind – are formed.
4. Normal temperature lapse rate
5. The layer in which all bio and organic activities take place.
6. The limit of the troposphere is tropopause. Temperature -80°C at the equator and -45°C at the Poles.

b) Stratosphere

1. Second layer
2. Extends to nearly 50 km
3. Ozone layer -1 important
4. Ozonosphere
5. Stratopause

c) The Mesosphere

1. Above the Stratosphere
2. Extends up to 80 km
3. Temperature-100°C(80km)
4. Mesopause

d) The Thermosphere

1. Thermosphere has two parts – Ionosphere
2. Extends from 80 km to 400 km
3. Ion atoms with electrical charges
4. Radio broadcasts

e) The Exosphere

1. The topmost layer
2. We have only limited knowledge about this layer.
3. Slowly dissolves into space

Question 40.
Identify and mark the following on the given outline map of India.
a) An island group in the Arabian Sea
b) The strait separating India and Sri Lanka
c) The largest state in India
d) The eastern most state in India
e) The capital of Tamil Nadu
f) The Highest peak of South India
Answer:
a) Lakshadweep
b) Palk Strait
c) Rajasthan
d) Arunachal Pradesh
e) Chennai

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers.

A. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The concept of “Look at yourself from others’ view point” is called.
Answer:
Self Reflexivity/Perspective taking

Question 2.
The number of females per 1000 male in a given area at a specified time period is ______.
Answer:
Male-female sex ratio Nation

Question 3.
Community that succeeded in acquiring a state of its own is known as ______.
Answer:
Nation

Question 4.
In traditional political system of Khasies each clan has its own council known as ______.
Answer:
Durbar Kur

Question 5.
Migrant workers have been termed as by Jan Breman.
Answer:
Footloose labourers

Question 6.
Name the personality who opinioned that media has to function as the watchdog of democracy. (Mahatma Gandhi, Jawahar Lai Nehru, Annie Besant)
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
Awell known American Sociologist observed that sociology can help to map the link between individual problem and cosial issue.
Answer:
C. Wright Mills

Question 8.
According to Satish Saberwal, the three aspects of modern framework of changes in colonial India.

Answer:
Modes of Communication

Question 9.
The Chief Architect of Indian Constitution is _____.
Answer:
B.R. Ambedkar

Question 10.
The sale of government owned public sector shares is called ______.
Answer:
Disinvestment

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Define fertility rate.
Answer:
Fertility rate is the average number of children born to women during their reproductive years.

Question 12.
Define Matriarchal family.
Answer:
A family where the woman has the authority to decide things is called a matriarchal family. The Mother is Mistress of the family.

Question 13.
What is status symbol?
Answer:
It was Max Weber, the German Sociologist, who used the term status symbol to show people’s attitude to buy and use some products to show their status in the society. Many luxury goods like expensive cars or diamond necklaces are often considered status symbols. People think by having these things their status in the society gets better.

Question 14.
Give a short note on Industrialisation.
Answer:
Industrialization led to high specialization as jobs were divided into small parts. The workers do not even see the final product for the production of which they have contributed because they have done only a small thing in the process. A worker may prqduce only a small thing for the final product, He goes on doing that the whole day and it becomes very boring for him because of repetition.

Industrialization has merits and demerits. As per the modern theories, industrialization is good and inevitable. The people of the entire world are on the path of industrialization and modernization. All countries want to achieve the same goal represented by the Western industrialised world.

Question 15.
Give a short note on Culture and Consumption.
Answer:
Culture is a broad term which includes the social behaviour, institutions, and norms found in human societies. It includes the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location

Thus we have the Indian culture, the American culture, the Arab culture etc.In sociology, consumption is about much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world,we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products like art, music, film, and television. In fact, from the sociological perspective, consumption todayis a central organizing principle of social life. It shapes our everyday lives, our values, expectations and practices, our relationships with others, our individual and group identities, and our overall experience in the world.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Explain the term ‘Reservation’.
Answer:
Initially reservation was for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Some seats were reserved for members of the STS’SC in the Centre and State legislatures, in government jobs, and in institutions of learning. Because of the activities of contemporary political parties and organizations like Bahujan Samaj Party ¡n the U.P. and Dalit Sangharsh Samiti in Kamataka, the national I participation of the Dalits has considerably increased.

Question 17.
Define ‘Untouchability1.
Answer:
Untouchability is a form of social institution that legitimises and enforces practices that are discriminatory, humiliating, exclusionary and exploitative against people belonging to the lower social groups. The basis of this is the purity-impurity concept. People who are outside the main castes are considered untouchables. They are impure. Even their touch will make the members of the upper castes impure. If the untouchables touch the members of the upper castes, they will be subjected to severe punishments. The members of upper castes who are touched by the untouchables have to perform purification rituals.

Question 18.
Define feminisation of Agriculture.
Answer:
The increasing migration of rural men especially from poor family has led to the feminization of the agriculture sector. Apart from all the household chores, women also have to do the agricultural work, making their life more difficult. The migration of men to cities has caused the feminization of the agriculture sector.

Part – III

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Distinguish between geographical map and social map.
Answer:
There are many differences between social maps and geographical maps. Ageographical map helps us to find out the location of a place, to know the different forms and shapes of countries, boundaries of places and nations and also about the distribution of population. Asocial map helps us to find out our place in the society ourselves. It helps us to know where we and in comparison with others. It also tells us about the chains of social relations, community identities, social groups and their mutual relations. It also shows us how community groups influence us in our personal as well as social life.

Knowing the details about the Indian society and its structure will help a student to make social mapping and decide his place in it. It helps to determine our social relations and on the basis of that our own position in the society. As a student 17 or 18 years old, you come in the Group of youngsters. You will be able to find out that the population of your group is 40% of the total population of India. You belong to a certain place to a certain linguistic group. For example you will know that those who speak Gujarati are from Gujarat and those who speak Telugu are from Andhra Pradesh.

According to the income of your parents and other incomes of the family, you know to which class you belong. Thus you know whether you belong to upper class, middle class or the lower class. You may belong to certain religion, caste or tribe. Thus social mapping helps you to know your social groups and your social identity. It also helps you know the chain of your social relations, Social science tells you about the different social groups and their mutual relations and the influence these groups exert in your life.

Question 20.
Give fourfeatures of cake system.
Answer:

1. Birth decides the caste. A baby is born into the caste of its parents.
2. Caste groups marry from the same groups. They are supposed to marry only from their particular caste.
3. Caste tells its members what food to eat what not to eat. There are restrictions in sharing food with other castds.
4. Each individual has a caste. Each caste has its own place in the hierarchy of priests.

Question 21.
How did globalization affected Indian Industry?
Answer:
In the 1990s, the Indian government implemented liberalization. This was part of globalization. Private companies, especially foreign companies, were allowed to take shares in the public sector undertakings here, and they were encouraged to invest capital here. The foreign companies started taking share in ’sectors like Air transport and Telecom. There was no need for any licence to start any industry. As a result of globalization there were Trans National Corporations.

They made foreign good available to many countries. Some of the most famous Trans National Corporations are Coca Cola, General Motors, Colgate Palmolive, Mitsubishi etc. Coca Cola spent Rs. 400 crores for advertisement and so naturally their products were easily sold. There was the process of Disinvestment by which the shares of the Public Sector Undertakings were sold to private individuals and International Monopolies.

Question 22.
Write short notes on the following:
a) The trans national corporation
b) The electronic economy
Answer:
a) Transnational Corporations
Transnational Corporations are those which sell their products and give their services in more than one country. Some of the more famous of them are Coca Cola, General Motors, Colgate- Palmolive, and Mitsubishi. They have markets all over the world. They make huge profits. Many Indian monopolies have become transnational monopolies and many transnational monopolies are spreading their markets throughout India. Such expansions have their merits and demerits. Transnatidnal corporations help in the growth of globalization and they play a big role in it.

b) Electronic Economy
This is another aspect of economic globalization. It is the revolutionary changes in the communication sector that made this possible. As computer and the Internet etc. became widespread, banks, corporations, fund managers and individual depositors could transfer money to any corner of the world in seconds. This electronic money, which can be transferred with just one click on the mouse of the computer or a finger touch on the mobile, has many risks. The rising and falling of share values is an example for this. Investors buy shares to make profits, but suddenly if the share market is down, they will suffer huge losses. In short electronic economy has made the transfer of funds easy but it has increased the possibilities of loss.

Question 23.
Explain
a) Redemptive social movement
b) Revolutionary social movement
Answer:
a) Redemptive Social Movements bring about changes in the activities of its members. They create awareness in them. A good example is the call made by Sri Narayana Guru to bring about changes in the Ezhava community,

b) Revolutionary Movements are those which bring drastic changes very quickly in the social relations and social order. Revolutionary Movements grab power and then make changes in the society. Then Bolshevik Revolution in Russia wanted to establish a Communist Government there armed through armed revolution. The Naxalite Movement in India is trying to destroy evil landlords and corrupt government officials by using force.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
How does liberalization affect the Indian Market?
Answer:

1. The Indian government started its liberalization policy in the 1990s.
2. Private companies, especially foreign companies, were encouraged to take shares and invest in the public sector companies under the government.
3. Foreign companies were given shares in sectors like Air-traffic, and Telecom.
4. No licence was needed to start industries.
5. In Indian shops foreign made goods became available.
6. As a result of liberalization, multinational companies bought shares from Indian companies becoming their owners.

For example, Parle Drinks was taken over by Coca Cola. The business turnover of Parle at that time was 250 crores. For advertisement alone, Cocoa Cola spent 450 crores in a year and the turnover was greatly increased, by pushing the local products backward.

Question 25.
What is the importance of community identity in India?
Answer:
Community identity is what we get by our birth. “What we are” is our community identity and not “what we become”. We get our fam ily, community, nation etc. by our birth. All these are given to us, we don’t earn them. They were decided by the chance of our birth. Our mother tongue and our cultural values by which we are known are given to us by our society. Each. person needs an identity to live in this world.

It is through our birth we get our community identity. Our identity changes by acquiring qualifications and achievements. Since the identity and community are» given to us by birth, and not chosen by us, they are not our achievements. We are born as a member of a family, a community and the citizen of a nation. These are not chosen by us but they are imposed on us.

Question 26.
Write short note on :
a) Commoditisation
b) Marketisation
c) Liberalisation
Answer:
a) Commoditisation
Commoditization is the process by which something is made into a commodity that can be bought and sold. In the early times it was ‘ not like that. An example is the bottled water for sale. Some two decades ago nobody would think of buying drinking water in a bottle. In those days if somebody wanted to drink some water, he would go to a nearby house and ask for it. Today we carry bottled water with us or we buy it from a shop when we need it. Not only a thing, but a service can also be commoditised. The modern man is ready to sell his profession and his skills for money. This is an example of commoditization.

b) Marketisation
A series of personal exchanges can be called Marketisation. Market economy is not something that individuals create deliberately. Each person looks at his own interests. When we try to gain our personal interests, the interests of the society are also protected. That means what individual do for their personal interests become beneficial for the society.

c) Liberalization
Liberalization means privatizing public sector undertakings, removing government control from capital, labour and trade, reducing important duties and other tariffs, giving easy entry to foreign companies etc.

Question 27.
Explain
a) Sanskritisation
b) Westernisation
c) Modernisation
Answer:
a) Sanskritization:
It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. When the lower castes imitate the rituals, conventions, beliefs, ideas and life style of the upper cases, there is Sanskritization. In those areas where the castes are not Sanskritised, the influence of the majority castes was very high. This can be called Desanskritization. In the process of Sanskritization, there are regional differences. For example, in Punjab, culturally the influence of. Sanskrit was not strong. Until the end of the 19th century Persian influence was very strong. In India following the rituals and conventions of the upper castes is not an easy thing for the lower castes.

If the lower castes showed the courage to follow the rituals and conventions of the higher castes, they would be punished. Sanskritization approves the rituals and conventions of the upper castes. An example for this can be found in adopting the ‘dowry system’ instead of paying bride price. The tasks the Dalits did were considered undignified. This was different from the ideas adopted during the industrialization period. The discrimination based on the work one did was intolerable.

b) Westernisation:
It was M.N. Srinivas who first talked about the concept of westernization. He said that westernization is the changes that happened .in the Indian society as a result of the British rule in India for more than 150 years.
Westernization includes changes in technology, institutions, ideas and values. First there was the subculture that developed among the Indians that first came into contact with the Western life style. They started imitating the westerners and persuaded others to do so.

1. Westernisation is different kinds. One style is the subculture of the westernised people.
2. This way there was a minority in India that had contact with the western culture.
3. They imitate the thoughts and life styles of the westerners.
4. Many Indians thought in the western style and copied their ways of dressing.
5. They showed great interest in things like modern technology, western dresses, and western foods.
6. Although they copied many material cultural aspects of the West, they did not seem to imbibe things like equality and democracy from there.

There are three levels in Westernisation:

• A subculture of the western culture is formed. This comes from a small minority that had contact with western culture.
• A very small minority adopts western life style. They are influenced by the Western ideas.
• Only the external aspects of the western culture are imitated.
  1. Westernisation influenced even the arts and literature of India.
  2. Prominent cultural leaders of India like Rabindranath Tagore, Chandu Menon, Bankim Chandra Chatopadhyaya, Ravi Varma, etc. were influenced by the Western culture.
  3. Ravi Varma painted a picture of a Matriarchal Nair family. This painting was very much like a western painting of a nuclear family of the west where the families are patriarchal.
  4. In the view of M.N. Srinivas, an Indian Sociologist, as the upper castes tried to westernise themselves they also tried to Sanskritize the lower castes.
  5. Among the “Thiyyas” in Kerala, those in the upper strata wished to westernise themselves.
  6. The upper strata among the Thiyyas accepted the British culture to show their stance on the caste system and thus they made themselves people with broader national outlook.
  7. In North India many western educated people got good job opportunities. Many of them married westerners. Giti Sen has written a story about the religious relations and the Naga Tribals. The Naga tribals realised that education was inevitable to achieve progress and it was their door to development.

c) Modernization
Modernization today is linked to useful and welcome changes. For some modernization means mechanization in the production sector. Modernization means accepting universal values, behavioural patterns and like styles. Modernization is closely associated with logic and scientific tradition. It also means secular and democratic development.

1. Traditional ways of thinking go away and global awareness comes in. Modernization gives greater importance to utility and proper calculations.
2. Emotions, ideas not based on facts, spiritual thoughts etc. give way to scientific ideas.
3. An individual is an integral part of the society and politics.
4. People can live places of their choice and do the work they like. Their place and work are not determined by birth.
5. One’s personality is earned by him. It is not something written at birth.

All these modern ides are applicable to the whole of India. Even now we insist on marrying from the same community. We give much importance to religious rituals and conventions. Although our secular, democratic set up is strong, we continue with our old system of caste and creed.

In the opinion of many social scientists, secularism in the west means the influence of religion on the people is getting less. The modern people show a lot of secularism in their behaviour. The lack of interest of the people in places of worship shows their reduced zeal in their religion. However, in some places we can still see fanaticism and religious quarrels.

Question 28.
a) Give three responsibilities of Panchayath.
b) Define Nyaya Panchayath
Answer:
a)

1. Preparing plans and schemes for economic development.
2. Encourage schemes to broaden social justice.
3. Collect taxes, duties and fees in the right way.

b) Nyaya Panchayat has the power to deal with small civil and criminal cases.

Question 29.
Explain three social consequences of Green revolu-tion in India.
Answer:
Social- Consequences of the Green Revolution in India:

1. Only middle class and big landowners were benefited by the Green Revolution.
2. The peasants who used to take fields on lease for cultivation could not get fields.
3. People who did manual labour in the fields did not have work.
4. As the peasants got money as their wages, their condition became pathetic.
5. The commercialization of agriculture and the monoculture system caused a reduction in the prices of the crops causing financial crunch to the farmers.
6. It helped in increasing regional inequality.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Tribal community is classified based on their acquired traits. Explain’
Answer:

• By tribal communities we mean the ancient communities of the Indian subcontinent.
  1. They were neither Hindus nor farmers.
  2. They had no religious practices.
  3. They had no role in politics.
  4. There was no class distinction or caste distinction among them.
• Tribal communities can be divided into two:
  1. Tribes that have features of religion, language, physical specialties and have environmental dwelling system.
  2. Those who earned their livelihood and were members of the Hindu community.
• Acquired Features:
  1. Depending on the ways of earning their livelihood there were hunters, nomadic peasants, agriculturists, estate labourers, and industrial labourers.
  2. Some tribal communities lean towards Hinduism.
  3. Some were against Hinduism.
  4. Although very few are in the higher group of the Hindu community, most of them are at the lower strata.

Through deforestation, the lands of the tribal communities were made into colonies and some communities were absorbed into Hindu community. But there are some sociologists who believe that the ancient tribal communities were not keeping themselves away from cultural progress. They want to look at them as the product of the ancient communities and the changes that took place. Just to differentiate them,from others they were called “Tribal Communities”.

Question 31.
a) Define the term-Mass Media.
b) Give one example.
c) Explain the role of Mass Media in Independent India
Answer:
a) Mass Media is the media that lets the public know about the various development plans and activities of the Government and the happenings in the society.

b) Radio

c) The growth of the mass media helps the people in developing their self sufficiency and also for the people to help with the development. The mass media helps people to be aware of the various programmes and policies of the government. It helped the people to dislike social evils like untouchability, child marriage, and various restrictions for widows. In the modern industrialised society, mass media helped in propagating scientific values and reasoning power among the people.

Part – IV

Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores.(3 × 6 = 18)

Question 32.

A	B
All India Trade Union Congress	Agrarian Struggle
Formation of Jharkhand	Dalit Movement
Chipko Movement	Tribal Movement
Mahar Movement	Mancur Olson
The logic of collective action	Workers’ Movement
Tebhaga Movement	Ecological Movement

Answer:

A	B
All India Trade Union Congress	Workers’ Movement
Formation of Jharkhand	Tribal Movement
Chipko Movement	Ecological
Mahar Movement	Movement
The logic of collective action	‘Dalit Movement
Tebhaga Movement	Mancur Olson

Part – V

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
i) Explain the Malthusian theory of population growth.
ii) Explain the theory of Demographic Transition.
Answer:
Malthusian Theory of Population Growth
One of the most popular theories on demography is that of Thomas Robert Malthus, He was an economist from England. In 1798 he published a book titled “An Essay on the Principle of Population”. In this book he explained his demographic theory. His theory is pessimistic. Here are the important ideas of his theory.

Malthus argued that population is increasing on a much faster rate than the increase in the means of livelihood (food, clothes, agricultural products etc). He pointed out that there is tremendous growth in population but there is no proportional growth in food production. Therefore mankind is destined to live in permanent poverty. The increase in population always exceeds the increase in agricultural production. Population increases geometrically (in the order 2, 4, 8, 16. 32, 64, 128, etc.). But food production increase is only arithmetical or parallel.

In short, increase in population will always keep food production behind. So Malthus tried to show that mankind will be faced with serious food shortages and ultimate ruin.

Malthus argued that the only way to make progress is by controlling population growth. He said there were two ways of controlling it. One is moral restraints like marrying late, celibacy etc. The other is natural controls which include wars, famine and diseases. Unfortunately, the power of mankind to limit population growth by moral control is very limited. Therefore Malthus believed that only natural controls will help in limiting population growth. He explained that natural controls are Nature’s way of solving the problem created by the geometrical growth of population and the arithmetical growth of good production.

The Theory of Malthus remained influential for long. But theoreticians who showed that economic growth will be greater than population growth proved Malthus wrong. The experiences of European countries showed that the theory of Malthus is not right. By the 2nd half of the 19th century there were changes in the population growth. By the beginning of the 20th century these changes were quite dramatic. Birth rate reduced drastically. (The reason for this is the use of various means of birth control.) Contagious diseases were checked. (This was helped by progress in medical science.) There was tremendous increase in food production. (Improved technologies helped this.)

Although there was considerable increase in population, food production increased and the living standards became better. Thus the predictions of Malthus were proved wrong. The theory of Malthus that the increase in population caused poverty was severely criticised by the Liberals and Marx. They argued that poverty and hunger are not the result of population growth, but the result of inequitable distribution of wealth and other resources. They showed that in an unjust society, the few wealthy live in great luxury whereas the majority of people live in poverty.

Question 34.
i) Define the terms:
a) Social Inequality
b) Social Exclusion
ii) Describe the three principles of social stratification.
Answer:
i) Social Inequality
a) Social equality is the inequality that exits in the availability of social resources. Most of the social equality is not because of the natural or inborn differences between people. It is the society in which people live that creates the inequality. Social inequality and exclusion are related to groups. It is from the attitude of the society regarding individuals this inequality is born. These inequalities have a certain pattern and structure. It is the society itself that creates social inequality.

b) Social Exclusion
Because of social exclusion people are not able to work in the areas they like to work. This is a system by which individuals are banned from interfering in the society in a free manner. Here are many factors that prevent individuals and groups from doing what they like. Everybody has a right in service areas like education, health, insurance, banking, justice system, etc. and also to get the essential commodities. When they are refused these things there is social exclusion. It is^the different structures in the society that make social exclusion. This exclusion is very systematic and is used against the victims.

Continuous insults and discriminatory behaviour might discourage the victims from trying again and again to get their rights. The entry of low castes into the temples was prevented by the high castes. When such rude behaviour is repeated by the higher castes, the lower castes might decide not to go to those temples. Some lower castes organise themselves and try to build their own temples. Some others leave Hinduism and join Buddhism, Christianity or Islam. Then they lose their interest in the temple affairs. Social exclusion works against the interests of the victims.

ii) The Principles of Social Stratification
1) Social stratification is a specialty of the society.
2) Social division survives generations
3) Matters of faith and ideologies support Social stratification

1) Social stratification is a specialty of the society:
This did not happen just because of the differences in people. Social stratification is a system by which the social resources are distributed unequally among different groups. It is not an individual performance. In the primitive communities production was very little. Therefore there was no stratification there. But in the modern societies more things are produced than people need. Here without considering individual capabilities, resources are distributed unequally.

2) Social division survives generations:
The place of an individual in the society is assigned to him. Children through heredity get resources from their parents. In the caste system one’s caste is decided by birth. The Dalits have to plough the fields and do the cleaning jobs. Jobs with higher salaries do not come to him. All the inequalities his parents suffered come to him also and this continues for generations. Until the rule that one should marry only from his community, this social inequality will continue. This custom of endogamy strengthens the assigned nature of social inequality.

3) Matters of faith and ideologies support Social stratification:
People face exclusion on the basis of their sex, religion, language, caste and physical disabilities. Therefore even women from the higher strata are sexually exploited in public places. People have prejudices against members belonging to particular groups. If people are not treated as equals, this social division will continue, caste system is a good example for this. Caste system if justified in the name of the concept of purity and impurity. Because of their birth and their profession the Brahmins are supposed to be pure and Dalits impure. There are many who justify this inequality. Those who are exploited by this unjust system challenge it very strongly.

Question 35.
i) Define the terms:
a) Nation
b) State
ii) Explain three challenges of National Integration
Answer:
i) a) Nation: A nation is a sort of large-scale community. It is a community of communities.
It is a community that has succeeded in » acquiring a state of its own. Members of a nation share the desire to be part of the same political collectivity, which resulted in state formation. Many nations are founded on the basis of common religion, language, ethnicity, history or regional culture. But there may be many languages, religions or ethnicities that are shared across nations. A good example is India which has so many languages, religions, and regions.

b) State: The term state refers to an abstract entity consisting of a sdt of political-legal institutions claiming control over a particular geographical territory and the people living in it. Max Weber defined state as a “body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory”.

ii) Three challenges to National Integration:
a) Communalism: Communalism has been oneof the most complex problems that India has been facing. This is generated when individuals belonging to one religion develop excessive affinity to their religion and hatred towards other religions. This kind of feeling promotes religious fundamentalism and fanaticism and proves to be dangerous for the unity and Integrity of the country.

It is more so for a country like India where people practise all the major religions of the world. But India has been suffering from communalism since independence. As we know, we faced worst kind of communal riots on the eve of independence, and even after. There have been many communal riots in various parts of the country, inflicting immense sufferings on the people.

b) Regionalism: Rgionalism is another obstacle in the way of national integration. On many occasions it encourages peop’e to promote regional interests even at the cost of national priorities. One may think that raising the problems of a particular region is needed to attract the attention of the decision makers and to compel them to fulfil justified regional demands. This thinking is reasonable, because such demands may be based on genuine grievances of the regions and States that have been denied fair shares of projects and industnes in the overall structure of development. Those may also be related to the continued neglect of a particular region.

In spite of over six decades of planned development, all regions in our country have not been developed in the desired manner. Along with other factors, the lack of expected socio economic development results ¡n demands for the creation of new States. When regionalism ignores national interests or encourages people to have negative feelings towards the interests of other regions, it becomes harmful. On many occasions regional protests and demonstrations are based on political considerations. Aggressive regionalism is still more dangerous, as it leads to separatism. We have been experiencing such feelings in certain parts of States of Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.

C) Lingulsm: All of us know that India is a multilingual country. People of India speak nearly 2000 languages and dialects. This plurality has been negatively used on many occasions, particularly in the early decades after independence. Every country needs to have a common official language, but it has not been an easy task for India. When a recommendation was made In the Constituent Assembly to recognise Hindi as the official language of India, It was opposed by representatives of almost all the non-Hindi speaking areas. A compromise had to be made there. While the Constituent Assembly declared Hindi as the officiallanguage, it was provided that English would continue to be used for official purposes of the Union government for a period of 15 years.

When the Official Language Commission set up in 1955 recommended in favour of replacing English by Hindi asan official language, there were widespread protests in all the non-Hindi speaking regions. Such protests and demonstrations were seen once again in 1963, when the Official Language Bill was introduced in Lok Sabha. As a compromise, the Act of 1963 allowed the çontinued use of English for officialpurposes without any time limit. Although the demand for language-based States was met comprehensively when the States were reorganized on linguistic basis in 1956, fresh movements are going on in some parts of the country. Such movements generate many challenges for national integration.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

I. Answer all questions from 1 to 6. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 1.
Identify the concept proposed by Jan Breman to refer to the migrant workers.
a) Badli worker
b) Foot loose labour
c) Pravasi
d) Contract worker
Answer:
b) Foot loose labour

Question 2.
The process that helps to look at oneself ‘from outside’:
a) Sociological imagination
b) Triangulation
c) Self-reflexivity
d) Generation gap
Answer:
c) Self-reflexivity

Question 3.
Pick out the first Backward Classes Commission appointed by the Government of India.
a) Nettoor Commission
b) Mandal Commission
c) Joseph Commission
d) Kaka Kalelkar Commission
Answer:
d) Kaka Kalelkar Commission

Question 4.
Identify the concept introduced by M.N. Srinivas.
a) Sanskritisation
b) Industrialisation
c) Urbanisation
d) Secularisation
Answer:
a) Sanskritisation

Question 5.
Aggressive Chauvinism based on religious identify is called:
a) Regionalism
b) Nationalism
c) Communalism
d) Secularism
Answer:
c) Communalism

Question 6.
The branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique culture involving all members of a firm is called :
а) Culture of consumption
b) Corporate culture
c) Global culture
d) Local culture
Answer:
b) Corporate culture

II. Answer any 4 questions from 7 to 11, in 2 or 3 sentence each. Each carries 2 scores.(4 × 2 = 8)

Question 7.
Complete the chart showing the three situation of urbanisation proposed by M.S.A. Rao.

