Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations

Question 1.
The following are the names of UN Secretary Generals, Identify the first Secretary General of UNO. Hints U Thant, Kofi A. Annan, Kurt Waldhemin Trygve Lie.
Answer:
Trygve Lie

Question 2.
The following diagram shows the principal organs of UNO. Try to fill up the blank columns.
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations 1
Answer:

  • Economic and Social Council
  • International Court of Justice
  • Secretariat
  • Trusteeship Council

Question 3.
The following are the names of some UN Secretary Generals. Identity the first person who had served as the secretary General of UNO from Asia.
Hints : Javier Perez de Cuellane, Trygve Lie, U Thant, Boutros Boutros- Ghali
Answer:
U. Thant

Question 4.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below about the veto power.
a. Only the permanent members of the Security Council possess the Veto power.
b. It’s a kind of negative power.
c. The Secretary General uses this power when not satisfied with any decision.
d. One veto can stall a Security Council resolution.
Answer:
a. correct
b. correct
c. wrong
d. correct

HSSLive.Guru

Question 5.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below that describe the way the UN functions.
a. All Security and peace related issues are dealt with the Security Council.
b. Humanitarian policies are implemented by the main organs and specialized agencies spread across the globe.
c. Having consensus among the five permanent members on Security issues is vital for its implementation.
Maximum Cpu Wisfters
d. The members of the General Assembly are automatically the members of all other principal organs and specialized agencies of the UN.
Answer:
a. correct
b. correct
c. correct
d. wrong

Question 6.
Which among the following would give more weight age to India’s proposal for permanent membership in the Security Council?
a. Nuclear Capability
b. It has been a member of the UN since its inception.
c. It is located in Asia.
d. India’s growing economic power and stable political system
Answer:
d. India’s growing economic power and stable political system

Question 7
The UN agency concerned with the safety and peace¬ful use of nuclear technology is.
a. The UN committee on Disarmament
b. International Atomic Energy Agency
c. UN International safeguard Committee.
d. None of the above
Answer:
b. International Atomic Energy Agency

Question 8
WTO is serving as the successor to which of the. following organizations, a General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs.
b. General Arrangement on Trade and Tariffs.
c. World Health Organisation.
d. UN Development programme
Answer:
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs.

Question 9.
In June 1975 the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recommended the imposition of emergency to the President of India. Who was the President at the time of declaration of Emergency in India ?
Answer:
FakrudinAli Ahmed

Question 10.
Find the odd one out.
Ban Ki Moon, Butros Butros Khali, APJ Abdul Kalam
Answer:
Abdul Kalam

HSSLive.Guru

Question 11
Trygve Lie was the first Secretary General of UNO. Name the present Secretary General of UNO.
Answer:
Ban Ki Moon

Question 12.
Identify the leader who is associated with Glasnost and Peristroika.
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 13.
Write the expansion of the following term:
Answer:
International Monetary Fund

Question 14.
Identify the organisation set up in 1995 as the successor of GATT ?
Answer:
W.T.O.

Question 15.
The UN Security Council has permanent and Non permanent members.
Answer:
5, 10

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks.
a. The Prime objective of the UN is ……….
b. The highest functionary of the UN is called ……..
c. The UN Security Council has permanent and non permanent members…….
d. ……….. is the present UN Secretary General.
Answer:
a. to settle disputes and to promote mutual co-operation among nations.
b. Secretary General
c. 5,10
d. Ban Ki Moon

Question 17
Link Column A with appropriate items from B and C.
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations 2
Answer:
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations 3

Question 18.
Match the principal organs and agencies of the UN with their functions.

  1. Economic and social council.
  2. International Court of Justice
  3. International Atomic Energy Agency
  4. Security Council
  5. UN High Commission for Refugees.
  6. World Trade Organization.
  7. International Monetary Fund
  8. General Assembly
  9. World Health Organization
  10. Secretariat

Functions:
a. Oversees the global financial system.
b. Preservation of international peace and security
c. Looks into the economic and social welfare of the member countries
d. Safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology.
e. Resolves disputes between and among member countries.
f. provides shelter and medical help during emergencies
g. Debates and discusses global issues.
h. Administration and co-ordination of UN affairs.
i. Provides good health for all.
j. Facilitates free trade among member countries.
Answer:
1-c, 2-e, 3-d, 4-b, 5-f, 6-j, 7-a, 8-g, 9-i, 10-h.

Question 19.
According to Dag Hammarskjold, “The United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell”.
In the word of Shashi Tharoor, “Countries in the world can get together, bore each other some times with their words rather than bore holes into each others on the battle fields”. To Churchill, “Jaw-Jaw is better than war war”. These are the comments of some international personalities about the importance of international organization. Carefully examine the opinions and explain the relevance of international organization (UNO).
Answer:
After WWII, the necessity for an international organization was recognized. Its purpose was to prevent wars, to settle international disputes amicably, and to bring about cooperation among nations. Therefore the UN can assist in times of war as well as peace. By improving the standard of living it can assist nations.There are disputes and differences of opinion among nations. War is not the solution to all problems. There are problems like controlling and eradicating diseases or global warming. Although each nation can find solutions to such problems, a collective action would produce much better results. But often nations are not willing to work together. The reasons might be the following:

  1. How to share the expenses for cooperating in* a project?
  2. Can the profit from the cooperation be equitably divided?
  3. How to ensure that the other party won’t breach the contract?

An international organization can formulate new ideas, cooperate and exchange information. It can help member countries by using its expertise and its vast facilities. It can make formulas to share expenses for some cooperative projects and divide profits equitably. It can exert pressure to make the members carry out their obligations.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 20.
‘League of Nations’ was the first international organization formed to avoid war. It could not prevent the second world war. The second world war further proved the relevance of an international organization to prevent wars. This gave birth to UNO. Explain the developments through which UNO was formed?
Answer:
a. In August 1941 American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill signed the Atlantic Chart. A,,
b. In January 1942, the nations that fought against the Axis Powers met in Washington DC and signed the “Declaration by United Nations”. This was to support the Atlantic Charter.

  • In December 1943, America, Britain, Soviet Union etc. declared the Tehran Conference.
  • In February 1945, in the Yalta Conference, 3 leaders – Roosevejt, Churchill and Stalin decided to call a United Nations Conference and agreed to put forward a suggestion fora world organization.
  • In April-May 1945, a two months-long United Nations Conference took place in San Francisco.
  • On 26 June 1945 the UN Charter was signed by 50 countries, Poland signed it 15 october .Thus there were 52 founding nations at the beginning of the UN. On 24 October 1945 the UN was officiaily founded. India joined it on 30 October 1945.

Question 21.
The end of cold war marked certain fundamental changes in the international politics. The UNO has also undergone certain changes. Carefully evaluate the reforms of the UN after the cold war.
Answer:
Recently there nave been demands to change the structure of the UN. Reforms are demanded in two spheres:
1. Changes in the structure and its functioning.
2. A rethinking of the problems that can come, should come, under the jurisdiction of the UN.A big demand is that there should be changes in the structure and functions of the Security Council. There is demand for the increase of the Permanent and Non-Permanent members in the Security Council. Then contemporary political realities will be more reflected in its working. There is a demand to increase the number of Asian, African and Latin American countries. There is also a demand from America and many Western countries to rethink about the budget and its management.

Some experts and nations say that there should be some reforms in the areas of jurisdiction of the UNO. They think the UN should play more active roles to bring about peace and security. But others say UN must pay more attention to humanitarian and welfare schemes like health, education, environment, birth control, human rights, social justice etc.

Question 22.
Veto power “is a special power granted to the permanent members of the UN. It is generally regarded as undemocratic and discriminatory. As a student in political science, can you explain the ‘veto power’ and express your opinion about granting veto power to the permanent members of UN Security Council?
Answer:
Veto Power is a special right the Permanent Members of the UN Security Council enjoy. To make decisions in the Security Council, voting is done. Each Permanent Member has one vote. Any Permanent Member can give a negative vote against any proposal. Even of all members except one vote for a particular decision, it won’t be carried out because of the one negative vote. This negative vote is the veto. There is a move to abolish veto orto amend it. But the Permanent Members do not agree for any reform in this matter. They don’t want the veto power to be abolished, even though the Cold War is over. If the Veto is removed, the big powers will lose their interest in the UN and they will do things the way they like, causing harm to the UN.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 23.
On the basis of the resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1992 the UN secretary General Kofi Annan initiated an enquiry into how the UN should be reformed on 1st January 1997. Identify the proposals submitted for new permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council.
Answer:
For the new permanent members and non-permanent members, the criteria for the membership in the Security Council are as follows:

  • It must be a big economic power.
  • it should be a big military power.
  • It should be a nation that contributes substantially to the UN Budget.
  • It should be a country with a large population.
  • It must a country that has faith in democracy and human rights.
  • It should be a nation that should be abie to show the varieties of the world in its geography, economy and culture.

Question 24.
As the UN Completed 60 years of its existence, the heads of all the member states met in September 2005 to celebrate the anniversary and review the present world situation. The leaders in this meeting proposed some proposals to make the UN more relevant in the changing context. List the proposals framed in this meeting.
Answer:
Some suggestions regarding matters that come under the jurisdiction of the UNO:

  • Appoint a commission for the establishment of peace.
  • If the people can’t be protected from persecutions by the government of a country, the UN must take the responsibility of protecting them.
  • Establish a Human Rights Commission. (It started working from 19 June 2006).
  • Agreements for the Millennium development objectives.
  • Condemn terrorism and its various aspects.
  • Form a Democracy Fund.
  • Make a decision to stop Trusteeship Council.

Question 25.
We, Indians have a desire to be a permanent member of the Security Council. For this purpose India has strongly supported the restructuring of the UN Security Council. Can you carefully analyze the logic behind this claim?
Answer:
The demand of India to be a Permanent Member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfills all the criteria to be a permanent member. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds:

  • It has the world’s second largest population.
  • It is the largest democracy in the world.
  • India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
  • It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
  • India’s economic situation is improving.
  • India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted on any payment.

The above reasons are good enough for India to get a permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Permanent membership has its own significance. India’s importance will increase in world matters. Our foreign policy will influence others.

Question 26.
We know that India’s claim for permanent membership in the UN Security Council is just and reasonable. There are enough reasons for this. But we also know that it is not easy to materialize this claim. Identify the difficulties before us for attaining the permanent membership.
Answer:
Some nations question India’s claim for permanent membership in the UN Security Council. They have their own reasons. Pakistan, our neighbour, does not want India to have the veto power. Some say that if India is given permanent membership, many other countries like Brazil, Germany, Japan and South Africa also will come with such demands. Africa and South America are huge landmasses that deserve representation. According to the present structure, this won’t be possible. Therefore it is not easy for any country, including India, to get permanent membership.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 27
The end of cold war created a unipolar world controlled by the U.S.A. Do you think UN serves as a balance against US dominance? UNO came into existence during the period of Cold War. The disintegration of the USSR made the USA the sole Superpower in the world. Many nations feel that only if they work in cooperation with this Superpower, the restructuring of the UN will be possible. We know that it is not easy to control America. Many things make America have great influence over the UN.

The following are main reasons:

  • It is the greatest power. It has the economic and military capacity even to challenge the UN.
  • UN is located in American soil. That itself enables the US to influence it.
  • Many American citizens work in the UN bureaucracy.
  • America can stop any move against it by using its veto power.
  • America can even decide who the next UN Secretary General should be.
  • Using this power USA can make other countries divided in their views.

Because of all these the UN has not been able to counter America. Even though America is a Superpower, UN is the venue where world issues can be discussed by other countries. Although not equal to her, UN can criticise any act or activity of the USA if it goes against its interest.

Question 28.
Match the following:
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations 4
Answer:
a – 5
b – 3
c – 4
d – 1
e – 2

Additional Questions

Question 1.
‘After the old war, the world faces drastic changes’.In your opinion what are the charges occurred in the world after cold war.
Answer:
The changes that happened in the world after the Cold War are as follows:

  • The disintegration of the Soviet Union.
  • America became the sole Superpower.
  • The relation between Russia, the heir to the USSR, and the USA became based on cooperation.
  • China grew into a big power. India too grew fast.
  • Many new countries joined the UN.
    (Most of them were members of the disintegrated USSR.)

The world faces new challenges like internal conflicts, racial conflicts, terrorism, proliferation of nuclear weapons, climate change, destruction of the eco system, contagious diseases, etc.

Question 2.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the veto power.
Answer:
a. correct
b. correct
c. wrong
d. correct

Question 3.
Which among the following would give more weightage to India’s proposal for permanent membership in the security council.
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations 5

Answer:
d.

Question 4.
The United Nations was established in .
Answer:
24 October, 1945

Question 5.
…………. is UN’s day.
Answer:
24th October

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Plus Two Political Science SAY Question Paper 2013

Kerala Plus Two Political Science SAY Question Paper 2013

Question 1.
The names of certain countries are given below, pick up ASEAN countries among them and complete the table. (2)

  • China
  • Philippines
  • Indonesia
  • Singapore
  • Pakistan
  • Bangladesh
  • Malaysia
  • Sri Lanka

Answer:
Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia

Question 2.
“The split in the communist party of India can be traced back to the ideological rift between two countries”. Do you agree with the statement? Identify those countries and substantiate your argument.(3)
Answer:
In 1964 the Communist Party of India split as CPI and CPI(M). CPI was Pro-Russia and pro-Congress but CPI(M) was pro-China and anti-Congress.

Question 3.
Right to Information Act is considered as one of the greatest contributions of popular movements in India. Is it a pre-requisite to the success of democracy? How? You can use the following hint while answering the question.
i. Avoids corruption (3)
Answer:
Right to Information is an important landmark in Indian democracy. This Act plays a big role in making the administration transparent to a large extent. It helps in eradicating corruption in the government. It allows individuals to get information regarding various administrative matters. It removes the secrecy maintained by the earlier Administrations. It is a check against corruption. But this Act alone is not enough to remove large-scale corruption in the society.

Question 4.
In a classroom debate Nandana advanced the following argument. (6)
“The political conditions of India during 1975 forced Indira Gandhi to declare national emergency”. State your opinion on the above observation and find out whether the emergency declaration created a crisis in the democratic order.
Answer:
On 25 June 1975, the President, on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared Emergency in India. It affected the working of the political parties in many ways. They are as follows:
a. Many of the opposition leaders were arrested and kept in jail. This adversely affected the functioning of the parties. The controls imposed on the media also affected their working. As a result the public opinion was turned against Congress. Jay Prakash Narayan became the symbol of democracy.

b. The Emergency and things that were done to implement it made the opposition leaders feel that the autocratic rule of Indira Gandhi would make them disappear one by one. Because of that the leaders of different parties kept in touch with one another and were ready to form a new political party. The result was Janta Party.

c. With the formation of the new party, it was strongly believed that the anti-Congress votes won’t get divided. The 1977 election was a referendum on the Emergency. Congress was badly defeated.

Question 5.
India’s Nuclear Policy aims at global disarmament. Do you think that the recent Indo-US nuclear deal is a deviation from these policies. Give your reasons. (3)
Answer:
Non-Aligned policy is a specialty of India. India takes a neutral stand when there are problems between power blocs. But the Indo-American Nuclear Deal can be seen as a change from this neutral policy. It is considered a pro-American leaning on the part of India.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 6.
India and China had very good neighbourly ties with each other during post-independence, based mainly on the principles of Panchasheel. But on the Tibetan issue the friends fell out nd China invaded India. Do you think the invasion a failure of the Panchasheel diplomacy? How do you look at the issue in the context of the present relations between India and China. (4)
Answer:
Indo-China Relations: In the beginning India and China had cordial relations. It has a historical and cultural background. Nehru played a crucial role in making the relations better. India was the first country to recognize China after the Revolution. Nehru tried to help China in international matters. Because of these good relations, on the India-China border there were only paramilitary forces.

The Panchsheel Agreement as a big landmark out India-China relations. It was signed on April 29 by the PMs of both countries, Nehru of India and Chou- en-Lai of China. Nehru visited China and Chou-en- Lai visited India getting the love and respect of people. Nehru had an open-hearted approach to China. But people like Patel thought China was not a country to be believed. Nehru never expected any attack from China. But in 1962, China did attack India.

Two things spoiled the relations between India and China. One was the Tibetan Issue and the other was border disputes. Even in the 1950s when they were friends, India and China had border disputes. China was not ready to accept our suggestions regarding the border. China claimed Ladakh in Kashmir and some areas of Arunachal Pradesh to be theirs. During the period of 1957-59, they also took Aksai Chin sector and built the Karakoram Highway. The second issue was Tibet. In 1950, China annexed Tibet. It was a breach of faith. In the beginning India kept quiet. But the Chinese started imposing their culture

on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Tibetan Spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, sought refuge in India. China then accused India saying that India was acting against the interest of China. In October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which it claimed to be hers. The first attack lasted a week. Chinese army occupied some place in Arunachal Pradesh. The next attack came a month later. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

As a result of the war, Nehru’s close friend and the then defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon had o resign. Nehru was criticised for blinding believing China for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A no-confrdence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. In many bye-elections Congress lost. The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Part was divided into two – Pro- Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the otherwasCPI.

The War awakened the nation. The North Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects. Now the relations are a bit better. But China’s closeness to Pakistan and help it gives to Pakistan make us unhappy.

Question 7.
Observe the following conversation : (6)
Vrinda: Owing to globalisation, the world today is a globalised village, Nationalism has given way to internationalism.
Renjitha: I agree with you, but I feel that at a deeper level globalisation is a new form of colonialism. It is creating harmful effects on all levels of existence.
Elsa: I feel that globalisation has been affecting the developing countries most adversely.
Based on the above given pieces of conversation, formulate your views on globalisation.
Answer:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more.

Let us see how it works:
Political results: Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results:
Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO
etc. play big roies. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come undertheir influence. In this, are-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.
As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations, investing in the developing nations is more profitable.

Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants. There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization.

Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the dements of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Question 8.
No change in India’s stand on climate change” says Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh . In the context of the Prime Minister’s reference, identify India’s stand on environmental security. (3)
Answer:
For the protection of environment India has taken the following steps:

  • According to the auto fuel policy of India, only purified fuel is used for vehicles.
  • The Energy Act passed in 2001, aims at the appropriate use of energy.
  • The 2003 Electricity Act requires the use of renewable energy sources.
  • In 2011-12, the Bio-diesel Mission acquired 11 million hectors of land for the production of biodiesel. Recently schemes have been worked out for the import of natural gas. It has been decided to use the latest technology for purifying coal. Thus India is doing a lot for environmental protection.

Question 9.
You may be familar with the term Syndicate’which was related to the congress party during the 60s, Analyse the role player by the Syndicate in relation to Congress party.(4)
Answer:
The biggest challenge Indira Gandhi had to face after the 1967 election was not from the Opposition but from her own party. She had to a face a powerful Syndicate in the party itself working against her. But soon she was able to take control and took strong measures. She did certain things showing her leaning towards the Left. In 1967, she formed a 10- point action plan.

Banks were controlled, insurance was nationalized, and ceiling was set for urban property. She also carried out public distribution of food grains, land reforms, village housing schemes. Although the Syndicate agreed to these changes, it was not happy. When Dr. Zakir Hussain died in 1969, there was election for the President. During this election the difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate came in the open.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 10.
‘The Green Revolution delivered only a moderate agricultural growth; but increased polarisation between classes and regions’. In the light of the above statement mention two negative and positive consequences of Green Revolution, (4)
Answer:
Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in a very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine¬like condition.