Answer:

1. Migration from villages to cities.
2. Incorporation of adjoining cities into metropolitan cities

Question 8.
Point out any two reasons for the growth of Indian language newspapers since globalisation.
Answer:

1. Rise in the number of literate people.
2. Indian language newspapers catered the needs of readers in villages and towns.
3. Newspapers adopted printing technology and marketing strategies.

Question 9.
Define or explain commodification with an example.
Answer:
Commodification is a situation in which things that were not traded earlier in the market become commodities. Eg. Mineral water.

Question 10.
Differentiate between homogenisation and globalisation of culture.
Answer:
Homogenization:
Homogenization is an aspect of cultural globalisation, listed on one of its main characteris-tics, and refers to the reduction of cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols.

Glocolization:
Glocolization is a combination of the words ‘globalisation’ and localisation’. It is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distribut¬ed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in local market.

Question 11.
Point out the two predominant features of a civil society.
Answer:

1. Voluntary association-Non-commercial
2. Non profit organisations formed by citizens.

III. Answer any 4 questions from 12 to 16, in 4 or 5 sentence each. Each carries 3 scores.(4 × 3 = 12)

Question 12.
Classify the following into appropriate columns: (Satnami movement, Bardoli satyagraha, Tebhaga movement, Adi Dharma movement, Mahar movement, Telengana movement)
Answer:

1. Peasant movement
2. Bardoli satyagraha
3. Tebhaga movement
4. Telangana movement Dalit movement
5. Satnami movement
6. Adi Dharma movement
7. Mahar movement

Question 13.
Write a short note on the association between caste and class in rural India.
Answer:
Class structure is based on land ownership. Higher caste have more land higher income. Thus there is close relationship between class and caste associations.

Question 14.
a) Pick out the odd one.
Westernisation, Sanskritisation, Urbanisation, Modernisation Substantiate your choice.
Answer:
a) Urbanisation
b) Others are cultural process. While urbanisation is a structural process.

Question 15.
Point out any three interventions of the colonial government that had its impact on the caste system.
Answer:

1. Efforts to collect information about caste through census.
2. Land revenue settlement act of 1935.
3. Welfare of downtrodden caste.

Question 16.
List any three reasons for the declining sex ratio in India.
Answer:

1. Health Problems
2. Female infanticide
3. Attitude towards girl children

IV. Answer any 4 questions from 17 to 21, in a paragraph each. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 17.
List out the merits and demerits of prior knowledge about society in the learning of sociology.
context of national development.
Answer:
Merits

1. Students are not afraid of sociology.
2. It gives familiarity with the subject matter. Demerits
3. There is possibility of partial and incomplete knowledge about a particular view point.
4. Possibility of unscientific and prejudised information.

Question 18.
Analyse tribal development in the context of national deveopment.
Answer:
Tribal aeas are usually used for construction and development activities. There are several situations found in the country where tribal areas are used for construction of dams and mines. Such are leads to national development and the benefit goes to mainstream population. Such a kind of national development is at the expense of tribals. Very often tribals lose their land and identity, as well as occupaton. Similarity in the process of nation’s development, non-tribals migrate to tribal areas. This badly affect the life, occupation and culture of tribes.

Question 19.
Write a short note on the struggles of Indian women against the discriminations faced by them.
Answer:
From time immemorial, women have been victims of exploitation and inequality. As the Reform Movements of modern India took the problems of women seriously, they were brought to public attention. There were regional differences in the Social Reform Movements that came up in the 19lh century. They are often called Middle Class Reformation Movements. It is so because most of the Reformists were Middle Class men who had got western education. Western concepts about democracy and the ancient democratic traditions of India had influenced them in equal measure. Many of them used these ideas in their fight against inequality. Rajaram Mohan Roy in Bengal, Mahadev Govind Ranade in Bombay Presidency and Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan among the Muslims fought for the rights of women.

Rajaram Mohan Roy specially fought for women’s rights. Ranade fought for widow-remarriage. Jyotirao Phule fought against gender discrimination. Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan struggled for reforms in Islam. It was Rajaram Mohan Roy that started the first Reform Movement in Bengal. He tried to bring changes in the Indian society and Hinduism. In 1928 he founded Brahma Samaj. He had started is fight against Sati even before that. Sati was the first ‘problem’ that grabbed public attention. Roy formulated an ideology that was a mixture of European rationalism and Indian tradition. He used both these concepts to fight against Sati. He proved that Sati was anti-human and anti-religious.

Widows in the Upper Castes had to suffer a lot. Their bad condition was noticed by the Reformists. They took up their case. They fought for the rights of widows and also for their right to remarry. Ranade made use of books like “Analogy of Religion, Three Sermons ‘ on Human Nature” by Bishop Joseph Butler. Ranade’s books like the “Texts of the Hindu Law “, “Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows”, and “Vedic Authorities for Remarriage” established that widow remarriage had the sanction of the Vedas.

Rajaram Mohan Roy and Ranade were Middle Class Upper Caste Reformists. Reformists from the lower classes also fought for women equality. Jyoti Rao Phule from Maharashtra is an example. He fought heroically against gender discrimination and Jati system. He founded a Movement called Satyasodhak Samaj”, seeking truth. This Organization did a lot for the benefit of women and Untouchables.

In the light of Western ideas, Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan tried to reform the Islamic community. He recommended reforms keeping himself within the framework of religion. He argued for the education of Muslim girls. He said that this education could be given in places near their homes. Like Swami Vivekananda, he also stood for women education. He said that in their curriculum, religious principles, training for running a home, skills in handicrafts, and child care should be included. We must evaluate him by looking at the circumstances in which he made these suggestions. His contributions for women education were really great.

Question 20.
Define Sanskritisation and point out any three criticisms leveled against Sanskritisation.
Answer:
It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. He used this term when he was making a study about the caste system among the Coorgs in Mysore. The term Brahmanization was used by him first and then it was changed to Sanskritization. Sanskritization means the process by which people from the lower castes or tribes imitate the conventions, rituals, ideologies and lifestyles of the higher castes, especially the Brahmins. There are many criticisms against Sakritization.

1. It exaggerated the upward mobility of the lower castes. It tried to say that it would help the lower caste to reach the higher steps of the Jati ladder. But it did not bring any structural change. It brought some changes in the position of some people. They made their position better by keepi ng themselves withi n the framework of their Jati. In other words, the inequalities still continue.

2. Sanskritization viewed the lifestyle of the higher caste as superior and that of the lower castes as inferior. Therefore it was natural for the lower castes to imitate the superior lifestyle of the higher castes.

Question 21.
Explain the problems associated with homobased work with the help of an example.
Answer:
Home based work is associated with so many problems. Some of them are:

1. Exploitation of women and children
2. Child labour
3. School drop out
4. Social inequality
5. Social exclusion
6. Health issues
7. Low wages
8. Illiteracy
9. Gender discrimination

Example: Explain any suitable example from your own life experience.

V. Answer any 2 questions from 22 to 25, in a page each. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 22.
Critically analyse the social consequences of Green Revolution.
Answer:
Green Revolution is part of the programme that the Government implemented in the 1960s and 70s. In the 1960s there was a serious food shortage. To overcome it, government came out with an agricultural plan and this led to the Green Revolution. For this financial assistance was obtained from International Agencies. The government gave farmers high-yield seeds, insecticides and fertilizers at subsidized prices. They were also given agricultural loans.

The government gave them guarantee that it would buy the produce at a minimum fixed price. This was the basis of the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution took place only in places which had irrigation facilities. The new seeds and manner of agriculture needed a lot of water. It concentrated on areas fit for wheat and paddy cultivation. Therefore initially the benefit of this scheme went to Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Green Revolution had a great impact. Since latest technology was used, there was a huge increase in the production. India became self-sufficient in food grains. The Green Revolution was considered as a great achievement of the Government and the scientists who helped in the process. But sociologists say that it also had its negative results. It helped only middle class and high class farmers. The small scale farmers did not get any benefit from it. To carry out the programme a big capital was needed. Small farmers did not have the capital to buy new breed of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides.

They could not afford to use latest technology. The small farmers did not do farming aiming at the market. They did it for their own use. But the middle class and rich farmers did farming with the market in their mind. They produced a lot and sold the extra yield in the market making huge profits. Thus agriculture was commercialized. Thus in fact, in the first stage of the Green Revolution, the inequalities only increased. It also caused the ousting of tenants from their lands.

Since agriculture became profitable, the landowners took their land back from the tenants and that way he tenants lost their means of livelihood. Rich farmers became richer. The tillers, tractors harvesters and threshers that were brought took away the jobs of the poor people who managed their lives doing different ‘ jobs in the farms. It was they who ploughed the land, harvested, and threshed. Many of these people went away to cities seeking employment. Thus migration to cities increased.

It is true that because of the high demand for labour, labourers got better wages. But this rise did not help them as the price of essential commodities shot up. There was another thing also. Before the Green Revolution, the labourers got their wages in kind (various agricultural products). But now they got their wages in cash and this made thing s worse for him because of the high prices he had to pay for various products.

The second stage of the Green Revolution was carried out in areas which were dry and where availability of water was less. There were great changes now. Government made arrangements for better irrigation facilities. The way of planting, the kinds of crops, etc. were changed. Agriculture was commercialized. Stress was given to cash crops like cotton. This also increased the insecurity of farmers.

Before the Green Revolution, farmers produced different things for their use. But now they concentrated on one crop. When concentrating on crops there would be problems at times. Fall in the prices, crop failure etc. would be very dangerous then. Some farmers suffered from these dangers. Green Revolution led to regional inequalities. Some places prospered greatly. But others stayed backward. Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh prospered. But Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Telangana etc, remained poor. The gross inequalities there later led to riots.

Green Revolution also proved harmful to the traditional ways of agriculture. It was hoped that scientific methods would improve the condition of the farmers. New style of farming1, new breeds of seeds, chemical fertilizers and insecticides created serious environmental problems. In this situation, scientists and agricultural organizations asked the people to go back to their traditional methods of cultivation. The high-yield seeds were found harmful to health.

Question 23.
Examine the impact of globalization on Indian radio.
Answer:
A main change in radio broadcast during globalization was the coming of FM Radio Stations. With this entertainment programmes multiplied. Private FM channels were competing among themselves to give maximum entertainment to their listeners. Private FM Channels don’t have permission to broadcast political news. Most channels get listeners by broadcasting music programmes, especially film songs. Most famous FM channels are under the media houses. Radio Mirch is owned by Times of India. Radio Mango is owned by Manorama.

With the onslaught of FM radio stations, independent stations like National Public Radio and BBC are slowly disappearing from the field. Films like Rang de Basanti, Lage Raho Munnabhai, etc. used the radio as an active medium. The hero of Rang de Basanti, inspired by the example of Bhagat Singh, kills a minister and captures All India Radio and through it he sends his message to the people.

In Lage Raho Munnabhai, the hero makes use of a radio station to save the life of a girl. The privatization of radio stations, and the growth of radio stations in the ownership of communities resulted in the fast growth of radio. Demand for regional and local news is increasing. Regional radio stations are in greater demand now. Since they broadcast local and regional news, there are ready listeners in most homes.

Question 24.
Rearrange columns ‘B’ and ‘C’ so as to match with

Column ‘A’.	Column ‘B’	Column ‘C’
Economic policy of Liberalization	Electronic transfer of funds	Event management
Transnational Corporation	Mixing of global with local	Stock markets
Electronic economy	Open up Indian economy to world market	Foreign TV channels use Indian languages
Weightless economy	Produce goods in more than one country	1990s
Globalisation	Products have their base in information	Colgate – Palmolive

Answer:

Column ‘A’.	Column ‘B’	Column ‘C’
Economic policy of Liberalization	Open up Indian economy to world market	1990s
Transnational Corporation	Produce goods in more than one country	Colgate – Palmolive
Electronic economy	Electronic transfer of funds	Stock markets
Weightless economy	Products have their base in information	Event management
Globalisation	Mixing of global with local	Foreign TV channels use Indian languages

Question 25.
Examine the impact of globalisation on Indian markets.
Answer:
Liberalization and marketization brought many changes in the Indian economic system. They stimulated economic growth and opened Indian markets to foreign goods. Many things that were not available in the Indian markets are now available here. There was an increase in foreign investment. It was hoped it would help economic growth and create employment opportunities. It was also hoped that the privatization of government enterprises would make them more efficient and also reduce the responsibility of the government to run them. But liberalization had mixed results. Some people feel that liberalization and globalization had negative results in India.

Some industries were benefited by globalization. Software industry, technology, fish farming and fruif farming made good progress as they could enter foreign markets and make gains. But areas like automobile industry, electronics and oil seeds suffered setbacks as they could not compete with foreign competitors. Indian farmers are facing serious competition from foreign farmers. The reason for this is the permission given to import agricultural products here. In the past Indian farmers were protected from foreign competition by the government, giving them subsidies and base prices for their products. Such support helped the farmers.

By giving them base price, the government promised the farmers to buy their products at a minimum price. Since they were given subsidies to farm, their expenses were not high. But liberalization was against such polices of giving subsidies and base prices. It demanded the slow reduction and final abolition of both subsidies and support prices. With this it was certain that farmers could not live comfortably with the little they got from
their farms. The many suicides of farmers in India show the evils of liberalization and globalization.

Globalization adversely affected small manufacturers and traders. They faced stiff competition in the market. Foreign goods and foreign brands captured the markets. Many small manufacturing units had to close down. Many small shops were also had to close because of stiff competition. Globalization brought serious loss of jobs in some areas. Many lost their jobs in the organized sector. But this increased jobs in the non-organized sectors. While organized labour suffered, un-organized labour gained. But this was not beneficial to the workers. In the organized labour sector, workers are ensured stability of jobs and better wages. But in the un-organized sector nothing of this kind is available.

VI. Answer any 2 questions from 26 to 29, in 11/2 pages each. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 26.
Compare and contrast the industrialisation process in independent India with that of the colonial period.
Answer:
As a matter of fact British industrialization proved to be destructive to India. It led to the ruin of Indian industries. The urban centres in India were also destroyed. The machine made goods from England flooded our markets and c?ur goods could not compete with the cheap goods from England. Slowly the traditional industries in India were ruined. The conquest of the Native States by Britain also affected our industries adversely. Industries that produced top quality goods for the kings and queens and nobles and the rich were closed down. The workshops attached to the palaces also stopped working. Thus there was over-all ruin of Indian industries during the colonial rule.

Independent India did a lot to boost industrialisation. Even during the freedom struggle, our national leaders were aware of the need for industrializing India. Indid was exploited by the colonial rulers. The leaders believed that pre-colonial India was rich and prosperous and it was the colonial rule that made India poor and backward. They thought they could build a strong economic base by reviving the old industries. The Swadeshi Movement, which was a result of the Division of Bengal, exhorted people to boycott British goods and use swadeshi goods. This boosted our industrialization. This tradition was taken up by the government of India, after freedom. People were made aware that only industrialization could lift them from the pit of poverty into which they had fallen during the colonial rule.

Leaders understood that only the development of heavy industries, machine manufactured goods, growth of the public sector and the co-operative sector, could bring about industrialization in the country. Nehru said that a modern and prosperous India must be built on giant steel factories, huge dams and pdwer stations. Leaders like Nehru-also gave importance to industrialization, it was’ given priority in the Five Year Plans.

Question 27.
Critically analyse the relevance of Malthusian theory of population growth in the contemporary Indian context.
Answer:
One of the most popular theories on demography is that of Thomas Robert Malthus. He was an economist from England. In 1798 he published a book titled “An Essay on the Principle of Population”. In this book he explained his demographic theory. His theory is pessimistic. Here are the important ideas of his theory.
Malthus argued that population is increasing on a much faster rate than the increase in the means of livelihood (food, clothes, agricultural products etc).

He pointed out that there.is tremendous growth in population but there is no proportional growth in food production, therefore mankind id destined to live in permanent poverty. The increase in population always exceeds the increase in agricultural production. Population increases geometrically (in the order 2, 4, 8, 16. 32, 64, 128, etc.). But food production increase is only arithmetical or parallel.

In short, increase in population will always keep food production behind. So Malthus tried to show that mankind will be faced with serious food shortages and ultimate ruin.

Malthus argued that the only way to make progress is by controlling population growth. He said there . were two ways of controlling it. One is moral restraints like marrying late, celibacy etc. The other is natural controls which include wars, famine and diseases. Unfortunately, the power of mankind to limit population ’ growth by moral control is very limited. Therefore Malthus believed that only natural controls will help in limiting population growth. He explained that natural controls are Nature’s way of solving the problem created by the geometrical growth of population and the arithmetical growth of good production.

1. Moral restraints like late marriage, celibacy.
2. Natural controls like wars, famine, diseases.

The Theory of Malthus remained influential for long. But theoreticians who showed that economic growth will be greater than population growth proved Malthus wrong. The experiences of European countries showed that the theory of Malthus is not right. By the 2nd half of the 19th century there were changes in the population growth. By the beginning of the 20th century these changes were quite dramatic.

Birth rate reduced drastically. (The reason for this is the use of various means of birth control.) Contagious diseases were checked. (This was helped by progress in medical science.) There was tremendous increase in food production. (Improved technologies helped this.) Although there was considerable increase in population, food production increased and the living standards became better. Thus the predictions of Malthus were proved wrong.

The theory of Malthus that theincrease in population caused poverty was severely criticised by the Liberals and Marx. They argued that poverty and hunger are not the result of population growth, but the result of inequitable distribution of wealth and other resources. They showed that iji an unjust society, the few wealthy live in great luxury whereas the majority of people live in poverty.

Question 28.
List out themajor challenges faced by the untouchable castes in India and examine the major state and nonstate initiatives addressing these discriminations.
Answer:
Tribals depended on the forest for their livelihood. The loss of forests was a big blow to them. During the British rule forests were exploited. This tendency continued even after independence. The coming of the land under private ownership also adversely affected the Tribals. When private landowners had their own private lands, the Tribals held their land collectively. This collective ownership proved harmful to them. For exam pie, when a series of dams were constructed on Narmada River, all the communities did not equally share their advantages and disadvantages. It helped the private landowners but it was harmful to the Tribals, who owned the land collectively.

Many of the regions where Tribals are concentrated are becoming the targets, and thus victims, of national development schemes. Non- Tribals migrate into their areas in large numbers. It proves a great threat to the Tribals and their ways of life. It also reduces their population. For example, in Jharkhand, because of the migration by non-Tribais into the new industrial areas, the number of Tribals has been reduced drastically there. But the most dramatic development was in North-Easter States. In States like Tripura, the Tribal population has come down to half in just one decade. The same thing was seen in Arunachal Pradesh.

In 1940 there was a controversy regarding separa-tion/integration of the Tribal groups in India. This was the result of a feeling that Tribal Groups should live themselves separately from the mainstream society.
The spokesman for the Separation theory was Verrier Elwin and the spokesman for Integration was G.S. Ghurye.
The proponents of the Separation theory argued that the Tribals should be kept separate from the main-stream society. They said that these Tribals should be protected from traders, financiers, Hindu and Christian missionaries. All these people are trying to make the Tribals labourers without land and thus make them non-Tribals.

The Separation Theory supporters argued that the close relation between Tribals and mainstream society would result in their ruin. On the other hand, the Integration theory supporters argued that Tribals are part of the Hindu community. GS. Ghurye called them backward Hindus. He argued that the Tribals should be integrated into the mainstream Hindu community. They also said that since the Tribals are backward Hindus, they also should be treated like the other Scheduled Castes and given all considerations.

Question 29.
Analyse the impact of globalisation and liberalisation on Indian industries.
Answer:
India started following the Liberalization policy in the 1990s. In the liberalization policy, Indian economy was open to world market. This marked the end of our past economic policies. Until then, the government had followed a policy of protecting public sector.and controlling private sector. There were many laws and regulations that protected Indian markets and businesses from foreign competition. It was believed that the government has a big role to play in the welfare of the people. The government had never given a thought to free market. Liberalization changed everything. It stressed free’ market.

It removed all laws and regulations controlling imports. The policy was called ‘economic reforms’. Liberalization brought changes in all spheres of Indian economy. Changes happened in agriculture, industry, commerce, foreign investment, technology, public sector and financial institutions. Import regulations were withdrawn. Licensing was ended. It was thought that liberalization would help our economy.

As the result of liberalisation many Indian companies were bought by the MNCs. Some Indian companies also became MNCs. As part of liberalization, the Indian Government is selling its shares in many establishments. This process is called disinvestment. This resulted in the loss of jobs of many workers employed in the government establishments. The first company to be privatized was “Modern Bread” which was started to give good food to the people at a low price.

60% employees of this company were forced to retired within 5 years. Many companies have reduced the number of their permanent employees and the production is entrusted to some units or homes. In such places the conditions of work are bad and the wages are small. There will be no trade union activities in the smaller units. There are also companies which give their work on contract basis. This process is called outsourcing. It is seen more in the private sector.

VII. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32, in 2 pages each. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 30.
Explain the causes and consequences of different caste based movements in India.
Answer:
30. The Dalit Movements that were formed after Ambedkar had a revolutionary nature. They put forward an alternative life style. It included avoiding eating beef and conversion into other religions. They stood for ending caste discriminations and economic exploitation. In spite of their revolutionary agenda, they had a reformative nature. They were based on caste. Their efforts to end caste system were half-hearted. Only the educated minority among the Dalits got the benefits of the changes. They failed to uplift the vast majority of the Dalits.

Social Movement do organized and collective activities. The most obvious action they do is protest. But there are also other things they do. They organize meetings. The purpose of these meetings is to give publicity to their ideologies and programmes and get support from people. Such meetings help in the formation of common action plans and to bring about a common understanding. They also do things to influence government, the media and public opinion. Social Movements express their protests in various ways. There are torch marches, showing black flags, street plays, songs and poems.

There had been agricultural protests even before the colonial period. In the Mughal period there had been different agitations. During the colonial period farmers protested against landowners, moneylenders, government and estate owners.

Agricultural Movements between 1858 to 1914 were regional, disorganized and limited themselves to some specific issue. During 1859 to 62, the Bengal Rebellion was against plantation owners. The Deccan Rebellions of 1875 were against moneylenders.

To get the support of the villagers, Gandhi organized Agricultural Movements. There was the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917. It was a protest of the farmers against the indigo farm owners. In 1918 there was the Kheda Satyagraha. Here the farmers wanted tax reductions. In 1929 there was the Bardoli Satyagraha. This was a forerunner of the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was organized in Bardoli in the district of Surat. Here Gandhi asked the people not to pay their taxes. The agitation was organized by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, ^follower of Gandhi.

During the colonial period many agricultural movements were formed, most of them between 1920 and 1940. In 1920 many Kisan Sabhas were formed and most of the later Movements were the offshoots of these Sabhas. One of the most important of such Kisan Sabhas was ‘Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (1929). In 1936, an All-India Organization of Kisan Sabhas was formed. It is called All-India Kisan Sabha. The farmers demanded freedom from economic exploitations.

Just before and after independence, India witnessed two very famous agricultural revolts. They were the ‘Thebhaga Rebellion’ (1946-47) and Telangana Rebellion (1946-51) In the Thebhaga Rebellion sharecroppers wanted 2/3 of the produce instead of the 50% they were getting. This rebellion had the backing of the Kisan Sabha and the Indian Communist Party. Telangana Rebellion was against the big landlords in that native sate. It was led by the Indian Communist Party.

Question 31.
Discuss Panchayati Raj as an ideal and practice in India.
Hints : Ideals of Panchayati Raj – Powers and responsibilities of Panchayats – Actual practice.
Answer:
The literal meaning of Panchayati Raj is ‘rule by five persons’. Its aim is to bring democracy at the village level and ensure the participation of ordinary citizens. This basic democratic concept is not something imported from abroad. In India, from time immemorial panchayats had existed. In the administration of villages, jati-panchayats had a big role. But they were not fully democratic.

1. In Jati Panchayats, strong groups had representation. Lower castes had little representation there.
2. The strong sections who ruled the Panchayats had conservative views. Their decisions were often against law and legal procedures.
3. There were gross inequalities based on jati, varna and gender. This prevented proper democratic participation by all.

When the Constitution was prepared, there was no mention of any Panchayat there. Many people raised their voice against it. They showed their sorrow, despair and anger. But leaders like Ambedkar argued that the panchayats Would be monopolized by the strong castes and they would exploit the lower castes and the poor. He felt that the repressed groups will be further exploited through grama panchayats. But Gandhi had a different view. The concept of local self-government was much dear to him. He saw each village as a self-sufficient unit. He thought that each village would be able to manage its own affairs without depending on anybody else. He felt that ‘grama-swarajya’ was something that could continue after independence.

1. But we had to wait until 1992 to establish democracy at the village level (decentralized rule). In 1992, with the 73″1 Amendment, this was made possible.
2. The 73rd Amendment gave panchayat raj institutions constitutional status. Elections to the panchayats were made compulsory every five years. The control of local resources was to be in the hands of Panchayat Samitis.

The 73rd and 74th Amendments brought a revolutionary change. In the local self-government institutions one- third seats (33.3%) were reserved for women. In this 17% were reserved for SCs and STs. These Amendments have great historical importance. With this women got representation and partnership. They got the right to take decisions. Thus the 73rd and 74th Amendments were strong steps in the direction of women empowerment. 1/3 seats were reserved for women in regional samitis, grama panchayats, municipalities, corporations and district samitis.

In the 1993-94 elections for the local self-governments more than 8 lakh women became partners in the national developmental processes. The Cpnstitution demands that panchayats should be given all powers and strength to work as self-government institutions. The State governments have been asked to give a new life to the panchayats. Here are the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats.

1. Encourage programmes for economic development.
2. Encourage programmes to ensure social justice.
3. Taxes, tolls and fees can be imposed, collected and used.
4. Help the State governments to carry out its responsibilities.

Panchayats also have to carry out social welfare schemes. These include maintaining crematoriums, keeping birth and death records, establish child and maternal welfare centres, maintain pounds to keep wandering cattle, encourage family planning, encourage agricultural activities, etc. Panchayats also have to make roads, public buildings, wells, schools, etc. They should encourage village industries and small irrigation projects, it is the members of Panchayat that supervise government schemes like joint village development scheme and joint child- development scheme.

The main income for the Grama Panchayat is from property tax, professional tax, vehicle tax, land tax and rent. They also get financial help from district Panchayats. Income and expenditure statements are to be displayed by the Grama Pachayats on the notice boards in front of the office. By this, people at the grass-root level can understand what is happening in their parichayats. They have a right to seek information about the welfare schemes undertaken by the Panchayats and also ask for reasons for taking certain decisions.
In some States, there are Nyaya Panchayats. They have the right to handle small civil and criminal cases. They have no right to give punishments. These nyaya panchayats have been successful in settling quarrels among individuals. They have been successful in preventing dowry-related violence against women.

Question 32.
Explain the relationship between community nation and nation-states and examine why modern states consider cultural diversity as a threat.
Answer:
Community
It is a geographical area having common area of interest activities. A group of people living in a given territory with ‘we-feeling’, speak a common dialect and follows a common culture.

Nation
A nation is a sort of large-scale community – it is a- community of communities. It is a community that has succeeded in acquiring a state of its own. Members of a nation share the desire to be part of the same political collectivjty, which resulted in state formation. Many nations founded on the basis of common religion, language, ethnicity, history or regional culture. But there are many languages, religions or ethnicities that are shared across nations. But this does not lead to the formation a nation.

The term state refers to an abstract entity consisting of a set of political-legal institutions claiming control over a particular geographical territory and the people living in it.
Max Weber defined state as a “body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory”

NATION-STATE
Nation-states are communities that have a state of their own. When a nation form a state, it become a nation-
state. It represent a nation. India can be considered a good example of a ‘nation-state’

There are many threats to nation state. Casteism,regionalism,linguism,communalism and minority are the major socio-cultural threats facing Indian society. State has taken many measures to solve these problems for the harmonious functioning of the state. The important threats are as follows REGIONALISM Regionalism rooted in India’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes, and religions.

It is also encouraged by the geographical concentration of these identity in particular region. Colonialism divided India into large provinces, which were multi-ethnic and multilingual states. For example, the old Bombay State was a multilingual state of Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada and Konkani speaking people. Attempts were made to reorganise provinces into ethno-linguistic states, which led to regionalism.

COMMUNALISM
‘communalism’ refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. It is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion. All communalists do believe in a political identity based on religion. Communalists cultivate an aggressive political identity, and are prepared to condemn or attack everyone who does not share their identity.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2021

Answer questions from 1 to 45 up to the maximum of 80 scores. Questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Sociology can help you to map link and connection between ‘personal trouble’ and ‘social issues’. Who stated?
Answer:
C. Wright Mills – in his book sociological imagination published in 1959.

Question 2.
The rate of death of babies before the age of one year per 1000 birth is known as _____. (Birth rate, Infant mortiality rate, Sex ratio, Death rate)
Answer:
Infant mortality rate- number of infant deaths per 1000 live births.

Question 3.
Family in which men exercise authority is called family.
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras.

Question 4.
Find the marginalized tribal group which engaged in salt trade during colonial period. (Banjaras, Santhal, Paniyar, Naga)
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras were the marginalised tribal community who engaged themselves in salt trade.

Question 5.
The second back ward class commission was headed by (Kaka Kalekar, P.D. Nettoor, B.P Mandal, Kothari)
Answer:
B P Mandal – also known as Mandal commission.. Held in 1979.

Question 6.
The right to Information Act was enacted by Parliment of India in year.
Answer:
2005 – Right to Information Act 2005

Question 7.
Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identify is known as ______.
Answer:
Communalism – is the aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity.

Question 8.
The term Sanskritisatipn was coined by _______.
Answer:
M N Srinivas – was a pioneer of indian sociology. He in his book Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of India used the word ‘sanskritization’ for the first time.

Question 9.
Write true or false:
“As a result of liberalisation may Indian Companies have been bought over by multinational companies.”
Answer:
True.

Question 10.
The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Tylor is called.
Answer:

True
Scientific Management/Taylorism/Industrial Engineering:
(The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Taylor. All work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements, and divided between workers. Workers are timed with the help of stopwatches. Worker are made to fulfil a certain target every day.ln Taylor’s view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance).

Questions from 11 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 11.
Define‘Civil Society’.
Answer:
Civil society is voluntary, non profitable, public sphere beyond the governmental control which comes up to address the issues of the public or of their members. They are very important in a democracy. They makes sure that government doesn’t take too much control or authority over the people.

Question 12.
What is Community?
Answer:
Community is a group who follow a social structure within a society (culture, norms, values, status). They may work together to organise social life within a particular place, or they may be bound by a sense of belonging sustained across time and space.

Question 13.
What is de-industrialisation?
Answer:
De industrialisation is the opposite of industrialisation.It’s a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change. De¬Industrialisation is harmful to India, Ruin of traditional Indian industries like handloom and handicrafts,Decline of major ports like surat and masulipatnam.

Question 14.
Define Sanskritisation.
Answer:
Sanskritisation: This term was made popular by Indian sociologist M. N. Srinivas in the 1950s. Sanskritization is a particular form of social change found in India. It denotes the process by which caste or tribes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper or dominant castes.

Question 15.
What is ‘‘Van Panchayat”?
Answer:
Van-panchayats were set up by women in Uttarakhand in order to stop the problem of deforestation that is a big problem in the mountainous regions.Members of the van-panchayats develop nurseries and nurture tree saplings for planting on the hill slopes.Members also police nearby forests to keep an eye on illegal felling of trees.

Question 16.
What is meant by interest group?
Answer:
Interest group is a group of individuate that share a common interest in a specific subject and work jointly to influence public policy in its favor. Interest groups are also called pressure groups because they exert pressure on policy makers toinfluence public policies. Every interest group has their own interest and aims to protect these interests and to draw the attention of the government. Or the required group.

Question 17.
Explain outsourcing.
Answer:
Outsourcing – fundamental decision to contract out specific activities that previously were undertaken internally. – product of liberalisation and globalisation.The software services industries and business process outsourcing (BPO) industries (such as call centres) in India – getting connected to the global economy. Companies based in India provide low-cost services and labour to customers located in the developed countries of the West. There is now a global market for Indian software labour and other services.

Question 18.
Why certain mecjias are referred as Mass Media?
Answer:
Mass media – that form of media-written , spoken or broadcasted – that can reach a large audience.( Mass) Example – Television, Radio, Advertising, Movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines etc. – significant force in modern culture-mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. These Social Media platforms like YouTube and Facebook are dominating mass media.

III. Questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 19.
What is self reflexivity? How does it helps in sociological research?
Answer:
Self Reflexivity or reflexivity is the ability to look at ourselves from others point of view. It is critically analysing ourselves and it helps us to reduce our subjectivity and make our work more objective. It helps us to accept other people’s views. There are many vanity points for everything, no single sided view can give a valid objective conclusion for it therefore self reflexivity is essential in every work we do.

Question 20.
Write any three hurdles of National Integration.
Answer:
There are many hurdles of national integration Some ‘ of them are – communalism, racism, casteism, regionalism, linguism, terrorism etc.

Question 21.
Define the following terms:
a) Modernisation
b) Westernisation
Answer:
a) Modernisation is changing our outlook.lt is the process of adapting something to modern needs or habits. It the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.Modernization is a continuous and open-ended process.lt is the Development due to the application of science and technology,

b) Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence./ assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization.

Question 22.
Give any three responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
22. The word “Panchayat” means assembly (ayat) of five (panch) and raj means “rule”. Traditionally Panchayats consisted of elderly and wise people chosen by the local community, who used to settle disputes between individuals and villages.

In a democracy panchayats consist of elected representatives who form the local self governing body. Responsibilities of panchayats include- ‘Preparation of plan for the economic development and social justice of the village. ‘Implementation of schemes for economic development of the villages. ‘Collect due taxes, tolls, duties and fees

Question 23.
Explain “Feminisation of agricultural labour force”.
Answer:
Due to industrialisation, migration and circulation of labour men of the household might be away which forces the women to take up the duties of taking care of the family and earning for daily needs. They take up agricultural activities. The term ‘feminisation’ refers to increased participation and authority of women in certain areas. In agriculture, it refers to women’s increased labour participation and role in decision making. Feminisation of labour means either an increase in the number of women involved or the time devoted by women, or both.

IV. Questions from 24 to 30. Each carries 4 scores. (7 × 4 = 28)

Question 24.
Give the merits and demerits of prior knowledge about society in the study of sociology.
Answer:
Prior Knowledge or previous knowledge is a person’s early understanding of any topic that might be gained through socialisation and in most cases it is based on a commonsense understanding. It is usually biased, partial and subjective in nature. MERITS- it makes a subject easily approachable, it reduces student’s fear of the subject and also makes the study interesting.

DEMERITS: It creates subjectivity, It may be partial and incomplete, it is biased and mostly based on commonsense knowledge and unscientific.

Question 25.
What is social about social inequality and social exclusion?
Answer:
The concepts of social exclusion and inequality are closely linked. Unequal societies in which certain groups are discriminated against can lead to exclusion.Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not about individuals but about groups. They are social in the sense that they are not economic, although there is usually a strong link between social and economic iiiequality.They are systematic and structured – there is a definite pattern to social i nequal ities.

Question 26.
What is the Indian meaning of Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism has two definitions: common understanding of secularism and indian understanding of secularism. Common meaning of secularism is separation of religion from the state. Indian meaning of secularism is considering all religions equally , giving equal importance and status, accepting and equally respecting them all, celebrating all religious festivals.

Question 27.
a) What is Urbanisation?
b) Analyse the graph given below:
Answer:
a) Urbanisation is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city, population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more peopfe begin living and working in central areas.

b) The graph represents the population growth in Bapengaluru city from 1951 To 1991. The graph shows the geometrical progression of population in last forty years

Question 28.
Considering the “Bidi Industry”, explain home based work.
Answer:
Home-based work is an important part of the economy. This includes the manufacture of lace, zari or brocade, carpets, bidis, agarbattis and many such products. This work is mainly done by women and childre. An agent provides raw materials and also picks up the finished product. Home workers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of pieces they make.

The bidi industry, as a home based work:

1. The process of making bidis starts in forested villages where villagers pluck tendu leaves and sell it to the forest department or a private contractor who in turn sells it to the forest department.
2. On average a person can collect 100 bundles (of 50 leaves each) a day.
3. The government then auctions the leaves to bidi factory owners who give it to the contractors.
4. The contractor in turn supplies tobacco and leaves to homerbased workers.
5. These workers, mostly women, roll the bidis first dampening the leaves, then cutting them, filling in tobacco evenly and then tying them with’ thread.
6. The contractor picks up these bidis and sells them to the manufacturer who roasts them, and puts on his own brand label.
7. The manufacturer then sells them to a distributor who distributes the packed bidis to wholesalers who in turn sell to your neighbourhood pan shops.

Question 29.
Explain any two influences of globalization on mass media.
Answer:

1. Globalization has a great influence on the media and further its impact on us.
2. The most visible effect of globalization is wide spread communication and technology.
3. The introduction of newspapers, magazine, internet and TV has immensely helped to spread information and has helped people to come together from all over the world.
4. opening up of people mind towards not just the walls within which they stay but also be aware of what’s happening around the world.
5. every field has opened up broader communication lines bringing the various companies, economy and more importantly the countries together.

Question 30.
Explain the following:
a) Reformist Social Movements
b) Revolutionary Social Movements
Answer:
Reformist and revolutionary movement
a) Reformist Movement is a movement where the reformers try to change the mindset of the people regarding a particular issue.

1. advocates a change that will preserve the existing values but will provide improved means of implementing them
2. a revolutionary movement advocates rapid, precipitous change

b) Revolutionary Movement is a movement where radical or violent methods are used to bring about change in society.

1. advocating replacement of existing values
2. reform movement works for slow, evolutionary change.

V. Questions from 31 to 37. Each carries 5 scores. (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 31.
List out the preventive and positive checks as pointed out in the Malthusian theory of population growth.
Answer:
a) Preventive checks are the ways in which humanity voluntarily reducing population growth. They include practicing celibacy, sexual abstinence, postponing marriage, using birth control methods etc.

b) Positive checks – inevitable, nature’s way of f dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population. Those are-famines, diseases, calamities etc

Question 32.
Give five featu res of Caste System.
Answer:
FEATURES OF CASTE SYSTEM

1. based on birth immobile “segmented “hierarchical
2. discriminating “endogamous “based on the concept of purity and pollution “restriction on food and food sharing “differences in traditional occupations.

Question 33.
Explain Commodification. Give two example.
Answer:
Commodification the changing or transforming of a non market product or non commodity into a
commodity and making it a part of market economy is known as commodification. Eg – drinking water, oxygen , human organs , education etc.

Question 34.
Explain social exclusion and discrimination.
Answer:
a) SOCIAL EXCLUSION: exclusion from the prevailing social system and its rights and privileges, typically as a result of poverty or the fact of belonging to a minority social group.Street children, people with leprosy or AIDS and undocumented migrants are examples of such socially excluded categories, b) DISCRIMINATION: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, sex, or disability.

Question 35.
Explain the significance of community identity.
Answer:
Community identity is the sense of belongingness towards the community they belong to-. Ascribed – Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some forms of acquired qualifications or accomplishments.-sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities.-difficultto shake off; even if we choose to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging.- gives us a sense of identity.

Question 36.
Give any five impacts of liberalization and globalization on rural society.
Answer:
Impacts of liberalisation and globalisation on rural societies Positive: Commercialization of agriculture and expansion of agro-industries.Liberalization of international trade and marketing for food and other agricultural products.lntensification and internal labour migration.

Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of employment is a common , phenomenon.Standards of living have increased, more employment opportunities.Impact of globalization, mass media and education directly or indirectly encourage the current generation to abandon traditional social conservative norms and taboos.

Negative: Rural population is still suffering from unemployment as rural labour is mostly uneducated and unskilled. Machines and latest technologies have reduced the number of manpower a lot.Globalization has caused intermingling of cultures. Though it has curtailed narrow mindedness of humans, it has caused cultural degradation also.benefits of globalization didn’t reach the hinterlands.lmports make the farmers’ position worse

as they are not able to compete with imported goods in terms of price and quality.The position of artisans is also bad in villages. They are also not able to compete with machine- made goods.As the competition has become global, so it has become quite difficult for small, cottage, handicraft & medium industries to maintain the pace.

Question 37.
Give any five features of social movements.
Answer:
Features of social movements: ’sustained collective action overtime. ’Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation, ’shared objectives and ideologie ’These defining features are not constant. They may change over the course of a social movement’s life. Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both entrenched interests and values, there is bound to be opposition and resistance. But over period of time changes do take place.

VI. Questions from 38 to 41. Each carries 6 scores.

Question 38.
Explain the following:
a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Fertility rate
Answer:
Birth rate – number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population. Death rate – the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year. Fertility rate -the number of live births per 1000 women in the child bearing age groups usually taken to be 15-49 years.

Question 39.
Match the following:

A	B
M.N. Srinivas	1901 Census
Sreenarayana Guru	Satya Shodak Samaj
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule	Dominant Caste
Ayyankali	S.N.D.P.
Herbert Risley	Dravida Kazhakam

Answer:

A	B
M.N. Srinivas	Dominant Caste
Sreenarayana Guru	S.N.D.P.
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker	Dravida Kazhakam
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule	Satya Shodak Samaj
Ayyankali	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Herbert Risley	1901 Census

Question 40.
Explain the following:
a) Liberalisation
b) Globalisation
Answer:
a) Liberalisation – a relaxation of government restrictions in the areas of social, political and economic policies Major features include Minimised state control over economic activities,easy licensing,free market etc.

b) Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges of human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices all over the planet.

Features: linking of local regional,national and international markets,flow of people,ideas, technology, money,culture etc. interdependence between different people, regions and countries

Question 41.
Explain how prejudices and stereotype thoughts leads to social exclusion.
Answer:
Prejudice is an assumption or an opinion about someone simply based on that person’s membership to a particular group. It is a pre judgement formed without proper evidences. It is usually negative.

OR
Pre conceived notion/pre judgement- Mostly negative- Someone say something and believe it, e.g. Kanjoos Marwaris; Rajputs are courageous. When prejudiced against other, and the group doesn’t think so, they don’t think they are inferior and try to prove themselves is called positive prejudice.

Eg: ableism , Sexism , ageism etc Stereotypes – a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group.

OR
Categorize a whole group having one certain characteristic.- A whole group is considered homogenous e.g. Rajputs are supposed to be courageous, girls are emotional, boys don’t cry.- Basis is prejudice.- Individual difference isn’t taken into consideration.

Eg: Girls should play with dolls and boys should play with trucks., all Blacks are good at sports etc etc These leads to social exclusions as some people are denied opportunities, goods and services.They are isolated and excluded . It is not accidental, it is systematic. It is involuntary,. Eg- lower castes, blacks in america, women, differently abled etc.

VII. Questions from 42 to 45. Each carries 8 scores.

Question 42.
Explain the theory of Demographic Transition.
Answer:
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION KINGSLEY DAVIS
Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:

Stage I: Primitive Stage Underdeveloped countries Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward. in such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of having small families, they are not educated. ‘Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available, therefore population is low.

Stage II: [Developing countries]. The birth rate and death rate rank very high, the net growth rate remains low. Birth rate is high as in this society people live in a patriarchal society in which men decide how many children must be bom and male child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant. Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available.

Stage III: [Developed countries]. Birth rate in low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, birth control is popularised. Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical facilities, therefore population is low.

Transitional Stage: The stage between backwardness and skilled people]: In this stage growth rate of population is very high whereas death rates are brought down due to better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is associated with a population explosion.

Question 43.
Explain the classification of Indian Tribal Communities on the basis of their permanent and acquired traits.
Answer:
Classification of Tribal Societies In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits. Permanent Traits include region, language, physical characteristics and ecological habitat.In terms of population the tribal population of India is widely dispersed, but there are also concentrations in certain regions. 85% in ‘middle India’, from Gujarat and Rajasthan in the west to West Bengal and Orissa in the east, with Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh forming the heart of this region.Over 11% is in the North Eastern states.3% living in the rest of India. The ecological habitats covered includes hills, forests, rural plains and urban industrial areas.

On the basis of language
In terms of language.Categorised into four categories.Two of them, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, are shared by the rest of the Indian population as well, and tribes account for only about 1% of the former and about 3% of the latter.The other two language groups, the Austric and Tibeto-Burman, are primarily spoken by tribals, who account for all of the first and over 80% of the second group. In terms of physical-racial terms Classified underthe Negrito, Australoid, Mongoloid, Dravidian and Aryan categories.

The last two are shared with the rest of the population of India. In terms of size Vary a great deal, ranging from about seven million to some Andamanese islanders who may number less than a hundred persons.The biggest tribes are the Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Bodos and Mundas, all of whom are at least a million strong.The total population of tribes amounts to about 8.2% of the population of India, or about 84 million persons according to the 2001 Census.

Acquired Traits
Classifications based on acquired traits use two main criteria – mode of livelihood, and extent of incorporation into Hindu society – or a combination of the two. On the basis of livelihood, tribes can be categorised into fishermen, food gatherers and hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants and plantation and industrial workers. The dominant classification both in academic sociology as well as in politics and public affairs is the degree of assimilation into Hindu society.

Assimilation can be seen either from the point of view of the tribes, or (as has been most often the case) from the point of view of the dominant Hindu mainstream. From the tribe’s point of view, apart from the extent of assimilation, attitude towards Hindu society is also a major criterion, with differentiation between tribes that are positively inclined towards Hinduism and those who resist or oppose it. From the mainstream point of view, tribes may be viewed in terms of the status accorded to them in Hindu society, ranging from the high status given to some, to the generally low status accorded to most.

Question 44.
Explain the economic dimensions of globalization.
Answer:
ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISATION
GLOBALISATION has created great visible and invisible changes in the global economy.
1. Policy of liberalisation:
Liberalisation is the most important feature of globalisation.Liberalisation reduced the market regulations, tolls, taxes, duties etc. Reduction or abolition of taxes made the country open for global trade and commerce.Foreign countries increased the sale of their products in INDIA. This has its own pros and cons.

Globalisation has created more and more choices for customers; made available the products which were previously not available or rarely available. Globalisation increased competition among companies which reduced the prices for products.

2. Privatisation: private ownership of resources forced the public authorities to increase their standard.More facilities and technologies were introduced.

3. Economic aspect of globalisation: Many new policies were made in 1990.

• Many laws were introduced by government as it was aware that there would be stiff competition to protect one local industries/markets/companies.
• Economic reforms policy of liberalisation flourished.

4. Electronic Economy : Transactions take place electronically at the click of a button through computers.

• No paperwork or paper currency required.
• Shares bought and sold within seconds.
• Transaction of funds between countries in seconds.
• One major risk is sometimes foreign companies buy up stocks in bulk, make a profit and sell it back to stock holders.
• Main reason for electronic economy is revolution in technology.

5. Weightless or Knowledge Economy : Weightless economy is that system in which basis is information e.g., IT sector, internet, software. A knowledge economy is one in which working people are not directly involved in the production of commodities but give support systems (transport and communications, architects, wedding planners, market, service etc).

6. Globalisation of Finance : Connected to electronic economy.

• Hub of electronic activity where transaction takes place 24 hours are called financial capital of that city.
• Globally integrated markets do transactions involving billions of holders work within seconds like. Bombay, Tokyo, London, New York

7. INC’s or MNC’s:

• Companies which have branches in different areas.
• Big billions dollars MNC’s and small MNC’s
• Many Indian companies
• Globalisation has picked up in such a big way because of MNC’s main basis is profit for an MNC and global market.

8. Global Communications: Many revolutions have taken place because of advances and improvement in technology and communication.

• Some homes and many offices have multiple links to the outside world such as telephones, cell phones, fax machines, digital and cable television, electronic mail and internet.
• Two individuals located in different part of the world – in Banglore and New York – not only can talk but also send documents and images to one another with the help of satellite technology.

9. Globalisation and international division of labours : Has emerged due to globalisation, where production (manufacturing) and employment is spread over different countries all over the world. Wherever good infrastructure, cheap labour, resources, MNC’s come up.

• Hence frequent shifting of location occurs.
• This got a feeling of insecurity among labour.
• Only unskilled, casual labours suffered.
• Main aim of factory owners is profit.

10. Globalisation And Employment : Before globalisation (1990’s) the employment scenario was different.

• Many jobs are now available after graduation (call centres, BPO’s)
• Job opportunities broadened largely

Question 45.
In what way a market – “such as a weakly village market” – is a social institution.Explain.
Answer:
Though markets are places of economic interaction, since they are based on a particular social context and social environment, we can also regard them as social institutions where a specific kind of social interaction take place. Periodic markets (or weekly markets) are a central feature of social and economic organization. They give a chance to surrounding villages to interact with each other while they sell – their goods.

In villages, in tribal areas apart from regular markets, specialised markets are also organized where specific products are sold such as in the fair of Pushkar in Rajasthan. Thus, traders from outside come and also moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers and other specialists offering their services and product. Therefore, these periodic markets just do not fulfil local needs, they link the villages with regional economies and sometimes national economies. Thus in tribal areas they help in maintaining interconnections, which makes these markets a social institution.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2022

Part – I

A. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 x 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The version of map which is already provided to each of us in childhood by the process of socialisation is called
Answer:
Commonsense Map

Question 2.
To overcome biased and incomplete knowledge about the society we have to looft at overselves through the eyes of others. This is termed as
Answer:
Self Reflexivity

Question 3.
The concept of dominant caste was coined by
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas

Question 4.
Keeping away individuals from full involvement in the society is called
Answer:
Social Exclusion

Question 5.
The term Harijan was put forward by
Answer:
Gandhiji

Question 6.
The process of selling shares of public sector com-panies by the government is called
Answer:
Disinvestment

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
______ is the American Sociologist who studied the relationship between personal troubles and social issues.
(Karl Marx, Max Weber, C.Wright Mills)
Answer:
C. Wright Mills

Question 8.
The social Reform Movement founded in Bengal. (Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Brahma Samaj)
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj

Question 9.
The first school for girls was started in Pune by
Answer:
Jyothiba Phule

Question 10.
An essay on the principles of population (1798) was written by
Answer:
Robert Thomas Malthus

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Define Demography dividend.
Answer:
If the number of the people working is more, it will be called Demography dividend.

Question 12.
Define Patrilocal family.
Answer:
If after marriage the couple stays in the husband’s home, it will be a patrilocal family. In such a family, the property goes from the father to the sons. In patrilocal families, the father of the family, or the eldest male there will be the authority.

Question 13.
Mention any 2 cultural changes brought about by colonialism.
Answer:

1. Sankritization
2. Modernization

Question 14.
Write a short note on circulation of labour.
Answer:
Agricultural labourers for getting work during the time of agriculture migrate to other villages temporarily and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.

Question 15.
What is corporate culture?
Answer:
Because of extraordinary organizational skills some business management families increase their production and profit. They develop good business relations with the customers. This is what is known as Corporate Culture. This increases the dedication of the workers and the cooperation of the consum ers. Such companies give much importance of company values and working style.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each caries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Write any 2 problems faced by Adivasi’s.
Answer:

1. Poverty
2. Lack of authority

Question 17.
What is social inequality?
Answer:
Social inequality is the situation in which there is inequality in the availability of social resources. and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.

Question 18.
Define Dominant caste.
Answer:
The caste that has a large number of people who own much wealth and has political power is called the Dominant Caste. For example, the Yadavas in Bihar and UP, the Vokkaligas in Karnataka and the Marathas in Maharashtra are Dominant Castes.

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each caries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Differentiate between Social map and Geographical map.
Answer:

• Social Map:
  1. Shows the position of an individual in the society.
  2. By comparing one with the others in the society, a person can decide his position in the society.
• Geographical Map:
  1. Show the exact location of your region.
  2. Shows the nature of your region

Question 20.
Distinguish between Nuclear and Joint Family.
Answer:
Nuclearfamily is the smallest family. It is also called Elementary family. The members of a nuclearfamily are the parents and their children. It has members of two generations. Joint Family is the opposite of nuclear family. It is also called Extended family. This is of different kinds. In it, more than one couples and more than 2 generations live together. This can be some brothers and their families. It can be an old couple living with their children and grandchildren. Extended families are seen as a feature of Indian families. But it never was a strong family all over the country. It was confined to some groups and some regions. Extended family is still not a strong form of family.