To overcome this crisis, India was forced to seek assistance from countries like America. Following the American policies, we too started some new economic policies. The government wanted self-sufficiency in food and therefore a new agricultural policy was implemented. This policy included farming all lands where irrigation was available, using high yield varieties of seeds and fertilizing the land. Subsidies were given for irrigation and insecticides. It was also decided that the government would purchase the produce at a minimum price. All these changes together paved the way for what is known as the Green Revolution.

The Green Revolution brought some positive changes in agricultural growth. Food stuff was easily available. Of course, it was the rich merchants and large farm- owners that were the prime beneficiaries. There was a polarization of the rich and poor. This helped the Left Parties to bring together the poor farmers and the masses. As a result, there arose a powerful Left-leaning lobby of middle class farmers.

Question 11.
Match the following : (5)
Plus Two Political Science SAY Question Paper 2013 1
Answer:
Agra Summit – 2001 – Vajpai, Musharaf
Tashkent agreement -1996- Sastri, Ayub Khan
Stand Still Agreement – 1947 – India Government, Hyderabad Nizam
Simla Agreement – 1972 – Indira Gandhi, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Panchsheel principles-1954-Nehru, Chou-en-Lai

Question 12.
Name the two leaders who were known for the following two slogans.
a) jai Jawan Jai Kisan
b) Garibi Hatao (1)
Answer:
a. Lal Bahadur Satri
b. Indira Gandhi

Question 13.
The role of Non-party movements in India is significant in making our democracy more vibrant. Identify any one of such movement and analyse its importance.(3)
Answer:
Chipko Movement is considered as one of the first environmental movement in the country. This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements. But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. (Chipko means embrace).

This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand. The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature. They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to be given to the local people. They also asked for.permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also demanded minimum wages for the forest workers who had no land of their own.

As a result of this Movement, the government issued an order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan side for 15 years. The role of women was great in this Movement. They also fought against social evils like drinking alcohol. With Chipko Movement, people realized that solutions to popular problems could be found through non-political movements.

Question 14.
LTTE, the Tamil Militant outfit has been destroyed by the Sri Lankan army. Identify any two causes LTTE has been fighting for. (2)
Answer:
The civil war that was going on in Sri Lanka ended with the killing of Veluppilla Prabhakaran and some other LTTE leaders. All this time democracy was functioning there. After independence, it was the Sinhala community that had the upper hand in Sri Lanka. They were not sympathetic towards the Tamils who actually migrated from India long ago. The Sinhala nationalists were against giving any concessions to the Tamils there.

In their view Sri Lanka is the motherland only for them. It was this enmity that forced the Tamils to rise in revolt against the Sinhalese, The Tamils organised the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eazham). From 1983, the LTTE began armed struggle against the Sinhalese. This racial problem became a headache to India as well. The Tamil people of India exerted great pressure on the Central Government to help the Tamils in Sri Lanka.

In 1987 India signed an agreement with Sri Lanka. According to that there should be cordial relations between the Tamils and the Sri Lankan government. But the Indian government had to fight against LTTE. Sri Lanka thought India was interfering in its internal affairs. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force had to come back to India without -achieving any result. Sri Lankan problem became very violent. Scandinavian countries like Nonway and Iceland tried to bring peace, but they failed. In Lankan army attacked the LTTE army and killed Veluppilla Prabhakaran and his associates.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 15.
As per Article 370 the state of Jammu and Kashmir enjoys special status. Other states are against this special consideration, while Kashmir is says that they are not getting enough recognition. Kashmir problem still remains as a headache to the central government. Identify the various problems on the issue of Kashmir Do you think that the arguments of Kashmiris are justifiable? Substantiate your arguments. (6)
Answer:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmirwas a Princely State. Initially, the King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan. The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. But he also did not want to join Pakistan.

National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

The King signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir King. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. For the welfare of the people Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister. India granted J&K autonomy.

External and Internal Squabbles: Because of external and internal problems, J&K is always in the midst of crises. On one side there is Pakistan claiming the Kashmir Valley. After the 1947 War, a part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control. India calls it illegal occupation. Pakistan Calls this area Azad Kashmir. Internally also the Kashmir problems is a headache for the Centre. According to Article 37Q, Kashmir is given greater autonomy than other States. This Article is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir. The special concession causes problems. Many believe that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 370 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.

  • No referendum has taken place so far.
  • The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy.
  • They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

Politics since 1948:
After Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Kashmir, many land reforms and other welfare measures were taken to help the masses. But there was a difference of opinion between him and the Central Government. He wanted Kashmir to be completely free. So the Central Government dismissed him and kept him in jail forsome time. His successors did not get popular support but they administered the region with Central support. The Kashmiris slowly started believing in democracy. According to the agreement between India Gandhi and Sheikh Abd,ullah, in 1974, he became the Prime Minister. He died in 1982.

Resistance And Later:
In the 1987 election the National Conference won with a huge majority. Farukh Abdulla became the Chief Minister. Many believed that he did some manipulations in the election. From 1980, there have been protests against weak governments there. Some people believed that it was the Centre which made this huge majority possible. It led to the Kashmiri crisis. There was resistance. In 1989, there was an armed struggle for making Kashmir independent.

The insurgents were assisted by Pakistan. For many years, J&K was under Presidential rule. Even as there was strong military presence there, from 1990 there have been frequent clashes between the army and the people who resisted Indian rule. Farooq Abdulla’s government also demanded greater autonomy. In 2002, there was another election. Instead of the National Conference, a PDP Coalition Government came to power.

Secession Movement And After:
The secessionist movement (1969) appeared in many shapes and it took different stances.

  • Independent Kashmir without joining either India or Pakistan.
  • A group demanding merger with Pakistan.
  • A group demanding greater autonomy.

The demand for greater autonomy attracted the people of Jammu and Ladakh in different ways. Often there were complaints against neglect and backwardness. The Central Government discussed the issue with different groups. The secessionists now say that even as they stay with India, they should be given more autonomy.

Question 16.
“The United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell”. Dag Hammarsk Jold, The UN’s second secretary general. Based on the above quotation, Analyse the importance of UN as an indispensable world organisaton. (5)
Answer:
After WWII, the necessity for an international organization was recognized. Its purpose was to prevent wars, to settle international disputes amicably, and to bring about cooperation among nations. Therefore the UN can assist in times of war as well as peace. By improving the standard of living it can assist nations.

There are disputes and differences of opinion among nations. War is not the solution to all problems. There are problems like controlling and eradicating diseases or global warming. Although each nation can find solutions to such problems, a collective action would produce much better results. But often nations are not willing to work together.

Question 17.
In the midst of severe competition and conflicts, after the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, a consensus appears to have emerged among most of the parties. State the main ideas included in the consensus.You can use the following hints.

  1. New economic policies
  2. Political and social claims of backward castes.

Answer:
After 2004, we saw a situation where no party had majority and therefore many parties joined together on the basis of some common policies. There was some kind of political consensus in pursuing the new economic policies. Along with that the social demands of the backward classes also came up for serious consideration

HSSLive.Guru

Question 18.
Study the conversation given below:
Anagha : The contemporary US Power lies in the superiority of its military power.
Ronie : We can regard World Bank, International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organisation as the products of American hegemony.
Rani: It would be a mistake to see US hegemony in purely military and economic terms without considering the cultural dimension of US hegemony. Based on these dialogues prepare a detailed note on US hegemony. Find out two major constraints on American hegemony. (5)
Answer:
World nations try to gain and maintain dominance over others by using military, economic and cultural power. During the Cold War the fight was between the Soviet Union and America. With the disintegration of the Soviet, Union America remains the only Superpower. Dominance or hegemony is attained through three things:
a. Hard Power
b. Structural Power
c. Soft Power

Hard Power:
This includes military power and the relations between nations. Today America is in the forefront of military power. There is nobody to challenge its military might. It has the capacity to reach any corner of the world any moment. They spend a major part of their budget to maintain this position. They spend huge sums of money for research and technological developments. It is technology that keeps America in the forefront. With their military might they are even ready to police the world, and punish the culprits.

Structural Power:
This dominance is based on the economic structure. The global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea-routes safe for ships.

The next is the Internet. In fact it was an American military project. It was started in 1950. Today the global network functions using satellites. Most of them belong to America. 28% of the world economy is controlled by America. 15% of the international trade is also done by them. In any economic sector, at least one of out of three biggest companies will be American. The world economic structure follows the Breton Woods style of America. The World Bank, I.M.F. and World Trade Organization etc. are examples of American supremacy in world business and finance.Now comes another example the MBA degree. It was America that made this course and the degree

Question 19.
After the collapse of Soviet Union the market capitalist forces of the west adopted a new strategy towards East-European countries through World Bank and IMF, Identify this strategy and prepare a brief note on it.(4)
Answer:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted towards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

  • The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
  • Private capital would be very important.
  • Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
  • Foreign investment, open market system and currency exchange would be possible.
  • The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
  • Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come closer to them.

Results:

  • Many big industries under government control collapsed.
  • 90% industries were sold to individuals or private companies.
  • The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
  • Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
  • In Cooperative farming, people had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains.
  • In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
  • The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
  • As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.
  • Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated.
  • Privatization made economic inequality among people.

Question 20.
Find odd man out:
a) Parvez Mush raff
b) E.M. Ershad
c) Zia-ul-Haq
d) Ayub-Khan (1)
Answer:
a) E:M. Ershad

Question 21.
Arrange the following in chronological order. (2)
a) Establishment of OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation)
b) Establishment of EU (European Union)
c) Formation of ASEAN (Associaton for South East Asian Nations.
d) Formation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
Answer:
a) OEEC 1948
b) EU 1993
c) ASEAN 1967
d) NATO 1949

HSSLive.Guru

Question 22.
A discussion on “goals of I and II five year plans” has taken place in the class. The student omitted the following points in his discussion note.
i. Focused on land reforms
ii. Targeted socialistic pattern of society
Consider the above given hints and complete the discussion note.
Answer:
The 1st FYP gave importance to the agricultural sector. But the 2nd one stressed industrial development. This raised a question: for a country like India which is more important – agriculture or industry?

Those who supported the agricultural sector said that the 2nd FYP had no definite plan about the agricultural sector and industries might make things more difficult for the villagers. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian economist, prepared a plan about industrialization. Mr. Choudhary Charan Singh wanted greater stress to be given to the agricultural sector. He said that industrialization brings progress only to business and cities by preventing farmers and villagers from making progress.

Supporters of industrialization had a different view. They claimed that only through industries and greater production the eradication of poverty would be possible. They also claimed that there was a definite agricultural policy for the development of food crops. Through land reforms, poor villagers got land. Funds were made available for social welfare and irrigation. But these policies could not be carried out as planned. The main reason was the objection from big landowners who had political and social power. They felt that even if more money is spent on agriculture, it would not improve the lot of the villagers.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2015

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2015

Question 1.
Write a short note on Green Revolution. How this contributed to food security in India? (3)
Answer:
Green Revolution: Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine-like condition.

To overcome this crisis, India was forced to seek assistance from countries like America. Following the American policies, we too started some new economic policies. The government wanted self- sufficiency in food and therefore a new agricultural policy was implemented. This policy included fanning all lands where irrigation was available, using high yield varieties of seeds and fertilizing the land. Subsidies were given for irrigation and insecticides, it was also decided that the government would purchase the product at a minimum price. All these changes together paved the way for what is known as the Green Revolution.

The Green Revolution brought some positive changes in agricultural growth. Food stuff was easily available. Of course, it was the rich merchants and large farm- owners that were the prime beneficiaries. There was a polarization of the rich and poor. This helped the Left Parties to bring together the poor farmers and the masses. As a result, there arose a powerful Left-leaning lobby of middle-class farmers.

Question 2.
Match the following : (4)
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2015 1
Answer:

  • Shyama Prasad Mukherjee – Founder of BJS – Minister, Nehru Ministry.
  • Pattom Thanu Piliai – Socialist Leader – Chief Minister of Kerala.
  • A.K. Gopalan – Opposition Leader in the Lok Sabha – Communist Leader.
  • BR Ambedkar- Stood for Dalit Justice -Architect of Indian Constitution.

Question 3.
The failure of N. Sanjeeva Reddy, official Presidential candidate of the Congress Party, completed the split in the Congress Party. Expalin the circumstances that led to the split in the Congress Party in 1969. (3)
Answer:
The biggest challenge Indira Gandhi had to face after the 1967 election was not from the Opposition but from her own party. She had to a face a powerful Syndicate in the party itself working against her But soon she was able to take control and took strong measures. She did certain things showing her leaning towards the Left. In 1967, she formed a 10- point action plan. Banks were controlled, insurance was nationalized, and ceiling was set for urban property. She also carried out public distribution of food grains, land reforms, village housing schemes. Although the Syndicate agreed to these changes, it was not happy.

When Dr. Zakir Hussain died in 1969, there was election for the President. During this election the difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate came in the open.

Question 4.
After the establishment of UN, so many new states were evolved in the international arena. There are heated discussions on the re-structuring of UN. Discuss, how the UN should be restructured catering to the present international needs. What will be the ‘ role of India in the restructured UN? (6)
Answer:
There is a need to reform UNO as per the need of the time. The circumstances today are different from those existing at the time of the formation of the UNO. There should be objective solutions to the problems of the world. No country should assume the role of world police.

There should be structural change in the UN to enable it to eradicate terrorism. There should be proper representation of the developing nations in the UN.

The demand of India to have permanent membership in the Security Council is a logical and just demand, India wants permanent membership because of the following reasons:

  • it has the world’s second-largest population.
  • It is the largest democracy in the world.
  • India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
  • It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
  • India’s economic situation is improving.
  • India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted on any payment.

The above reasons are good enough for India to get a permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Permanent membership has its own significance. India’s importance will increase in world matters. Our foreign policy will influence others,

Question 5.
‘Terrorists never respect any international laws’. Hence terrorism is considered as a new threat to security. Explain any two other new sources of threats to security. (4)
Answer:
a. Human Rights Violations: We see that throughout the world there are human right violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human right violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

Global Poverty: This is another factor of security threat, it is believed that the population in the underdeveloped countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning. This also creates a threat for the security of mankind.

Question 6.
Discuss briefly the Anti-Arrack Movement. How is this movement related to other movements in India? (3)
Answer:
In the 1990s, many women in Nellur in Andhra became literate. In the class, women spoke about the drinking habits of their men-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affects the economic situation of the family. Men do not go to work. The manufacturers of various kinds of alcoholic beverages make money by using all sorts of illegal means. It is the women that suffer because of the drinking habit of men. The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced a wine shop to close down. This news spread like wild fire into some 5000 villages. They

held meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the Collectors. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the State.

Question 7.
Dravidian Movement is the oldest regional movement in India. Discuss the origin and development of the movement. ( (3)
Answer:
‘Vadakku Vaazhkirathu’Therkku Thaeikirathu”. This was the popular slogan raised by Dravidian movement. This Dravidian movement was one of the first regional movements in Indian Politics. Prepare. a short note about Dravidian movement.

Vadakku Vaazhkirathu. Thekku Thaeikirathu” was a slogan of the Dravidian Movement. This is first regional movement in India. Although the Movement wanted fo establish a Dravidian Nation, it never resorted to any armed struggle. Using the democratic methods of propaganda and election, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam became a strong power. Dravida Movement: Dravida Kazhakam (DK) was formed by E.V. Ramaswami, known as ‘Periyor’. This Organization was against Brahmin supremacy and the political and economic supremacy of the Northern States. It was split later and then DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam) came into existence, in 1953 and 54 it made 3 big agitations and they made DMK an influential party in Indian politics.

a. The first agitation was to change the name of a railway station. Kallakkudi railway station’s name was changed to Dalmiapuram. The DMK wanted to retain the name Kallakkudi.
b. The second agitation was to make Tamil Cultural history as an important part of the school curriculum.
c. The 3rd one was against the handicraft training in .the schools. The DMK said that it had a Brahmin touch. The DMK made huge agitations against the plan of making Hindi as the sole official language. The 1965 anti-Hindi protests made DMK very famous. Now there are many Dravidian parties – DMK, AIDMK, Marumalarchi DMK, Pattali Makkal Kakshi, Desiya Moorpoku Dravida Kazhakam and so on. Some of them are known even outside Tamil Nadu.

Question 8.
Corruption is the curse of contemporary India. In this context discuss the importance of Lok Pal in India. (2)
Answer:
Corruption is a curse in our modern politics. The tendency to divide the tax money between bureaucrats and politicians is increasing in India. It is essential to stop this tendency. Anna Hazare and the People’s Party are trying to get the Lok Pal Bill passed prevent corruption. It is high time that India passed Lok Pal Bill.

Question 9.
‘Demolition of the Babri Mazjid is considered as a blow to Indian Secularism.’ How the Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid issue influenced Indian politics? Discuss. (3)
Answer:
As the news of the demolition of the Masjid canieout there were heated arguments between Hindus’ and Muslims in many places. That State Gdyferhfnent was dismissed. In many States with

BJP governments, Presidential rule was imposed. A case was filed against the Chief Minister of UP in the Supreme Court. The case was for breaching the court verdict. BJP expressed its regret at the tragic incidents that took place. The Central Government appointed a Commission to study the circumstances which led to the demolition of the Mosque. Liberhan Commission submitted its report after 17 years of the incident.

Question 10.
Match the following :
Lai Danga – Aka Dal – Mizoram
Praphulla KumarMahanta- MNF – Assam
Longowal – AGP – Punjab
Answer:
Lai Denga — M.N.F. — Mizoram
Prafulia Kumar Mahantha —A, G.P. —Assam
Longoval —Akali Dal — Punjab

Question 11.
Today Environment Degradation is considered as the greatest threat to the world’s existence. (3)
Identify any three such environmental problems. How can we prevent such degradations?
Answer:
Environmental Issues:
a. Global Warming, b. Deforestation, c. Pollution of air and water.
Solutions: a Forestation
b. Disposal of plastic waste at source.
c. Controlling vehicle emissions.

Question 12.
The critics of Globalization argue that ‘Globalization is polarisation’. Do you agree with that argument? Discuss the economic consequences of globalization. (3)
Answer:
Globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense, it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works. Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi-National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions.

Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

The effects of globalization are not limited to political and economic spheres. It affects our home, food, dress and even thoughts. There is a fear that it would lead to single world culture: There is the dominance of Western Culture in globalization’! There is a danger to traditional cultures. But some people say that culture is not something that stands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures.

Question 13.
Write a brief note on Indo-China relations. How the Indo-China War of 1962 affected India domestically and internationally? (7)
Answer:
In the beginning, India and China had cordial relations. Our relations have a historical and cultural background. Nehru played a crucial role in making relations better. India was the first country to recognize China after the Revolution. Nehru tried to help China in international matters. Because of these good relations, on the India-China border, there were only paramilitary forces and not regular armymen. The Panchsheel Agreement was a big landmark out of India-China relations. It was signed on April 29 by the PMs of both countries, Nehru of India and Chou- en-Lai of China. Nehru visited China and Chou-en-Lai visited India getting the love and respect of people. Nehru had an open-hearted approach to China. But people like Patel thought China was not a country to be believed. Nehru never expected any attack from China. But in 1962, China did attack India.