Question 21.
Describe the disadvantages of Home based work.
Answer:
Women and children make beedi, joss-sticks, lace, brocades and hand-woven mats. Agents of large scale manufacturing companies make raw materials for making the above things to women and children at home and assign the work of making the products. When the work is competed the agents give them wages and take the products away.

To start making beedis, tendu leaves are collected from private agents or from the forest department. These leaves are given to the women and children. These leaves are made soft and then cut into the size for beedis. Then in this beedi leaf tobacco is filled and rolled and tied with a thread. These beedis are taken to the factory by the contractors and there they are packed and labelled.

The factory owners make huge profits but the wages the workers get are very little. Most of the beedi workers are women and girls who have dropped out of school. They don’t have the collective organizational power to fight for their rights.

Question 22.
Prepare a note on Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
The growth of the mass media has helped people to be self-sufficient, and to work for national development. The mass media helps people to be aware of the various programmes and policies of the government. It helps people to dislike social evils like uritouchability, child marriage, and various restrictions for widows. In the modern industrialised society, mass media helps in propagating scientific values and reasoning power among the people.

The two major mass media in independent India are: 1. Radio, 2. Television.
1. Radio: Radio broadcasting started in India in 1920 in Calcutta and Chennai under the auspices of some Broadcasting Clubs. In the 1940s “Ham Radio”, also called Amateur Radio, became very popular. During the Second World War, Radio was the main tool of propaganda for the Allied Forces in Asia. In 1947 India had only 6 radio stations. They were in the major cities. Only the urban dwellers that lived there had its benefit. Most of the programmes were news broadcasts, contemporary incidents and discussions. By the year 2000, some HOmillion homes were benefited by radio broadcasts. The broadcasts were in 24 languages and 146 dialects. 1/3 of . the listeners were from homes in villages.

2. Television: Television came to India in 1959. By 1976, in the States of India satellite television began broadcasting “Instructional Experiment” television programmes. In 1975 television stations under Doordarshan were operating in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Srinagar and Amritsar. In another year, Kolkata, Chennai, and Jalandhar joined this group of cities. TV channels then began to broadcast programmes specially meant for women, children and farmers.

Question 23.
Briefly explain Tribal Movement.
Answer:
Tribal Movement
Santhal, Ho, Oraon., Munda, etc. some of the major tribes in India. They have some common problems. But their differences are also big. In the Tribal areas of central India, many Tribal Movements have been formed. Most Tribal Movements are in the newly formed Jharkhand State. The Tribal Movements in the Jharkhand region are more than 100 years old. The leader who started the Tribal Movement was Birsa Munda. After his death, he became a godly figure for them. Throughout the Jharkhand region stories and songs about him were propagated. In Bihar it was the Christian missionaries who went into the Tribal Areas with literacy campaigns.

Educated Adivasis began to make researches regarding their history and the legends regarding them. They started collecting information about the Tribal traditions and cultural rituals. Using different means they spread the various facts and brought about a kind of common awareness among the Tribals.

Many Tribals were employed in government jobs. Then there developed a middle-class Tribal leadership. Then came the demand for an independent State. The Tribals hated the migrant traders and money-lenders who were called Dikus. Cruel dikus harmed the Tribals and took possession of their properties. They started dominating mining and industries there. They became large landowners. Then the Tribals were ousted from their own places. These problems helped the Adivasis to organise themselves into powerful groups and fight for their cause, finally gaining a State for themselves.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
What is invisible hand who introduced the concept of Invisible hand?
Answer:
In the market, individuals have their own interests. When the individual interests in the market are protected it becomes favourable for the economic system. The economic system is then nurtured and the wealth of the society increases. This kind of development that is not visible, but is beneficial for individuals and indirectly good for the society is called the Invisible Hand. The concept of the Invisible Hand was put forward by Adam Smith. He talked about it in his famous book “Wealth of Nations”.

Question 25.
Describe caste system as a discriminatory system.
Answer:
Caste system as a discriminatory system. One¬sided and prejudicial behaviour to other groups and individuals is called discrimination. And when caste is made the reason for the discrimination it is caste discrimination. When a job js refused to someone just because of sex or community, there is discrimination. Discriminations are not often stated openly and publicly. To justify discriminations people look for various justifications. Because of one’s caste a person may be denied a certain job. But then the employer will say that he gave employment on the basis of merit.

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 26.
Explain the concept of commoditization with ex-amples.
Answer:
Two important features of capitalist society are commoditization and consumption. As the capitalist system spread all the over world, markets began to appear in all spheres of human life. With this the process called commoditization also began. Commoditization happens when goods and services that were not sold in the market before become goods for sale. In this process, some things that are not goods are transformed into goods and are made part of the market system. A good example is drinking water. Drinking water was not something for sale in the past. When drinking water is bottled and sold in the market it becomes a commodity. Its commoditization takes place. In the same manner labour, skilled labour and expertise have been commoditised to be bought and sold.

Question 27.
Evaluate the social consequences of Green Revolu-tion.
Answer:
Social Consequences of the Green Revolution in India:

1. Only middle class and big landowners were benefited by the Green Revolution.
2. The peasants who used to take fields on lease for cultivation could not get fields.
3. People who did manual labour in the fields did not have work.
4. As the peasants got money as their wages, their condition became pathetic.
5. The commercialization of agriculture and the monoculture system caused a reduction in the prices of the crops causing financial crunch to the farmers.
6. It helped in increasing regional inequality.

Question 28.
Explain any 2 structural changes brought about by colpnialism in India.
Answer:
The two structural changes brought by colonialism in India were:

1. Industrialization
2. Urbanization

1. Industrialization:
The number of rapid and drastic changes industrialization brought in the industrial sector is collectively known as Industrialization. Use of machines and the use of water vapour and electricity are the specialties of industrialization.

2. Urbanization:
Urbanization means the large scale migration of people from rural areas to urban centres. Industrialization and urbanization are mutually interrelated processes. In the modern industrialised societies, people work in factories, offices or shops. Farmers are very few. In areas around industries people live in large numbers and so the density is great. Into the areas close to the industries, people migrate for getting jobs, greater living facilities and education.

Mumbai, Madras and Kolkata which were the administrative centres and had many industries became large cities. Old manufacturing centres like Surat and Masulipatnam were industrialised. Because of the British industrialization, the cottage industries in India were ruined. As a result of industrialization, new social relations and social groups came up. The structure of the Indian society changed. Large cities like Mumbai and Madras had much influence on the Indian economic system. These cities exported raw materials at cheap rates and imported new products into India.

Mumbai exported cotton.

1. Kolkota exported jute to Dundee.
2. Madras exported sugar, indigo, cotton, dyes etc.

Question 29.
Explain the power and responsibilities of Gramapanchayath.
Answer:
Powers and Responsibilities of Grama Panchayats: According to the provisions of the Constitution, all State governments are to share their authorities and responsibilities with the Panchayats.

• The responsibilities of the Panchayats are the following:
  1. Make plans schemes for economic development.
  2. Encourage to enlarge social justice schemes.
  3. Collect, taxes, tolls and fees in a proper way.
  4. Give necessary financial help to the local administrative authorities to carry out their responsibilities.
  5. Taking care cerrjeteries and cremation grounds, keeping statistics of births and deaths, maternity centres child welfare centres, family welfare schemes, farmers’ welfare, etc. should be responsibility of the panchayats.
  6. Local roads, wells, public ponds, schools, construction of buildings for public undertakings are the responsibility of the elected representatives. They should give leadership to projects like IRDP and ICDS.
• Activities to bring out social welfare:
  1. Building cemeteries, cremation grounds, and maintaining them.
  2. Register births and deaths.
  3. Establish maternity centres and child welfare centres.
  4. Maintain the local roads. Do things related, Cattle rearing and agricultural work.
  5. Give publicity to family planning programmes.
• Development Activities:
  1. Construct roads, public buildings and wells and maintain them.
  2. Encourage cottage industries and maintain small irrigation projects.
  3. Make sure that the schemes like IRDP, ICDST are implemented properly.

The main sources of income for the Panchayats are property tax, professional tax, motor vehicle tax, land
cess and revenue. District panchayats used to give some concessions on these. The expenditure account should be exhibited publicly in the panchayat office. Because of this the people at the ground level can also have access to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. In some States there are Nyaya Panchayats, which handle small civil and criminal cases. They can also impose fines. Issues related giving and taking are dealt with here.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 x 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Match the following.

A	B
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Stree-Purush Tulana
Tarabai Shinde	Harijan
Jyotiba Phule	Brahmo Samaj
Kaka Kalelkar	Satyasodak Samaj
Gandhiji	Muslim Social Reformer
Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan	Backward Class Commission

Answer:

A	B
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Brahmo Samaj
Tarabai Shinde	Stree-Purush Tulana
Jyotiba Phule	Satyasodak Samaj
Kaka Kalelkar	Backward Class Commission
Gandhiji	Harijan
Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan	Muslim Social Reformer

Question 31.
Describe any 2 Social reforms Movements.
Answer:
1. The Chipko Movement:
This is an environmental movement that began in the hilly regions of the Himalayan valley. It was the result of a mingling of ideology and interests. In his book “The Unquiet Woods”, Ramachandra Guha says the villagers came together protect the oak trees near their village.

Thousands of people came forward to protect the oak trees and the rhododendron forest. Government contractor came with arms to fell the trees. But the women and children held their hands and embraced the trees, not allowing the workers to cut them. The village women used to collect their firewood and hay from the forest.

1. The government had expected a huge amount . of profit by selling the trees to contractors.
2. Here the clash was between the economic system of survival and the economic system of profit.
3. The interest of the capitalists is behind the to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. moves of the government.
4. For the villagers the forest is their wealth.
5. The forest is their means of livelihood.
6. It is the forest that gives them firewood, hay and some other necessities of life.
7. The economic system for existence was becoming valueless in front of the economic system of profit.

The Chipko Movement highlighted the problem ecological balance. Deforestation is an ecological problem. Because of deforestation, there are floods and landslides. The Chipko Movement began to seriously discuss the economic system, environmental knowledge, and political representation. The officers who live in the plains to not know anything about the importance of forests. They were often different from the villagers and sometimes even their enemies.

2. Brahmo Samaj:
The founder of Brahmo Samaj, Rajaram Mohan Roy, had already started his activities against the system of Sati. Borrowing western logical thoughts, he wanted to make changes in the Indian traditions and Hindu beliefs. Even widows of the higher caste Hindus had to immolate themselves in the funeral pyre of their husbands. It was this cruel system known as Sati. In 1860, in the curriculum of Bombay University there was the book “Analogy of Religion” by Bishop Joseph Butler. Influenced by this book, Mahadeva Govinda Ranade also became a leader of social reforms in India.

Question 32.
Describe the roll of Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the first Prime Minister of independent India exhorted the media to be the watchdog of the society. Media was expected to propagate the principle of self-reliance and national development among the people. In the early stages of her independence, India gave greater importance to development. Media was seen as a means of letting people know of the various development plans and activities of the government.

Media encouraged people to fight against evil practices like untouchability, child marriage and bans on widows, and against superstitions like black magic, faith treatment and so on. The nation’s main aim was the make the people think logically and scientifically and build the nation into a prosperous one. The government wanted to use the media for this. Films Division of India made newsreels and documentaries which were shown in all cinema theatres before the start of the film. Thus the media helped in letting the people know of the development plans and activities of the government.

Question 33.
(a) Explain the Theory of Demographic Transition.
(b) Compare Theory of Demographic Transition with Malthusian Theory of Population.
(c) Find the position of Indian Society in the Demographic transition stage.
Answer:
a) Theory of Demographic Transition: This theory suggests that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:

Stage I : In this stage, in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward death rate and birth rate is less. The difference between them is also less.

In the first and third stage, the population growth is slow. But in stage two there is high growth of population. The reasons for that can e explained thus. Because of better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement, death rate is considerably reduced. In societies which were experiencing severe poverty and high death rate, in the times of prosperity when their longevity increased, they needed time to change their reproduction style.

At the end of the 19th century and he beginning of the 20th, we sawthis phenomenon in Western Europe. Such thing also happened in less developed countries. To bring a balance between reduced death rate and birth rate they struggled. This happened in India also. Death was reduced and birth rate could not be brought to that level.

The steady increase in agricultural crops showed that the Malthusian theory was wrong. There were many reasons for this growth.

1. Use of seeds with high productivity
2. Beneficial use of manure and insecticides.
3. Better harvesting machines.

b) Thomas Robert Malthus put forward the theory that the population growth depends on human needs like food, shelter and clothes. So people are destined to live in poverty. The population increase takes place overcoming agricultural products. Population grows in geometric progression 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 …….. But the agricultural grow in arithmetic progression 2,4, 6,8,10, …….

Therefore he only way to prosperity is population control. Only by adopting things like postpone marriages, maintaining celibacy, etc. population can be controlled. But nature uses controls like famine and contagious diseases, etc. to reduce population. The theory of Malthus was later known as Malthusian theory of population, But the economic expert that came later proved that through economic prosperity population growth can be controlled. Theory of Demographic Transition is better for . India. Based onttietechnological progress, birth and death rates, and population growth, this is better for India.

c) According to the Theory of Demographic Transition, India is in the second stage.

Question 34.
(a) Define Globalisation.
(b) Explain different dimensions of Globalisation.
Answer:
a) Globalization means mutual interdependence of people, regions and countries indifferent ways. Social and economic relations have become global. Economic powers are a big factor in globalization. Rapid and intensive growth in technology is also an important factor here. Globalization includes economic, social, technological and cultural changes.

b) 1. Economic dimensions Globalization
2. Globalization and culture

1. Economic dimensions Globalization:
Globalization had made social and cultural relations global. This helped in the development of some economic plans. In 1991 the Indian Government decided to restructure the economy. This change is known as liberalization.

1. Through this, some strict controls in trade and commerce were removed.
2. Because of certain decisions India made after 1991, the doors of Indian economic were opened to world economic system.
3. The new policy was directly opposed to the policy of strict control in the economic sector by the earlier governments.
4. Many laws had been passed with the intention of protecting trade; industry and the economic system.\

Liberalization of the economic system means removing the controls imposed on foreign countries in doing trade and financial dealings with India. These actions of the government were called economic reforms. From July 1991, there have been a series of reforms in the sectors of trade, foreign investment, technological development, financial institutions and public sector. The calculation was that by liking the Indian market with the foreign markets, India will be benefited.

Liberalization also means taking loans from the international financial institutions like the IMF. Such loans are given subject to certain conditions.

1. To get these loans the government is forced to implement some economic policies.
2. For that, the government has to reduce its expenditure in social sectors like health and education.
3. In all these matters WTO and IMF put forward strict conditions.

From July 1991, in our agricultural and industrial sectors, trade and technology there has been foreign investment. Many economic reform^ were made. Our relation with the global economic system was expected to be beneficial for us. By assuring that we will implement economic reforms we have taken a lot of loan from IMF. As a result, the government expenditure in health, education “and social security had to be seriously reduced.

2. Globalization and culture:
We have been maintaining an open door policy to different cultural influences. That made our culture rich. There is a fear now whether the recent cultural changes will ruin our regional cultural identity, we never thought of remaining like the frog in the well. If one spends the entire life in a well, he will never know what is happening outside the well. Then with a narrow mind he will start looking at everything else with suspicion. Such people do not exchange news and views with others.

Against the narrow vision ours was a traditionally broad vision. We could talk openly on subjects like wealth, politics, religions, language and arts. The hot debates that were started in the 19th century by social reformers and nationalists are still continuing in our present generation.

Question 35.
(a) Name the Sociologist who coined the term Sanskritisation.
(b) Critically Evaluate Sanskritisation as a process of cultural change.
Answer:
a) M.N. Srinivas.
b) Sanskritization: It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. When the lower castes imitate the rituals, conventions, beliefs, ideas and life style of the upper cases, there is Sanskritization. In those areas where the castes are not Sanskritised, the influence of the majority castes was very high. This can be called Desanskritization. In the process of Sanskritization,, there are regional differences. For example, in Punjab, culturally the influence of Sanskrit was not strong. Until the end of the 19lh century Persian influence was very strong.

In India following the rituals and conventions of the upper castes is not an easy thing for the lower castes. If the lower castes showed the courage to follow the rituals and conventions of the higher castes, they would be punished. Sanskritization approves the rituals and conventions of the upper castes. An example for this can be found in adopting the ‘dowry system’ instead of paying bride price.

The tasks the Dalits did were considered undignified. This was different from the ideas adopted during the industrialization period. The discrimination based on the work one did was intolerable. As a result of the land reforms, the middle castes became rich as they got the right of the land they were using. They became rich very fast. Because their number was large, they also got political authority. Thus the middle castes could a big role in the politics of the country.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

Answer any 9 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
According to Malthusian Theory of Population growth, population rises in ____.
(a) Arithmetic progression
(b) Geometric progression
(c) Homogenous progression
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Geometric progression

Question 2.
The family in which mother has the authority and dominance is known as _______.
(a) Patrilineal
(b) Patriarchal
(c) Matriarchal
(d) Matrilocal
Answer:
(c) Matriarchal

Question 3.
Name the Anthropologist who pointed out the social importance of market.
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Adam Smith
(c) M.N. Srinivas
(d) Alfred Cell
Answer:
(d) Alfred Cell

Question 4.
____ refers to the way in which individuals may become cut off from the full involvement in the wider society.
(a) Untouchability
(b) Exploitation
(c) Social exclusion
(d) Social stratification
Answer:
(c) Social exclusion

Question 5.
Which Articles of Indian Constitution protect the rights of minorities?
(a) Article 29 & 30
(b) Article 30 & 31
(c) Article 27 & 28
(d) Article 25 & 26
Answer:
(a) Article 29 & 30

Question 6.
The concept ‘Westernisation’ was introduced by
(a) M.N. Srinvas
(b) D.P. Mukherji
(c) A.R. Desai
(d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer:
(a) M.N. Srinvas

Question 7.
Which among the following is a Basic value of Indian democracy?
(a) Law
(b) Custom
(c) Social Justice
(d) Tradition
Answer:
(c) Social Justice

Question 8.
Identify the item which is not a feature of dominant caste.
(a) Numerical strength
(b) Economic power
(c) Religious power
(d) Political influence
Answer:
(c) Religious power

Question 9.
The mixing of the global culture with local culture is known as ______.
(a) Glocalisation
(b) Digital divide
(c) Homogenous culture
(d) Corporate culture
Answer:
(a) Glocalisation

Question 10.
Who started the newspaper Sambad – Kaumudi?
(a) Sree Narayana Guru
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy
(c) E.V. Ramaswami Naickar
Answer:
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy

Answer all questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
Define Social map and give one example.
Answer:
A social map is a visual representation of social connections and networks that helps locate individuals and groups in relation to one another. Eg:- social group related language, race, caste etc.

Question 12.
Name any two port cities that emerged during the colonial period in India.
Answer:
(i) Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) – It was a major port city and economic hub for the British East India Company, serving as a gateway for trade with Europe and other parts of the world.

(ii) Chennai (formerly known as Madras) – It was an important port city for the British East India Company and played a key role in trade with Europe and other parts of the world.

(iii) Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) – It was a significant port city for the British East India Company and served as the capital of British India until 1911.

Question 13.
What is meant by Outsourcing?
Answer:
Outsourcing is a business practice where companies contract external service providers to handle specific tasks or services that would typically be carried out by their permanent workers. Companies may choose to outsource to reduce costs, increase efficiency, or access specialized expertise.

Question 14.
What is Social movement?
Answer:
Asocial movement is a long and continuous social effort and action by people who share common goals or interests. It is an organized effort based on ideologies, leadership, and collective action aimed at bringing about social change. Social movements can take many form’s, such as protests, demonstrations, boycotts, and advocacy campaigns.

Question 15.
Write any two dimensions of untouchability.
Answer:
Untouchability is a social practice with several dimensions, including exclusion, humiliation, subordination, and exploitation. Exclusion- refers to the social isolation of individuals or groups deemed “untouchable” by the dominant caste system.

Humiliation- involves the degradation and dehumanization of these individuals, often through physical and verbal abuse. Subordination involves the systematic denial of rights and opportunities, leading to a lack of agency and social mobility. Exploitation- refers to the economic and labor exploitation of “untouchable” individuals, who are often forced into menial and low-paying jobs.

Answer any 3 questions from 16 to 19. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 16.
What is the difference between Common sense knowledge and Sociological imagination?
Answer:
Common sense knowledge refers to the everyday understanding and beliefs that people have about the world based on their personal experiences and observations. It is often rooted in naturalistic or individualistic explanations and is partial, may be biased and is not scientifically based. It s based on individual experiences and observations.

Sociological imagination is a concept introduced by sociologist C. Wright Mills, which refers to the ability to connect individual experiences with larger social structures and processes. It involves seeing the links between personal troubles and social issues, and recognizing that personal problems are often connected to larger societal problems. It involves an understanding of broader social structures and patterns that may not be immediately visible to individuals.

Question 17.
Differentiate between commoditisation and consumption.
Answer:
Commoditization refers to the process by which things that were earlier not traded in the market become commodities. It is a feature of capitalist society, where goods and services are produced for the purpose of exchange value and profit. Eg:- bottled water, labor or skills, sale of kidney etc

Consumption on the other hand, refers to the final use of goods and services by consumers. It is the act of acquiring, using, and disposing of goods and services by individuals or groups. Consumption can be influenced by cultural, social, and economic factors. Eg:- consumption of luxury goods like designer clothing or high-end cars can be seen as a way to convert socio-economic status into status symbols.

Question 18.
Explain the following:
(a) Industrialisation
(b) Deindustrialisation
Answer:
(a) Industrialization is a process that involved the emergence of machine production, where traditional handcrafting and manual labor were replaced by machines that used inanimate power resources like steam or electricity. It led to the development of factory-based mass production, where goods were produced in large quantities by specialized workers using machinery. This led to increased efficiency, higher productivity, and lower production costs, which allowed for the production of goods on a larger scale and at a lower cost.

(b) Deindustrialization refers to the decline of traditional Indian handicraft industries like cotton and silk manufacturers during the early British rule. As a result of deindustrialization, there was a decline , of old urban centers that were traditionally associated with manufacturing, as workers and industries moved to other areas. Deindustrialization had significant social and economic impacts in India, as it led to the loss of jobs and livelihoods for many people, particularly those in the’ manufacturing sector.

Question 19.
List out the features of organised sector.
Answer:
The organized sector refers to those sectors of the economy where employment relationships are governed by labor laws, and workers enjoy a higher degree of protection and benefits compared to those in the informal sector. Some of the key features of the organized sector include:

1. Ten or more people/workers employed throughout the year.
2. The organization must be registered with the government to ensure wages for employees are in compliance with labor laws.
3. Employees receive benefits such as pensions, insurance, and other social. security benefits.
4. Employment security is provided, and workers have formal contracts.
5. The organization is organized and often has trade unions to represent workers’ interests in negotiating wages and working conditions.

These features differentiate the organized sector from the informal sector, where workers often do not enjoy these benefits and may have more precarious working arrangements. The organized sector is an important part of the economy, providing stable employment opportunities and contributing to economic growth and development.

Answer any 3 questions from 20 to 23. Each carries 5 scores.(3 × 5 = 15)

Question 20.
Analyse the reasons for the declining sex ratio in Indian society.
Answer:
The declining sex ratio in Indian society is a matter of concern as it reflects the declining number of females in comparison to males. Some of the reasons for this decline are:

Health factors : Girls in India face health challenges due to poor nutrition, lack of access to healthcare, and a higher susceptibility to diseases. These factors can lead to higher mortality rates among girls, which can contribute to a decline in the sex ratio.

Maternal mortality : Maternal mortality is a significant problem in India, with many women dying due to complications during childbirth. This can have an impact oh the sex ratio as women who die during childbirth may have been carrying female foetuses.

Lack of education and awareness : Education and awareness play a crucial role in empowering women and ensuring their wellbeing. In India, many girls do not have access to education, which’ can lead to a lack of awareness about their rights and health issues.

Differential treatment of girls : In many parts of India, girls are treated differently from boys and may face discrimination and neglect. This can lead to a lower value being placed on the lives of girs and contribute to the declining sex ratio.

Female infanticide : In some parts of India, female.infanticide still occurs, where female babies are killed soon after birth. This is often due to cultural beliefs that favour male children overfemale children. .

Sex-specific abortions : With the advent of medical technology, sex-specific abortions have become more prevalent in India. Some families may choose to abort female foetuses, leading to a decline in the sex ratio. Overall, the declining sex ratio in Indian society is a complex issue that is influenced by various social, cultural, and economic factors. Addressing these factors will require a multi-faceted approach that involves education, awareness-raising, and policies

Question 21.
Explain the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
Panchayats are local self-government bodies in India, which are entrusted with a range of powers and responsibilities. Here are some of the key responsibilities and powers of panchayats:

1. Prepare plans and schemes for economic development: One of the primary functions of panchayats is to prepare plans and schemes for the economic development of their respective areas. This includes identifying and promoting industries, encoura’ging entrepreneurship, and providing employment opportunities.

2. Promote schemes for enhancing social justice: Panchayats also have a responsibility to promote schemes and programs that aim to enhance social justice, including measures for the welfare of disadvantaged groups, such as women, Dalits, and other marginalized communities.

3. Collect levy, taxes, tolls, fees etc.: Panchayats have the power to collect various types of taxes, tolls, fees, and levies from the residents of their respective areas. This includes property taxes, entertainment taxes, and other taxes related to the services provided by the panchayat.

4. Devolution of government responsibilities: Panchayats are an important means of decentralizing government responsibilities and bringing governance closer to the people. They are empowered to undertake various functions and activities that were previously the responsibility of higher levels of government.

5. Maintenance of burial grounds: One of the key responsibilities of panchayats is to ensure the proper maintenance of burial grounds and cremation grounds in their respective areas. This includes providing facilities for cremation, burial, and other funeral rites.

6. Recording statistics of birth and death: Panchayats are also responsible for maintaining records of births and deaths in their respective areas. This information is used for a variety of purposes, including
planning and development activities.

7. Child welfare and maternity center establishment: Panchayats have a responsibility to promote the welfare of children and mothers in their respective areas. This includes the establishment of child welfare and maternity centers, which provide essential services such as immunization, health check-ups, and nutritional support.

8. Promotion of agricultural activities: Panchayats are alsfo responsible for promoting agricultural activities in their respective areas. This includes providing farmers with access to credit, promoting crop diversification, and providing technical assistance and support for agricultural practices. Overall, panchayats play a crucial role in promoting local development, promoting social justice, and ensuring effective governance at the grassroots level.

Question 22.
Why globalisation is a threat to the indigenous craft, literary traditions and knowledge systems?
Answer:
Globalization, which refers to the increased interconnectedness of the world’s economies, cultures, and societies, has had both positive and negative impacts on various aspects of human life. One of the negative impacts of globalization is the threat it poses to indigenous craft, literary traditions, and knowledge systems. In this regard, there are several reasons why globalization is seen as a threat to these aspects of traditional cultures.

Firstly, the decline of cotton industries and mills has had a significant impact on the livelihoods of weavers and other workers involved in textile production. Due to the increased competition from power looms and changing consumer tastes, many traditional weavers and artisans have been forced to abandon their craft and seek alternative means of income. This has led to a decline in the traditional skills and knowledge required for textile production, which may be lost forever if not adequately preserved.

Secondly, many traditional artisans and workers do not have access to the necessary technology to keep up with the demands of a globalized market. They lack the resources to invest in modern equipment,’which makes their production slower and less efficient than that of their global counterparts. As a result, they struggle to compete with more modernized industries and markets.

Thirdly, multinational companies taking patents on the use of traditional medicinal and agricultural products, such as tulsi, turmeric, and basmati rice, threatens the survival of indigenous knowledge systems. These companies often exploit the traditional knowledge of local communities, and extract profit from it without adequately compensating the communities that have generated this knowledge. This undermines the sustainability of traditional practices and erodes the cultural heritage of local communities.

Finally, the lack of protection for traditional knowledge systems means that indigenous communities are at risk of losing their unique cultural heritage. Traditional knowledge in medicine, agriculture, and other fields is often passed down from generation to generation through oral traditions, but the globalization * of these industries means that these traditions are often ignored in favor of more “modern” approaches. This has led to a loss of cultural diversity, which is an essential aspect of human heritage.

In conclusion, the threat posed by globalization to indigenous craft, literary traditions, and knowledge systems is a significant concern that needs to be addressed. We should strive to protect and preserve traditional knowledge and practices, to ensure that they continue to play a vital role in our world. This can be achieved through the recognition and protection of traditional knowledge, investing in traditional industries, and promoting cultural exchange and collaboration.

Question 23.
Match the following:

A	B
Jharkhand Movement	Adidharma Movement
Dalit Movement	Mc Carthy & Zald
Chipko Movement	SNDP Movement
Resource Mobilisation	Theory Unquiet Woods
Redemptive Social Movement	Birsa Munda

Answer:

A	B
Jharkhand Movement	Birsa Munda
Dalit Movement	Adidharma Movement
Chipko Movement	Unquiet woods
Resource Mobilisation	McCarthy 8 Zaid
Redemptive Social Movement	SNDP movement

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 27. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 24.
(a) Write any two features of Marketisation.
(b) Analyse the impact of liberalisation and marketisation in Indian economy.
Answer:
a) Marketisation is a process that involves the use of market or market-based mechanisms to address social, political, or economic problems. It has been adopted by many.governments around the world as a way of achieving greater efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and responsiveness in the delivery of public goods and services.

Marketisation involves the deregulation of industries and sectors that were previously regulated by the government. This means that businesses are given greater freedom to operate in the market, with fewer restrictions and regulations. Deregulation is seen as a way of promoting competition, reducing barriers to entry, and increasing consumer choice. Secondly, marketisation involves the privatization of public goods and services, such as healthcare, education, and transportation. Privatization is seen as a way of improving efficiency, reducing costs, and increasing innovation. However, it can also lead to inequality, as those who cannot afford to pay for private services are left with inferior public services.

Thirdly, marketisation involves the removal of government control over wages and prices. This means that wages and prices are determined by market forces, such as supply and demand. The idea is that this will lead to greater efficiency and productivity in the market. However, this can also lead to inequality, as those with bargaining power (such as employers) may be able to set wages and prices that are unfair to workers and consumers.

While these policies can lead to greater efficiency and innovation, they can also lead to market failures and inequality. As such, it is important for governments to carefully consider the impact of marketisation on society and to take steps to mitigate any negative effects.

(b)The liberalization and marketization policies had a significant impact on the country’s economy. Here are some of the positive and negative effects of these policies:

Positive Impacts:
1. Stimulated Economic Growth: Liberalization and marketization opened up India’s economy to the world, leading to an increase in foreign investment and trade. This influx of capital helped to stimulate economic growth, leading to an increase in GDP and per capita income.

2. Opening of Indian Markets to Foreign Companies: Liberalization and marketization allowed foreign companies to invest in India and operate freely, which led to an increase in competition and efficiency in the market. This led to a wider choice of products for consumers and better quality goods at lower prices.

3. Foreign Investment: Liberalization and marketization policies created an environment conducive to foreign investment. The increased foreign investment helped to modernize India’s infrastructure and technology, boosting economic growth and creating jobs.

Negative Impacts:
1. Indian Farmers Facing Competition: The liberalization and marketization policies exposed Indian farmers to global competition. The competition resulted in a reduction in the support price and subsidies to agriculture, making it difficult for Indian farmers to compete with foreign farmers. This led to a decline in the income of farmers and a rise in rural indebtedness.

2. Reduction of Support Price and Subsidies to Agriculture: The reduction of support price and subsidies to agriculture led to a decrease in government support for farmers. This has made it difficult for farmers to invest in modern equipment and technology, leading to a decline in agricultural productivity.

3. Loss of Employment: Liberalization and marketization led to the closure of many state-owned enterprises, resulting in job losses. Moreover, the increase in foreign investment has led to a shift in production from labor-intensive to capital-intensive industries, leading tb a decrease in employment opportunities.

4. Growth of Unorganised Sector: Liberalization and marketization have led to the growth of the unorganised sector. This sector comprises small and informal enterprises, which are not regulated by the government. These enterprises provide low wages and poor working conditions to workers, leading to a rise in income inequality.

Question 25.
Critically evaluate the struggles for women’s equality and rights in India.
Answer:
The struggle for women’s equality and rights in India has been a long and arduous one. Historically, the inequality faced by women in India has been based on social, rather than biological factors. Women have been subjected to discrimination and marginalization in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and political representation.

Political Power and Positions:
Only a small percentage of women are found in political power and positions in India. Despite constitutional guarantees of equal political rights, women face several obstacles to their participation in politics, including patriarchal attitudes, lack of education, and social norms that restrict their mobility.

Role of Reformers:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was against the practice of Sati, and worked to bring about a change in that practice.
MG Ranade co-founded the ‘Widow Marriage Association’ which promoted marriage for Hindu widows and acted as native compradors for the colonial government’s project of passing a law permitting such marriages.
Jyotiba Phule worked for the eradication of untouchability and the caste system and also for educating women and oppressed caste people.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an Indian musli reformer who worked for reforms in Islam. Tarabai Shinde wrote the ‘Stree Purusha Tualana’, a critique of caste and patriarchy, and is often considered he first modern Indian feminist text. Begum Rokeya Shekhawat Hossain wrote the ‘Sultana’s Dream’, a feminist science fiction novella set in Ladyland ruled by women. Rokeya wrote reversing the roles of men and women in which women were the
dominant sex and the men were subordinate and confined to the mandana (the male equivalent of the zenana).

Role of Nationalist Movement:
During the nationalist movement, women’s participation was limited to non-violent protests, organizing public meetings and leading marches. Despite their contribution, women were often relegated to the background, and their efforts were not recognized.

Actions Against Social Evils:
Efforts to address social evils like sati, dowry, and child marriage gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Organized campaigns by reformers, social organizations, and nationalist leaders contributed to the passing of laws that abolished these practices.

Organized Efforts in Modern Era:
In the modern era, there has been a concerted effort to address geftder inequality in India. There have been several initiatives, both by the government and civil society, to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. These include campaigns for girls’ education, reservation for women in local bodies, and economic empowerment through schemes like the Self Help Group.

In conclusion, the struggle for women’s equality and rights in India has been a long and complex one, with significant challenges remaining. While there have been important achievements, such as the abolition of social evils like sati and dowry, women continue to face significant challenges, including limited political representation, discrimination, and violence. It is essential to continue the work of earlier reformers and social organizations and to adopt a.multi-pronged approach that includes legal reform, education, economic empowerment, and social transformation, to address these challenges and create a more equal and just society.

Question 26.
(a) What is Sansrkitisation?
(b) Explain the main criticisms levelled against Sanskritisation.
Answer:
(a) Sanskritisation is a sociological process that refers to the adoption of upper-caste ‘ Hindu customs, practices, and rituals by lower-caste or non-Hindu communities in India. The term was first coined by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas in the 1950s. The process of Sanskritisation typically involves the adoption of certain upper- caste Hindu practices such as vegetarianism, caste purity, and religious rituals. It often results in changes to one’s social status and can lead to the upward mobility of certain groups.

(b) Sanskritisation has been a subject of criticism since its inception. One of the main criticisms levelled against it is the exaggeration of social mobility. Sanskritisation is often touted as a means of upward mobility for lower-caste communities. However, this claim has been challenged on several fronts. Critics argue that the adoption of. upper-caste practices does not necessarily lead to social mobility, but rather reinforces existing caste hierarchies. They argue that the promotion of Sanskritisation as a means of social mobility is an exaggeration of its effects.

Another major criticism of Sanskritisation is the acceptance of upper-caste as superior and lower-caste as inferior. By adopting upper-caste practices, lower caste communities may internalize the belief thatupper-caste practices are superior to their own. This can lead to the perpetuation of caste-based discrimination and exclusion. Sanskritisation has also been criticized for justifying model inequality and exclusion. By promoting the adoption of upper-caste practices, it reinforces the idea that certain castes are superior and others inferior. This can lead to the exclusion of lower-caste communities from social, economic, and political opportunities.

The adoption of upper-caste rites and rituals is another point of criticism for Sanskritisation. Critics argue that these practices are inherently discriminatory and reinforce caste-based hierarchies. For example, upper-caste practices often involve the exclusion of lower-caste individuals from certain religious rituals and ceremonies.

Dowry is another issue associated with Sanskritisation. Dowry is a practice that is often associated with upper-caste  communities in India. The adoption of this practice by lower-caste communities as part of the Sanskritisation process can lead to the perpetuation of dowry-related violence and exploitation.

Caste discrimination is another criticism of Sanskritisation. fBy promoting the adoption of upper-caste practices, it can reinforce caste-based discrimination and exclusion. This can have a negative impact on the social, economic, and political , opportunities available to lower-caste communities.

Finally, Sanskritisation has been criticized for the erosion of Dalit cultural identity. Dalit communities have their own distinct cultural practices and traditions, which are Often suppressed or disregarded in the Sanskritisation process. This can lead to the erasure of Dalit cultural identity and the loss of cultural diversity in India.

In conclusion, Sanskritisation has been subject to several criticisms, including the exaggeration of social mobility, the acceptance of upper-caste as superior and lower-caste as inferior, the justification of model inequality and exclusion, the adoption of upper-caste rites and rituals, dowry, caste discrimination, and the erosion of Dalit cultural identity. While Sanskritisation may have some positive effects, it is important to acknowledge and address these criticisms in order to promote a more equitable and just society.

Question 27.
Explain the impact of globalisation on Indian print media.
Answer:
Globalisation has had a significant impact on the Indian print media industry, particularly in terms of its growth and reach. Here are some of the ways in which globalisation has affected Indian print media:

1. Growth of Indian language newspapers: The increase in the number of literate people who migrated to cities due to globalisation led to a rise in the demand for newspapers in Indian languages. This resulted in the growth of Indian language newspapers, which catered to the needs of local readers.
2. Need for local news: With the rise of globalisation, there was an increasing need for local news coverage. Indian newspapers started to focus more on local news, which was of greater relevance to readers than national or international news.
3. Use of advanced printing technologies: With the introduction of advanced printing technologies, Indian newspapers were able to produce high-quality newspapers at a faster rate and a lower cost. This led to an increase in the number of newspapers, particularly in regional and local editions.
4. Increase in circulation of regional and local editions of papers: As a result of the use of advanced printing technologies, regional and local editions of newspapers became more viable, leading to an increase in their circulation.
5. Satisfying the taste of different sections of people: With the growth of the Indian economy, the tastes and preferences of different sections of people started to evolve. Indian newspapers started to cater to the needs of’ different sections of society, such as the aged and youth, by publishing content that was relevant to them.
6. Use of survey and research to increase circulation: Indian newspapers started to use survey and research techniques to increase circulation. They conducted surveys to understand the preferences of their readers and tailored their content accordingly. This helped to increase the popularity and readership of newspapers.

In conclusion, globalisation has had a significant impact on the Indian print media . industry. It has led to the growth of Indian language newspapers, an increase in local news coverage, the use of advanced printing technologies, an increase in the circulation of regional and local editions of newspapers, the catering to the needs of different sectiQns of society, and the use of survey and research to increase circulation. These changes have helped to make Indian print media more diverse, relevant, and accessible to a wider audience.

Answer any 2 questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scores.

Question 28.
(a) What is Tribal communities?
(b) Classify and explain the tribal communities on the basis of permanent and acquired traits.
Answer:
(a) Tribal communities are often referred to as indigenous peoples or aborigines, indicating their long-standing presence in a particular region. They are known for their unique customs, languages, and beliefs, which are often transmitted orally from one generation to the next. Unlike many mainstream religions, tribal communities typically do not have written texts that serve as the basis for their religious practices. ,
Tribal communities often do not have state or political forms that resemble those of mainstream societies. They typically have simpler forms of governance, which are often based on the principles of consensus and decision-making through community discussion. This is different from the more formal structures of government found in most modern societies.

Tribal communities also often do not have sharp class divisions, as their social and economic systems are typically ba6ed on reciprocity, sharing, and mutual support. They often have a simple way of life, which is closely tied to their environment and natural resources. This can include subsistence farming, hunting, fishing, and gathering.

(b) It is important to note that tribal communities are diverse and complex, and their permanent traits may vary widely depending on the specific community in question. However, some common traits that are often associated with tribal communities include their religion, language; physical characteristics, and ecological habitat.

Religion:
Many tribal communities have unique religious beliefs and practices that are distinct from mainstream religions. They often worship nature and the spirits that are believed to inhabit the natural world. Many tribal religions are animistic, meaning they believe that all things, including animals, plants, and rocks, have a spiritual essence.

Language:
Tribal communities often have their own distinct languages, which are different from the languages spoken by the dominant culture in their region. These languages are often tied to the community’s cultural identity and heritage, and are passed down orally from generation to generation* In many cases, tribal languages are endangered due to the influence of mainstream languages and the loss of younger generations’ interest in learning their ancestral tanguages.

Physical characteristics:
Tribal communities may have physical characteristics that are distinct from the dominant culture in their region. For example, some tribal communities in India, such as the Adivasis, are known for their darker skin and distinct facial features. However, it is important to note that physical characteristics are not a reliable indicator of a person’s tribal identity, as they can vary widely even within the same community.

Ecological habitat:
Tribal communities often have a strong connection to their ecological habitat, which is tied to their traditional ways of life. Many tribal communities have lived in the same region for generations and have developed intricate knowledge of their local ecosystems, which they use to sustain their livelihoods. The loss of their traditional habitats due to, factors such as deforestation, mining, and dam building can have devastating impacts on tribal communities. Tribal communities have acquired certain traits over time that are influenced by their interactions with the mainstream society, such as their modes of living and their extent of incorporation into the Hindu society.

Modes of living:
Tribal fcommunities have traditionally lived in close proximity to nature and have developed unique ways of sustaining themselves through hunting, gathering, fishing, and agriculture. However, with the advent of modernization and industrialization, many tribal communities have been forced to’adapt to new modes of living, such as wage labor, urban migration, and small-scale entre – preneurship. The impact of modernization on tribal communities has been both positive and negative, with some communities benefiting from increased access to education and healthcare, while others experiencing displacement, loss of land and resources, and cultural erosion.

Incorporation into the Hindu society:
The extent to which tribal communities have been incorporated into the Hindu society varies widely. Some tribes, such as the Bhils and Gonds, have been integrated into the Hindu fold through the process of Sanskritization, whereby they adopt Hindu practices and beliefs while retaining some of their own customs and traditions. Other tribes, such as the Jarawas of,the Andaman Islands,.have remained relatively isolated from mainstream society and have resisted assimilation into Hindu culture. In some cases, the Hinduization of tribal communities has led to the loss of their distinct cultural identity, while in others it has resulted in a unique syncretism of Hindu and tribal traditions.

In conclusion, the modes of living and extent of incorporation into the Hindu society are acquired traits of tribal communities that have been shaped by their interactions with mainstream society over time. The impact of these traits oh tribal communities is complex and varied, with some communities experiencing positive outcomes while others are facing challenges such as loss of land, resources, and cultural erosion.

Question 29.
(a) Define Green revolution.
(b) Evaluate the Social consequences of Green revolution in Indian society.
Answer:
(a) The Green Revolution refers to a period of increased agricultural productivity in the mid-20th century, primarily in developing countries. It involved the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation,and improved farming practices.

The term “Green Revolution” was coined by William Gaud in 1968 to describe the significant increase in crop production that occurred in India and other parts of the world during this time. The Green Revolution is often credited with increasing food production and alleviating hunger and poverty in many developing countries, although it has also been criticized for its negative environmental and social impacts.

(b) The Green Revolution in India was a period of agricultural transformation that began in the 1960s and was aimed at increasing agricultural productivity through the use of modern agricultural techniques, including the use of high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation. The Green Revolution had significant social consequences in Indian society.

One of the positive outcomes of the Green Revolution was the increase in agricultural productivity. The use of high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation helped to increase crop yields and improve food security. As a result, India became  selfsufficient in food grains, which was a significant achievement for the country.

However, the benefits of the Green Revolution were not evenly distributed across Indian society. The Green Revolution mainly benefited medium and large agricultural farmers who had the resources to invest in modern agricultural techniques. Small farmers, who could not afford to invest in these techniques, were left behind and continued to struggle with low yields and poverty.

The Green Revolution also led to an increase in,rural inequalities. As medium and large farmers became more productive, they were able to generate more income and accumulate more wealth, while small farmers were left behind. This led to an increase in inequality within rural communities. The Green Revolution also had negative consequences for service castes, who were displaced from their traditional occupations. The new agricultural techniques required fewer laborers, and as a result, many service castes lost their jobs and were forced to migrate to urban areas in search of work.

The Green Revolution also worsened regional inequalities. The benefits of the Green Revolution were concentrated in certain regions of the country, while other regions were left behind. This led to a widening gap between the prosperous regions and the less developed regions. In conclusion, the Green Revolution had both positive and negative social consequences in Indian society. While it led to an increase in agricultural productivity and self-sufficiency in food grains, it also led to an increase in rural inequalities, the displacement of service castes, and worsening of regional inequalities. It is important to recognize these consequences when evaluating the impact of the Green Revolution and to work towards addressing the inequalities that it created.

Question 30.
(a) Define and explain the features of Civil society.
Answer:
(a) Civil society refers to a community of individuals and organizations formed around shared values and interests, and it operates independently of the government or the market. Civil society organizations (CSOs) include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), advocacy groups, professional associations, and faith-based organizations, among others.

The key features of civil society are:
1. Voluntary Associations and Organizations : Civil society is composed of voluntary associations and organizations that are formed by individuals to pursue common interests and goals. These organizations are usually based on cultural, social, or other non-commercial and non-state collective pursuits.

2. Independent from the State: Civil society organizations are independent of the government and not controlled by the state. They operate autonomously and have the freedom to pursue their goals without state interference.

3. Non-profit Motive: Civil society organizations are driven by a sense of public service, rather than by profit motives. They work for the public good and do not seek to make a profit from their activities.

4. Pluralistic: Civil society is pluralistic, diverse, and inclusive. It encompasses a range of organizations and individuals with different values, interests, and ideologies.

5. Participatory: Civil society is participatory and democratic. It encourages active engagement, debate, and dialogue among its members, and promotes civic engagement and participation in decision making processes.

6. Public Accountability: Civil society organizations are accountable to the public and to their members. They operate transparently, with clear rules and procedures, and are subject to public scrutiny and accountability.

(b) The Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005 is a landmark legislation that empowers citizens to access information held by public authorities in India. The RTI Act is a powerful tool that helps citizens to hold
the government accountable, promotes transparency and accountability in governance, and strengthens democracy.

Here are some of the key importance of the Right to Information Act (RTI) 2005:
1. Promotes Transparency and Accountability: The RTI Act promotes transparency and accountability in governance by providing citizens with the right to access information held by public authorities. This helps to reduce corruption, increase accountability, and improve the quality of governance.

2. Empowers Citizens: The RTI Act empowers citizens by giving them the right to seek information from public authorities. This helps to ensure that citizens are informed and engaged in the democratic process, and can hold the government accountable for its actions.

3. Enhances Public Participation: The RTI Act encourages public participation in decision-making processes by providing citizens with the right to access-information and participate in public consultations. This helps to ensure that government policies are informed by the needs and priorities of citizens.

4. Reduces Corruption: The RTI Act helps to reduce corruption by increasing transparency in government operations. Citizens can use the Act to obtain information on government contracts, tenders, and other trans-actions, and to hold public officials accountable for any malpractices.

5. Strengthens Democracy: The RTI Act is a critical tool for strengthening democracy by promoting trans-parency, accountability, and citizen participation in governance. It ensures that citizens are informed and engaged in the democratic process, and helps to build a culture of transparency and accountability in government.

In conclusion, the Right to Information Act 2005 is a crucial legislation that promotes transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in governance. It is an important tool for promoting good governance and strengthening democracy in India.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2024 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2024

Answer any 9 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
Who called upon the media to function as the watch dog of democracy?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) B.P. Mandal
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 2.
The first modem mass media Institution began with development of _____.
(a) Radio
(b) Television
(c) Printing Press
(d) Telephone
Answer:
Printing Press

Question 3.
______ refers to the mixing of the global culture with the local culture.
(a) Westernisation
(b) Culture of consumption
(c) Glocalisation
(d) Corporate culture
Answer:
Glocahsation

Question 4.
Who among the following emphasised the glory of the Aryan period?
(a) Jyotiba Phule
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Viresalingam
(d) Vidyasagar
Answer:
BaI GangadharTilak

Question 5.
Jyotiba Phule who started the first school for women at ______ .
(a) Allahabad
(b) Delhi
(c) Pune
(d) Madras
Answer:
Pune

Question 6.
Who is the chief architect of the Constitution of India?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
(d) Sri Lai Bahadur Shgstri
Answer:
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Question 7.
The aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity is _____.
(a) Regionalism
(b) Secularism
(c) Communalism
(d) Liguism
Answer:
Communalism

Question 8.
The families that pass on property from mother to daughter is 1
(a) Families of orientation
(b) Families of Procreation
(c) Matrilineal Families
(d) Patrilineal Families
Answer:
Matrilineal FamWes

Question 9.
______ refers to the pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another.
(a) Stereotypes
(c) nileoiaioio
Answer:
Prejudices

Question 10.
_____ is the non-state and non-market part of the public domain in which individuals get together voluntarily to create institutions and organisations.
(a) Bureaucracy
(b) Constitution
(c) Government
(d) Civil Society
Answer:
Civil Society

Answer all the questions from 11 to 15 in two or three sentences each. Each carries 2 scores.

Question 11.
Describe the idea ‘Sex ratio’.
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per thousand males in a given area at a specific time. It is a demographic indicator that helps in understanding the balance between males and females within a given population.

Question 12.
Clarify the term ‘Dominant Caste’ with examples.
Answer:
Dominant Caste’ is a term contributed by M.N.Srinivas. A dominant caste is a group that is big innumbers, wealthy in land and money. and holds significant political influence. Examples include Jats of Punjab, Reddys ofAndhra Pradesh, Yadavas of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and similar influenlial caste groups.

Question 13.
What is meant by Social Exclusion?
(b) Prejudices
(c) Discrimination
(d) Social Exclusion
Answer:
Social exclusion is when certain people or groups are left out from fully taking part in society. It can happen when they are ignored or not given the same opportunities as others in the fields of education, health and social security. Social exclusion is not accidental, rather it is a result of structural features of society.

Question 14.
Explain the idea ‘Scientific Management’.
Answer:
The concept of scientific management was put forward by F.W.Tayor. The main objective of this theory is improving economic efficiency and labour productivity, It is a method where tasks are broken down into smaller, repetitive elements to increase efficiency. This theory is also known as Taylorism

Question 15.
What is meant by ‘Mass Communications’?
Answer:
Mass communication refers to the distribution of information to a large audience through various channels such as television, newspapers, films, radio, and magazines. These mediums are called mass media because they reach a wide and diverse audience.

Answer any 3 questions from 16 to 19. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 16.
Explain the meaning of the concept. ‘Commodification’ with suitable examples.
Answer:
Commodification occurs mainly due to the expansion of capitalism around the world. Corn mod Wlcatxn brings previousiy non-traded goods and services into the market economy allowing them to be bought and sold. For example, jobs and skills that people have can become commodities when people start paying for those services. Other examples are bottled water, marriage bureaus, and personality development institutes. According to Marx and critics of capitalism, the process of commodification has negative social effects.

Question 17.
Find out the different aspects in the growth and expansion of mass media and communication.
Answer:
The different aspects of the growth and expansion of mass media and communication are:
(a) Economic, Political, and Cultural Influence: Mass media, like TV and newspapers, change based on money. politics, and culture. For example, ads and news stories can be ifluenced by who s paying for them and what’s happening in the world.

(b) Connection between Mass Media and Society: Mass media and society affect each other. Society shapes what’s in the media, and the media shapes how society thinks and acts.

(c) Formal Structure of Mass Communication: Mass communication, such as TV shows and news, needs a big, organized system to work.

(d) Digital Divide: Not everyone has the same access to digital things like computers and the internet. Some people have more. and some have less. This can make it hard for everyone to get the same information and opportunities.

Question 18.
What is meant by ‘Marketisation’? Discuss.
Answer:
Marketisation refers to the shift towards using market-based methods instead of government rules to address social, political, or economic issues.This includes actions like deregulation (reducing rules), privatization (selling government-owned companies), and allowing more freedom for businesses to operate.

Advocates of marketisation believe it can boost economic growth because they think private businesses are more efficient than government-run ones. For example, instead of the government directly providing a service like healthcare, it might encourage private companies to compete for customers.

This can lead to more choices for people but can also mean that those who can’t afford to pay might not get the same level of service. Marketisation is often seen as a way to promote competition and efficiency, but critics worry it can lead to inequality and prioritize profit over people’s needs.

Question 19.
Home based work is an important part of the economy, substantiate.
Answer:
Home-based work is indeed a significant component of the economy, contributing to various industries. It is when people do their jobs from their homes instead of going to a workplace. Home-based work is really important for the economy because it involves making things like lace, carpets, and bidis right from home. Usually, women and kids do this kind of work. They get materials from someone, make the products, and then that person picks them up and pays them based on how many they make.