Two things spoiled the relations between India and China. One was the Tibetan Issue and the other was border disputes. Even in the 1950s when they were friends, India and China had border disputes. China was not ready to accept our suggestions regarding the border. China claimed Ladakh in Kashmir and some areas of Arunachal Pradesh to be theirs. During the period of 1957-59, they also took Aksai Chin sector and built the Karakoram Highway. The second issue was Tibet. In 1950, China annexed Tibet. It was a breach of faith. In the beginning India kept quiet. But the Chinese started imposing their culture on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Tibetan Spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, sought refuge in India. China then accused India saying that India was acting against the interest of China. In October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which she claimed to be hers.

The first attack lasted a week. Chinese army occupied some places in Arunachal Pradesh. The next attack came a month later. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

Results of the India-China War: During the war, Russia kept her neutrality. India had to seek support from America and Britain. The war was shameful to the country. But it strengthened national feeling. Nehru’s close friend and the then defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon had to resign. Nehru was criticised for blindly believing China and for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A no-confidence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. In many bye-elections Congress lost. The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Party split into two – Pro-Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the other was CPI.

The War awakened the nation. The North Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects.

Question 14.
Name the chief activist associated with Narmada Bachao Andolan. (1)
Answer:
Medha Patkar

Question 15.
Discuss the circumstances which led to the declaration of emergency in India. (4)
Answer:
After the 1971 election, Indira became a popular leader with a lot of support from the people. This time there were serious problems in the Party. There were three main reasons:
a. Economic Reasons
b. Gujarat & Bihar Movement
c. Dispute with the Judiciary

The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘garibi hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country. There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was the refuge problem. Then there was the Bangladesh Crisis, followed by the Indo- Pakistan War. All these things created financial problems. Secondly, after the War, America stopped its aids to India. Thirdly, there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The 4th reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult. The 5m problem was negative growth in industrial output. Unemployment increased, especially in the rural sector. Sixthly, the salaries of government employees had to be reduced and even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff.

All the above things created an economic crisis in the country. There was general discontentment in the country. This gave the Opposition Parties an opportunity to organise protests.

Gujarat and Bihar Movement: The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were Congress-ruled States. The main reason was the increase in the prices of essential commodities. Shortage of food, unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these States the Opposition Parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. At this time the main opponent of Indira Gandhi and the leader of Congress (O), Morarji Desai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike. He did that for demanding elections in Gujarat. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted.

Congress lost the election. In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent. He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar government. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. But the Bihar government refused to resign. The entire country discussed the issue. Jay Prakash Narayan wanted to spread the protest to all parts of the country. In the meantime, the railway workers went on strike.

It would make the entire country come to a standstill. In 1975, Jay Prakash Narayan organized a march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary: Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgment was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people. The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, Can the Parliament change the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land? Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were two more reasons. In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior-most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government-appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as null and void. All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 16.
Complete the following chart: (2)
* India
* ………………………
* Nepal
* ………………………
* Bhutan
* ………………………
* Maldives
* ………………………
Answer:
SAARC COUNTRIES: India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Maldives, Sri Lanka.

Question 17.
Which are the pillars of ASEAN community? What are théir common objectives? (4)
Answer:
ASEAN. The South Eastern Asian countries had to suffer the economic and political consequences of, ‘‘ the colonialism by turope and Japan. After WW II, poverty and economic backwardness forced these countries to join one of the superpowers. Then there was the Bandung Conference and Non-Aligned Movement came into existence. Even then problems were not solved. Therefore these countries joined together and formed an organization called ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations).

It was formed in1967. Five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – signed the Bangkok Declaration. Later Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1985), Myanmar (1997) and Cambodia (1999) became members of ASEAN.

Aims: Quickening economic growth, bring about social and cultural development. Bring about regional peace according to the UN laws, and establish stability.

Question 18.
Give a brief note on Shock therapy. (2)
Answer:
The Communist system in the Soviet Union and East European Countries collapsed and those countries started moving along paths of change. This change from Communism to capitalism is what is known as ‘shock therapy’.

Question 19.
Cold War was not limited to power rivalry alone but it extended to ideological conflict. Explain on the basis of Cuban Missile crisis. (4)
Answer:
Most North-Western countries became capitalist, anti-communist nations. A big power like America could not easily tolerate a neighbouring country becoming a close ally of Communist Russia. As Cuba got financial and diplomatic support from Russia, it became a strong country, although it was small in size. It faced America without fear. In 1962, the Russian leader Khrushchev wanted to deploy missiles and other armaments in Cube. Most American cities then would come under threat from Russia. Later this was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Question 20.
Write a brief note on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. (2)
Answer:
The Sinhala nationalists were against giving any concessions to the Tamils there. In their view Sri Lanka is the motherland only for them. It was this enmity that forced the Tamils to rise in revolt against the Sinhalese. The Tamils organised the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eazham). From 1983, the LTTE began armed struggle against the Sinhalese. This racial problem became a headache to India as well. The Tamil people of India exerted great pressure on the Central Government to help the Tamils in Sri Lanka. In 1987 India signed an agreement with Sri Lanka. According to that there should be cordial relations between the Tamils and the Sri Lankan government. But the Indian government had to fight against LTTE, Sri Lanka thought India was interfering in its internal affairs. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force had to come back to India without achieving any result.

Sri Lankan problem became very violent. Scandinavian countries like Norway and Iceland tried to bring peace, but they failed. In May 2009, the Sri Lankan army attacked the LTTE army and killed Veluppilla Prabhakaran and his associates. In spite of all these internal problems, Sri Lanka was making economic progress. It reduced its population and brought economic liberalization. Their per capita income increased. After the Civil War, the Sri Lankan Government announced that they would protect their Tamil population. The world hopes that democracy will further strengthen in Sri Lanka.

Question 21.
“The scars of Indian partition still exist even after sixty years of independence.” From the above statement explain the consequences of Indian partition. (4)
Answer:
The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people on both sides were killed because of their religion and caste. Huge cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to areas of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas. People were forced to flee their homes, suffering a lot of difficulties on their way. Many of the people in the minorities in the bonder areas had to live in refugee camps. The governments and the police were not there to help them. People had to walk or ride in some vehicles from their homes to their new places. During the journey, many were attacked and killed; women were raped. Many were forced to accept the majority religion and marry people against their will. In many homes women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour. Children were separated from their parents and guardians. People who came to the new land had no houses and they had to live in refugee camps. Not only the land, but even moveable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. People who were living like brethren were divided. It is believed that between 5 to 10 lakh people lost their lives in this tragic division of the country.

Question 22.
The First Year Plan stressed agriculture and the Second Five Year Plan stressed rapid industrialization. There is always heated controversy over agriculture and industry for a nation’s development. Examine different dimensions of this controversy. (4)
Answer:
The main difference was in the styles of the Plans. The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries.

The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty. Ac-cording to K.N. Raj, India needed a quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardise democracy itself. Therefore the first haTfliffffe Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The inequality in the land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development. It was under the leadership of P.C.

Mahalanobis. The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base. The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased. It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

Question 23.
President Obama is the Chief Guest of the Republic Day celebrations of 2015. Examine India’s relation with US after the Cold War. (6)
Answer:
Barak Obama was the Chief Guest on the Republic Day celebrations and he went back after three days of visit in India. It was the first time that an American President came to India as the Chief Guest to watch the Republic Day Parade in India.

Although America is still the greatest industrial and military power in the world, it is not able to maintain the same strong position it had in the 20th century. There are many reasons for that. The main reason is that countries likp Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are growing in population, economic power, scientific and technological achievements and America can no more keep them in her control. These countries want to form a fellowship called ‘BR1CS’, but America is against such an idea. America is trying to prevent that fellowship from being formed and so she is trying to get India on her side. The American Grbupthat came to India had a number of important Agreements in mind. In the Nuclear Liability Act, America wants India to support American companies. She wants India to be less strict with Carbon Emission Agreement. She wants to sign different Defence agreements with India and she wants to come to some understanding in trade matters. The Group discussed security, anti-terrorist schemes, and the explosive situations in India’s neighbors like Afghanistan and Iran, According to the Nuclear Liability Act, American companies can’t open plants in India. American wants this situation to change. The Indian Law says that if a nuclear accident takes place, the responsibility will lie with the company that1 Supplied the plant and nuclear material.

Both countries aim at better trade relations. After the Republic Day Parade, Modi and Obarili had a meeting with the top businessmen in India. Both 4 countries regarded this Business Summit as very important.

In the last 10 years India-America trade relation increased 5 times, reaching more than 10,000 crore dollars. In the next 5 years, the American Ambassador Richard Rahul Varma said that it would reach 50,000 crore. Richard Varma further said America would help Modi to realise his dream of full-time electricity for all Indians and to cooperate in the making of nuclear power for civil purposes. India wants to make use America’s capital, technology, pure energy, anti-terrorist power, superior knowledge, space and cyber security. India also wants American support in her quest for a permanent seat in the Security Council. Obama had included a few people whom Indians like in his group, showing the importance he gave to the visit and the discussions.

The White House thinks that there will be a ten-fold increase in the cordial relations between India and America because of Obama’s visit. The Senior Director of the National Security Council Philip Reiner said that Obama’s visit as the Chief Guest of the Republic Day Parade will strengthen the ties between the two countries. The Spokesman for the Indian Foreign Affairs Office, Mr. Said Akbaruddin, said that Obama’s visit was the most important diplomatic visit in recent times.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Politics of Planned Development

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Politics of Planned Development

Question 1.
Which of these statements about the Bombay Plan is incorrect?
a) It was a blue print for India’s economic future.
b) It supported state-ownership of industry.
c) It was made by some leading industrialists.
d) It supported strongly the idea of planning.
Answer:
a) It was a blue print for India’s economic future.

Question 2.
Which of the following ideas did not form part of the early phase of India’s development policy?
a) Planning
b)Liberalisation
c) Cooperative Farming
d) Self sufficiency
Answer:
b) Liberalisation

Question 3.
The idea of planning in India was drawn from
a) The Bombay Plan
b) Experiences of the Soviet Union
c) Gandhian vision of society
d) Demand by peasant bloc union organizations.
i. b and d only
ii. d and c only
iii. a and b only
iv all the above
Answer:
iii. a and b only

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks in the following table.

Green Revolution Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
White Revolution

Answer:
Varghese Kurian

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Question 5.
Identify the architect of second Five Year
Han.P.C. Mahalanobis, K.N. Raj, Varghese Kurian, M.S. Aluvaliya
Answer:
P.C. Mahalanobis

Question 6.
Identify the Milkman of India.
M.S. Swaminathan, Varghese Kurian, K.N. Raj, P.C. Mahalanobis
Answer:
Varghese Kurian

Question 7.
Find out the-odd one from the 2nd Five year plan.
A) More importance to agriculture
B) More importance to industry
C) More importance to education
D) More importance of science and technology
Answer:
A) More importance to agriculture

Question 8.
Match the following.

A B C
Planning commission Second five year plan Varghese Kurian
Rapid Industrialisation Bihar Green Revolution
Food Crisis Deputy Chairman Montague Singh Ahluvalia
White Revolution Gujarat P.C. Mahaianobis

Answer:

A B C
Planning commission Deputy Chairman Montague Singh Ahluvalia
Rapid Industrialisation Second five year plan P.C. Mahaianobis
Food Crisis Bihar Green Revolution
White Revolution Gujarat Varghese Kurian

Question 9.
Match the following
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Politics of Planned Development 1
Answer:
a. iii
b. i
c. ii
d. iv

Question 10.
In a democratic state efforts of development involve the problems of displacement, the livelihood of the people, pollution of environment etc. Can you suggest some measures for implementing developmental activities along with solving the above mentioned problems?
Answer:
It is not easy to find solutions to the above mentioned problems. But the decisions we take to bring development should not be against the interest of the present or future generations or any particular group of people. In a democratic country this is very important. Priority should be given to the interests of the people in general. For example, for mining the advice of the Environmentalists and the Economic Experts should be taken. But the final decision comes from the representatives of the people who know the will of the people.

Such decisions were taken in India. They were taken based on the above principles. Each decision should be taken on its own merit and not based on another decision.When decisions are taken it must be broad based and for the general welfare of the people. The development of India is not mere economic development. It should be socially fair. It is not the industrialists or businessmen or farmers but the government that should come up with appropriate decisions.

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Question 11.
Unlike the other two challenges, the economic development to ensure well being of all was tougher and more enduring. Explain the difficulties and the decisions.
Answer:
Developmental ideas are always full of discussions, arguments and controversies. It is natural that the concept of development will be different to different people. The concept of an industrialist who wants to start a steel industry in a particular place and the concept of an Adivasi living in that area won’t be similar. Therefore, in the first twenty years of independence, a lot of discussions took place on the issue of development.

At this time both experts and ordinary people looked at the development of the Western countries as the model to emulate. They thought that India too should go forward as the Western countries on the path of development. They thought that it would then be necessary to bring about some changes in the social and cultural outlooks of the country. Capitalism and Liberalization would come. Growth, prosperity and technology were related to these things. Based on these criteria counties were categorized as developed, developing and undeveloped.

Our leaders thought that our developmental policies must be different from those of the colonial mindset. The priorities of the government were eradication of poverty and social and economic security. At the time of independence we had two models of development to choose from the capitalist model and the socialist model. In India, the Communist Party, Socialist Party and Nehru preferred the Russian model of development. But some wanted the American model. Therefore we chose a mixed model, amalgamating the two models.

Question 12.
‘Bombay Plan’ was the first initiative for planning in India. Explain the importance of Bombay Plan.
or
Normally private investers are against planning because they seek an open economy without any state control in the flow of capital. But in India the private investors proposed planning. Identify the proposal and give details.
Answer:
Planning in India was quite different. Naturally, private sector would be against planning. Private sector welcomes an open economy where government should have no control. But in India the big industrialists decided that for our development there should be proper planning. This Plan is known as the Bombay Plan.

It recommended that heavy industries and huge economic enterprises should work under government. This plan was something that everybody could approve. Later, an independent Planning Commission with the Prime Minister as its Chairman was set up. It became an agency that would decide on the industrial development plan for India.

Question 13.
In most of the countries political parties are mainly classified as Left or Right. Identify the reason and find out some examples for these types of parties in India during 1960’s.
Answer:
Parties are usually termed Left and Right depending on how they look at the social changes and economic equality of a country. The Left Parties represent the interests and progress of the ordinary people (masses), the poor, the low classes. The Right Parties believe in an open market policy. They believe that government should avoid interfering in the economic affairs and then only progress will come.In the 1960s, the Communist Party and the Socialist Party were Left Parties. The Swatantra Party was a Right Party. Congress was leaning towards the Left.

Question 14.
The Planning Commission of India was set up in March 1950 by a simple resolution of the government of India. Identify the three major goals of this advisory body.
Answer:
The major goal of the Planning Commission is ensuring social, economic and political justice to people. The Administration gives the guarantee for this through the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. The Planning Commission works for the following things:

  • A citizen has the right to get the necessary things for living.
  • For the welfare of the people, the resources of the country should be controlled, ensuring that people get their rightful share. .
  • The economic policy should be such that it does not allow the wealth and the means of production in the hands of a few people.

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Question 15
The following are the concepts developed during the implementation of Five Year Plans in India. Expand the concepts.
1. Plan and Non Plan.
2. Plan Holiday .
Answer:
Plan and Non-Plan:
Through planning, the India Government worked out the income and expenditure accounts for the next two years. Normally the Central Budget and the State Budget include two parts Planned and Non-planned. The. expenditure that comes every year in a recurring manner comes under the Unplanned Section whereas the schemes and amounts to be spent on them in the coming five years, on a priority basis, come under the Planned Section.

Plan-Holiday:
In 1951 when the Plan was started, the country was full of doubts and anxieties. During the 2nd Five Year Plan that started in 1956, these doubts and anxieties further increased and they remained so until the 3rd FYP of 1961. Later Planning lost its thrill and there was an interval. This interval is known as Plan Holiday.

Question 16.
The First and Second Five Year Plans are basically different. Can you find out the basic differences between the two plans?
Answer:
The main difference was in the styles of the Plans. The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace . whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries.

The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty. According to K.N. Raj, India needed a Quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardise democracy itself. Therefore the first half of the Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The
inequality in the land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development, it was under the leadership of P.C. Mahalanobis. The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base.

The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased. It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

Question 17.
State the main arguments in the debate between industrialization and agricultural development at the time of second Five Year Plan?
Answer:
The 1st FYP gave importance to the agricultural sector. But the 2nd one stressed industrial development. This raised a question for a country like India which is more important agriculture or industry?

Those who supported the agricultural sector said that the 2nd FYP had no definite plan about the agricultural sector and industries might make things more difficult for the villagers. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian economist, prepared a plan about industrialization. Mr. Choudhary Charan Singh wanted greater stress to be given to the agricultural sector. He said that industrialization brings progress only to business and cities by preventing farmers and villagers from making progress.

Supporters of industrialization had a different view. They claimed that only through industries and greater production the eradication of poverty would be possible. They also claimed that there was a definite agricultural policy for the development of food crops. Through land reforms, poor villagers got land. Funds were made available for social welfare and irrigation. But these policies could not be carried out as planned. The main reason was the objection from big landowners who had political and social power. They felt that even if more money is spent on agriculture, it would not improve the lot of the villagers.

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Question 18.
‘Indian policy makers made a mistake by emphasizing the role of state in the economy. India could have developed much better if private sector was allowed a free play right from the beginning’. Give arguments for and against this proposition.
Answer:
At the time of independence, India had two developmental modes to choose from the capitalist model and the socialist model. The capitalist model gave importance to the private sector. The socialist model stressed the public sector. What we did was we followed .a model which was a blend of both the capitalist and socialist models.

Arguments against Public Sector:

  • It did not allow the private sector to develop.
  • Large Public Sector companies discouraged private capital. To start any industry, permit and license were needed. It was not easy to get them.
  • Because of import restrictions, the public sector did not have any challenges and so is it could manufacture low quality goods and sell them at high prices.
  • Unnecessary controls on the part of the government led to corruption and the working of the public sector was adversely affected.

Arguments against Private Sector:

  • Government did not spend enough money on public education and health.
  • Government does things only in areas where the Private Sector is reluctant to go.
  • Government made private sector profitable.
  • The interference of government resulted in the creation of middle class people who earned big salaries and other benefits. The policy did not help the poor people.

Question 19.
“After the implementation of the two Five Year Plans it was assumed that in this period the foundations of India’s future economic growth were laid”. List the major developments that took place during this period.
Answer:

  • It was during this period that some major developmental schemes were implemented. For example, there were Bhakranangal and Hirakud dams which helped in the production of electricity and irrigation.
  • Under Public Sector heavy industries were started. There were steel plants, oil refineries, large-scale manufacturing units and the production of defence equipment.
  • There was great progress in travel and communication facilities. All these proved beneficial in the future growth of India.

Question 20.
‘Land Reforms’ was a major development that happened during the early phase of development. Evaluate the merit and demerits of land reforms.
Answer:
Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in a very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine like condition.

To overcome this crisis, India was forced to seek assistance from countries like America. Following the American policies, we too started sorrie new economic policies.The government wanted self-sufficiency in food and therefore a new agricultural policy was implemented. This policy included farming all lands where irrigation was available, using high yield varieties of seeds and fertilizing the land.

Subsidies were given for irrigation and insecticides. It was also decided that the government would purchase the produce at a minimum price. All these changes together paved the way for what is ‘known as the Green Revolution.

The Green Revolution brought some positive changes in agricultural growth. Food stuff was easily available. it was the rich. owners that were the prime beneficiaries. There was a polarization of the rich and poor. This helped the Left Parties to bring together the poor farmers and the masses. As a result, there arose a powerful Left leaning lobby of middle class farmers.