For example, in the bidi industry, people in forest villages collect leaves and sell them to contractors. These contractors give materials to home-based workers, mostly women, who make bidis at home. The bidis are then sold to manufacturers, who put their brand labels on them and sell them to shops. During the COVID-19 pandemic, lots of people, especially in the IT sector, worked from home. Even though they were doing different jobs, both types of home-based work involve people doing their jobs from home, showing how important it is for the economy.

Answer any 3 questions from 20 to 23. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 20.
List out the differertt dimensions of ‘Globalisation’.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process by which economies, societies, and cultures become increasingly interconnected and
interdependent across national boundaries. It started in 1991 when the government decided to open up the Indian economy to the global market. Before that, the government had lots of rules to protect Indian businesses. But with liberalisation, those rules were removed. Globalisation involves the exchange of goods, services, ideas, and information on a global scale, facilitated by advancements in technology, communication, and transportation.

Factors Driving Globalisation:Transnational Corporations
One big part of globalisation is the role of big companies that operate in many countries. These are called transnational corporations. They make goods or offer services in different parts of the world.

Electronic Economy:
Another thing driving globalisation is the electronic economy. With technology, money can move around the world quickly. This is good for business, but it also brings risks like cyber threats.

Dimensions of Globalisation
(a) Economic Dimension: Economic globalization involves the increasing flow of goods, services, and capital across national borders. It,leads to the creation of a global market where businesses compete and cooperate on an international scale.

(b) Political Dimension: Political globalization involves the creation and strengthening of global organizations like the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund. Countries also collaborate on global issues such as climate change, terrorism, and human rights through treaties, agreements, and summits.

(c) Cultural Dimension: Cultures blend and evolve as they interact, leading to the emergence of hybrid identities, cuisines, and art forms. Globalization enables the dissemination of media and entertainment products worldwide, shaping popular culture and tastes.

Question 21.
List out the merits of sociological imagination.
Answer:
The concept of sociological imagination, as introduced byAmerican sociolostC. Wright Mills. offers a powerful tramework forunderstanding the intersection of personal experiences and broader social forces The sociological imagination offers several merits that enhance ow understancng of society and our place within it:

(a) Critical Thriking: It encourages individuale to question the taken-for-granted assumptions about society and examine the underlying structures that shape social phenomena.

(b) Understanding Social Context: It helps individuals understand how personal experiences are influenced by broader social forces such as history ciiture. and social institutiors.

(c) Empathy and Compassion: By recognizing the interconnectedness of personal troubles and public issues, the sociological Imagination fosters empathy and compassion towards others expenences and struggles

(d) Social Change II empowers individuals to recognize their agency in contflbuting to social change by addressing systemic inequalities and advocating for social lustice.

(e) Cultural Awareness: The sociological inagInatxn omotes cultural awareness by flighlighting the diversity of human experiences and challenging elhnocentnsm and social positions, fostering self awareness and reflexivity.

(f) Self-Reflection: It encourages individuale to reflect on their own biases, privileges.

(g) Global Perspective: By emphasizing the interconnectedness of societies and the global nature of social issues, the sociological imagination promotes a global perspective on social phenomena.

(h) Personal Growth: It fosters personal growth and development by expanding individuals’ perspectives, encouraging lifelong learning, and promoting a sense of civic responsibility.

Question 22.
Differentiate between Western and Indian meaning of secularism.
Answer:
In the western context, secularism mainly means secarating religion from government. This was a big change in the western world’s history because before, religion and politics were connected. But then, religion started becoming less importent in public life, and people could choose if they wanted to be religious or not. This happened as modern ideas like science and logic became more popular.

In India, secularism is similar to the western idea, but it also includes other things. In everyday language. ‘secular” is often used tomean the opposite of “communal.” So, when e say someone or something is secular, it means they don’t show favoritism towards any religion. Instead, they treat all religions equally. For example, in India,, the government celebrates holidays for all religions, not just one.

However, there are challenges in India because the government wants to be secular but also protect minority groups. Minonties might need extra help because they might not have the same advantages as the majority group. But when the government gives them special treatment, some people think its just for votes or support. They say it’s not fair to the majority. Others argue that without this special help, the majority might force their beliefs onto minorities.

Question 23.
Match the following:
(a) The First Backward Classes Commission Dayanand Saraswati
(b) The Second Backward Classes Commission Raja Rammohan Roy
(c) The Brahmo Samaj Jyotiba Phule
(d) The Satyashodhak Samaj B.P. Mandal
(e) The Arya Samaj Kaka Kalelkar
Answer:
(a) The First Backward Classes Commission Kaka Kaiekar
(b) The Second Backward Classes Commission- B.P. Manda
(C) The Brahmo Samaj- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) The Satyashodhak Samaj- Jyotiba Phule
(e) The Arya Samaj- Dayanand Saraswati

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 27. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 8 = 18)

Question 24.
Explain the features of National Family Planning Programme of India.
Answer:
The National Famdy Planning Programme of India started with the aim to control how fast the population grows and in what way. They wanted to make sure the population grew in a way that’s good for society. At first, the maingoal was to slow down how quickly the population was growing, They did this bytelling people about different ways they could control when they have children, like using birth control methods They also worked to make sure people knew about health issues related to population growth.

This was all happening wound 50 years ago, and since then, India has made a lot of progress in managing its population. But during a time called the National Emergency, the famay plenning program faced a big problem This was in the years 1975to 1976. During this time, normal govemment processes stopped, and the goverrcent could make special rules without needing approval from Parliament.

The government then tried to reduce the population quickly by making many people have sterilization surgeries Sterilization as a medical procedure that stops someone from being able to have children. They made a lot of poor and weak people have this Surgery, and they put a lot of pressure on government workers like teachers and office workers to bring people for sterilization. Many people didn’t like this. and there was a lot of opposition to the progran.

After the National Emergency ended, the family planning program changed.They stopped using forceful methods like making people have sterilization surgeries. Instead. they started focusing on broader goals related to society and demographics. They made new rules in 2000 as part of the National Population Policy, and in 2017, they included most of these goals in the National Health Policy. These policies set new targets for improving health and managing the population.

The history of India’s family planning program shows us that while the government can do a lot to control how fast the population grows, there are many other things that also matter. Things like money, society, and culture also play a big role in how many children people have. So, even though the government tries to manage the population, there are many factors that they can’t control completely.

Question 25.
Describe the important features of the Caste System.
Answer:
The caste system is a social structure in India that has been deeply ingrained in society for centuries. It determines a person’s social status and role based on their birth. Below are the key features of the caste system:

(a) Caste Determined by Birth:
A person’s caste is determined by the caste of their parents.
One cannotchoose their caste; it is assigned at birth
While rare, there are instances where a person may be expelled from their caste.

(b) Strict Rules about Marriage:
Marriage within one’s caste, known as endogamy, is strictly observed.
Members of a caste are expected to marry only within their own caste group.

(c) Rules about Food and Food-Sharing
Caste membership dictates what kinds of food one can eat.
There are strict guidelines about sharing food, often limiting it to members of the same caste.

(d) Hierarchy of Castes:
The caste system is structured into a hierarchy of rank and status.
Each caste occupies a specific place in the hierarchy.
While the hierarchical position of some castes may vary regionally, a hierarchy is present across all regions.

(e) Sub-Divisions within Castes
Castes are further divided into sub-castes.
Sub-castes may also have their own divisions, creating a segmental organization within the caste system.

(f) Occupational Linkage
Traditionally, castes were associated with specific occupations.
Occupations were hereditary, meaning they were passed down from generation to generation within a caste.

The caste system in India is a complex social structure that shapes every aspect of an individual’s life, from birth to occupation. Its defining features include birth-based caste assignment, strict rules about marriage and food, a hierarchical arrangement of castes, subdivision into sub-castes, and linkage with specific occupations. Despite efforts to address its inequalities, the caste system continues to influence social dynamics in India.

Question 26.
(a) Define the term‘Sanskritisation’.
(b) Critically analyse the concept ‘Sanskritisation’.
Answer:
(a) The term sanskritisation was coined by M.N. Srinivas. It may be defined as the process by which a ‘low ’caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and, in particular, a ‘twice-born (dwija) caste’.

(b) The concept of Sanskritisation reflects a multifaceted impact on Indian society. It influences various aspects such as language, literature, ideology, music, dance, and rituals. Sanskritisation operates differently in different regions of India, depending on the dominance of Sanskritised or non-Sanskritic castes.
agricultural practices, and socioeconomic disparities. Impact of colonialism on media

Criticism of Sanskritisation arises on several fronts:

1. Overstates social mobility for lower castes, leading to only positional changes within the caste.
2. Perpetuates the idea that upper-caste practices are superior, reinforcing social inequalities.
3. Justifies inequality and the purity of certain social groups.
4. Doesn’t address structural changes needed to reduce inequality, focusing instead on individual advancement.

Question 27.
Examine the impact of the ‘British Colonialism’ on Indian Society.
Answer:
British colonialism brought modern ideas and institutions to India but also imposed limitations on freedom and self-governance.

Agrarian Structure Changes:
Before British rule, land ownership was with ruling groups, but under colonialism, zamindars gained more control and imposed heavy taxes on peasants.

Implementation of Land Revenue Systems:
British rule introduced different land revenue systems:-the zamindari system, where intermediaries extracted produce or money, and the raiyatwari system, where cultivators paid taxes directly.

Consequences of Land Revenue Systems:
The zamindari system led to exploitation, stagnation, and famines, while the raiyatwari system incentivized cultivators to invest in agriculture, leading to higher productivity and prosperity.

Legacy of Colonialism:
The impact of British land revenue administration and exploitation shaped the agrarian landscape of contemporary India, influencing land ownership patterns.

1. Indian nationalism grew in response to British colonialism.
2. The nationalist press played a crucial role in nurturing anti-colonial sentiment.
3. The colonial government imposed censorship on the nationalist press.
4. Newspapers like Kesari, Mathrubhumi, and Amrita Bazar Patrika faced consequences but continued advocating for independence.
5. Mass media under British rule included newspapers, magazines, films, and radio.
6. Radio was state-owned, limiting the expression of national views.
7. Newspapers and films were monitored by the British government.
8. Despite limited circulation, print media influenced public opinion through word of mouth.
9. The media expressed a range of opinions about India’s independence.

Answer any 2 questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 28.
(a) What are the ideals of Panchayati Raj?
(b) Briefly explain the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
(a) The ideals of Panchayati Raj revolve around the concept of grassroots democracy and decentralized governance at the village level. It aims to empower local communities by ensuring democratic participation and decisionmaking.

1. Historically, village governance was influenced by caste panchayats,often representing dominant groups with conservative views.
2. Mahatma Gandhi advocated for local self-government, envisioning each village as a self-sufficient unit practicing gram swarajya.
3. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1992 granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
4. This mandated the election of local self¬government bodies every five years, giving them control over local resources.
5. The 73rd and 74th amendments reserved one-third of seats for women in all elected offices of local bodies, enhancing women’s participation in decision¬making.
6. These reforms signify a commitment to grassroots democracy, decentralization, and inclusive governance in India.

(b) According to the Constitution, Panchayats should be given powers and authority to function as institutions of self government.

1. The following powers and responsibilities were delegated the Panchayats:
2. to prepare plans and schemes for economic development.
3. to promote schemes that will enhance social justice.
4. to levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.
5. help in the devolution of governmental responsibilities, especially that of finances to local authorities.

1. Social welfare responsibilities of the Panchayats include the maintenance of burning and burial grounds.

2. Recording statistics of births and deaths, establishment of child welfare and maternity centres, control of cattle pounds, propagation of family planning and promotion of agricultural activities.

3. The development activities include the construction of roads, public buildings, wells, tanks and schools. They also promote small cottage industries and take care of minor irrigation works.

Question 29.
(a) What is meant by ‘Green Revolution’?
(b) Critically analyse the Social Consequences of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
(a) The Green Revolution, a government initiative largely funded by international agencies, aimed to modernize agriculture in India by providing high-yielding crop varieties, along with pesticides, fertilizers, and other inputs, to farmers. Its primary objective was to rapidly increase agricultural productivity to meet the growing demand for food. Focused mainly on regions with assured irrigation, such as Punjab, western U.P, coastal Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Tamil Nadu, the Green Revolution led to significant improvements in crop yields, making India self-sufficient in foodgrain production. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, a prominent agricultural scientist, played a crucial role in championing the development and implementation of high-yielding crop varieties, particularly wheat and rice, contributing to the success of the Green Revolution.

(b) The impacts of the Green Revolution in India were multifaceted. It led to rapid social and economic transformations in certain areas, boosting agricultural productivity and making the country self-sufficient in foodgrain production. However, the benefits were unevenly distributed, primarily favoring medium and large-scale farmers while exacerbating inequalities in – rural society.

The introduction of new technology and commercialization of agriculture further marginalized small and marginal farmers, leading to increased rural-urban migration. Additionally, the Green Revolution widened regional inequalities and exacerbated exploitative labor relations in feudal agrarian structures. While the initiative initially increased employment and wages for agricultural workers, it also led to economic insecurity and a loss of traditional farming knowledge. The second phase of the Green Revolution in the 1980s saw similar trends, with increased commercialization and market dependence, exacerbating livelihood insecurity, especially in dry and semi-arid regions. Calls for a return to traditional, organic farming methods have emerged in response to the negative environmental and social impacts of modern agricultural practices.

The main issues can be concluded as follows.

1. Widening inequalities, favoring medium and large-scale farmers
2. Marginalization of small and marginal farmers, leading to increased ruralurban migration
3. Exacerbation of regional inequalities and exploitative labor relations
4. Initial increase in employment and wages for agricultural workers, followed by economic insecurity
5. Loss of traditional farming knowledge and calls for a return to organic methods.

Question 30.
What are the features of a ‘Social Movement’? Explain the important theories on Social Movements.
Answer:
Social movements are when groups of people come together to push for change in society. They work together in an organized way, sharing the same goals and ideas. These movements have tackled lots of different problems throughout history, like fighting for the rights of people who are treated unfairly or challenging old-fashioned ways of doing things. Even though they often face challenges, social movements are really important for making society better and fairer for everyone.

Here are few examples of different types of social movements which brought notable changes in society.

1. Campaigns for women’s suffrage and gender equality
2. Civil rights movements advocating for racial equality
3. LGBTQ+ rights movements fighting for equal rights and recognition
4. Environmental movements addressing climate change and conservation
5. Anti-war movements opposing military intervention and advocating for peace
6. Labor movements fighting for workers’ rights and fair wages.

Sociologists and thinkers conducted various studies about the social movements and formed certain theories in connection to them. Let’s examine some major theories here.

Relative Deprivation Theory:
Relative Deprivation Theory posits that feelings of discontent and frustration arise not solely from objective deprivation or absolute poverty, but from a perceived discrepancy between one’s expectations or aspirations and one’s actual circumstances relative to others. According to this theory, individuals or groups compare their situation with that of others and feel deprived or disadvantaged when they perceive themselves as unfairly disadvantaged or lacking in comparison. Relative deprivation can fuel social movements, protests, or collective action as individuals or groups mobilize to address perceived injustices or inequalities and strive for greater equality or recognition.

This theory highlights the subjective nature of deprivation and underscores the importance of social comparisons and perceived relative status in shaping feelings of discontent and collective action. Mancus Olson’s Theory Mancur Olsen’s theory, known as the Collective Action Theory, emphasizes the, challenges and dynamics of group behavior and collective action. Olsen argues that individuals face incentives to free-ride, meaning they benefit from the collective efforts of others without contributing themselves. This results in the “logic of collective action,” where individuals have little incentive to participate in collective action

unless they believe their contribution will make a difference or they face selective incentives that motivate them to participate. Olsen’s theory highlights the importance of overcoming coordination problem sand providing selective incentives, such as material rewards or social benefits, to mobilize individuals and overcome the collective action problem. Additionally, he emphasizes the role of group size and organization in facilitating or hindering collective action efforts.

Resource Mobilisation Theory:
Resource Mobilization Theory posits that successful social movements require the effective mobilization of resources, including financial, organizational, and human resources, to achieve their goals. Developed in response to earlier’theories focusing solely on grievances or structural factors, Resource Mobilization Theory emphasizes the strategic use of resources by movement actors to maximize their impact and effectiveness.

According to this theory, social movements must build networks, establish organizations. and mobilize support to acquire and deploy resources effectively. Furthermore, Resource Mobilization Theory highlights the role of external factors, such as political opportunities and Institutional support, in shaping the mobilization and allocation of resources for social movements.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Physics Previous Year Question Papers and Answers.

Kerala Plus Two Physics Previous Year Question Paper March 2019 with Answers

Board	SCERT
Class	Plus Two
Subject	Physics
Category	Plus Two Previous Year Question Papers

Time: 2½ Hours
Cool off time: 15 Minutes

General Instructions to candidates

• There is a ‘cool off-time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time of 2½ hrs.
• You are not allowed to write your answers nor to discuss anything with others during the ‘cool off time’.
• Use the ‘cool off time’ to get familiar with the questions and to plan your answers.
• Read questions carefully before you answering.
• All questions are compulsory and the only internal choice is allowed.
• When you select a question, all the sub-questions must be answered from the same question itself.
• Calculations, figures, and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
• Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
• Give equations wherever necessary.
• Electronic devices except non-programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

The given value of constants can be used wherever necessary.

Charge of proton = 1.6 x 10^-19C
Mass of proton = 1.67 x 10^-27kg

Answer any three questions from 1 to 4. Each carries 1 score. (3 × 1 = 3)

Question 1.
A charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field at an angle of 40°. It’s path becomes …………
Answer:
Helical

Question 2.
Figure shows the symbolic representation of ……….

i) OR gate
ii) NAND gate
iii) NOR gate
iv) NOT gate
Answer:
iii) NOR gate

Question 3.
Write the unit of mobility.
Answer:

Question 4.
If ‘h’ is Planck’s constant, the momentum of a photon of wavelength 1 A° is
i) h
ii) 10^-10
iii) 10¹⁰ h
iv) 10 h
Answer:

Answer any six questions from 5 to 11. Each carries 2 scores. (6 × 2 = 12)

Question 5.
a) The ratio of electric field on the equatorial point and at the axial point at equal distances from the centre of a short electric dipole is ………..
b) A closed surface encloses an electric dipole. What is the electric flux through the surface?
Answer:

Question 6.
A series LCR circuit connected to an ac source is shown below:

a) Write an expression for impedance offered by its circuit.
b) Under what condition this circuit is used for tuning radio?
Answer:
a) Impedence Z = \(\sqrt{R^{2}+\left(x_{L}-x_{C}\right)^{2}}\)
b) at X_L = X_C this circuit is used as tuner circuit.

Question 7.
Which electromagnetic waves are used for the following purposes?
i) Diagnostic tool in medicine.
ii) Kill germs in water purifiers.
iii) Cellular phones.
iv) In remote switches of household electronic systems.
Answer:
i) X-rays
ii) Uv rays
iii) Radio Waves
iv) IR rays

Question 8.
Calculate the effective capacitance between ’a’ and ‘b’ from the figure given below:
C₁ = C₃ = 100 µF, C₂ = C₄ = 200 µF

Answer:

Question 9.

Write any two uses of polaroids.
Answer:

1. Polaroids are used in sunglasses
2. Polaroids are used to produce 3D motion films

Question 10.
The temperature dependence of resistivity of a material is shown below:

a) Identify the type of material.
b) Write the relation between resistivity and average collision time for electron.
Answer:
a) Semi conductor
b) ρ = \(\frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{ne}^{2} \tau}\)

Question 11.
What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive substance? Write its relation with a decay constant.
Answer:
Half-life is the time taken for a radioactive substance to reduce half of its initial value.
\(T_{1 / 2}=\frac{0.693}{\lambda}\)

Answer any six questions from 12 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (6 × 3 = 18)

Question 12.
A spherical shell of radius R’ is uniformly charged with charge +q. By Gauss’stheorem, find the electric field intensity at a point ‘p’.
a) Outside the spherical shell and
b) Inside the spherical shell.
Answer:
Field Due To A Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell: Consider a uniformly charged hollow spherical conductor of radius R. Let ‘q’ be the total charge on the surface.

To find the electric field at P (at a distance r from the centre), we imagine a Gaussian spherical surface having radius ‘r’.

Then, according to Gauss’s theorem we can write,
\(\int \overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}} \cdot \mathrm{d} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{1}{\varepsilon_{0}} \mathrm{q}\)
The electric field is constant,at a distance T. So we can write,

b) E = 0.

Question 13.
The equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric field at that point.
a) What is meant by equipotential surface?
b) What is the work done to move a charge on an equipotential surface?
c) Draw the equipotential surfaces for a uniform electric field.
Answer:
a) The surface over which potential is constant is equipotential surface.
b) Workdone = pd × charge
= 0 × q = 0
c)

Question 14.
The elements of earth’s magnetic field at a place are declination, dip and horizontal intensity.
a) A magnetic needle free to move in horizontal plane is shown below:

Which element of earth’s magnetic field is represented by θ in the figure?
b) The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a given place is \(\sqrt{3}\) times its horizontal component. If total intensity of earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.4 G find the value of horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
Answer:
a) Declination
b) tan θ = \(\frac{B_{V}}{B_{H}}=\sqrt{3}\)
∴ θ = 60°
B_H = B cos θ, B = 0.4 G
B_H = 0.4 × cos 60 = 0.2 G
= 0.2 × 10^-4 T

Question 15.
A transformer is used to change the alternating voltage to a high or low value.
a) What is the principle of a transformer?
b) A power transmission line feeds input power of 2300 V to a stepdown transformer with its primary windings having 4000 turns. What should be the number of turns in the secondary in order to get output power at 230 V?
Answer:
a) Mutual Induction
b) V_p = 2300 v, N_p = 4000 turns
V_s = 230 v

Question 16.
Describe Young’s double-slit experiment and derive an expression for the bandwidth of the interference band.
Answer:
Expression for bandwidth

S₁ and S₂ are two coherent sources having wave length λ. Let ‘d’ be the distance between two coherent sources. A screen is placed at a distance D from sources. ‘O’ is a point on the screen equidistant from S₁ and S₂.

Hence the path difference, S₁O – S₂O = 0
So at ‘O’ maximum brightness is obtained.
Let ‘P’ be the position of n^th bright band at a distance x_n from O. Draw S₁A and S₂B as shown in figure.
From the right angle ΔS₁AP

But we know constructive interference takes place at P, So we can take
(S₂P – S₁P) = nλ
Hence eq (1) can be written as

This is the width of the bright band. It is the same for the dark band also.

Question 17.
The schematic diagram of an experimental setup to study the wave nature of electron is shown below:

a) Identify the experiment.
b) Explain how this experiment verified the wave nature of electrons.
Answer:
a) Davisson and Germer Experiment
b)

Experimental setup: The Davisson and Germer Experiment consists of filament ‘F’, which is connected to a low tension battery. The Anode Plate (A) is used to accelerate the beam of electrons. A high voltage is applied in between A and C. ’N’ is a nickel crystal. D is an electron detector. It can be rotated on a circular scale. Detector produces current according to the intensity of incident beam.

Working: The electron beam is produced by passing current through filament F. The electron beam is accelerated by applying a voltage in between A (anode) and C. The accelerated electron beam is made to fall on the nickel crystal. The nickel crystal scatters the electron beam to different angles. The crystal is fixed at an angle of Φ = 50° to the incident beam. The detector current for different values of the accelerating potential ‘V’ is measured. A graph between detector current and voltage (accelerating) is plotted. The shape of the graph is shown in figure.

Analysis of graph:

The graph shows that the detector current increases with accelerating voltage and attains maximum value at 54V and then decreases. The maximum value of current at 54 V is due to the constructive interference of scattered waves from nickel crystal (from different planes of the crystal). Thus wave nature of electrons is established.

The experimental wavelength of electron: The wavelength of the electron can be found from the formula
2d sinθ = nλ …….. (1)
From the figure, we get
θ + Φ + θ = 180°
2θ = 180 – Φ, 2θ = 180 – 50°
θ = 65°
for n = 1
equation (1) becomes
λ = 2d sinθ ……….. (2)
for Ni crystal, d = 0.91 A°
Substituting this in eq. (2), we get
wavelength λ = 1.65 A°

The theoretical wavelength of the electron:
The accelerating voltage is 54 V
Energy of electron E = 54 × 1.6 × 10^-19 J

Discussion: The experimentally measured wave-length is found in agreement with de-Broglie wavelength. Thus wave nature of electron is confirmed.

Question 18.
The energy required to separate all the nucleons inside a nucleus is called binding energy of the nucleus.
a) Write an expression for binding energy in terms of mass defect.
b) Draw the graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number.
c) Which nucleus possess maximum binding energy per nucleon?
Answer:
a) BE = Δ mc² or
BE = (Zm_p + (A – Z) m_n – M)c²
b) Graph

c) Fe (nucleus of iron)

Answer any three questions from 19 to 22. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Niels Bohr made certain modification in Rutherford’s model by adding the ideas of quantum hypothesis.
a) State Bohr’s second postulate of quantisation of angular momentum.
b) Derive an expression for the radius and energy of the electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom.
Answer:
a) The orbital angular momentum of electron is an integral multiple of \(\frac{\mathrm{h}}{2 \pi}\)

b) Radius of the hydrogen atom: Consider an electron of charge ‘e’ and mass m revolving round the positively charged nucleus in circular orbit of radius ‘r’.
The force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron is
F = \(\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{e . e}{r^2}\)
= \(\frac{e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 r^2}\) …………(1)
This force provides the centripetal force for the orbiting electron

According to Bohr’s second postulate, we can write
Angular momentum, mvr = \(\frac{\mathrm{nh}}{2 \pi}\)
i.e., v = \(\frac{\mathrm{nh}}{2 \pi \mathrm{mr}}\)
Substituting this value of V in equation (2), we get

Energy of the hydrogen atom:
The K.E. of revolving electron is
K.E = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV²
Substituting the value of equation (5) in equation (9)
we get

Question 20.
Two long co-axial solenoids of same length are shown below:

a) Define mutual inductane of the pair of coils.
b) Derive an expression for mutual inductance of two co-axial solenoids.
c) Write the dimension of mutual inductance.
Answer:
a) Φ = MI, when I = 1 A, Φ = M
The mutual inductance of a pair of coils is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit current flows through the other.

b) Consider a solenoid (air core) of cross sectional area A and number of turns per unit length n. Another coil of total number of turns N is closely wound over the first coil. Let I be the current flow through the primary.
Flux density of the first coil B = μ₀nI
Flux linked with second coil, Φ = BAN
Φ = μ₀nIAN ………. (1)
But we know Φ = MI ………. (1)
From eq (1) and eq (2) weget
∴ MI = μ₀nIAN
M = μ₀nAN
If the solenoid is covered over core of relative per-meability μ_r
then M = μ_rμ₀nAN
c) ML²T^-2A^-2

Question 21.
A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects when
a) the telescope is in normal adjustment?
b) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.
Answer:

Question 22.
In Amplitude Modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the information signal.
a) What is meant by modulation index?
b) A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak value of 10 V used to modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage of 20 V. Determine the modulation index.
c) The block diagram of a transmitter is shown below. Identify the elements labelled X and Y.