The White Revolution simply means increasing the availability of milk. The Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Limited (AMUL) was formed. AMUL is a cooperative venture of some 2 lakh milk producers. This is a good area in which people below the poverty line (BPL) could be helped. This is known as the White Revolution. In 1970, the village development scheme Operation Flood’ began its operation.

This scheme avoided middle men and brought together the producers and the consumers, helping both the groups. Producers got good money for their products and consumers got their milk cheaper. It helped in increasing milk production, helping the producers to have regular fixed incomes, it showed this scheme helped in the over-all development of the country. It gives employment and income to the villagers, it was Varghese Kurian who played the major role in the formation of AMUL. He is therefore known as the “Milkman” of India.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on Mixed economy
Answer:
World Economy is generally divided into two capitalist and socialist. In the Mixed Economy, ownership of the means of production is between public sector and private sector. The goal of private sector is mainly profit. But the goal of the public sector is welfare of the people. In short in a mixed economy, both public and private sectors work hand in hand.

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Question 2.
What is Planning?
Answer:
Planning is the evaluation of resources and their proper utilization. In the opinion of the Planning Commission of India, planning is a method by which resources are channelized and utilized properly for the benefit of the citizens.

Question 3.
On which sector was the main emphasis was made in the First Five Year Plan?
Answer:
The 1st FYP stressed the agricultural sector by investing money in huge dams and large scale irrigation projects.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018

Time: 2 1/2 A Hours
Total Score: 80

Answer all questions from questions 1 to 15 (Total Scores 28)

Question 1.
Identify from the given below the first Summit Conference of Non-Aligned Movement. (1)
a) Yalta Conference
b) Belgrade Conference
c) Bandung Conference
d) Bangkok Conference
Answer:
b) Belgrade Conference

Question 2.
WTO is serving as the successor to which of the following organization?
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 4
Answer:
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 5

Question 3.
Identify the economist who proposed an alternative blue print that put greater emphasis on rural industrialization.
(а) J.C. Kumarappa
(b) PC. Mahalanobis
(c) K.N. Raj
d) M S. Swaminathan
Answer:
(а) J.C. Kumarappa

Question 4.
Who is the President of Soviet Union at the time of its disintegration?
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 5.
Identify the wrong from the given statements:
a) Chipko Movement was an environmental movement to prevent cutting down of trees.
b) Dalit Panthers was formed in Maharashtra in 1972.
c) The activity of the Mahendra Singh Tikait is related with BKU.
d) The organisation MKSS is related with Narmada BachaoAandolan
Answer:
d) The organisation MKSS is related with Narmada BachaoAandolan

Question 6.
Expand the following abbreviations:
a) NDA
b) UPA
Answer:
a) NDA- National Democratic Alliance
b) UPA-United Progressive Alliance

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks :
a) Tashkent agreement was signed between Lai Bahadur Shastri and
b) The exponents of the slogan Garibi Hatao was
Answer:
a) Mohammed Ayub Khan
b) Indira Gandhi

Question 8.
Identify the name of the leader and party, that led the popular struggle against West Pakistani domination in East Pakistan.
Answer:
a) Shaikh MujiburRehman
b) Awami League

Question 9.
Co-operation is an important aspect of traditional security. Point out two forms of co-operation, (2)
Answer:
a) Disarmament
b) Arms Control

Question 10.
Write a note on Bandwagon strategy. (2)
Answer:
Bandwagon Strategy is a tactic by which instead of opposing the dominant power cooperating with it and getting some gains.

Question 11.
Write any two political consequences of Globalization. (2)
Answer:
Globalization weakens the strength of the nation. It prevents the government from taking action of its own choice. Globalization colonizes the mind and thoughts of the people. It is through the media that this kind of cultural domination is implemented.

Question 12.
List out any two factors that contributed to the dominance of Congress Party’ in the first three General elections in India. (2)
Answer:
(1) The Congress Party had the tradition of the Nationalist Movement. Since that Party led the fight against the British for independence, the voters naturally voted them into power.
(2) Only the Congress Party had a strong organizational chain throughout the country.
(3) The people in the leadership of Congress were famous people like Nehru. He traveled all over India and led the election campaign and thus he played a big role in the success of the Party.

Question 13.
The democracy in Pakistan is not stable like in India. Identify the factors that contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. (3)
Answer:
There are many reasons why democracy has not; been always successful in Pakistan. Elected governments have been overthrown and military I governments take over power because of the domination of the army, clergy and the nobles who own large areas of landed property. the fights with India made pro-army groups to supported army rule, Although democracy has not completely succeeded there, there is a powerful democratic feeling existing in the country. Bold and comparative free journalism and a powerful human rights organization function in Pakistan.

No strong international support has been received by Pakistan to maintain democracy there. This helped the army to grab power. America and some other western countries encourage military government there. They take such an attitude because there is the global Islamic terrorist threat, and there is the danger of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons reaching the hands of the terrorists. Western countries think that the military government in Pakistan will protest their interests in West and South Asia.

Question 14.
Mandal Commission Report was a milestone in the development of Other backward Classes in India. Evaluate the impact of Mandal Commission Report in strengthening the politics of backward classes in India. (3)
Answer:
Since the 1960s, the South Indian States had made reservations for Other Backward Classes. But this was not done in the Northern Regions. I n the 1977-79 period this demand became very strong throughout the country. In 1978, the Janta Party appointed Mr Bindeswari Mandal to find out the groups which are socially and educationally backward and study about their condition. This Commission is known as the Second Backward Commission. This Commission was appointed with the intention of solving the backwardness of certain sections of the society.

In 1980, this Commission presented its report. According to the Commission, the Backward Sections were to be Backward Classes. Apart from the Scheduled Tribes, there were many other classes which should be considered Backward. According to a survey conducted by this Commission, it was found out that their representation was very low in education and jobs. Therefore it recommended t give 27% .. reservation to these Backward Classes. With the coming of the land reforms, their condition has be come much better.

Question 15.
Match the column A with b and C
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 1
Answer:

A B C
Operation Desert Storm UN military operation in  Iraq in 1991 First Gulf war
Operation Endur­ing freedom US response to attack of 9/11. Global war on Terror
Operation infinite reach Missile attack in Sudan US response to the attack of US embassies.

Write any four questions 16 to 20. Each question carries 4 scores. (4 x 4 = 16)

Question 16.
Bring out the major difference in the objectives of the First and Second five-year plans.
Answer:
The main difference was in the styles of the Plans. The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries.

The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty. According to K.N. Raj, India needed a quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardize democracy itself. Therefore the first half of the Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The inequality in land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make ‘ land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development. It was under the leadership of PC.

Mahalanobis The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base. The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased.

It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

Question 17.
Prepare a short note on the concept of Non- Congress’ and Defection’.
Answer:
Before the 4th General Elections, the Indira Gandhi Government had to face many challenges from the Opposition Parties. They were in the forefront in organising protests and to put pressure on the government.

The non-Congress Parties realized that Congress was winning because the non-Congress vote got divided. As they realized that the non-unity among them was the real cause of the success o the Congress, the Opposition parties tried to fight the election by making a common front against the Congress. In some States, some parties made United Fronts against Congress. In other States, they made some adjustments in dividing the Seats.

The Opposition Parties realized that the inexperience of Indira Gandhi and groups in the Congress gave them an opportunity to remove Congress from power. This unified move by the Opposition was called “Non-Congress” by the Socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia. He also put forward a theoretical argument. He argued that Congress’s rule was undemocratic and against, the interests of the common people. He argued that to bring back democracy to the country there was a need for the non-Congress Parties to unite.

Defection
After the 1967 Elections Defection became an important thing in Indian politics. In the formation of the government and in removing the government from power, defection played a major role.

  • Defection is the name given to an MLA or MP joining another party after winning the election on the ticket of his original party. Just like party candidates, independent candidates also defect.
  • The MLA or M P joins another party just because he is offered either money or the post of a minister or some other kind of bribe. Instead of punishing such selfish people, the voters went on electing such unscrupulous candidates. Therefore defection and ‘horse-trading’ became common in Indian politics.

Question 18.
Resistance to globalization in India has come from different sources. Evaluate the nature arid style of resistance of social groups and political parties in India against globalization.
Answer:
Resistance against globalization is seen in many parts of India. Entry of the MNCs, foreign TV channels, Night Clubs, Valentine’s Day, Western dresses, especially among girls in schools and colleges, etc. are part of globalization.

The Left parties object globalization. The Indian Social Forum is also against it. Trade Union workers oppose MNCs. The acquisition of the patent for trees like Neem by the Americans and Europeans brought a lot of vehement protests.

Great protest was made against the ground water exploitation by foreign monopolies. In Plachimada there was a huge protest against Coca Cola Company and this attracted world attention.

Not only Left parties but also some people in the right-wing political parties also raise their voice against globalization. They are mainly protesting against cultural encroachment. The foreign TV

channels available through cable networks, a celebration of Valentine’s Day, and the great interest is shown especially by our young girls in copying western dresses are the things these people strongly object to.

Question 19.
Find out any two militaries allianced formed during the Cold War. Why did the super powers make alliance with smaller countries?
Answer:
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established for the security of the West European countries. It came into existence in April 1949. It was a military organization of 12 countries. NATO declared that any attack on any member country or North America would be considered an attack on all of them. The members were required to help one : another in case of a military need. Brussels was its capital.

SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization): This * is an organization formed by America to prevent the influence of the Soviet Union and Communism in the South East Asian countries and the nearby Pacific regions. It was the progress that Communism was making in South East Asian countries that prompted America to form such an organization. It was formed in September 1954 and its headquarters is in Bangkok.

The question of why these superpowers had nuclear weapons and strong standing armies formed alliances with small countries around the world is very relevant. Even if all the small countries of Asia and Africa stood against the superpowers, they would not prove a threat to them. Even then they made alliances with the smaller countries for the following reasons:

  1. The small countries were rich in things like oil, minerals and raw materials. An alliance with them would allow the superpowers to get these things.
  2. The superpowers used smaller countries to make them their military bases. They also used them as centers for carrying out spy work.
  3. The small countries would be useful to the superpowers even economically. They collected money from smaller countries for military expenses.

Question 20.
A transition from communism to capitalism was not an easy one.’ In light of this statement examine the meaning and consequence of ‘shock therapy’.
Answer:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted towards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

  1. The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
  2. Private capital would be very important.
  3. Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
  4. Foreign investment, open market system and currency exchange would be possible
  5. The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
  6. Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come closer to them.

Results:

  1. Many big industries under government control collapsed.
  2. 90% industries were soldto individuals or private SL – companies.
  3. The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
  4. Because of inflation people lostthe value of their savings,
  5. in Cooperative farming, people.had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains.
  6. In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
  7. The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
  8. As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty,
  9. Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated.
  10. Privatization made economic inequality among

Write any four from the questions 21 to 26. Each question carries 5 scores. (4 x 5 = 20)

Question 21.
The Non- Traditional conceptions of security focus on the changing nature of threats to security. Point out any five new sources of threats and give a brief explanation of each.
Answer:
Security threats are of a different kind now. They can be categorized as follows:

1. Terrorism: Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York’ on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

2. Human Rights: We see that throughout the world there are human rights violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human rights violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

3. Global Poverty: This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the under-developed countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries wit! grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South ‘ countries immigrate to the North countries for a better life and earning This also creates a threat for the security of mankind.

4. Contagious Diseases: Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind. AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swine-flu spread all over the world it is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat.

5. Migration: The poverty in the Southern countries led to large scale migrations to the Northern countries. Seeking better life and economic opportunities many people crossed the borders and went to the Northern countries. This created international struggles. International Laws specifically separate refugees and migrants. Migrants are those who live their motherland on their own. But refugees are those who are forced to leave their countries because of war. natural disasters or political persecutions. The norma! understanding is that every country should accept the immigrants. But it is not compulsory that every country should accept them.

Question 22.
Nehru played a crucial role in framing India’s foreign policy. Identify the major objectives of India’s foreign policy and explain the role of Nehru in shaping it.
Answer:
The architect of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is Nehru, the first PM of India. As the PM. he also handled the Foreign Ministry portfolio. He played a major part in formulating and implementing the foreign policy of India from 1946 to 1964. There were 3 aims for his foreign policy:

  1. Maintain and protect the freedom that was got with hard struggle.
  2. Maintain the territorial unity of the country.
  3. Ensure a quick economic growth.

Nehru expected that ali these goals could be realized through the Non-Aligned Policy. Many people wanted India to become friendly with the Power Group led by the US. They argued that US-supported democracy. There were people like Ambedkarwho had such a view. Groups like Bhartiya Jan Sangh and the Swatantra Party, both of which had anti-communist views, also supported a pro-US policy. But Nehru ignored their demands and formulated quite an independent and practically foreign policy.

Question 23.
What was the reason for the emergence of Anti Arrack movement? How did it contribute in increasing overall social awareness about the issues that affect women?
Answer:
It was in a village in Dubagunda in Nellur district in Andhra Pradesh that the Anti-Arrack Movement started. Many women took part in the adult education classes and became literate. In the classroom discussions, they talked about the increasing addition of their men-folk to local arrack. The habit of drinking arrack was widespread in the village. This addiction destroyed the mental and physical abilities of people.

The drinking habit of the people adversely affected the economic well-being of the region. Many families got into the debt trap. Men stopped going to work. There were also clashes between the arrack contractors to get a monopoly over the sales. Their goondas made peaceful life in the village difficult. The real victims of arrack addiction were women. The drinking habit of the men ruined the relations and economic wellbeing of the family Women were often beaten by their men-folk.

Women of Nellur got together to protest against the sale of arrack. They forced some arrack outlets to close down. This news spread like wildfire. Influenced by these actions, women from some 5000 villages held meetings and passed resolutions demanding the ban of arrack. They sent these resolutions to the collector. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. This Movement slowly spread to the other areas of the State.

Question 24.
’The process of partition was very difficult to implement and its consequence was painful’. Based on this statement explain the process of partition and its consequences.
Answer:
The division of India was carried out on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory put forward by the Muslim League. According to that theory, in India there were two nations-the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore the Muslim League demanded a separate nation and Pakistan, for the Muslims The formation of Pakistan was based on the majority of the population of an area. Thus the areas which had Muslim majority became Pakistan and the remaining areas remained as Indian territory. It was not easy to implement such a division. There were three reasons for that. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims. There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslim population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader of the North-Western Province had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North-West Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these huge provinces, there were very many non-Muslims. Therefore the provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there. The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which country they belonged – India or Pakistan, It deeply wounded the people. The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab and Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

Question 25.
‘Reforms and improvement are fundamental to any organisation to serve the needs of changing environment. In light of the above statement examine the need for the reforms in UN structure and processes.
Answer:
There has been a lot of support for the proposal to reform the structure and processes of the UN. The main demand is the expansion of the Security Council. In 1992, the UN General Assembly approved a resolution for this. The resolutions showed three reasons:

  1. The Security Council does not reflect contemporary political realities.
  2. The decisions of the Security Council reflect only the values and interests of the Western nations. A few nations control it.
  3. Countries don’t have adequate representation in the Security Council.

on 1 January 1997, Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General, started an inquiry into the need for a reorganization of the UN. Issues of election to the Security Council and reforming it was looked into. In later years also suggestions were given regarding the selection of Permanent members and non-Permanent Members to the Security Council. According to these suggestions, a new member nation should have the following criteria.

  • An important economic power.
  • An important military power.
  • It should contribute significantly to the UN budget.
  • It should be a country with a large population.
  • It should be a country that has due respect for democracy and human rights.
  • It should be a country that should be capable of representing the diversities of the world with regard to geography, economic systems and culture.

there’s a demand to increase the number of members from Asia, Africa and South America. America and other Western countries also demand some progress in the matter of budget and other administrative processes.

Some scholars and countries say that there should also be some reforms with regard to the jurisdiction of the UN. They want the UN to have a greater role in keeping peace and security. But others say the UN should give greater attention to things like humanitarian activities, health, education, environment, birth control, human rights and social justice.

Question 26.
There is difference in the approach to environmental issues between the countries of North and South, Under these circumstances, examine the meaning and the possibility of the implementation of the principle ‘Common but differentiated responsibility’.
Answer:
There are differences in the approach between the Northern and Southern countries regarding the environment. The countries of the North say that environment problems Should be discussed as they are today and everyone should have equal responsibility. But the non-developed nations do not agree with this view.

They differ because:

  1. Most of the damage to the environment was caused by developed nations because of their industrial development.
  2. Since they are more responsible for the harm to the environment, the developed nations should bear more responsibility.
  3. moreover, the developing nations are passing through a stage of development. It is not right to impose the same restrictions on them as imposed on the developed nations.

They argued that whenever the conditions of the international environment laws are made and implemented their special requirements should be taken into consideration. The “Rio Declaration” of the 1992 Earth Summit approved these demands. It is called Common but Differentiated Responsibilities. The Rio Declaration says that all the countries must work together for the restoration of the wellbeing of the environment. When the part each nation has in damaging the environment is taken into consideration, it has common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed nations should recognize that they have a responsibility to help the efforts of the developing nations for sustainable development. The Rio Report points out that the developing nations can’t escape from that responsibility considering the pressure they put on global environment and the resources they have in their custody.

Write any two from the questions 27 to 29. Each question carries 8 scores. (2 x 8 = 16)

Question 27.
‘The Chinese economy has undergone several transformations.’ Identify the developmental strategy adopted by China and explain how it helped to be-‘ come an alternative centre of power.
Answer:
The Growth of Chinese Economy China is the 3rd Centre of Power. In the current political scenario, an important event is the growth of China as an economic power. The success of China was the result of the reforms the Chinese Government started in’the 1970s. After the start of the reforms the growth of that country was fast and surprising. The last decades saw how the world markets were captured by Chinese manufactured goods. It is believed that by 2040, China will become the No 1 economy in the world even leaving the USA behind.

Let us see what the sources of strength are in China’s growth. Amain reason is the-collaboration with other Asian regions. This helped China to become a driving force of the East Asian growth and also a power to exert influence in regional affairs. The strength of the economy, population, large areas of land, resources, and strategic location and the political influence etc. add to the strength of China. However, the main reason for the current growth is the new liberal reforms that China enforced.

Following the 1949 Revolution, the Mao Government of the People’s Republic of China followed economic policies similar to those of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had an extremely centralized economy, it was called Command System China accepted this one. China worked with the help and guidance from the Soviet Union and broke all ties with the capitalist world. Naturally, China had.to depend on its own resources t go forward. China followed the policy of using the profit made from agriculture for building heavy industries. China did not have foreign money to buy the machines and technology from the world market. In the. circumstances instead of importing goods from other countries, China depended on its own sources. The Soviet Model helped China to make a base for industrial economy using only local things. It ensured jobs and social” welfare to all the citizens. In giving education and health services to all concerned China reached in the primary position amongst the developing countries. The economy was growing 5-6% annually. To overcome the crises the economy was facing, China took some decisions in the 1970s. China ended its political and economic isolation. In 1972 China established relations with the USA. In 1973, Prime Minister Chou-en-Lai suggested Four Modernizations. They were suggestions to renew agriculture, industry, science and technology and army.