Answer:
a) Modulation index, μ = \(\frac{A_{m}}{A_{c}}\)
b) Am = 10 V, Ac = 20 V
∴ μ = \(\frac{A_{m}}{A_{c}}=\frac{10}{20}\) = 0.5

Answer any three questions from 23 to 26. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 23.
The cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles.
a) With a suitable diagram briefly explain the working of a cyclotron and obtain an expression for cyclotron frequency.
b) Acyclotron oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the operating magnetic field for accelerating protons?
Answer:
a) Principles: Cyclotron is based on two facts

1. An electric field can accelerate a charged particle.
2. A perpendicular magnetic field gives the ion a circular path.

Constructional Details: Cyclotron consists of two semicircular dees D₁ and D₂, enclosed in a chamber C. This chamber is placed in between two magnets. An alternating voltage is applied in between D₁ and D₂. An ion is kept in a vacuum chamber.

Working: At certain instant, let D₁ be positive and D₂ be negative. Ion (+ve) will be accelerated towards D₂ and describes a semicircular path (inside it). When the particle reaches the gap, D₁ becomes negative and D₂ becomes positive. So ion is accelerated towards D₁ and undergoes a circular motion with larger radius. This process repeats again and again.

Thus ion comes near the edge of the dee with high K.E. This ion can be directed towards the target by a deflecting plate.

Mathematical expression: Let ‘v’ be the velocity of ion, q the charge of the ion and B the magnetic flux density.
If the ion moves along a semicircular path of radius Y, then we can write

Eq. (2) shows that time is independent of radius and velocity.

Resonance frequency (cyclotron frequency): The condition for resonance is half the period of the accelerating potential of the oscillator should be ‘t’. (i.e., T/2 = t or T = 2t). Hence period of AC
T = 2t

Question 24.
The experimental set up to find an unknown resistance using a metre bridge is shown below:

a) What is the principle of a metre bridge?
b) If the balance point is found to be at 39.5 cm from the end ‘A’, the resistor ‘S’ is of 12.5 Ω. Determine the resistance ‘R’. Why are the connections between resistors in a metre bridge made of thick copper strips?
c) If the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the bridge would the galvanometer show any current?
Answer:
(a) Wheatstone’s condition \(\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{R}{S}\)

(b) S 12.5Ω , l = 39.5 cm
\(\frac{\mathrm{R}}{\mathrm{~S}}=\frac{l}{100-l}\)
R = \(\frac{\mathrm{S} \times l}{100-l}\) = \(\frac{12.5 \times 39.5}{100-39.5}\) = 8.2 Ω
The resistors in metre bridge are made of thick copper strips to minimise the resistance of connection.

c) No. The galvanometer will not show any current.

Question 25.
The circuit used to change alternating voltage to direct voltage is called rectifier.
a) With a neat diagram, explain the working of a full wave rectifier having two diodes.
b) What is the output frequency of a full wave rectifier if the input frequency is 50 Hz?
c) Draw the output wave form across the load resistance connected in the full wave rectifier circuit.
Answer:
a) Full wave rectifier:
Circuit details

Full wave rectifier consists of transformer, two diodes and a load resistance R_L. Input a.c signal is applied across the primary of the transformer. Secondary of the transformer is connected to D₁ and D₂. The output is taken across R_L.

Working: During the +ve half cycle of the a.c signal at secondary, the diode D₁ is forward biased and D₂ is reverse biased. So that current flows through D₁ and R_L.

During the negative half cycle of the a.c signal at secondary, the diode D₁ is reverse biased and D₂ is forward biased. So that current flows through D₁ and R_L. Thus during both the half cycles, the current flows through R_L in the same direction. Thus we get a +ve voltage across R_L for +ve and -ve input. This process is called full wave rectifcation.

b) 100 Hz

(c)

Question 26.
A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a spherical mirror falls at a point M as shown in the figure below:

a) Identify the type of mirror used in the diagram.
b) By drawing a suitable ray diagram, obtain the mirror equation.
c) If the mirror is immersed in water, its focal length ………….
Answer:
a) Concave mirror

b)

Let points P, F, C be pole, focus and centre of curvature of a concave mirror. Object AB is placed on the principal axis. A ray from AB incident at E and then reflected through F. Another ray of light from B incident at pole P and then reflected. These two rays meet at M. The ray of light from point B is passed through C. Draw EN perpendicular to the principal axis.
Δ IMF and Δ ENF are similar.

applying sign covention we get
PI = -v
PF = -F
PA = -u
Substituting these values in eq.(4) we get

This is called mirror formula or mirror equation,

c) Remain the same

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two History Board Model Paper 2020 with Answers.

Answer all question from 1 to 4. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives:
a) “Travels in the Mughal Empire” was written by:
i) Harihara aoslano
ii) Bukka 6013,90
iii) Adbur Razzaq
iv) Francois Bernier
Answer:
a) Francois Bernier

b) The guardian deity of Vijayanagar empire was oilssaDmroa
i) Vithala oflioraej
ii) Pampadevi ajomioeiiail
iii) Virupaksha
iv) Rama
Answer:
iii) Virupaksha

c) The officer who discovered the ruins at Hampi:
i) Colin Mackenzie
ii) Thomas Roe erooaoo” eos
iii) John Wilkins 6933918 oildsteelndatf
iv) James stuart assuslomf
Answer:
i) Colin Mackenzie

d) Who built the town Nagalpuram?
i) Krishnadeva Raya
ii) Ramaraya
iii) Kampil Devaraya
iv) Vasudeva 0100361301
Answer:
d) Krishnadeva Raya

Question 2.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriates from coloumn B.

A	B
Khalsa Panth	Lingayat
Vachanam	Alvars
Nglayira Divya Prabandham	Religious tax
Jizya	Guru Gobind Singh

Answer:

A	B
Khalsa Panth	Guw Gobind Singh
Vachanam	Lingayat
Nglayira Divya Prabandham	Jvars
Jizya	Religious tax

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological order:
Answer:

1. Kunchiya Revolt – 1812
2. Malabar Rebellion – 1921
3. Vaikom Satyagraha – 1924 – 25
4. Temble Entry Proclamation – 1936

Question 4.
Find the relation between the two parrts of item ‘a’ and fill in the blanks of item ‘b’ accordingly”
i) a) Head of the
Panchayat : Muqaddam

b) Accountant of
Panchayat : _____
Answer:
Patwari

ii) a) Supervisor of the
fiscal system : Diwan

b) Revenue Collector : ______
Answer:
Amil – guzar

iii) a) Ottoman : Turkey
b) Safavid : ______
Answer:
Iran

iv) a) Akbarnama : Abdul Fazl
b) Badshanama : ______
Answer:
Abdul Hamid Lahori

Question 5.
Identify the following places related to the revolt of 1857 and mark them on the outline map of Ancient India provided. (4 x 1 = 4)
a) The place which was described as the ‘Nursery of Bengal Army’.
b) The Place where Rani Lakshmi Bai led the revolt of 1857.
c) The place where Kunwar Singh led Revolt of 1857.
d) The place where Nana Sahib led the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
a) Awadh
b) Jhansi
c) Arrah
d) Kanpur

Answer all the questions from 6 to 12. Each carries 2 scores. (7 × 2 = 14)

Question 6.
Write a note on the teachings of Buddha.
Answer:
The basis of Buddhism is Four Arya (Noble) Truths with Ashtangamarga. The 4 Noble Truths Buddha taught are:
a) The world is a sorrowful place.
b) Desires are the cause of sorrow.
c) If we deny our desires, we can avoid sorrow.
d) By following the Ashtanga Marga, you can overcome sorrow. The ashtanga margas are: right word, right deed, right life, right efforts, right memory, right view, right decision and right meditation.

Question 7.
Describe the features of Mihajanapadas.
Answer:
In most Janapadas, it was monarchy. In some Mahajanapadas, there was rule by a group of people representatives. Such groups with ruling powers were ‘sanghas’ or ‘ganas’. In the gana-ruled places, the administration was done by a person chosen by the people’s representatives or by a group. They were called by the common name kings. Mahavira and Buddha belonged to such gana-nations. In some countries the entire land was owned by the king (combined ownership). Some of these countries existed for more than a thousand years. Each Mahajanapada had a capital of its own. The capital was made safe by building fortresses around it. Mahajanapadas maintained armies and alsb a number of officials.

Question 8.
Define Sulh-i-kul
Answer:
‘Sulh-i-kul’ means complete peace. The Chronicles point out that in the Mughal Empire there were Hindus, Jains, Zorashtrians, Buddhists, Muslimsand Christians. The Emperor, Akbar, was a tolerant person and he extolled the virtues of unity, peace and stability. He worked with all communities to ensure peace and justice. Thus Sulh-i-kul was an important feature of Akbar’s rule.

1. Abul Fazl points out that it was the base of an ^ enlightened rule.
2.  It helped all the religious groups to have their faith and modes of worship. But it did not allow the different groups to fight or jeopardise the security of the country.
3. Akbar made special efforts to put ‘Sulh-i-kul’ into practice. It was executed through policy.
4. Akbar stopped taking religious taxes. Non- Muslims had to pay Jizya. All these were stopped by Akbar as they were religious taxes.

Question 9.
Write any two features of Kitab
Answer:
AI-Biruni’sKitab-ul-Hind, written in Arabic, issimple and lucid. It is a voluminous text, divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as religion, philosophy, festivals, astronomy, alchemy, manners and customs, social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology. He adopted a distinctive structure in each chapter. He began the chapter with a question. Then a description was made on the basis of Sanskrit tradition. The chapter was concluded with a comparison with other cultures. Some present day scholars argued that this almost geometric structure, remarkable for its precision and predictability. It reflects his mathematical orientation.

Question 10.
Write a short note on Akbarnama.
Answer:
Abul Fazl was the writer of Akbamama. Akbar Nama is divided into three books of which the first two are chronicles. The third book is Ain- i-Akbari. The first two volumes contain the history of mankind from Adam to one celestial cycle of Akbar’s life. The second volume closes in the forty-sixth regnal years of Akbar. The objective of Akbar Nama was to provide a detailed account of Akbar’s regin. At the same time it gives a detailed picture of all aspects of Akbar’s empire – geographic, social, administrative and cultural without reference to chronology.

Question 11.
Write a short noteon Dharma Sastras.
Answer:
With the coming of the new towns and cities, social life became more complex. Then people started questioning the old faiths and rituals. To face these challenges, the Brahmins formulated a code of conduct. These code of conduct were to be rigidly observed by the common people, but only less rigidly by Brahmins. From 500 BC, these rules were published as Sanskrit books. They were known as Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras.

Question 12.
Distinguish betweenAlwars and Nayanars.
Answer:
Some of the early Bhakti Movement were led by the Alvars and Nayanars. Alvars-devotaes of vishnu, Nayana’s – devotes of Shiva. Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmins. The tradition of the Alvars and Nayanars were considered important. Many claimed that their composition were an important on the vedas. For exam pie, one of the major anthologies of composition by the Alvars, the Nalayira Divya Prabandam, was known as Tamil Veda. This text was considered as significant as four vedas in Sanskrit.

Answer all three questions from 13 to 15. Each carries 3 scores. (3 × 3 = 9)

Question 13.
Analyse the features of ‘Amaranayaka’ system of the Vijayanagar empire.
Answer:
In Vijayanagara Empire there was the system of “Amara Nayaka”. This system had many of the features of the “Iqta system’ of the Delhi Sultans. Amara Nayakas were military commanders. Vijayanagara kings gave them some regions to govern. These regions were called ‘Amara’.

The governing of these regions was done by the Amaranayaks. They collected taxes of different kinds from the farriers, traders, artisans and big merchants. A big portion of the income was used for their personal needs. The other part was spent in maintaining horses and elephants. A small portion was also spent on maintaining temples and irrigation. Amaranayakas rendered military help to the kings of Vijayanagara. It was by using this military might that the kings brought the Southern Peninsula under their control.

Amaranayakas were to give the king tribute every year. They also had to visit the king and give him gifts to show their loyalty to him. To show that the king had power over them, he used to transfer amaranayakas to different places. Even then by the 17th century the amaranayakas became powerful and some of them started challenging the authority of the king. Some even established independent states. This caused the slow disintegration of Vijayanagara.

Question 14.
Describe the efforts made by Shajehan Begum and Sultan Jehan Begum to preserve Sanchi Stupa.
Answer:
Shajahan Begum and her successor Sultan Jahan Begum protected the Stupa. They spent a lot of money in the maintenance of this ancient monument. , Sultan Jahan Begum took great interest in the matters related to Sanchi. She donated money to build a museum and a guest house there. It was by staying in this guest house, John Marshal wrote volumes about Sanchi. To publish the writings of John Marshal also, Jahan Begum sanctioned money. John marshal dedicated his books to Sultan Jahan Begum. The protection and maintenance of the Sanchi ‘ monuments were possible because of the discretion and foresight of the rulers of Bhopal.

Question 15.
Who were Jotedars? How did they become more powerful in the rural areas of Bengal?
Answer:
Jotedars were a group of rich peasants who consolidated their position in the villages.
By the start of the 19th century, jotedars became owners of extensive lands. Thousands of acres of land were occupied by them. Local trade, giving money on interest, etc. were controlled by jotedars. Thus they were able to exercise control over the poor village peasants. In the lands of jotedars, share cropping was the practice. Those who did the cultivation in these lands were called ‘adhiyar’. Jotedars often took more than half of the total harvest as their share.

Answer any 4 questions from 16 to 20. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 16.
Analyse the resistance movements of Pazhassi Raja and Paliathachan.
Answer:
The Pazhassi Revolt was one of the most significant revolts in South India against the British. There were two stages in the Pazhassi Revolt. The 1st stage is from 1793 to 1797. Pazhassi started his revolt by preventing the tax collection for the British. Pazhasi’s army consisted of Muslim and Nair farmers and members of Kurichi tribe. Pazhassi requested the help of Mysore to drive away the British from Wayanad. The British army was continuously defeated and in 1797, St withdrew from Wayanad, making an agreement with Pazhassi. With this the first stage ended.

The 2nd stage of the Revolt started in 1800. The reason was the move of the British to take over Wayanad. With the help of the Kurichis and Kurumbars in his army, Pazhassi withstood the attacks. Finally Wellesley defeated Pazhassi in a bitter battle. Pazhassi still continued his resistance. But an army under Thomas Harvey Bebar, a subcollector of Thalassery, defeated Pazhassi on 30 November 1805.ln the battle, Pazhassi lost his life.

Paliathacchanwasthe Prime Minister of Kochi. He had enmity with Macaulay. Veluthampi Dalawa made a secret agreement with Paliathacchan. In 1808 the combined armies of Travancore and Kochi attacked the residence of Macaulay in Kochi. The Resident escaped in a British ship. The British hit back. They attacked Kochi. Paliathacchan withdrew from the revolt by signing a treaty with the British.

Question 17.
Explain the features of Swarupams.
Answer:
Swaroopam was a political centre of the 12th century Kerala. It maintained a small army. They were called Ayirathavar, Pathinayirathavar, Padamalanayarand so on. Swaroopams had household deities. There was something called ‘ariyittuvazhcha’. The eldest member of the family became the Moopan with elaborate rituals. The elevation to this status is called ariyittuvazhcha. It was also called ‘Hiranyagarbham’. During this time the rulers took some fancy titles. Swaroopams had their own land. Their main income was from land. They also had political power over areas under their jurisdiction.

Question 18.
Explain the Dhamma Policy of Ashoka.
Answer:
Asoka tried to hold his empire together by propagating dhamma. Its Principles were simple and virtually universally applicable. Respect towards elders, generosity towards Brahmanas and those who renounced wordly life, treating slavesand servants kindly, and respect for religions and traditions other than one’s own were its main principles Special. Officers, known as the dhamma mahamatta, were appointed to spread the message of dhamma.

Question 19.
The Revolt of 1857 was particularly widespread in Awadh. Analyse the reason.
Answer:
The taking over of Awadh by the British made the local kings, talukdars, peasants and sepoys very unhappy and angry. By taking over Awadh, not only the Nawab but also many talukdars lost their jobs. The talukdars had many estates and fortresses in the villages of Awadh. They had been in control of these lands for generations. They had much power in the villages. They also used to keep small army units with them. Some even had armies numbering up to 12,000 soldiers. Even the small ones had 200 footmen.

The British refused to accept the autonomy and authority of the talukdars. Soon after they took over . Awadh, they dispersed the armies of the talukdars and destroyed their fortresses. As talukdars lost their positions, their social status was lost. The relations between them and the farmers were ruined. They helped peasants in their needs. They also gave peasants loans during festivals. Peasants also showed loyalty to talukdars. But the coming of the British spoiled all these. The taking over of Awadh by the British made the sepoys also unhappy. Many o f them were from Awadh itself. They did noMike the idea of their birthplace getting into the hands of the British.

Question 20.
Analyse the elements to the considered by historians while handling texts like Mahabharata.
Answer:
When talking about books, historians take certain aspects into consideration.

1. Their language, whether it is in Pali, Prakrit, Tamil or Sanskrit.
2. Their genre – Are they mantras or stories?
3. Their authors, their viewpoints, the ideas that prompted them to write the book.
4. Their intended readers. Writers write books keeping in view the interests of their intended readers.
5. Their time and place of publication.

Only after looking into these things, the historians assess the contents of the books and their historical importance.

Answer any 1 of the questions from 21 and 22, which carries 5 score. (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 21.
‘Partition is the culmunation point of a long history.’ Based on the statement explain the causes and events that led to the partition of the country.
Answer:
Some scholars say that the Partition was the result of the communal politics that began in India in the beginning of the 20th century. It was the separate constituencies allowed to the Muslims that caused such divisive thinking. Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 allowed these separate constituencies. The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms expanded the concept still further. Separate constituencies helped the Muslims to elect their own representiatives. This was exploited by the politicians.

They started promoting religious thinking. Each politician, whether Hindu or Muslim, did some favours to the members of his community and thus gained acceptance among them. Their only purpose as to gain power by playing the religious card. Religious concepts began to influence politics. Enmity between religious groups grew.
Some incidents that took place in the first decades of the 20th century also increased the tension between the two communities. In the 1920s and 30s, this enmity grew.

1. Singing in front of the mosques, Save-the-Cow Movement, and the Suddhi Movement by Arya Samaj which tried to bring back coverts into other religion’s including Islam, made the Muslims unhappy.
2. The growth of some Islamic Organizations like Tabligh (Islamic Preaching) enraged Hindus.
3. Fanatics in both groups tried to organize their members with greater unity and solidarity. Opposing groups often clashed. This caused communal riots in many parts of the country.

First elections to the provincial Assemblies were conducted in 1937. Only between 10 to 12% of the population had voting rights. The Congress won big victories. In 5 provinces, it had simple majority. In two provinces it had the highest number of seats. Thus Congress was able to form ministries in 7 out of 11 provinces. In two provinces there was coalition government.

1. In the Muslim Constituencies, the performance of the Congress was bad.
2. The performance of the Muslim League was very bad. It got only a small portion of the Muslim votes polled.

In the North-West Frontier Province, it did not get even a single seat. In Punjab there were 84 Reservation seats. The League got only 2 out of these. In Sindh there were 33 Reservation seats. The League got 3. Provincial elections were again held in 1946. The League’s success in the election was spectacular. The cabinet mission visited India and submitted its report. There is a disagreement between the league and the congress overthis.

Partition soon became inevitable. Most Congress leaders were against it. But they had to finally agree to it They knew that although it was undesirable it was inevitable. There were only two people who vehemently opposed partition – Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi (Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan).

Question 22.
Describe the life style of the Paharias and their relations with outsiders.
Answer:
In official documents, people who inhabited the highlands are called pahariyas. The journal of Buchanan gives some interesting accounts of the Pahariyas.

1. Pahariyas lived on the Rajmahal hills. For their livelihood they depended on the forest. They got their food from the forest. They also did shifting cultivation. They cleared small tracts in the forest and dug the ground with their hoes, planting pulses and com. After using the tracts for some time they left them fallow to restore their fertility and moved to another place.

2. For food, the Pahariyas collected a kind of flowers called ‘mahua’ from forests. They also collected cocoons of silkworms and resin for sale. They collected wood to make charcoal. They grazed ’ their animals in the grasslands of the forests. Thus they did many things connected with the forest.

3. They lived in huts made among tamarind groves. They rested in the shade of trees. They considered the entire area their own. Their being and life depended on these forests.

Answer any 2 questions from 23 to 26. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 23.
The most unique features of Harappan civilization was the development of urban centres. Based on this statement examine the main features of the town planning of Mohenjadaro.
Areas to be considered
• The Citadel
• Great Bath
• Domestic Architecture
• Drainage System
Answer:
The greatest site of Harappan civilization is Mohenjo Daro. This was discovered after Harappa. It is from Mohenjo Daro that evidences of town planning, dwellings and seals of the Harappan civilization were discovered. This bigcity is situated in the Larkana District of Sindh on the shore of River Sindhu. The meaning of Mohenjo Daro is The Mound of the Dead”. The excavations done here brought to light the rem ains of a well planned city. This city was divided into two parts-The Citadel and the Lower Town.

The Citadel: Citadel is a small manmade plafform. It is located on the western side of the city. Citadel is the highest part of the city. There are t reasons for the unusual height of the citadel. First of all it is built on a higher ground. Secondly its buildings are constructed on the bricks made of earth. The citadel is protected by building walls around it. There are many big buildings in the citadel. They have been used vanous special purposes. The main buildings of the citadel are The Warehouse, and the Great Bath.

The Great Bath: The most important structure in the citadel of Mohenjo Daro is the Great Bath. It is in rectangular shape. The pond is in the yard which is surrounded by corridors on all four sides. To get into the pond there are steps on the northern and southern sides. The bottom of the pond is made watertight using bi1icks and lime paste. This prevents the water from seeping down and making the pond dry. There are rooms on 3 sides of the pond. There was a big well in one of the rooms.

The water for the pond was brought from this well. There were provisions for filling the pond with water and to make the dirty water flow out into drains. Historians think that the Great Bath had a religious
importance. They think that this Great Bath was used for ritual baths. The Qreat Bath shows the importance the Harappans gave to cleanliness. It also shows their engineering and technical skills.

Domestic Architecture: The Lower Town was just below the citada. This was also protected by walls. People lived here. Here we can see good examples of domestic architecture. The houses were made of bricks. The houses were ordered in the Grid System. The houses were built along both sides of the road, with adequate space between houses. The doors and windows were opened to face the central yard. It is believed that the yard was used for cooking and also weaving.

The houses did not have doors and windows that faced the street. All the houses had bathrooms. They were paved with bricks. The drainage system was excellent Houses were different in size. There were single room and double room houses. There wpre also houses with more than two storeys. To get to the top stones there were staircases.Big houses had wells. It was dug in a room in such a way that even outsiders could draw waterfrom it. Experts estimate that Mohenjo Daro had some 700 wells. Houses were built on raised platforms. The settlements were well planned. The bricks were made to certain specifications. The same kind of bricks was used in most constructions.

The drainage system: The drainage system In the Harappan cities was excellent. The drain of each house was linked to the drainage canal outside. The drainage canals were covered with bricks or sheets of rock. In some places they covered the drainage canals with limestone slabs. It was possible to clean the canals by removing the top coverings. There were manholes in the public drainage. It is believed that the drainage was madefirslandthencamethehouses. Thedrainage system shows the engineering skill of the Harappan people. It shows they had a town administration. It aise shows how much importance they gave to hygiene and health. The drainage system was not limited to big cities. Even the settlements in places like Lothal had drainages.

Question 24.
Explain the popular struggles led by Gandhiji against the British. Areas to be considered.
• Non-co-operation Movement
• Salt Satyagraha
• Quit I ndia Movement
Answer:
In January 1915, Gandhiji returned to his homeland. His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University. In 1916, Gandhiji was approached by a peasants . from Champaran, who told him about the harsh treat: mentof peasants by British indgo planters. Gandhiji was to spend much of 1917 in Champaran, seeking to obtain for the peasants had the freedom to cultivate the crops of their choice. In 1918, he was involved in two campaigns in his home state of Gujarat.

First, he intervened the labour dispute in Ahmedabad demanding better working conditions for the textile mill workers. Then he joined the peasants in Kheda in asking the state for the remission of taxes following the failure of harvest. During the great war of 1914-18 the British had insti-tuted censorship of the press and permitted detention without trial. It had been passed on the recom-mendation of a committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlett. So it is known as Rowlatt Act. Gandhiji called for a country wide campaign against the Rowlatt Act. The protest were particularly intense in the Punjab.

Gandhiji proceeded to the Punjab. But on the way he was detained. The situation in the province grew progressively more tense, reaching a bloody climax in Amritsar in April 1919. A British brigadier ordered his troops to open fire on a nationalist meeting. More than four hundred people were killed. This incident is known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. To broaden the straggle Gandhiji had joined hands with the Khilafat movement. It started to restore the caliphate a symbol of pan Islamism. The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first strong moment of Gandhi against the British. It was part of Gandhi’s concept of non-violence.

The Non-Cooperation Movement had three aims:

1. Find a solution to the Punjab problem.
2. Solve the Khilafat issue.
3. Gain swaraj.

The exhortations of Gandhiji had great effect. Students boycotted government institutions. Thousands of workers in cities and towns went on strike. Official records show that in 1921 there were 396 strikes involving 6 lakh workers. 7 lakh working days were lost. In the Non-Cooperation Movement, women and farmers took active part.

The Chauri-Chaura incident was big jolt to the Movement. Gandhi was forced to stop the Movement. Violence in Chauri-Chaura occurred when police fired at a procession of farmers. The enraged farmers attacked the Chauri-Chaura police station and burnt it. 22 policemen were killed. This shocked Gandhiji. He realized that people were not yet ready to fight using non-violence. On 22 February 1922, he decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He said that no provocation would justify the killing of the 22 policemen.

Gandhi planned a new way of struggle against the British. This was the Civil Disobedience Movement. He said he would start it by breaking the Salt Law. Salt Law was one of the laws that Indians hated most. Gandhi’s move to breach the salt law was a strategic one. He knew by this he could make the people fight against the government. On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards ocean. He reached the destination three weeks later, making fistful of salt as he did and there making himself a criminal in the eyes of the law. Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were conducted in other parts of India.