Revolutionary changes happened in China with the coming of Deng Xiaoping as the head of Chinese government. He tried to renew the economy without harming the authority o the Communist Party, in 1978 Deng declared an Open Door policy and economic reforms. Reforms like the liberalization of the economy, changes in the production of goods, market economy, private ownership etc. were included in them The policy aimed at increased production with the help of foreign capital and latest technology.

To bring about the market system, China followed its own policy. Deng and his team were not ready for shock treatment to the Chinese economic system, instead they made the economy slowly and slowly market-friendly. In 1982 agriculture was privatized. In 1998, industries. Trade restrictions and limitations were removed from Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Foreign investors were allowed to start industries there The State played a major role in building a market economy.

The “Market-Friendly Socialism” brought miraculous changes in China. The new economic policies rescued the economy from stagnation. The privatization of agriculture brought significant increases in the production and in agricultural Income. It caused unprecedented growth of village industries. The Chinese economy grew rapidly.

The new trade laws and SEZs led the country to increase its foreign trade greatly. China became the world’s most important venue for foreign investment. China increased its foreign reserves to such an extent that it could invest in other countries. Its foreign exchange reserve also increased. In 2001 China got membership of the World Trade Organization. It was a step in opening the doors of China to foreign traders. It helped China in boosting the collaboration with world economy and to make schemes to be a party to formulate the world economic system.

Thus China became an economic power that cannot be ignored in the regional as well as global level. Its economic relations with other countries developed mutual reliance. Relations with China became inevitable to the outside world. It helped China to exert influence on her trade partners. These economic. considerations have helped in reducing problems China had with Japan, the USA, ASEAN and Russia. The leadership thinks that the problems with Taiwan will be solved by welding its economy with its own. following the 1997 economic crisis, China contributed a lot to help the ASEAN economy. The fears that were created by the growth and supremacy were removed by this gesture. Her goodwill policies towards Latin America and Africa have made China a global power on the side of the third world.

Question 28.
Issues of regional aspirations are varied and complex in the politics of North East. Identify and explain the various issues of North East region,
Answer:
The North-Eastern States have some geographical peculiarities. It was a region that was not closely linked to the rest of the country. It has long international orders, but communications facilities were less there. Its development was neglected to an extent and the problem was made complex by the emigrants that came from other places. In this complex situation, some complex demands were made:

  1. Demand for autonomy.
  2. Demand for independent nations.
  3. Enmity towards people from other places.

1. Demand for Autonomy: At the time of independence, except Manipur and Tripura, the entire North-Eastern region was just one State. After independence, the non-Assamese felt that Assamese language was imposed on them. Therefore they demanded political self-rule. The Adivasi leaders wanted to keep away from Assam. They formed “Eastern India Tribal Union”. Later it was known as “All Party Hill Leaders Conference”. They demanded one Adivasi State, but more Adivasi States like Meghalaya and Mizoram were formed. Even with this, their demand for self-rule did not end. The Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas etc. demanded their own States, The same area was demanded by more than one community. Because of that the only solution was forming tiny States. Some stayed in Assam and gained their right for self-rule. The Karbis and Dimasas were given self-rule at the District levef The Bodos were given their self-rule council very recently.

2. Secessionist Movement: India faced demands for secession from two North-Eastern States-Mizoram and Nagaland. After independence, Mizoram region within Assam itself was enjoying self-rule. But many of them thought that they were not part of British India and so there was no reason for them to join India. In 1959therewasaser30usfamjneinthe Mizo Hills. But the Assam government could not take appropriate measures to help.the suffering people there. This caused the formation of Mizo National march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary; Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgment was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people. The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, Can the Parliament change-the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land’ Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were FAD more reasons, in the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior-most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government-appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as null and void All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 29.
Critically evaluate the various reasons for the declaration of National Emergency of 1975.
Hints :
– Economic context
– Gujarat and Bihar movement
– Conflict with Judiciary
– Allahabad High Court verdict and protest from opposition
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 2
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Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia

Question 1.
The term ‘South Asia’ indicates seven countries. Some of them are given below. Identify the other countries.
Answer:
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri Lanka

Question 2.
At present “Ban Ki Moon” is the UN Secretary General. Who was the first UN Secretary General ?
Answer:
Trygve Lie

Question 3.
Try to fill the following table by identifying the leader associated with the state.
Country Leader
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia 1
Hints : Mahendra Rajapakse, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Zia-Uf-Haq, Fakir Uddin Ali Ahammed, Koirala.
Answer:
a. Fakrudin Ali Ahmed
b. Zia-ul-Haq
c. Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
d. Mahindra Rajapakse
e. Koirala

Question 4.
The following are connected with South Asia. Try to expand the abbreviations.
SAARC
SAFTA
Answer:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation South Asian Free Trade Agreement

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Question 5.
Identify the Country.
a) The struggle among pro-monarchy, pro-democracy groups and extremists created an atmosphere of political instability.
b) A landlocked country with multi party competitions.
c) The first country to liberalize its economy to the South Asian region.
d) In the conflict between the military and pro-democracy groups, the military has prevailed over democracy.
e) Centrally located and shares borders with most of the South Asian Countries.
f) Earlier the Island had the Sultan as the head of state. Now, it is a republic.
g) Small savings and credit co-operatives in the rural areas have helped in reducing poverty.
h) A landlocked country with a monarch.
Answer:
a. Nepal
b. Nepal
c. Sri Lanka
d. Pakistan
e. India
f. Maldives
g. Bangladesh
h. Bhutan

Question 6.
The South Asian Region has natural boundaries. Identify the four boundaries of South Asian region.
a) North –
b) South –
c) West –
d) East –
Hints: Bay of Bengal, Himalayas, India Ocean and Arabian Sea.
Answer:
a. Himalayas
b. Indian Ocean
c. Arabian Sea
d. Bay of Bengal

Question 7.
Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?
a)All the countries in South Asia are democratic.
b)Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river water sharing.
c) SAFTA was signed at the 12th SAARC summit in . Islamabad.
d) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian politics.
Answer:
a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.

Question 8.
Nepal, the closest neighbour of India, is undergoing democratic transition. Identify three challenges to democracy in Nepal.
Answer:
The three important challenges:

  • The monarchy (kingship) there.
  • Armed attacks by Maoists.
  • Party Disputes – Should there be a Republic or Monarchy with limited powers? The dispute between Maoists and some parties of the SPA which is a 7- party coalition. Their main dispute is: What kind of constitution should Nepal have?

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Question 9.
Observe the following statements
1) It was believed that democracy could flourish and find support only in prosperous countries of the world.
2) The people of South Asia prefer democracy over any other form of govt, and think that democracy is suitable for their country.
Evaluate carefully the two statements and express your opinion about the development of democracy in South Asia.
Answer:
South Asian countries are very different in many things. They do not have the same kind of political system. If we look at the wishes of the people, democracy has extensive support. Even with so many problems, India and Sri Lanka have always followed democracy. India is the largest democracy in the world.In the case of Pakistan and Bangladesh, they have experienced both democracy and military governments. Bangladesh is now a democratic country. After the WW II, there was democracy in

Pakistan under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sheriff. Then until 1998, Pakistan had military rule. Recently it has come back to democracy under the leadership of Mohammed Gilani. Until 2006, Nepal had monarchy. Through the interference of the people there in 2006 the powers of the king were reduced arid democracy won. Now it has democracy.

In Bhutan and Maldives, changes often happen. Although Bhutan has a king, he has agreed to move into democracy. Until 1968, Maldives was ruled by Sultans. Then there was Presidential rule. In June 2005, multiparty democracy came. After the 2005 election, democracy became strong and opposition parties were legalized.People in all these countries want democracy. A survey was recently conducted in 5 countries of this region and they all opted for democracy. The masses, the poor and even the rich want democracy.

Question 10.
Bangladesh and Pakistan are two South Asian countries having similarities and differences with respect to their democratic experiences. Evaluate the democratic experiences in these countries.
Answer:
Until 1971, Pakistan and Bangladesh were one country and their experiences were the same. When Pakistan made its first constitution, General Ayub Khan assumed power and through election he became the President. As the people were unhappy, he had to leave office. Again there was military rule under Yahya Khan. It was during his rule that Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis. In 1971, after Pakistan’s war with India, Bangladesh was separated and it became an independent country. After the independence of Bangladesh, democracy was restored in Pakistan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the PM. Democracy continued until 1977 when Bhutto was overthrown by Zia-ul-Haq.

In 1988, under Benazir Bhutto democracy came back. Until 1999, democracy existed in Pakistan under the Pakistan People’s Party. Then there was Muslim league rule under Nawaz Sheriff. Again the military under General Musharaf removed Sheriff and Musharaf became the President. He continued until 2008. In 2008, Sheriff and Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan. During an election rally, Benazir Bhutto

Contemporary World Politics was killed by an extremist. Then a Ministry was formed by a coalition of the Muslim League and PPP. Yusuf Raza Gilani was the PM. Soon they elected Asif Ali Zardari as the President. Now Pakistan has a democratic government.
It is because of the following reasons that Pakistan does not have a stable democracy:

  • Interference by the army, priests and landlords in the administration.
  • Because of the dispute between India and Pakistan, the Pakistani army acquired great power.
  • Lack of international support for the democratic governments often helped the military to come to power.
  • America and some other Western countries prefer a military government in Pakistan. They are afraid that democracy there would make Muslim extremism grow and the extremists might get control over the nuclear weapons in the possession of Pakistan. They think military rule is better for the safety of the Western and Southern Asian regions.

Experience of Bangladesh in Democracy:
Until 1971, it was part of Pakistan. During the British rule, Bangladesh was part of Bengal and Assam. Because of the following reasons, they were dissatisfied with West Pakistan:

  • Supremacy of West Pakistan and imposing Urdu on them.
  • Neglect of Bengali culture and looking at it as inferior. East Pakistan was not given
  • proper representation in the administration and politics.

All these things caused Sheikh Mujibur Rehman to lead a protest against Pakistan. His Party was the Awami League. It won all the seats in East Pakistan. It won majority in the whole of Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly, but West Pakistan was not willing to approve it. Mujibur Rehman was arrested. West Pakistan sowed fear in the minds of East Pakistanis. But in 1971, with the help of India, Bangladesh was freed.

Bangladesh accepted a secular, democratic, socialist constitution. In 1975, Mujibur Rehrrian brought Presidential rule. He banned all political parties except the Awami League. This caused many disputes and tensions. As a result the army gained power and Mujibur Rehman was assassinated. Under the new army commander Zia-ur-Rehman a national party was formed, in 1979 that party won the election. But Zia-ur-Rehman was killed. Then military rule came under Lt. General H.M. Ershad. Because of students’ protest, he had to allow some politics. Then he was elected as the President for 5 years. In 1990, because of the opposition of the people, Ershad had to quit office. In 1991, there was election. From then democracy is continuing there in a multi-party system.

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Question 11.
Maoists are posing challenges to the functioning of Indian democracy. In Nepal Maoists are trying to dislodge the Monarch and establish democracy. Can you briefly evaluate the democratic development in Nepal?
Answer:
Earlier, Nepal was a Hindu nation. Later it became a monarchy with a constitution. There people wanted a more independent government. But the King tried to prevent the spread of democracy.In 1990, the King agreed to accept the democratic demands of the people. But the democratic government proved to be short and full of problems. In the 1990s, the Maoists had influence in many parts of the country. They protested against the rule by the king. It ended in clashes between Maoist army and the King’s army.

Then it developed into a triangular fight – King’s soldiers, Maoist soldiers and fighters for democracy. In 2002, the King dismissed the Parliament. Thus even controlled democracy ended there.In 2006, the democratic protest became very strong, in the protest there was the 7-party coalition, Maoists and social workers. The King was forced to recall the Parliament which he had dismissed in 2002. Recently the democratic protests against monarchy proved fruitful. Now Nepal is a secular Country. Democracy is getting strong there. Maoists have stopped their armed struggle.

Question 12.
India and Pakistan are considered as traditional enemies since 1947 itself. There are so many areas of conflict between the two countries. Identify the major areas of conflicts between India and Pakistan
Answer:
The following are the major areas of conflict:

  • Following the division, the first dispute was regarding Kashmir. Pakistan claimed Kashmir to be theirs. Even with the 1947-48 and 1965 wars, this problem could not be solved.
  • Another problem is about the control of the Siachin sector and about the armament race. Since 1990, both the countries have stockpiled nuclear weapons and missiles.
  • India accuses Pakistan of aiding Kashmiri extremists by giving them weapons. They also give money, training, and security to these terrorists. The Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) makes anti-Indian propaganda in the North Eastern regions of India. They also make anti-Indian propaganda secretly through Bangladesh and Nepal. Pakistan accuses India of giving help to the insurgents in Sindh and Baluchistan.
  • Until 1960, there were also disputes between India and Pakistan regarding the sharing of river waters. In 1960 with the help of the World Bank both countries signed the Indus Waters Treaty. It is in force even now.
  • There is one more thing about which the two countries have not reached an agreement – Sir Creak in the Rann of Kutch.

Question 13.
The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. Through multilateral means the SAARC members signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), which promised the formation of a free trade zone for the whole South Asia. But this was not a success. Identify the difficulties in implementing SAFTA.
Answer:
The idea of SAFTA was that peace and cooperation will flourish if there are cross-the-border trade and commerce. Although the Agreement was signed in 2004, it came into force only in 2006. SAFTA tried to reduce the commercial tax rate up to 20% in 2007. Bur many neighbouring countries thought that through SAFTA India was trying to penetrate their markets and spread its influence into their politics and social life. But India thinks SAFTA will benefit all economically and they also will get cooperation in all the political issues.

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Question 14.
During May 2009 Srilankan govt, succeeded in controlling the ethnic crisis that threatened their country by assassinating Veluppilla Prabhakaran. Examine how farthe ethnic problems affected the democratic functioning in Srilanka.
Answer:
The civil war that was going on in Sri Lanka ended with the killing of Veluppilla Prabhakaran and some other LTTE leaders. All this time democracy was functioning there. After independence, it was the Sinhala community that had the upper hand in Sri Lanka. They were not sympathetic towards the Tamils who actually migrated from India long ago. The Sinhala nationalists were against giving any concessions to the Tamils there. In their view Sri Lanka is the motherland only for them.

It was this enmity that forced the Tamils to rise in revolt against the Sinhalese. The Tamils organised the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eazham). From 1983, the LTTE began armed struggle against the Sinhalese. This racial problem became a headache to India as well. The Tamil people of India exerted great pressure on the Central Government to help the Tamils in Sri Lanka. In 1987 India signed an agreement with Sri Lanka. According to that there should be cordial relations between the Tamils and the Sri Lankan government. But the Indian government had to fight against LTTE. Sri Lanka thought India was interfering in its internal affairs. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force had to come back to India without achieving any result.

Sri Lankan problem became very violent. Scandinavian countries like Norway and Iceland tried to bring peace, but they failed. In May 2009, the Sri Lankan army attacked the LTTE army and killed Veluppilla Prabhakaran and his associates. In spite of all these internal problems, Sri Lanka was making economic progress. It reduced its population and brought economic liberalization. Their per capita income increased. Afterthe CivilWar, the Sri Lankan . Government announced that they would protect their Tamil population. The world hopes that democracy will further strengthen in Sri Lanka.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Analyse briefly about the formation and objectives of ‘ SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC officially came into existence in December 1985. 7 countries of South Asia are its members.
They are Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives;.Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. This organization was formed with the intention of ensuring cooperation in the spheres of agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health and population control. .

Main Objectives Of Saarc:

  • Ensuring the well-being of the South Asians.
  • Quicken the economic, social and cultural growth
  • Make collective efforts to make the regions selfsufficient.
  • Mutual help in various areas.
  • Mutual cooperation.
  • Work in collaboration with international and regional organizations.

Question 2.
In which year India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests. .
Answer:
1998

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Question 3.
Mention two areas each of co-operation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:
A. In two areas there is cooperation between India and Bangladesh.

  • On 19 June 1999, to strengthen bilateral relations,
    bus service from Calcutta to Dhaka was started. This helped to improve relations.
  • On 12 December 1996, an agreement was reached between the two countries regarding the sharing of river waters.

B.. There are two areas where disputes exist between India and Bangladesh.

  • The dispute over the sharing of the Ganga Brahmaputra river waters has not yet been solved:
  • A major dispute between India and Pakistan was about the Teen Bigha Corridor. This problem has remained even after Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan.

Question 4.
List three challenges to democracy in Nepal.
Answer:

  • The King and the army
  • Maoists try to sabotage the democratic process.
  • Nepal has not been able to form a constitution,

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2010

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2010

Question 1.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is popularly known as the “Iron Man of India”. Give the reason by which he is famous by this name. Enumerate the role played by him in the integration of Indian Union.
Answer:
He is called the ‘Iron Man of India’ because of his major role in integrating all the Princely States after independence to make the Indian Union. As the Dy. Prime Minister and also Home Minister he made diplomatic but determined moves to make agreements with the rulers of the Princely States. V.P. Menon who was the Secretary of the Princely States, and Governor General Lord Mountbatten helped Patel greatly to carry out his historic responsibility.

Question 2.
Match the following.

Garibl Hatao Nehru National Emergency
Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Mrs. Gandhi Thashkent agreement
Hindi Chini Bhai Shastri First Prime Minister of India

Answer:
Garibi Hatao – Mrs. Gandhi – National Emergency Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan -Sastri-TashkentAgreement Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai – Nehru – the first Indian Prime Minister

Question 3.
In 1952 a Veteran Congress leader Potti Sriramalu died during a 56 days long hunger strike. This led to the formation of a commission. Identify the commission and its salient recommendation.
Answer:
The death of Potti Sriramulu caused a big turmoil in Andhra Pradesh. Then in December 1952, the Prime Minister declared the formation of a separate Andhra State based on language considerations. This declaration made the demand for the formation States on linguistic basis very strong and the people started clamouring for it. In 1953, the Central Government formed a State Reorganization Commission. The Commission recommended the formation of State on linguistic basis. On the recommendations of this report, in 1956 the State Reorganization Act was passed. Thus 14 States and 6 Union Territories came into existence.

Question 4.
“The dominance of Congress Party in Indian Politics was different from the one party dominance in China, Cuba and the erstwhile USSR”. Write your opinion about the above statement.
Answer:
In China, Cuba and the erstwhile Soviet Union there was one party dominance as only one party was allowed to function in those countries. But in India things were different. We had multi-party democracy. But staying within the bounds of democracy, Congress dominated in Indian politics. Many parties had contested the elections. But in consecutive elections, Congress won, maintaining its dominance.

Question 5.
Identify the Political Parties with which each leader mentioned below is associated.

C.Rajagopalachari CPI(M)
Dr.Syamaprasad Mukarjee Congress
A.K.Gopalan Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad Swathanthra party

Answer:
C. Rajagopaiachari- Swatantra Party
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee – Bhartiya Jan Sangh
A.K. Gopalan – C.P.I, (M)
Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad – Congress

HSSLive.Guru

Question 6.
“The USSR was the largest state in the world. In 1991 the mammoth republic had spilt into 15 independent republics”. Analyse the reason for the disintegration of USSR.
Answer:
There are many reasons for the disintegration of the USSR:
a. Political reasons
b. Economic reasons
c. The reforms of Gorbachev
a. Political Reasons:

  • In the Soviet system there was bureaucratic misrule and misuse of authority. The life of ordinary people was not at all smooth.
  • Lack of democracy and lack of freedom of expression.
  • Although on paper Russia was just one of the 15 republics, it either suppressed or controlled the people of all other republics.

b. Economic reasons. To become equal with the US in weapons, USSR spent a lot of its money on weapons. USSR was behind the West in technology and internal structure. It had no ability to protect the political and economic interests of its people,
c. Reforms of Gorbachev: His two important reforms were Glasnost and Perestroika. They did not bring the expected results. They brought more troubles to the country leading to its disintegration.

Question 7.
From the following countries, four belong to NAM. Identify them.
France, Japan. USA
India, Zambia, China
Indonesia, Russia, Maldives
Answer:
India, Zambia, Indonesia and Maldives

Question 8.
Look at the following conversation :
A) USA’s intervention in Iraq is against all international conventions.
B) USA’s intervention in Yugoslovia is also against the international law.
C) It is ironically said that “USA is the World Police”. The above dialogues show the hegemony of USA in international politics. Analyse the different dimensions of US hegemony.
Answer:
The above statements show how USA dominates international politics after the fall of the Soviet Union. Hegemony means power is concentrated in one place. America’s hegemony can be seen at different levels:
a. Hegemony as a strong military power.
b. Hegemony in the economic structure.
c. Hegemony in cultural affairs.
a. Hegemony as a strong military power:
Today America is the strongest military power. It can reach even the remotest part of the world very quickly. To maintain this military power America spends a major portion of its budget for research and such things. It uses this power to conquer, to deter, to punish and to control. This was shown in America’s interference in Iraq and Yugoslavia.

b. Hegemony in the economic structure:
America has a big role in world economy. To a large extent world economy depends on American economy. It is for her own profit that she supports world economy. America controls world economy through her control over communications channels through the ocean and the internet. 28% of the world economy is America’s. 15% of world trade is done by them. In any sphere of world economy one of the three biggest companies will be American. The Breton Woods system adopted by America remains the basic system of world economy. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. show American dominance over world economy.

c. Hegemony in cultural affairs:
Even in ideological and cultural levels, we can see the dominance of America. For small countries America is the role model. Many countries want to copy American ideals and cultural values. America does whatever she can to attract small countries to her. The Breton Woods system adopted by America remains the basic system of world economy. Whether we like it or not America is seen by most countries as a role model for their dreams and life style.

Question 9.
“India protests Chinese intention to intrude in Arunachal Pradesh” Times of India The above news headline shows the recent tension between Indo-China border. Give your opinion about the resolution of tension between the two countries, is peaceful co-operation between the two countries useful for us?
Answer:
Initially the relations between the two countries were cordial. Nehru had a special liking for a neighbouring country which liberated itself from the clutches of a foreign country. He tried to follow the policy of “Panchsheel” with China. Panchsheel was a declaration of five principles of peaceful cooperation and mutual respect. It was signed the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and the Chinese Prime Minister Chou-en-Lai.

The purpose was to make the relations between the two neighbours stronger. In spite of the good relations, there were border disputes between two. China claimed the Aksai Chin and some places in Arunachal Pradesh to be theirs. India’s stand on the Tibetan Issue and the India’s giving refuge to Dalai Lama made China angry. As a result in 1962 China invaded India.

After the war, for quite some time, there were no diplomatic relations between the two countries: Relations were re-established in 1976. Recently there have been ups and down in our relations with China. Times of India had reported that Dalai Lama’s visit to Tibet made China unhappy. I feel that if the two countries follow the Panchsheel principles, their relations can be made smooth once again.

Question 10.
Find the odd one out.
EUROPEAN UNION, ASEAN, SAARC, IBRD
Answer:
IBRD

HSSLive.Guru

Question 11.
Listen to the following conversation
A) “Recent recession in the global economy did not much affect India like the rest of the world”.
B) This is because of the influence of public sector in Indian Economy.
Discuss how public sector and private sector go hand in hand in India. Is there any shift in this policy ?
Answer:
As a country which got its freedom newly, India had two models to choose from. They were the capitalist model and the socialist model. After a lot of thought, the leaders of India chose a mixed economy. Because of this we got the good things from both the models. We established essential and heavy industries in the public sector. But in other areas private sector was given due consideration.

It was possible for us to accommodate the two models and work for progress. The recession in the global economy adversely affected countries which followed capitalist economy. But since India had a mixed economy, the recession did not affect us so badly. The public sector and the economic control of the government helped us to be comparatively untouched by the recession. India’s policy now can be called LPG – Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. This policy gave greater importance to private sector. Even now our essential industries are under public sector.

Question 12.
Match the following.

1st Five year plan P.C. Mahalanobis Industrial
development
2nd Five year plan White revolution Agriculture and Irrigation
Varghese Kurien K.N. Raj Anand

Answer:

1st Five year plan K.N. Raj Industrial
development
2nd Five year plan  P.C. Mahalanobis Agriculture and Irrigation
Varghese Kurien White revolution Anand

Question 13.
“Our general policy is to avoid entanglement in power politics and not to join any group of powers as against any other camp. The two leading blocs today are the Russian bloc and the anglo American bloc. We must be friendly to both and yet not join either….”
These are the words by Pandit Jawaharla Nehru, the architect of our foreign policy.Enumerate the basic ideas of India’s foreign policy. Is there any shift in our foreign policy today ?
Look at the following hints.
Non-aligned foreign policy
Afro-Asian unity
Panchasheel
Policy shifts
Answer:
Nehru is the architect of Indian foreign policy. In 1927, he worked as the spokesman for foreign affairs of the Indian National Congress. After independence he formulated India’s foreign policy. At that time the aims of the foreign policy were the following:

  • Be independent in the formulation of the foreign policy.
  • Maintain international peace.
  • Cooperate with the UN.
  • Disarmament.
  • Fight against colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
  • Cooperate with the developing countries.

To achieve the above aims we followed the following policies:

  • Non-Aligned Policy
  • Panchsheel
  • Afro-Asian Unity

Non-Aligned Policy:
India’s foreign policy was formulated during the period of the Cold War. Under the prevailing circumstances we followed the policy of Non-Alignment. This policy means:

  • No military alliance with any country of either Bloc.
  • India has an independent foreign policy.
  • India wants to maintain friendly relations with all countries.

The indian leaders thought by following the policy of Non-Alignment, they could reduce the tension between the two Blocs and India and other non- aligned nations could pursue their own schemes for prosperity.

Panchsheel:
The ‘Panchsheel’ was signed on’ 29.4.1954 by the Indian PM Nehru and the Chinese PM Chou-en-Lai. They are five pillars of cooperation. These are the five pillars:

  • Respect the borders of both countries and the sovereignty of each other.
  • No war between the two countries.
  • Non-interference in the internal affairs of the other country.
  • Equality and mutual understanding.
  • Peaceful co-existence.

These were the five main ideas of Indian foreign policy.
Afro-Asian Unity: This was another important concept that led the Indian foreign policy. Nehru established relations with the newly independent African and Asian countries. In March 1947, India summoned the Asian Relations Conference. Through this India gave help to end colonialism and opposed the apartheid  (racial discrimination) policy of South Africa. Then, the Afro-Asian Conference at Bandung also helped in the formation of Non-Aligned Movement.

After the Cold War period, India’s foreign policy underwent some changes. Now India follows the LPG policy. LPG means Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. Recently India entered into a nuclear deal with America. In the IAEA meeting India took an anti-iran stand. Now America is the world’s only Superpower. Naturally, India and other countries will have to make appropriate changes in their foreign policy.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 14.
“If there is a Global War in future it will be for drinking water”.
The statement shows the necessity of water protection. There are other ‘natural phenomena’ which directly affect global politics. Identify any one of them and describe how they affect our global politics.
Answer:
These days an important issue that is discussed in world politics is Global Warming. This changes the climate. Carbon dioxide, Methane, hydrofluoro carbons etc. cause global warming. So developing countries ask the developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Since global warming affects every country, some organizations have been formed for the protection of the environment. As a result there took place the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In 2002 there was Kyoto Protocol and in 2009 there was the Copenhagen Summit.

Question 15.
Globalisation cannot be limited to the sphere of politics and economy. If affects us in our home, in what we eat, drink, wear and indeed what we think. Me Donaldisation is dangerous for the poor countries and for the humanity, because it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritages of the world. The above statements point out the cultural consequences of globalisation. What is your opinion about the effect of globalisation in the cultural sphere ?Is it good or bad ? Substantiate your answer.
Answer:
Globalization means the flow of ideas, goods and people from one country to another without much restriction. It is natural that the culture of a country may be affected by this kind of free flow. In my opinion, globalization opens the way for cultural uniformity. This does not mean that all the cultures will transform themselves into just one culture. What it means is that there is a possibility of Western Culture making inroads into the cultures of other countries. The cultures of the economically powerful countries influence the weaker countries. This can be called a kind of necolonism.

Question 16.
Chipko movement is recognised as one of the first environmental movements in the country.Identify the reason which led to the Chipko movement in U.P. in the early 1970’s.
Answer:
Chipko Movement is considered as one of the first environmental movement in the country. This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements. But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. (Chipko means embrace).

This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand. The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature. They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to be given to the local people. They also asked for permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also demanded minimum wages for the forest workers who had no land of their own.

As a result of this Movement, the government issued an order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan side for 15 years. The role of women was great in this Movement. They also fought against social evils like drinking alcohol. With Chipko Movement, people realized that solutions to popular problems could be found through non-political movements.

Question 17.
Read the following paper news.
“Akali leader Sant Harchant Singh Longowal shot dead”.
The decade of the 1980s witnessed so many problems. in the state of Punjab. Identify the reasons behind this.
Answer:
In 1966 Punjab was formed as a State on language basis. The Akali Dal had made some agitations for ‘Punjabi Suba”. In 1966 Indira Gandhi approved the demand ofAkali Dal. Accordingly Punjab was divided into two States – Haryana and Punjab. Afterthat in 1967 and 1977, Akali Dal came to power in Punjab. But because of the following reasons he existence ofAkali Dal was in jeopardy.

  • The Centre dismissed the Akali Dal government before it completed its term.
  • Akali Dal did not have the support of Hindus.
  • There was division in the Sikh community itself based on caste and class.

Among the Dalits, Congress had greater support. In 1970, some Akal is demanded autonomy and a revision in the Centre-State relations and they started agitations. In 1973 in Anandpur Sahib they passed a resolution for this. They also demanded a “Sikh Kaum”. They said their aim was ‘Bolbala”. Only a few Sikh people approved this resolution. In 1980, the Akali government was dismissed. At this time some Sikh people wanted complete freedom from India as they wanted their own Khalistan. All this led to terrorist activities there which resulted in the “Operation Blue Star”. Finally it all ended in the murders of both Indira Gandhi and Sant Harchand Longoval.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 18.
“Politics in India has succeeded in accepting regionalism as the part and parcel of democratic politics. Do you agree with the above statement ? Substantiate your answer.
Answer:
I quite agree with the statement made above. India is a country of diversities. If we are to go forward democratically we ought to recognize these diversities. Our leaders and makers of the Constitution were aware of this problem. That is why we could survive the problems from Punjab, North-Eastern States, Tamil Nadu and Andhra. By giving the States some kind of regional self-rule, our democracy becomes more acceptable and strong.If we do not recognize regional demands, there will be serious troubles and they will prove a stain to our democracy.

Question 19.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union the nature of International System has undergone several trans-formations. Therefore, demand for restructuring of UN emerged from several quarters. Suggest the change in the structure and process of UN in the context of the realities in the post cold war period.
Answer:
Recently there have been demands to change the structure of the UN. Reforms are demanded in two spheres:

  • Changes in the structure and its functioning.
  • A rethinking of the problems that can come, should come, under the jurisdiction of the UN.

A big demand is that there should be changes in the structure and functions of the Security Council. There is demand for the increase of the Permanent and Non-Permanent members in the Security Council. Then contemporary political realities will be more reflected in its working. There is a demand to increase the number of Asian, African and Latin American countries.

There is also a demand from America and many Western countries to rethink about the budget and its management. Some experts and nations say that there should be some reforms in the areas of jurisdiction of the UNO. They think the UN should play more active roles to bring about peace and security. But others say UN must pay more attention to humanitarian and welfare schemes like health, education, environment, birth control, human rights, social justice etc.

Question 20.
Identify the founder and the leader of Misso National Front.
Answer:
Lai Denga

Question 21.
Traditional notions of security stress on military threats. But the non traditional notions of security include those wide range of threats and dangers affecting the condition of human existence. Write a brief note on human security and global security.
Answer:
1. Human security:
The security of people is more important than the security of countries. Nowadays the citizens are not safe in any country. In the last 100 years, governments have killed more of their own people than the enemies of the country have killed.

2. Global Security:
This concept came because of the coming of global warming, terrorism, AIDS, bird fever, etc. No country can solve these problems alone. It is in these circumstances the necessity and importance of global security was recognized. Recently there was the outbreak of swine flu which once again pointed to the importance of global security.

Question 22.
Look at the Clues.
i. On 25th June 1975, the government evoked Art. 352 of the Constitution and declared National Emergency.
ii. Large numbers of leaders and workers of the Opposition were arrested.
iii. Various Fundamental Rights of the citizens were impeded.
Answer:
According to the Constitution, during the Emergency, the Central Government has special powers. During the Emergency, the Government did the following:
a. Protests and agitations by government employees were banned.
b. Media was strictly controlled.
c. Fundamental Rights of the citizens were suspended Even the courts could not enforce article 32
d. A number of preventive arrests of leaders were made By doing all these things, the democratic set-up was seriously shaken. The media could publish only things the government approved. Protesting against this, Newspapers like Indian Express and Statesman published their papers leaving some columns blank. Many journalists were under preventive detention.

Many Opposition leaders were also kept in preventive custody. The argument for keeping them in jail was preventing any possible violence. Many leaders went underground. The suspension of article 32 was like closing the doors of justice on people. People could not even file ‘Habeas Corpus . Later article 42 was also amended. We can easily say that the Emergency adversely affected the people in many ways.
Through an advertisement. Times of India severely criticised democracy. The advertisement was: “Death of D.E.M. O’cracy, mourned by his wife T Ruth, his son L.l. Berty and his daughters Faith, Hope and Justice’.

Question 23.
Find the odd man out.
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Indonesia, Pakistan
Answer:
Indonesia

Question 24.
LTTE Supremo Prabhakaran was killed by the Sri Lankan Army”.
Based on the above paper news write an article depicting “the futility of terrorist movement in the contemporary world”.
Answer:
Today the world has many terrorist organizations that work for the interests of certain sections of the people. The victims of terrorist acts are usually common people. Therefore no civilized society can approve terrorist acts. We can boldly say that terrorism is a threat against mankind. Whatever may be arguments put forward by the terrorists, their acts have no justification. The acts of Veluppillai Prabhakaran were also that like. Although he fought for serving the interest of the Tamils in Sri Lanka, his methods were not appropriate.

Before he started terrorist acts/he was supported by the Indian government. But when he embarked on violence, he lost our support and also the support of the international community. In the end he was killed by the Sri Lankan army. This should be a lesson to other terrorists. Our policies are based on Gandhian ideals. Our aims and methods should be free from blame. Only such efforts will succeed in the end.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 25.
“Storm over additional quota”. Govt, implemented Mandal Commission Report. Implementation of Mandal Commission Report evoked positive and negative reaction throughout the country.Give an appraisal of the Mandal Report in the light of the turbulence created in India.
Answer:
Since the 1960s, the South Indian States had made reservations for Other Backward Classes. But this was not done in the Northern Regions. In the 1977-79 period this demand became, very strong throughout the country. In 1978, the Janta Party appointed Mr Bindeswari Mandal to find out the groups which are socially and educationally backward and study about their condition. This Commission is known as the Second Backward Commission. This Commission was appointed with . the intention of solving the backwardness of certain sections of the society.

In 1980, this Commission presented its report. According to the Commission, the Backward Sections were to be Backward Classes. Apart from the Scheduled Tribes, there were many other classes which should be considered Backward. According to a survey conducted by this Commission, it was found out that their representation was very low in education and jobs. Therefore it recommended to give 27% reservation to these Backward Classes. With the coming of the land reforms, their condition . has become much better.

Question 26.
Read the following interview.
“Seven members of my family were killed My eighteen year old daughter Shabana was raped and killed in front of my wife. Only two of my sons and my wife are alive…,” (Report on the Godhra attack) .Based on the above interview prepare an editorial with a view to protect and promote secularism and democracy in India.
Answer:
India is a country of diversities. To accommodate these diversities, the architects of our constitution made it democratic and secular. All the governments are doing their best to maintain our rich cultural heritage and our unity. But many selfish and greedy people tried to bring in intolerance and-division and because of that there have been some troubles here and there. At the time of independence such divisive tendencies and intolerance were visible and there were many problems. Later there were anti Sikh protests in many parts of the country. There were riots in Mumbai. There were problems in Gujarat.These are the stains on our democracy. Therefore , governments, media, social workers and above all the citizens should work hard to bring tolerance and unity in our country. Bringing unity is the responsibility of each one of us.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2016

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2016

Question 1.
Which among the following is a Bangaladesh political party?
a) Seven Party Alliance
b) Awami League
c) Muslim League
d) Republican Party
Answers:
Awami League

Question 2.
Nation-building was a real challenge to the rulers of India immediately after independence. Find out the major challenges and prepare a note on it.
Answers:
independent India faced three kinds of challenges.
a. Integrating India
b. Ensuring the welfare of the people and development
c. Establish the democratic system

a. Integrating India: When India got freedom, it had more than 500 Princely States, The rulers of these places wanted to get back their sovereignty when the British left. The government approached the Princely States keeping three things in mind

a. The majority of people of the Princely States wanted to join Indian Union.
b. Giving some kind of self-rule to some Princely States.
c. In the background of the division, we needed States with precision.

Integration: Except Junagarh, Hyderabad. Kashmir and Manipur, all the Princely States signed in the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. Then through a referendum, Junagarh joined Indian Union. Because of popular uprising in Hyderabad against the Nizam, the Indian army took some action and got Hyderabad also into the Union. The Congress Group in Manipurwanted to join the Union, but other parties objected. However, the Manipur king was persuaded and he too joined the Union. Kashmir King also signed the Instruction of Accession to save himself from the attacks of Pakistan and thus Kashmirtoo became part of India.

The division of the country into States on linguistic basis showed that it could accommodate all the diversities. The people can accept the diversities and live in unity. This is the strength of a country. The Telungana protest and the martyrdom of Potti Sriramulu should be remembered here.

Ensuring the welfare of people: India was a poor country. The country has included provisions in the Constitution to ensure protection to the socially backward people, to religious and cultural minorities and to give all the people equality. Through Directive Principles, the Constitution shows us the way to eradicate poverty and to make the marginalized people come into mainstream society.

Five Year Plans: The country has a development model based on socialist principles. We have adopted a mixed economy accommodating both public and private sector enterprises.

Establishing democratic system: Democracy was a discovery of foreigners. But the big thing was that we chose democracy in spite of the fact that India is a poor country and there are many illiterates here. The first election was called the greatest gamble in history by foreign media. A British member of the Civil Service said that the future generations would condemn this democratic process as a foolish enterprise. The first Election Commission was formed with Dr. Sukumar Sen as the Commissioner. Illiterate Indians were supposed to think in terms of caste and creed. But by making a voters’ list based on our secular system and equality, we succeeded in conducting a fair election and we were successful in our democratic experiment Even after 70 years of Independence, we still face some challenges to our democracy. There are new demands for regional autonomy. There is the Maoist threat. There is intolerance, following the integration of Manipur. There is the Kashmir problem. In spite of all these we have been able to maintain our democratic tradition. After the 1975 Emergency, our rulers have been able to maintain the democratic order without any interruption.