Across large parts of India peasants breached the hated colonial forest laws. In some towns, factory workers went on strike shile lawyers boycotted British courts and students refuse to attend government run-education institutions. Nearly 6000 Indians in¬cluding Gandhiji were arrested. The British government continued a series of Round Table Conferences in London. The first Round Table Conference was held in 1930. Gandhiji or any prominent Congress leaders did not participate in the conference. Gandhiji was released from jail in 1931 and the following month had several meetings with the victory. This led to the Gandhi Irwin Pact, by the terms of which disobedience movements.

After the failure of Cripps Mission, Gandhiji decided to start his third phase of struggle against British rule. This is known as Quit India Movement. It started in August 1942. The immediate cause of this Move¬ment was the failure of the Cripps Mission. Gandhi demanded that the British should leave India peace¬fully and in a timely manner. Congress accepted that idea. On 8 August 1942, Congress met at Bombay and passed a resolution asking the British to quit India. The resolution made it clear that to make the British go away, a struggle would be organized un¬der Gandhi. This struggle is known as Quit India Movement. Gandhi asked the people to come into the open with the slogan ‘Do or Die’.

a) It was a popular movement. Thousands of ordi nary people came with their support. Youths were ready to quit colleges and go to jail.
b) It showed the willingness of the people to suffer for freedom and to go to any extent to achieve freedom.
c) It made the British realize that their days were numbered. It forced them to negotiate the transfer of power.
d) It brought world’s attention to the Indian struggle forfreedom.

Question 25.
Explain the features of the Imperial household and officials of the Mughal Period.
Answer:

The Mughal nobility came from different backgrounds. Members were chosen from different religious and Class and tribal groups. There were Mughals, Afghans, Turks, Persians, Indian Muslims and Rajputs in this assembly.
Iranians gaind high offices under Jahangir his politi cally influential queen, Nurjahan, was an Iranian. Aurangzeb appointed Rajputs to high position. All holders of government offices held a rank corn pnsing two numerical designations. Zat whh was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official and Sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service.

The nobles participated in military campaigns with their armies and also served as office of the empire in the provinces. For members of the nobility, Imperial service was a way of acquiring power, wealth and highest possible reputation. If a person desred to join the imperial service, he should submit a petition to the noble. It was the noble who presented the ‘Tajwiz’ to the emperor. If the applicant was found suitable a manab was granted to him. The Mir bakshi presented all candidates for appointment or promotion. There were two other important ministers at the centre: the Diwan- i-ala and Sadar-us-Sudar. The three inisters occasionally came together as an advisory body but were independent of each other.

Nobles stationed at the court were known as Tainat – I – rakab. They were reserved force to be deputed to a province or military campaign. It was their duty to guard the emperor and his household round the dock. The Mughal rulers gave important consideration for maintaining records. All royal orders were presented in the royal court. All applications and documents were preserved by a group of palace scribes. These scribes or writers were called ‘waqianavis’. They worked under the ‘mir bakshi’. The agents of the aris tocrats and the regional authorities recorded all the processes of the royal court under the heading “News from the Exalted Courr or Akbarat.

The times and dates of the Royal Court have been recorded here. ‘Akbarat’ has all the details regarding the attendance in the Court, the assigning of jobs and titles, the diplomatic missions, the gifts received and even the enquiries the Emperor made about the health of the off icials. This information is quite valuable in the writing the life histories and activities of rulers and aris tocrats.

The Mughal postal system helped in exchanging communication. It was through the royal post that news and official documents were sent all over the country. There were runners to carry the post and to pass information to the Emperor quickly. It is reported that there were 4000 runners in the country. They carried the papers in the form of scrolls carried in bamboo boxes. They rked all the time with hardly any rest. This postal system helped the king to get information from faraway places in record time. The Mughal Empire was divided into many Provinces.

They were called subas. Provincial Administration was a miniature model of the Central administration. In the Provinces also there were Ministers and officials to help them. The head of the provincial administration was called Subadar (Provincial Governor). He was appointed by the emperor. The Subadar had to report directly to the emperor.

1. Each province was divided into districts, called sarkars. They were under officials called faujdars (commandants). There were plenty of footmen and gun-carrying soldiers in every district.
2. The sarkars were divided into parganas (sub-districts). The officials in charge of parganas were known as qanungo, chaudhuri, and quazi. Qanungo kept the revenue records. Choudhari collected the revenues. Qazi handled judicial matters.
3. Parganas were divided into villages. They were administered by gramasabhas.

The household of the rulers was called harem. Harem is a Persian word meaning a holy place. It included the ruler’s wives, concubines, close and distant relatives including mother, step-mothers, foster¬mothers, sisters, daughters, daughters-in-law, aunts, children, maid servants and slaves.

The Mughal rulers had two types of wives – begams – and aghas. Begams came from royal families. They came with a lot of dowry (mahar) by way of things, ornaments and money. They received preferential treatment in their husband’s household. They were given greater consideration by their husbands. The oth€r wives (aghas) were not from royal families.

The aghacha occupied the lowest position, in the hierarchy of females. They all received monthly allowances in cash. The aga and the aghacha could rise to the position of a begam depending on the husbandwill. 1) He should not have four wives. Love’ and motherhood played important roles in elevating such women to the status of legally wedded wives.

Besides, numerous mole and female slaves populated the Mughal household. Slaves moved between the external and internal I ife of the household as guards, servants and also as agent for women dabbling in commerce.
After Nurjahan, Mughal queens and princesses began to control significant financial resources. Shah Jahan’s daughters Jahannara and Roshnara enjoyed an annual income often equal to that of high imperial mansabdars. She also collected revenue from the port city of Surat.

Jahanara was the daughter of Shah Jahan. She was in-charge of the gardens and buildings. Shah Jahan made a new capital known as Shahjahanabad. Jahanara was the one who planned many of the buildings in the new capital. Here a two-storeyed inn with a fine sit-out and garden needs special mention. She was the one who planned the Chandni Chowk Bazar, the main centre in Shahjahanabad.

When Akbar asked Abul Fazl to write the history of his rule, he also asked his aunt Gulbadan to help. He asked her the record the memoirs of Babur’and Humayun. Akbar thought that this would help Abul Fazl in his work. Gulbadan Began accepted this challenge and wrote a book titled ‘Humyun-nama. She has written here about the fights and confrontations among the kings and princes. She has also shown how the elderly ladies of the family helped in solving such disputes.

Question 26.
Compare the perspectives of Battuta and Barnier ” based on thier descriptions on Indian Society. Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their travel notes with their different views. Ibn Battuta was attracted by the newness and strangeness of things. He wrote about all the things that interested and impressed him. But Bernier’s descriptions were quite different. He gave more importance to negative things. He was interested in the contrasts he found between the things in Europe, especially in his country, France, and here. He wanted to influence the rulers to take just decisions.

Bernier presented India on the model of the binary opposition. This way India was presented as directly opposite to Europe. He also presented the differences between India and Europe on a comparative scale. India was at the lowest rung of the ladder. In short Bernier felt that India was inferior and worse to the Western countries. Bernier talked about land ownership in India. There was no private ownership of land here. The land here belonged to the king.

The king divided the land among his lords. This was not good as people did not take interest in developing the land and invest in the land for long term purposes. Bernier says that there was no Middle Class in India. There were only 2 classes – the poor and the rich. The poor were the majority and they were suppressed by the ruling minority. There were too poor and too rich people, but there was no middle state. Bernier did not have a good impression about the Mughal Empire and its rulers.

The village communities were poor. They were often mistreated by the cruel landlords. Since there was no private land, people were not willing to work hard. Taxes were heavy. On the whole life in the village was unpleasant. Bernier thought that the Mughal rulers were more interested in their comfort and luxury. They werenot much worried about the welfare of the subjects. To Bernier Indian cities were Cam p Towns. But his views are contracted by modern historians. Bernier himself wrote to say that there were large scale exports from the country. Naturally from camp towns, they could not have exported a lot of things. For that they would need manufacturing cities, trade cities and port cities.

One touching description in Bernier’s writing is the description of Sati. The widow in his description was a girl of about 12. He witnessed this piteous incident in Lahore. This is what he wrote: “In Lahore, I saw a girl of 12 giving up her life in the pyre of her husband. She came to the pyre like a dead person. She was trembling with fear. She was crying piteously. I can’t, describe the pain she must have been experiencing then. With the help of an old woman, 4 Brahmins performed the rituals. That woman forced the girl to sit on the pyre. To prevent her from running away her’ hands and legs were tied. That poor girl was burnt alive.”  We must admit that Bernier was often prejudiced against the East. But his descriptions offer us valuable information about the society and its ways of life at the time of his visit to India.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two History Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers.

Answer the following questions from 1 to 42 upto a maximum score of 80.

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriates from column ‘B’: (5 × 1 = 5)

A	B
Bahadur Shah	Lucknow
Nana Sahib	Barout
Kunwar Singh	Delhi
Birjis Qadr	Kanpur
Shah Mai	Arrah

Answer:

A	B
Bahadur Shah	Delhi
Nana Sahib	Kanpur
Kunwar Singh	Arrahe
Birjis Qadr	Lucknow
Shah Mai	Barout

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives: (5 × 1 = 5)
i) Who founded the Mauryan empire?
a) Bimbisara
b) Ajatasatru
c) Chandragupta Maurya
d) Ashoka
Answer:
(i) Chandragupta Maurya

ii) Prayaga Prashasti was composed by:
a) Kautilya
b) Megasthenes
c) Harishena
d) Prabhavati Gupta
Answer:
(ii) Harishena

iii) The first gold coins in ancient India was issued by:
a) Kushanas
b) Mauryas
c) Vakatakas
d) Satavahanas
Answer:
(iii) Kushanas

iv) Which among the following was a provincial centre of the Mauryas?
a) Puhar
b) Mathura
c) Rajagaha
d) Suvamagiri
Answer:
(iv) Suvamagiri

v) Identify the chiefdom which rules Tamilakam.
a) Yaudheyas
b) Cholas
c) Guptas
d) Shakas
Answer:
(v) Cholas

Question 3.
Find the relation between the two parts of item (a) and fill in the blanks of item (b) accordingly. (5×1=5) ~
i) a) Mahavira : India
b) Socrates : _______
Answer:
Greece

ii) a) Buddha’s enlightenment : BodhaGaya
b) Buddha’s first Sermon : _______
Answer:

iii) a) Mahayana : Great vehicle
b) Hinayana : ________
Answer:
Samath

iv) a) Bhikkhus : Buddhism
b) Tirthankaras : ________
Answer:
Lesser vehicle

v) a) Zarathustra : Iran
b) KongZi : _________
Answer:
China

Question 4.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (5 × 1 = 5)
• GuruvayurSatyagraha
• Kundara proclamation
• Kurichiya revolt
• Temple entry proclamation
Answer:

1. Kundara Proclamation (1809)
2. Kurichiya Revolt (1812)
3. Malabar Rebellion (1921)
4. Guruvayur Satyagraha (1931-32)
5. Temple Entry Proclammation (1936)

Question 5.
Mark the following places on the outline map of ancient India provided: (5 × 1 = 5)
i) Lothal
ii) Chanhudaro
iii) Nageshwar
iv) Mohenjodaro
v) Banawali
Answer:

1. Lothal
2. Chanhudaro
3. Nageshwar
4. Mohenjodaro
5. Banawali

Questions from 6 to 19 carry 2 scores each.(14 × 2 = 28)

Question 6.
What were the strategies used by the Harappans to procure raw materials?
Answer:

• Establishing settlements in areas where raw materials are available.
• Expeditions to areas where raw materials are available.

Question 7.
Mention any two features of Harappan script.
Answer:

1. Short inscriptions
2. Signs
3. Signs in between 375 to 400
4. Signs in seals
5. Written from right to left
6. Contained the name and title of the owner.

Question 8.
Identify the features of Mahayana Buddhism.
Answer:

1. Importance in achieving nibbana
2. Buddha was regarded as a human being.
3. Idea of a saviour
4. Concept of the Bodhisatha
5. Image worship

Question 9.
Point out any two principles of Jainism.
Answer:

1. Entire world is animated
2. Ahimsa
3. Cycle of karma
4. Asceticism
5. Penance

Question 10.
Definethe terms Jama and Hasil.
Answer:

1. Jama – Amount assessed
2. Hasil – Amount collected

Question 11.
Write a note on Muqaddam.
Answer:

1. Panchayat headman
2. Chosen through the concensus of the village elders.
3. Supervised preparation of village accounts.

Question 12.
Name why two chronicles composed during the Mughal period.
Answer:
Akbar Nama, Shajahan Nama, Alamgir Nama, Badshah Nama, Babur Nama

Question 13.
Who were Jotedars?
Answer:

1. Rich peasants
2. Acquired thousands of acres of land
3. Controlled local trade as well as money lend-ing.

Question 14.
Why did the santhals fight against the British?
Answer:

1. Lost land
2. Heavy Tax
3. High rates of interest by money lenders.

Question 15.
Name any two images associated with the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Relief of Lucknow, In Memorium, Justice, The Clemency of Canning.

Question 16.
Write any two early struggles involved by Mahatma Gandhi in India.
Answer:
Champaran Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagraha, Ahammadabad mill strike.

Question 17.
What are the features of Neythal Tinai?
Answer:

1. Coastal area
2. Fishing

Question 18.
Distinguish betwen Swarupam and Sanketam.
Answer:

• Swarupam-Autonomous region controlled by, the powerful matrilineal Joint families.
• Sanketam – Quasi autonomous territory consist¬ing several villages organized around a brahminical temple.

Question 19.
Prepare a short note on Ayyankali.
Answer:

1. Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham
2. Stood for civic rights of the lower castes.
3. Opposed caste system.
4. Kallumala agitation

Questions from 20 to 25 carry 3 scores each. (6 × 3 = 18)

Question 20.
Briefly describe the factors that led to the rise of Magadha.
Answer:
Cultivation, Iron mines, used elephants in war, Ganga and its tributaries provided cheap communication, powerful rulers, locatipn of capitals (Rajagaha and Pataliputra).

Question 21.
How did the archaeologists identify the centres of craft production in Harappa?
Answer:

1. Raw materials
2. Unfinished objects
3. Waste

Question 22.
What is Buddha Sangha? Explain its feature.
Answer:
Organisation of Buddhist monks – Monks led simple life. Women and different sections of people were admitted. All were regarded as equal. Consensus was arrived at through discussions.

Question 23.
Distinguish between’Khanqahs and Silsilas.
Answer:

1. Khanqahs – It was the centre of the social life of Sufis. It was controlled by a teaching master known as Shaikh (Arabic), Pir or Murshid (Per-sian)
2. Silsilas- It literally means a chain. It signifies a continuous link between master and discipline. Through this channel spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to devotees.

Question 24.
Elucidate how. rumours and prophecies led to the revolt of 1857.
Answer:

1. Greased gun and cartridges.
2. British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that sold in the market.
3. The British rule would come to an end on the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, on 23 June 1757.

Question 25.
Prepare a short note on the Pazhassi revoit
Answer:

1. Kerala Varma Paihassi Raja
2. First phase was from 1793 to 1797
3. Mistaken revenue policy of the British.
4. The right to collect the revenue of Malabar was given to Veera Varma of Kurumbanad.
5. The second phase began in 1800.
6. The Kurichiyar and Kurum bas helped Pazhassi.
7. Kolkars
8. Pazhassi was killed in 1805.

Questions from 26 to 33 carry 4 scores each. (8 × 4 = 32)

Question 26.
Elucidate the causes that led to the decline of Harappan civikzation.
Answer:
Climatic change, Deforestation, Excessive flood. shifting/drying up of rivers, over use of landscape.

Question 27.
Explain the structure of The Stupas.
Answer:
Anda, Harmika.Yashti, Chatri, Mound, Railing

Question 28.
How did lbn Battuta describe the Indian cities?
Answer:

1. The cities in Indian subcontinent had full of opportunities for those who had the necessary drive, resources and skills.
2. The cities were densely populated and prosper¬ous cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets.
3. Delhi was a vast city.
4. Daulatabad was no less, and easily rivalled Delhi in size.

Question 29.
Explain how Francos Bernier Illustrated the lardoviiershbp of the Mughal India.
Answer:

1. Lack of private property in India.
2. The emperor owned all the land in the Mughal empire and this had disastrous consequences for the economy and society.
3. Landholders could not pass on this land to their children.
4. So they were averse to any long term invest-ment in the sustenance and expansion of pro-duction.
5. It had led to the uniform ruination of agriculture, excessive oppression of the peasantry and a continuous decline in the lining standard of all sections of society.
6. There is not a middle state in India.

Question 30.
What are the features of the Vijayanagara fortifications?
Answer:

1. Seven lines of forts.
2. These encircled not only the city but also its agricultural hinterland and forests.
3. Massive masonry construction.
4. No mortar or cementing agent.
5. The stone blocks were wedge shaped.
6. These were cultivated fields, gardens and houses among fort I ines.

Question 31.
Examine the capital cities of the Mughals.
Answer:
The capital cities of the Mughals frequently shifted during the 16th and 17th centuries. Babur took over the Lodi capital of Agra. In 1570s Akbar built the new capital FatehpurSikri. In 1585 capital was transferred to Lahore. In 1648 capital was shifted to Shajahanabad.

Question 32.
Briefly exaín the Quit India movement,
Answer:

1. Quit India movement began in 1942.
2. Activists organised strikes and acts of Sabotage all over them country.
3. Socialist members of the Congress were active in the underground.
4. Independent governments were proclaimed in different places.
5. It was a mass movement bringi ng into its am bit hundreds of thousands of ordinary Indians.
6. A loose three-tier confederation.

Question 33.
Elucidate the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission.
Answer:

1. India was to remain united.
2. Central government should control foreign affairs, defence and communication.
3. Provincial assembles should be grouped into three sections.
4. Basavanna – Lingayats

Questions from 34 to 38 carry 5 icores each. (5 × 5 = 25)

Question 34.
Describe the Washaiva tradition in Karnataka.
Answer:

1. Worshipped Shivalinga
2. They do not practise cremation.
3. They challenged the idea of caste and pollution.
4. They questioned the idea of caste and the pol-lution.
5. Oppsed Dharmashastras.
6. Vachanas
7. Brahmanas – Studying vedas, sacrifices
8. Kshatriyas – war, administration

Question 35.
Explain the ideal occupation of the Vamas existed in ancient India.
Answer:

1. Vaishyas-Agriculture, Cattle rearing, Trade
2. Shudras – Serving higher varhas.
3. 60 temples
4. Palaces

Question 36.
Prepare a short note on the royal centre of the Vijayanagara.
Answer:

1. Audience Hall
2. Mahanavami dibba
3. Lotus Mahal
4. Hazara Rama Tempie

Question 37.
What are the elements to be considered by the histonanswtiile analysing the text like Mahabharata?
Answer:

1. Language and Content – Mahabharata was written in Sanskrit. Content is classified into narrative and didactic.
2. Author and dates:- The original story was com-posed by Sutas. These compositions circulated orally. It was written in between 200BCE and 200 CE. Later Manusmriti was added. It is comprised of 100000 verses.
3. The search for convergence.

Question 38.
Explain the features of the Vlrupakasha temple and the Vitffiala temple found in the Sacred centre of the
Vijayanagara.
Answer:
Virupaksha was the guardian deity of the Vijayanagar empire. It was built over centuries. The earliest shrine was dated to the ninth-tenth centuries. The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadevaraya. This was decorated with delicately carved pillars. Vitthala was a form of Vishnu. This temple too has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a chariot.

Questions from 39 to 42 carry 8 scores each. (4 × 8 = 32)

Question 39.
Describe the to planning of Moheníodare.
Hint:
. Lower Toi
. Drainage System
. Domestic architecture
. Great Bath
Answer:
Mohenjodaro is divided into citadel and lower town. Citadel was higher then the lower town. Both were walled. Several buildings were built on platforms. The settlement was first planned and then implemented accordingly. Other signs of planning include bricks, which, whether sun-dried or baked, were of a stan-dard ratio, where the length, breadth and height were the same.

One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cit-ies was the carefully planned drainage system. Roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles. The lower town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings. Many were centered on a courtyard, with rooms on all sides. What is also in-teresting is an apparent concern for privacy.

Every house had its own bathroom. Some houses have remains of stair cases to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells. Scholars have estimated that the total number of wells in Mohenjodaro was about 700. It is on the citadel that we find evidence of structures that were probably used for special public purposes. These include a warehouse and the Great Bath. The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a court- yard.surrounded by a corridor on all four sides.

There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well. Water from the tank flowed into a huge drain. Across a lane to the north lay a smaller build¬ing with 8 bathrooms, four on each side of a corridor, with drains from each bathroom connecting to a drain that ran along the corridor. The uniqueness of the structure, as well as the context in which it was found has led scholars to suggest that it was meant for some kind of a special ritual bath. Mohenjodaro is the most well known Harappan site.

Question 40.
Prepare an essay on the Mauryan empire. Areas to be considered.
. Sources
. Administration
. Ashoka’s Dhamma
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya empire. Historians have used a variety of sources. They are the fol lowi ng.

1. Archaeological finds (Sculpture)
2. Arthashastra composed by Kautilya.
3. Account of Megastenes
4. Buddhist, Jaina, Puranicand Sanskrit literature.
5. Inscriptions of Asoka.

These were five major political centres in the Mauryan empire – the capital Pataliputra and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjaini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri, all mentioned in Asokan inscriptions. The regions in-cluded within the empire were just too diverse.

It is likely that administrative control was strongest in areas around the capital and the provincial centres. These centres were carefully chosen, both Taxila and Ujjayini being situated on important longdistance trade routes, while Suvarnagiri was possibly important for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka. Communication along both land and riverine routes was vital for the existence of the empire.

Megasthenes mentions a committee with six sub¬committees for coordinating military activity. Of these, one looked after the navy, the second managed trans¬port and provisions, the third was responsible for foot soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants. The activities of the sec¬ond sub committee were rather varied: arranging for bullock carts to carry equipments, procuring food for soldiers and fodder for animals, and recruiting ser¬vants and artisans to look after soldiers.

Asoka also tried to hold his empire together by propa-gating Dhamma. According to Asoka, Dhamma would ensure the well being of people in this world and the next. Special officers, known as Dhamma mahamatta, were appointed to spread the message of dhamma. It was the first ruler who inscribed his messages to his subjects and officials on stone surfaces. He used the inscriptions to proclaim what he understood to be Dhamma. This included respect towards elders, generosity towards Brahmanas, and those who renounced worldly life, treating slaves and servants kindly, and respect for religions and traditins other than one’s own.

Question 41.
Explain how Al-Blrunis Accounts helped to understand meceval Indian society.
Hints:
. Early life
. Kltab.d-1-llnd
. Caste System
Answer:
Al-Biruni was born in 973, in Khwarizm in present day Uzbekistan. Khwarizm was an important centre of learning. He was well versed in several languages. Syrian, Arabic, Persian, Hebrew and Sanskrit. In 1017, when Sultan Mahmud invaded Khwarizm, he took several scholars and poets back to his capital, Ghazni, Al-Biruni was one of them.

It was in Ghazni that Al-Biruni developed an interest in India. Sanskrit works on astronomy, mathematics and medicine had been translated into Arabic from the eighth century onwards. He spend years in the company of Brahmana priests and scholars, learn- I ing Sanskrit, and studying religious and philosophical texts. He travelled widely in the Punjab and parts of northern India.

Al-Biruni is Kitab-ul-Hind, written in Arabic, is simple and lucid. It is a voluminous text, divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as religion and philosophy, festivals, astronomy, alchemy, manners and cus¬toms, social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology.

Generally, Al-Biruni adopted a distinctive structure in each chapter, beginning with a question, following its up with a description based on Sanskritic traditions, and concluding with a comparison with other cultures. This almost geortietric structure, remark¬able, for its precision and predictability, owed much to his mathematical orientation.

Al-Biruni, who wrote in Arabic, probably intended his work for people living along the frontiers of the subcontinent. He was familiar with translations and adaptations of Sanskrit. Pali and Prakrit texts into Arabic. These ranged from fables to works on as-tronomy and medicine. However, he was also criti-cal about the ways in which these texts were writ-ten, and clearly wanted to improve on them.

He discussed several ‘barriers’ that he felt obstructed understanding. The first amongst these was language. The second barrier he identified was the difference in religious beliefs and practices. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by look-ing for paralels in other societies. He noted that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised: those of knights and princes; monks, fire-priests and lawyers, physicians, astronomers and other scientists; and finally, peasants and artisans.

In other words, he attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India. At the same time he pointed out that within Islam all men were consid-ered equal, differing only in their observance of piety. Al-Biruni disapproved of the notion of pollution. His description of the caste system was deeply influenced by his study of normative Sanskrit texts. However, in real life the system was not quite as rigid.

Question 42.
Expalin the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the nationalist movement of India.
Areas to be considered:
. Non-Cooperation Movenent
. Salt Satyagraha
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi made India’s national movement into a mass movement. The Non-cooperation move¬ment was the first mass movement organised by Gandhiji in India under Indian National Congress. He hoped that by coupling non-cooperation with Khilafat, India’s two major religious communities, Hindus and Muslims, could collectively bring an end to colonial rule.

As part of the Non-cooperation movement students stopped going to schools and colleges run by the government. The working class went on strike in many towns and cities. The countryside was seething with discontent too. Hill tribes in northen Andhra violated forest laws. Farmers in Awadh did not pay taxes. Peasant in Kumaun refused to carry loads for colonial officials. Peasants, workers, and others in-terpreted and acted upon the call to ‘non cooperate’ with colonial rule in ways that best suited their inter-ests, rather than conform to the dictates laid down from above.

It entailed denial, renunciation and self discipline. It was training for self rule. As a consequence of the- Non-cooperation movement the British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. Then in February 1922, a group of peasants attacked and torched a police station in the hamlet of Chaurichaura in the United provinces. Several constables perished in the conflagration. This act of non violence prompted Gandhiji to call off the altogether. During the non cooperation movement thousands of Indians were put in jail.

Another mass movement organised by Gandhiji under the leadership pf the Congress was the Salt Satyagraha. Mahatma Gandhi announced that he would lead a march to break one of the most widely disliked laws in British India, which gave the state a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. His picking on the salt monopoly was another illustration of Gandhiji’s tactical wisdom.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards the ocean. He reached his destination three weeks later, making a fistful of salt as he did and thereby making himself criminal in the eyes of the law. Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were being conducted in other parts of the country.

This event brought Mahatma Gandhi to world atten-tion. It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. It was the salt march which forced upon the British the realisation that their Raj would not last for ever, and that they would have to devolve some power to the Indians. By the Gandhi- Irwin pact of 1931 Gandhiji called off the civil disobe¬dience movement and agreed to participate in the second round table conference. As a result all pris¬oners were released arid salt manufacture was al¬lowed along the coast.