Question 3.
The Cold War was not simply a matter of the balance of power between the superpowers. These were accompanied by a real ideological conflict.’ Examine the ideological conflict. (4)
Answers:

Cold War was not merely mattered of balance of power struggle between the Super Powers. It was also a clear conflict of ideologies.

After WW II, America and Russia became the world’s two super powers. Their ideologies were different. Russia supported Communist Socialist ideology whereas America backed Liberalism and Capitalism. Both had stockpiled destructive nuclear weapons. They could have shown their power anywhere in the world. But their rivalry was limited to the Cold War. Without actually going into any active war, they both tried to extend their spheres of influence. After WWII they became bitter rivals and were poles apart.

Question 4.
Name the first Election Commission of Independent India. (1)
Answers:
Sukumar Sen

Question 5.
The first General Election in India was the first big test of democracy.’ Why is it said so? Identify any three major reasons behind this. (4)
Answers:
a) The first election on the basis of Constituencies, after the Constitution came into effect, was the first experiment in a country which had different regions, language, and religions.
b) It was the election after India’s division and the Hindu Muslim riots.
c) It was an election that would determine the relevance and validity of parliamentary democracy. Because of all this, the first election was really a test of Indian democracy.

Question 6.
The disintegration of Soviet Union had profound con-sequences over world politics. Make a summary of the consequences. (4)
Answers:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted to wards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

  • The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
  • Private capital would be very important.
  • Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
  • Foreign investment, open market system, and currency exchange would be possible,
  • The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
  • Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come close to them.

Results:

  • Many big industries under government control collapsed.
  • 90% industries were sold to individuals or private companies.
  • The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
  • Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
  • In Cooperative farming, people had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains,
  • In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
  • The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
  • As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.
  • Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated.
  • Privatization made economic’inequality among people.

Question 7.
The opposition parties in India criticize “our Prime Minister is a frequent visitor of America and is making friendship with America. It is a strong deviation of India’s independent foreign policy”. What do you feel about the criticism? Do you accept it or not? Express your views.
Answers:
India had always followed an independent, neutral foreign policy. It was such a stand that Nehru started by giving leadership to the Non-Aligned Group of Nations. But slowly this attitude got changed, and our foreign policy began to lean in favour of America. There yvere also instances of criticism against this. Showing preference to a particular Nation is against our neutral stand. The best policy is to keep equidistance from all.

Question 8.
Name the following:
a) The new name of Planning Commission in India,
b) The strategy adopted by the Government of India to ensure food sufficiency. (1)
Answers:
a. Niti Ayog
b. Food Safety Scheme

Question 9.
China has been the fastest-growing economy and is the driver of the East Asian growth’. Analyse the statement and find out the policies adopted for this. (8)
Answers:
China became the fastest growing economy in the world. It is the development model in China’s planning that helped it to succeed. Heavy investment in the area of production made China grow. The biggest consumer market in the world today is China. In 2001, China became a member of the WTO. China has independent trade treaties with Australia, South Korea, ASEAN, Switzerland and Pakistan.

Question 10.
Do you think that land reforms are essential in Indian conditions? Why or why not? Express your views. (4)
Answers:
I think so. Although India tried to introduce land reforms, only in very States like Kerala, they became successful. In the North Indian States, the ownership of the land is still with the rich landlords. This condition must change. The agriculturist and those who actually work on the land should own the land. The landlord-tenant system must go. The land of those who have excess beyond a certain limit should be taken away from them and distributed among the poor for agriculture. To make this happen, land reforms are a must.

Question 11.
Recently our Prime Minister Sri. Narendra Modi de-manded the restructuring of UN and India’s permanent membership in the Security Council. Based on this demand examine India’sstrengh and weakness for the membership. (5)
Answers:
The demand of India to be a Permanent Member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfills all the criteria to be a permanent member. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds:

  • It has the world’s second-largest population.
  • It is the largest democracy in the world.
  • India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
  • It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
  • India’s economic situation is improving.
  • India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted cn any payment.

The above reasons are good enough for India to get a permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Permanent membership has its own significance. India’s importance will increase in world matters. Our foreign policy will influence others.

Question 12.
Nehru has been treated as the ‘Architect of Modern India’. Examine his vision in the formation of India’s foreign policy. (4)
Answers:
The world was going through very difficult circumstances when India got her freedom. This situation has influenced our foreign policy. Five factors have influenced our foreign policy in a greater measure.

  • The II World War and the rebuilding after that.
  • The efforts to form an international organization.
  • The emergence of many small nations at the end of colonialism.
  • The challenges the new Nations faced for democracy and welfare.
  • The Cold War between America and Russia because of ideological differences.

Question 13.
Contemporary world faces new sources of security threats in diversified forms. Identify any two of them and describe the features. (2)
Answers:
Security threats are of a different kind now. They can be categorized as follows:
1. Terrorism: Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

Human Rights: We see that throughout the world there are human right violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human right violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

3. Global Poverty: This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the underdeveloped countries will triple in 50 years In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning. This also creates a threat for the security of mankind.

4. Contagious Diseases: Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind. AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swine-flu spread all over the world. It is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat.

Question 14.
Some of the political leaders and their ideas are given below. Match them correctly;
a) Lai Bahadur Sasthri – Non – Congress
b) Ram Manohar Lohia – Syndicate
c) Indira Gandhi – Jai Jawan Jai Kissan Garibi Hatao (3)
Answers:
a. Lai Bahadur Sastri – Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
b. Ram Manohar Lohia -Non-Congressism
c. Indira Gandhi – Garibi Hatao

Question 15.
The last decade of 2CF Century witnessed some developments that were to make a long-lasting impact on Indian Politics Locate any two of them and examine its impact. (4)
Answers:
Babri Masjid was demolished. This caused religious riots and division. There was administrative instability in the country.
Nuclear Test and the bickering with Pakistan.

Question 16.
The national emergency at once brought out both the strength and weakness of Indian democracy.’ Narrate the strength and weaknesses that you noticed. (4)
Answers:
The following things will show the strength of Indian democracy. First, it was proved that democracy can’t be destroyed in India. Second, the vagueness or ambiguity of this article in the Constitution was removed. Internal Emergency could be declared by the President with the approval of the Cabinet only when there was an armed revolution in the country. Third, it evaluated the freedom of a citizen. After the Emergency, the Court took measures to ensure the fundamental rights of the citizens. Finally many citizens’ right groups were formed.

The Emergency also shows some weaknesses of our Constitution. First, the tensions that happen between the vested interests of the political parties and the running of the government. It was the police and the bureaucrats that implemented the Emergency. They were not able to function independently. Often they had to function as the yes-men of the ruling parties. Even now this problem is persisting.

Question 17.
Now-a days globalisation affected almost all spheres of our daily life. Do you think that it affected the ‘welfare state concept and state sovereignty’? Substantiate your views. (3)
Answers:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works: Political results: Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes, instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi-National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results: Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations. Investing in developing nations is more profitable. Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants.

There are arguments in favor and against economic globalization. Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works. Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi-National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions.

Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out Who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

The effects of globalization are not limited to political and economic spheres. It affects our home, food, dress and even thoughts. There is a fear that it would lead to a single world culture. There is the dominance of Western Culture in globalization. There is a danger to traditional cultures. But some people say that culture is not something that stands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures.

Question 18.
Some of the popular movements in India are given below, Pick out the suitable places from the bracket and match them correctly.

  1. Chipko Movement
  2. Anti-arrack Movement
  3. Bharathiya Kissan Union (Meerut, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarkhand, Madhya Pradesh)

Answers:

  1. Uttarakhand
  2. Meerut
  3. Andhra Pradesh

Question 19.
Kashmir issue is not just a dispute between lndia& Pakistan. The issue has external and internal dimensions. Identify these dimensions and analyse its role.
Answers:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmir was a Princely State. Initially, King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan. The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. •But he also did not want to join Pakistan. National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

The King signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir King. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. For the welfare of the people Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister. India granted J&K autonomy.

External and Internal Squabbles: Because of external and internal problems, J&K is always in the midst of crises. On one side there is Pakistan claiming the Kashmir Valley. After the 1947 War, a part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control. India calls it illegal occupation. Pakistan calls this area Azad Kashmir. Internally also the Kashmir problems . is a headache for the Centre. According to Article 370, Kashmir is given greater autonomy than other States. This Article is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir. The special congestion causes problems.

Many believe that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 370 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.

  1. No referendum has taken place so far.
  2. The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy.
  3. They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

Politics since 1948: After Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Kashmir, many land reforms and other welfare measures were taken to help the masses. But there was a difference of opinion between him and the Central Government. He wanted Kashmir to be completely free. So the Central Government dismissed him and kept him in jail for some time. His successors did not get popular support but they administered the region with Central support. The Kashmiris slowly started believing in democracy. According to the agreement between India Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, in 1974, he became the Prime Minister. He died in 1982.

RESISTANCE AND LATER: In the 1987 election the National Conference won with a huge majority. Farukh Abdulla became the Chief Minister. Many believed that he did some manipulations in the election. From 1980, there have been protests against weak governments there. Some people believed that it was the Centre which made this huge majority possible. It led to the Kashmiri crisis. There was resistance. In 1989, there was an armed struggle for making Kashmir independent. The insurgents were assisted by Pakistan. For many years, J&K was under Presidential rule. Even as there was strong military presence there, from 1990 there have been frequent clashes between the army and the people who resisted Indian rule. Farooq Abdulla’s government also demanded greater autonomy. In 2002, there was another election. Instead of the National Conference, a PDP Coalition Government came to power. Secession Movement And After:

The secessionist movement (1969) appeared in many shapes and it took different stances. Independent Kashmir without joining either India or Pakistan. A group demanding merger with Pakistan. A group demanding greater autonomy.

The demand for greater autonomy attracted the people of Jammu and Ladakh in different ways. Often there were complaints against neglect and backwardness. The Central Government discussed the issue with different groups. The secessionists now say that even as they stay with India, they should be given more autonomy.

Question 20.
Both India and Pakistan became independent nations in the same year. But Pakistan failed to build a stable democracy like India. Describe any three major factors for such failure. (3)
Answers:
Until 1971, Pakistan and Bangf^desh were one country and their experiences were the same. When Pakistan made its first constitution, General Ayub Khan assumed power and through election he became the President. As the people were unhappy, he had to leave office. Again there was military rule under Yahya Khan. It was during his rule that Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis. In 1971, after Pakistan’s war with India, Bangladesh was separated and it became an independent country. After the independence of Bangladesh, democracy was restored in Pakistan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the PM. Democracy continued until 1977 when Bhutto was overthrown by Zia-ul-Haq.

In 1988, under Benazir Bhutto democracy came back. Until 1999, democracy existed in Pakistan under the Pakistan People’s Party. Then there was Muslim league rule under Nawaz Sheriff. Again the military under General Musharaf removed Sheriff and Musharaf became the President. He continued until 2008. In 2008, Sheriff and Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan. During an election rally, Benazir Bhutto was killed by an extremist. Then a Ministry was formed by a coalition of the Muslim League and PPP. Yusuf Raza Gilani was the PM. Soon they elected Asif Ali Zardari as the President. Now Pakistan has a democratic government.

It is because of the following reasons that Pakistan does not have a stable democracy:

  • Interference by the army, priests and landlords in the administration.
  • Because of the dispute between India and Pakistan, the Pakistani army acquired great power.
  • Lack of international support for the democratic governments often helped the military to come to power.
  • America and some other Western countries prefer a military government in Pakistan. They are afraid that democracy there would make Muslim extremism grow and the extremists might get control over the nuclear weapons in the possession of Pakistan. They think military rule is better for the safety of the Western and Southern Asian regions.

Experience of Bangladesh in Democracy: Until 1971, it was part of Pakistan. During the British rule, Bangladesh was part of Bengal and Assam. Because of the following reasons, they were dissatisfied with West Pakistan:

  • Supremacy of West Pakistan and imposing Urdu ‘ on them.
  • Neglect of Bengali culture and looking at it as inferior.
  • East Pakistan was not given proper representation in the administration and politics.

All these things caused Sheikh Mujibur Rehman to lead a protest against Pakistan. His Party was the Awami League. It won all the seats in East Pakistan. It won majority in the whole of Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly, but West Pakistan was not willing to approve it. Mujibur Rehman was arrested. West Pakistan sowed fear in the minds of East Pakistanis. But in 1971, with the help of India, Bangladesh was freed.

Bangladesh accepted a secular, democratic, socialist constitution. In 1975, Mujibur Rehman brought Presidential rule. He banned all political parties except the Awami League. This caused many disputes and tensions. As a result the army gained power and Mujibur Rehman was assassinated. Under the new army commander Zia-ur-Rehman, a national party was formed. In 1979 that party won the election. But Zia-ur-Rehman was killed. Then military rule came under Lt. General H.M. Ershad. Because of students’ protests, he had to allow some politics. Then he was elected as the President for 5 years. In 1990, because of the opposition of the people, Ershad had to quit office. In 1991, there was election. From then democracy is continuing there in a multi-party system.

Question 21.
Match the following:
a) Global commons – First World
b) Rio Summit – Atlantic Treaty
c) Global South – Agenda 21
Third World
Answers:
a. Global Commons-Atlantic Treaty
b. Rio Summit-Agenda 21
c. Global South – Third World

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

Karala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

Question 1.
Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.
a. The First General Elections in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and …………………
(The President of India / State Assemblies / Rajya Sabha /The Prime Minister)
Answer:
a. State Assemblies

b. The party that won the second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first elections was the (Praja Socialist Party / Bharatiya Jana Sangh / Communist Party of India / Bharatiya Janata Party)
Answer:
Communist Party of India

c. One of the guiding principles of the Swatantra Party was …, (Working class interests / Protection of Princely States / Economy free from state control / Autonomy of states with in the Union)
Answer:
Economy free from State control

Question 2.
Match the following leaders listed in List A with the parties in List B.
List “A” List “ B”

List “A” List “ B”
1 S.A.Dange A Baratiya Jana Sangh
2 Shyama Prasad Mukherjee B Swatantra Party
3 Minoo Masani C Praja Socialist Party
4 Asoka Mehta D Communist Party of India

Answer:
1-D; 2-A; 3-B; 4-C

Question 3.
Four statements regarding one party dominance are given below. Mark each of them as true or false.
A) One Party dominance is rooted in the absence of strong alternative political parties.
B) One Party dominance occurs because of weak public opinion.
C) One Party dominance is linked to the nation’s colonial past.
D) One – Party dominance reflects the absence of democratic ideals in a country.
Answer:
a. true b. false c. true d. false

HSSLive.Guru

Question 4.
In one of the following states, for the first time in history, the communist party came to power through
election. Identify the state.
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Tripura
Kerala
Answer:
Kerala

Question 5.
The following are the hints about a particular party.
a) The party was formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukhargee.
b) BJP is said to be originated from this party.Identify the political party.
Answer:
Bhartiya Jan Sangh

Question 6.
Choose the name that does not go along with others. A.K. Gopalan, EMS Namboodiripad, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, S.A. Dange.
Answer:
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

Question 7.
Institutional Revolutionary Party is associated with Myanmar, Cuba, Mexico, China
Answer:
Mexico

Question 8.
Find out the Political Parties associated with the following leaders.
a) Masani
b) S.A. Dange
c) Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
d) Asoka Mehta
e) SardarVallabhai Patel
Communist Party of India, Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Praja Socialist Party, Swathanthra Party
Answer:
a. Masani – Swatantra Party
b. S.A. Dange – Communist Party of India
c. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee – Bharatiya San Sangh
d. Ashok Mehta – Praja Socialist Party
e. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Indian National Congress

Question 9.
“Swathanthra Party” has its own ideological features. One of its ideologies is given below. Find out any other four ideologies.
Individual Freedom
1) ………….. 2) ……………
3) …………. 4) …………….
Answer:
1. Economy free from State control.
2. No Central Planning
3. The Public Undertakings should not be nationalized.
4. Encourage Private sector and maintain good relations with the USA.

Question 10.
Match the following.

A B
C. Rajagopalachari Communist Party of India
Deen Dayal Upadyaya Praja Socialist Party
Acharya Narendra Dev Swatantra Party
SA. Dange Bharatiya Jana Sangh

Answer:

A B
C. Rajagopalachari Swatantra Party
Deen Dayal Upadyaya Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Acharya Narendra Dev Praja Socialist Party
SA. Dange Communist Party of India

HSSLive.Guru

Question 11.
Match the items of column A with B.

A B
Sukumar Sen Plutaroo Elias Cailes
1951                . EMS Namboodiripad
Aoharya Narendra Dev Bharatiya Jana’Sangh
Mexico Congress Socialist Party
Communist government Chief Election Commissiner

Answer:

A B
Sukumar Sen  Chief Election Commissiner
1951                . Bharatiya Jana’Sangh
Aoharya Narendra Dev Congress Socialist Party
Mexico Plutaroo Elias Cailes
Communist government EMS Namboodiripad

Question 12.
Link column A with appropriate items from B.

a) S A Dange Swathanthra Party
b) Acharya Narendra Dev Bharathiya Janasangh
c) Minoo Masan Congress Socialist Party
d) Syamaprasad Mukherjee CPI

Answer:
a. CPI
b. Congress Socialist Party
c. Swathanthra Party
d. Bharathiya Janasangh

Question 13.
The following are some facts related to different political parties in India,
a) Formed in the year 1948
b) Believed in the ideology of democratic socialism.
c) In the first general election it won seats and emerged as the largest opposition party.
d) Formed in the year 1951 with Syama Prasad Mukherjee as its founder president.
e) A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad etc. were the notable leaders of this party.
f) It emphasised the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. Categorise them into three and arrange them in the given table.

Name of the Political Parties Features of Political Parties

Answer:

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance 1

Question 14.
Kerala, in India, is different in many aspects. To a large extent we are obliged to the first communist ministry in Kerala. Write a short note on the first communist ministry in Kerala.
Answer:
In the Assembly Election of March 1957 in Kerala, the Communist Party obtained the largest number of seats. Out of 126 seats, 60 were won by the Communist Party. They also got the support of 5 Independent Members. Therefore the then Governor invited EMS Namboodiripad, the leader of the Majority Party in the Legislature, to form the Government This was the first Communist Government in the world that came to power through ballot.

The Congress Party declared a Liberation Struggle against the Communist Government. According to the Communists, this protest was organized with the support of some religious leaders and other interested groups to prevent the Communist Government from making reforms for the welfare of the masses. In 1959, using Article 356 of the Constitution, the Central Government dismissed the Communist Government of Kerala. Many people criticised this action by the Centre. They thought that this was a misuse of the powers entrusted to the Centre by Article 356.

Question 15.
A: “Gorbachev was the only person responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union”.
B: “I don’t think so, there are so many other factors including the inborn drawback of the Soviet System”.
Analyse the above comments.
Answer:
The reforms like Glasnost and Perestroika which Gorbachev introduced definitely quickened the disintegration of the Soviet Union. But it would not be right to say that Gorbachev alone was responsible for the fall of the Soviet Union. There were some other reasons also. They included political, economic reasons and things related to the independence of the constituent parts of the Soviet Union. The Soviet System was not entirely free from defects. It was against democratic principles. The ruling was done by the Communist Party and the officials. There was . rampant corruption. Because of all this, the government lost the support of the people.

Secondly, there was a serious economic depression in the Soviet Union. Because of this, the availability of everyday goods became less. In technology also, Soviet Union went behind the USA. The entire revenue of the country was spent on defense and to improve the conditions in the East European countries. Thirdly, the members of the Soviet Union wanted to secede from the Union and become independent. The Baltic countries, Ukraine, Georgia, etc. wanted to be free. This was another reason for the downfall of the Soviet Union.

Therefore, we can safely say that it was not merely Gorbachev that caused the downfall of the Soviet Union. There were other reasons, too. The reforms of Gorbachev gave people more freedom which helped them to voice their grievances openly. All this culminated in the break-up of the Soviet Union.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 16.
As the elder member of your family, you are very much surprised, when you cast your vote through Electronic Voting Machine. Can you explain your voting experience from the first general election to the younger members of your family?
Answer:
In the first election, the authorities, who were responsible for conducting it, would give a ballot paper to the voter. He could drop it in the box of the candidate of his choice. In the polling booth there would be boxes on which the signs (symbols) of varipus candidates were prominently displayed. In those days many people were not literate. India had adopted the system of universal adult franchise.

After the first two elections, this system of voting was changed. The later ballot papers contained the names and signs of various candidates. The voters had to place a mark against the candidate of their choice. For nearly 40 years, this practice continued. By the end of the 1990s, electronic voting machines were introduced. Since 2004, the entire country has been using this electronic voting system. This system is easier and it can be used even by illiterate people.

Question 17.
Most of the newly independent states adopted non democratic rule to protect national unity. To them democracy will introduce differences and conflicts. But the leaders of newly independent India decided to adopt democracy because our freedom struggle was deeply committed to the idea of democracy. So we decided to conduct elections on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. An Indian editor called it “ the biggest gamble in history”. In the light of this comment can you try to analyze the process of the first General Election in India.
Hints: – Biggest democratic state.
Largest illiterate population.
Little experience with the concept of election and democracy.
Answer:
Most countries, on independence, preferred to have a government under a single ruler. This ended up either in party rule, dictatorship or military rule. They felt that such a rule was the best for national security. But the leaders of India gave preference to democracy. There were many reasons for that. First of all, our independence struggle was based on democratic principles. Secondly, our leaders looked at politics not as a problem, but as a means of finding solutions to problems.

At the time of independence, an ad-hoc government was ruling the country. Therefore it was necessary to have a democratic form of government. The First Election Commission came into existence in 1950 with Mr. SukumarSen as the Election Commissioner. The first election also was expected in 1950.

In a country like India a free and fair election was not easy to conduct. We had 3 major challenges – the formation of electoral constituencies, the making of the voters’ list, and participation of the people. For all this, a lot of time was required.The first voting was a really big event. Such a huge event had never taken place anywhere in the world before. The people with voting rights were nearly 17 crores, but only 15% of them were literate. Therefore the Commission had to think about the system of voting. The Election Commission trained nearly 300,000 officials and polling officers.

The election of this country with such a huge amount of illiterate people was very unusual. It was a really big experiment. Until then only developed nations had democratic governments, notably North America and Europe. In Europe, women had no voting rights. In such circumstances, Universal Adult Franchise in India was really a great adventure. Many criticized it. The first election in India took place between October 1951 and February 1952. Election propaganda, voting, and counting the votes took more than 6 months. There was tough competition. For each seat, an average of 4 candidates competed. More than 50% of the people voted. When the results were declared the winners and losers accepted the ver diet. Thus the Indian experiment was a success and India was able to contain the evil tongues that pre.dieted disaster.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 18
“ In the first three General Elections Congress Party dominated the Indian political scene”. Prepare a seminar paper showing the nature of Congress dominance in India.
Answer:
My dear teacher, my dear students, the seminar paper I am presenting today is about the “Dominance of a Single Party in Indian Politics”, in all the 3 general elections after independence, the Congress won brutal majorities. There were some reasons for that.

  • Congress had led Independence struggle.
  • Congress was the only party which had spread all across India.
  • The popularity of Jawaharlal Nehru

Because of all these reasons, Congress had expected victory. When the final results came, the astounding success of the Congress Party surprised everyone. It made all other parties lag much behind. It won 364 out of the 489 seats. The same was the case in the States. The exceptions to this were Travancore-Cochin, Madras and Orissa.

In the later two elections (1957,1962) also Congress repeated its success. Some people thought the victory of the Congress Party was because of the system of our election. This system was pro¬Congress. Although 3 out of 4 seats were won by the Congress, it did not have even the support of 50% of the voters. The votes polled by other parties were more than the votes polled by Congress. Now in this seminar, we examine how the votes and dominance of Congress became a landmark in the history of the country.

The dominant nature of Congress:
The dominance of Congress in India was an unusual event in world history, in many other countries democracy was not allowed to take roots. In countries like China, Cuba and Syria the Constitution envisaged one-party rule. But in India, the Congress stood firm on the democratic principles and was able to form governments. Although different parties competed in the free and fair elections, Congress came out first. There were some reasons for the unusual success of Congress.. It had the leadership in the freedom struggle. Secondly, it was the leaders who fought for freedom that stood as the candidates for election. Thirdly only Congress had a good organizational set up at that time. Only Congress had its presence in all the States of India and all this helped in Congress having the upper hand.

Congress as a social and ideological fellowship:
Another reason for the success of Congress was its social and ideological stands. In 1885, when it was formed, it included different social groups and ideologies. It grew as an organization of the intellectuals. But by the 20th century it became an organization for all kinds of people. It used to be a party of the English-speaking elite in the cities. But with the coming of the Non-Cooperation Movement, its membership spread into the masses. Industrialists, city-dwellers, villagers, labourers, capitalists, etc. became members of the Congress Party. Thus it became a party representing people at different levels, religions and languages.

Many groups integrated themselves with the Congress. Thus Congress became a fellowship of ideologies. It included revolutionaries, peace-lovers, moderates, radials, and people of the left and right ideologies. The first election results itself showed the popularity of Congress.

Tolerance and attitude towards various groups:
These two factors made Congress stronger. It had the character of a coalition. Two good things came out of this. First it became a party where all people could join. Amicable settlements to problems became the trademark of the party. Even during the Freedom Struggle itself the party had different leaders with different opinions but they could continue to work together in a spirit of give and take. Even when a group did not get a post or position which it deserved, it stayed inside the party and fought for its rights without coming out of the party opposing it. They were called groups. This policy created problems for the Opposition. The things the Opposition was trying to highlight were pointed out by the Congress members themselves.

In short, the dedication the Congress had to democracy, its ability to include differing opinions within itself, and its tolerance of various groups enabled Congress to remain in the number one position for quite a long time. Its leadership during the freedom struggle and the popularity of Nehru proved big assets to the Party. As the functions of the Opposition Parties were carried out within the Party by the different groups, the Opposition became weak.

Question 19.
In a democracy the opposition party plays a vital role along with the ruling party. Prepare an assignment note showing the development of the opposition parties in India.
Answer:
India had more opposition parties than in any other democratic country. But in the first 3 elections the opposition parties were very weak. Even then historically they performed some important functions. Even before independence, there were political parties other than Congress. In the period 1960-70, they played a big role in the growth of India. The coming of the present non-Congress parties is related to the Opposition Parties of the 1950s. They could win only very few seats in the Parliament and the Assemblies. Still they were able to maintain the democratic process ‘ in the country. It also helped the ruling party not to move into undemocratic one-party rule.

In those days the democratic state of our country was exemplary. The Congress leaders and the Opposition leaders had mutual respect for one another. When an adhoc government was formed, leaders of the Opposition parties like Dr Ambedkar and Shyanra Prasad Mukherjee were in the Ministry. Nehru had invited the Socialist leader Jaya Prakash Narayan into his Ministry. But slowly all this changed. Since the Congress Party could not satisfy the needs of its own groups, it led to disunity in the Party. This made other parties strong. Here are some of the major parties that became prominent during this period.

Communist Party of India: This came into existence in the 1920s. The prominent leaders were A.K. Gopalan, SA. Dange, EMS Namboodiripad, P.C. Ghosh and P. Sundarayya. In the beginning it worked in the shadow of the Congress Party. A change came when the Communist Party supported Britain against Nazi Germany. Different from the other non-Congress Parties, the Communist Party was well-organized and the members were highly devoted to the Party and they were willing to undertake fresh activities. The Party was of the opinion that the independence the country got in 1947 was not real independence.

Although it gave support to the Telangana Revolts, it did not get enough popular approval. In 1951, they abandoned the principle of armed struggle, and decided to participate in the elections.. In the first election they won 16 seats. It thus became the largest Opposition Party in the Lok Sabha. The Party had strong bases in Andhra, West Bengal, Bihar and Kerala. Because of the ideological rift between the Soviet Union and China, in 1964 the Communist Party of India was split into two. One was known as the Communist Party of India and the other was known as CPI (Marxist). They continue to work as CPI and CPM.

Bhartiva Jan Sanqh:
It was founded in 1951. The important leaders were Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and Balraj Madhok. BJS is different from other political parties because of their ideas and schemes.

  • They stress the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation.
  • For India’s progress and growth, they want to fall back upon its culture and traditions.
  • They want he reunification of India and Pakistan. Thus they have the concept of a greater, undivided India.
  • They organized many protests insisting that Hindi should be the only official language of India.
  • They do not want to give any kind of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.
  • They want India to have atomic weapons.

In the first two elections, the BJS could get only very few votes. In 1952 and 1957 they gained 3 and 4 seats respectively. In the beginning their supporters were mainly from the Hindi-speaking States – Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, and UR The BJP originated from the BJS.

Swatantra Party:
It was established in August 1959. Prominent leaders were C. Rajagopalachari, K.M. Munshi, M.G. Ranga and Minoo Masani. The Swatantra Party was formed in the light of the economic policy declared by the Nagpur Conference of the Congress. This Party was formed mainly to solve the economic problems of the country. The following were its policies:

  • The Government should not make economic controls.
  • Progress will come only through individual freedom.
  • Governmental interference in economic matters, Central Planning, Nationalization, Public Sector Undertakings etc. will be against national progress.
  • Encourage Private Sector.
  • In the agricultural sector, the Party is against land ceilings, and trading with government interference.
  • It is against increasing income tax and licensing of industries.
  • It is against Russia and the Non-Aligned Movement.
  • It wanted to establish more cordial relations with America.

As the interests of many groups were voiced by this Party, it received some strength. Many rulers of various Principalities, landowners, industrialists and businessmen supported this Party. They were not in favour of nationalization and land reforms. But because of its narrow social base and lack of sincere efforts from its members, it never grew into a popular party.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Explain briefly why we call the congress party as the center of Indian politics.
Answer:
Indian National Congress is the oldest Political Party of India. It is difficult to distinguish between the history of India and the history of the Congress Party. Even after independence, the Congress Party became the centre of Indian politics. It was Congress that laid the foundation for the industrial development of India. It was because of all these reasons that Congress is called the centre of Indian politics.

Question 2.
What was the method of voting in the first general elections?
Answer:
In the first general election, in each polling booth, each candidate had a box with his election symbol on it. Each voter was a given a white ballot paper and he was to deposit it in the box of his choice.

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Question 3.
Mention any three characteristics of the party system in India. .
Answer:

  • In India there is multiparty democracy.
  • The presence of provincial parties is something special here.
  • The dominance of the Congress Party is another feature.

Question 4.
When was the Election Commission set up in India? Who was the first Chief Election Commission?
Answer:
The Election Commission was set up in India in January 1950. The first Election Commissioner was SukumarSen.

Question 5.
Did the prevalence of a one party dominant system affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics?
Answer:
In India there was a multi-Party system. Many political parties contested in the election. But the Congress had dominance in the Centre as well as in the States, especially priorto 1967. The dominance of one party adversely affected Indian democracy. In the absence of a strong opposition, the Congress Governments did not fulfill many of the promises it had made to the people. The administration became weak and corrupt.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

 

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power

Question 1.
The following are 3 pillars of ASEAN community. Identify the name of the remaining two pillars.
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power 1
Answer:
2. ASEAN Economic Community
3. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community

Question 2.
After the cold war period there are different developments to control US hegemony. The following are
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power 2
Answer:
2. European Union

Question 3.
Identify the flags associated with ASEAN and European Union.
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power 3
Answer:
A. European Union
B. ASEAN

Question 4.
Identify the headquarters of ASEAN
1. New Delhi
2. Geneva
3. Jakarta
4. Washington D.C
Answer:
3. Jakarta

Question 5
Arrange the following in chronological order
1. China’s accession to WTO
2. Establishment of the EEC
3. Establishment of the EU
4. Birth of ARF
Answer:
2, 3, 4, 1

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Question 6.
The ASEAN way
a) Reflects the life style of ASEAN members
b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co- operative.
c) The defense policy followed by the ASEAN members
d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members
Answer:
b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co- operative.

Question 7.
Who among the following adopted an ‘open door policy’?
a) China
b) European Union
c) Japan
d) USA
Answer:
a) China

Question 8.
Which among the following countries adopted an “open door policy” ?
China, European Union, Japan, USA
Answer:
China

Question 9.
Identify the currency of European Union (EU)Dollar, Pound, Euro, Mark
Answer:
Euro

Question 10.
Arrange the following in chronological order,
a) Birth of ARF
b) Establishment of EU
c) Chinese accession to WTO
d) Formation of ASEAN
Answer:
a. Formation ofASEAN-1967
b. Establishment of EU-1992
c. Birth of ARF-1994
d. ’ Chinese Accession to WTO-2001

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Question 11.
Fill in the blanks.
1. The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over and regionwith security…………
2. ARF was established in the year ……………..
3. China entered into bilateral relations with …………….. (a major country) in 1972.
4 ………..plan influenced the establishment of the organization for European Economic Corporation in 1948.
5. …………is the organization of ASEAN that deals
Answer:
1. Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh
2.1994
3. America
4. Marshall
5. A.R.F.

Question 12.
Zhou Enlai’s Four modernization reforms:
Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power 4
Answer:
b. Technological and Military

Question 13.
Recently some news papers reported that the Chinese forces are slowly making intrusion into the Indian territory. This news created some suspicion and troubles in relation with China. Do you think that China is trying to establish permanent control over the Indian territory? Express your opinion about IndoChina relations.
Answer:
Before Western imperialism came, India and China were the two most powerful countries of Asia, There was hardly any dispute between them. Between the two countries there were only limited political and cultural relations. Because of that, forming a foreign policy was difficult.

When India gained its freedom from Britain and China ousted its foreign powers, everybody thought these two big countries would have better relations and Asia would be much benefited. In those days there was the famous slogan ‘Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai”. But constant border disputes destroyed those dreams of cooperation. Here are the reasons for the two countries to have such unfriendly attitudes.

In 1950, China annexed Tibet and the Sino-lndian borders were decided.In 1962, China claimed some portions of Arunachal Pradesh and the Aksai Chin region from Ladakh. In the 1962 Indo-China War, India suffered military setbacks. Until 1976, diplomatic relations between the two countries were minimal In the 1970s. the foreign policy of the then Prime Minister of China Chou-en-Lai helped in the betterment of Indo-China relations. In 1981 mutual talks were organized. Their policies now are also dependent on the economic aspect. Both countries have to play major roles in the economic and political scene of Asia.

In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi visited China, The purpose behind it was maintaining peace on the border. Both parties felt that there should be cooperation between the two countries, especially in scientific and technological matters. Four border posts were opened for trade purposes. Deng Xiao Ping’s Open Door Policy’ helped friendly relations between the two countries grow.

Trade between India and China amounted to 18 billion dollars in 2006, whereas it was only 338 lakhs in 1992. Both the countries have agreed to cooperate and work together in organizations like the WTO.

When India tested its atomic device in 1998, China helped Pakistan to make its nuclear weapons. This, as well as China’s military alliance with Bangladesh and Myanmar, is against the interests of India. But none of these led to any serious dispute.In the border matters, talks are still going on. Leaders of both countries exchange visits, in travel, communication and economic matters, the situation has improved greatly.

HSSLive.Guru

Question 14.
Nandana European Union emerged as an alternative centre of power against US hegemony.
Nandu :- ‘No, It is an institution developed as a part of Marshall plan for reviving European economy through cooperation among the European countries. Evaluate the above statements and express your opinion about European Union.
Answer:
After the WW II, many European countries faced serious financial crises. European leaders met together to find out ways of conning out of this problem. At this time the Cold War between the US and USSR had started. America gave a lot of financial help to Europe. It is known as the Marshall Plan. Under NATO, America also signed a security treaty.

In 1948, under the Marshal Plan, “European Economic Cooperation” was founded. Its aim was to help West European countries. It became a fellowship and the member countries decided to cooperate in trade and other economic problems. For political cooperation, in 1949, “Council of Europe” was established. The unity among members finally led to the formation of European Economic Community in 1957. The coming of the European Parliament made the organization very strong. The disintegration of the USSR quickened the pace of the growth of the European Union which was established in 1992.

It helped in having a common foreign policy, law and justice and internal affairs. It also brought out a common currency the “Euro”, European Union became the world largest’ economic system. According to the statistics of 2005, their GDP was 12 trillion dollars. This is more than the economy of America. Euro is stronger than American dollar. EU has become an important part of the WTO. European Union has great political and diplomatic importance. Britain and France which are its members have permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Therefore the EU can influence in the formation of important policies. For example, the nuclear programme of Iran. Militarily EU has the second position in the world. Britain and France are also nuclear powers. In space research and communication, the EU occupies the second place.

The resistance against the US hegemony emerged not only in developed countries (EU) but also in developing countries. Identify this Organisation and prepare a short note about its objectives and functions.

ASEAN. The South Eastern Asian countries had to suffer the economic and political consequences of the colonialism by Europe and Japan. After the WW II, poverty and economic backwardness forced these countries to join one of the superpowers. Then there was the Bandung Conference and Non-Aligned Movement came into existence. Even then problems were not solved. Therefore these countries joined together and formed an organization called ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations).

It was formed in1967. Five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – , signed the Bangkok Declaration. Later Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1985), Myanmar (1997) and Cambodia (1999) became members of ASEAN.
Aims: Quickening economic growth, bring about social and cultural development. Bring about regional peace according to the UN laws, and establish stability.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
What are the three pillars of ASEAN? What are its objectives?
Answer:
The three pillars of ASEAN are ASEAN Secure Society, ASEAN Economic Society and ASEAN Social and Cultural society. ASEAN Secure Society envisages amicable settlements of disputes without going into armed conflicts and wars. The ASEAN Economic Community aims at a common market and common manufacturing system, helping the financial and economic development of the member countries. The aim of the ASEAN Social and Cultural Society is the cooperation among nations in social and cultural spheres.

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Question 2.
What are the objectives of establishing regional organization?
Answer:

  • Economic development
  • A venue to solve mutual problems.
  • Common security
  • Collective bargaining
  • Social and cultural exchange

Question 3.
How does geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organizations?
Answer:
Geographical closeness influences the formation of regional organizations. On the basis of geographical closeness, there is the possibility of increased friendship and cooperation. Such fraternity and goodwill help in the formation of regional organizations. Because of geographical unity, it is easy to maintain the common traditions, habits, culture and interests. Even the problems the members face will be similar in nature. Moreover such fraternity and cooperation among neighbours help in the growth of trade and commercial activities among them.

Question 4.
What are the components of the ASEAN vision 2020?
Answer:
ASEAN came into existence in 1967. Its “Vision 2020” defines the entry of ASEAN into the international society. It is hoped that through Vision 2020, ASEAN will grow into a strong economic power and it will be able to exercise much influence in international matters.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers