Prasanna

Parents often use SCERT Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Notes Pdf Unit 1 Chapter 3 Little Things Matter Questions and Answers Activities Notes to assist their kids with homework.

Class 8 English Little Things Matter Question Answer Activities

Little Things Matter Questions and Answers Class 8

8th Standard English Little Things Matter Question Answer

Question 1.
How did Kalam’ stay in touch with news from India on his travels abroad?
വിദേശയാത്രകളിൽ കലാം എങ്ങനെയാണ് ഇന്ത്യയിൽ നിന്നുള്ള വാർത്തകൾ അറിഞ്ഞിരുന്നത്?
Answer:
He stayed in touch with news from India by going online to read news articles and editorials in magazines and papers.

Question 2.
Mention a few people who influenced Kalam’s early life.
കലാമിന്റെ കുട്ടിക്കാലത്തെ സ്വാധീനിച്ച ഏതാനും വ്യക്തികളെക്കുറിച്ച് പറയുക)
Answer:
A few people who influenced Kalam’s early life were his cousins Samsuddin and Jalalluddin. His parents, grandmother, and his mathematics teacher also had a big influence on him.

Question 3.
What was the effect of the sanctions on Kalam’s family? How did the family cope with this?
ബ്രിട്ടിഷ് ഉപരോധങ്ങൾ കലാമിന്റെ കുടുംബത്തെ എങ്ങനെയാണ് ബാധിച്ചത്? ആ കുടുംബം അതിനെ എങ്ങനെയാണ് നേരിട്ടത്?
Answer:
The sanctions made it difficult for Kalam’s large family to get enough food and clothes. The family coped with this difficulty by making sacrifices. The women in the family, like his mother and grandmother, would compromise on their own food to make sure all the children were fed first.

Question 4.
Why does young Kalam say ‘my enthusiasm knew no bounds’?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് ബാലനായ കലാം എന്റെ ആവേശ ത്തിന് അതിരുകളില്ലായിരുന്നു എന്ന് പറയുന്നത്?
Answer:
Young Kalam says his ‘enthusiasm knew no bounds’ because he was very excited about his first job. Even though he was only eight, he was happy because he was going to earn his own money for the first time and contribute in a meaningful way to his family’s income during a difficult time.

Question 5.
What was the condition posed by the mathematics teacher and how did it impact Kalam’s daily schedule?
കണക്ക് അധ്യാപകൻ മുന്നോട്ടുവെച്ച വ്യവസ്ഥ എന്താ യിരുന്നു. അത് കലാമിന്റെ ദിനചര്യയെ എങ്ങനെ ബാധിച്ചു?
Answer:
The condition posed by the mathematics teacher was that students needed to take a bath and reach his home for tuition at dawn (very early in the morning). This impacted Kalam’s daily schedule because he had to start his day while it was still dark outside.

Question 6.
How did Kalam go about the work of newspaper distribution?
കലാം എങ്ങനെയാണ് പത്രവിതരണ ജോലി ചെയ്തി രുന്നത്?
Answer:
After his morning tuition, Kalam would run to the railway station to collect the newspaper bundles thrown from the moving train. Then, he would divide into the papers into batches for different neighbourhoods and run around Rameswaram for about an hour to deliver them.

Question 7.
Newspapers opened up new worlds for young Kalam. Do you agree? Give reasons.
പ്രതങ്ങൾ ബാലനായ കലാമിന് പുതിയ ലോകങ്ങൾ തുറന്നുകൊടുത്തു. നിങ്ങൾ യോജിക്കുന്നുണ്ടോ? കാര ണങ്ങൾ നൽകുക.
Answer:
Yes, I agree. The newspapers were his only source of information about the outside world. Through them, he learned about the Independence Movement, World War II, and important leaders like Gandhiji and Hitler. This made him dream about the larger world.

Question 8.
Kalam says he grew ‘taller and browner’ in a year. What does this suggest?
(ഒരു വർഷം കൊണ്ട് തനിക്ക് ഉയരം കൂടുകയും നിറം ഇരുളുകയും ചെയ്തു എന്ന് കലാം പറയുന്നു. ഇത് എന്തിനെയാണ് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
This suggests that his daily routine of running around in the sun to deliver newspapers was hard physical work. Running around helped him grow taller, and being out in the sun every day made his skin darker (browner). It shows he was a hardworking young boy.

Question 9.
How was Kalam able to ignore the intense tiredness at the end of each day?
ഓരോ ദിവസത്തിന്റെയും അവസാനമുള്ള കഠിന മായ ക്ഷീണം അവഗണിക്കാൻ കലാമിന് എങ്ങനെ കഴിഞ്ഞു?
Answer:
Kalam was able to ignore his tiredness for two main reasons: First, he enjoyed the work and the feeling of responsibility. Second, the knowledge that his earnings were helping his family and making his mother proud gave him the strength and happiness to keep going.

Little Things Matter Class 8 Question Answer – Let’s Rewind

A. Go through the passage and choose the most suitable of the options given.
പാഠഭാഗം വായിച്ച് നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള ഓപ്ഷനുകളിൽ നിന്ന് ഏറ്റവും അനുയോജ്യമായത് തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കുക.

Question 1.
What motivated Abdul Kalam to take on the newspaper delivery?
പത്രവിതരണ ജോലി ഏറ്റെടുക്കാൻ അബ്ദുൾ കലാമിനെ പ്രേരിപ്പിച്ചത് എന്തായിരുന്നു?
A. To satisfy his desire for adventure
സാഹസികതയോടുള്ള തന്റെ ആഗ്രഹം നിറവേറ്റാൻ
B. To fulfil a school requirement
സ്കൂളിലെ ഒരു ആവശ്യം നിറവേറ്റാൻ
C. To impress his friends
കുട്ടുകാരെ ആകർഷിക്കാൻ
D. To help and support his family
തന്റെ കുടുംബത്തെ സഹായിക്കാനും പിന്തുണയ് ക്കാനും
Answer:
D.To help and support his family
തന്റെ കുടുംബത്തെ സഹായിക്കാനും പിന്തുണയ് ക്കാനും

Question 2.
What do you think was the biggest challenge Abdul Kalam faced as a newspaper delivery boy?
ഒരു പത്രവിതരണക്കാരൻ എന്ന നിലയിൽ അബ്ദുൾകലാം നേരിട്ട ഏറ്റവും വലിയ വെല്ലുവിളി എന്തായിരുന്നുവെന്നാണ് നിങ്ങൾ കരുതുന്നത്?
A. The need to balance work and learning.
ജോലിയും പഠനവും ഒരുമിച്ച് കൊണ്ടുപോകേണ്ടതി ന്റെ ആവശ്യം
B. ill-health (അനാരോഗ്യം)
C. Dissatisfied customers
തൃപ്തരല്ലാത്ത ഉപഭോക്താക്കൾ
D. lack of transportation
യാത്രാസൗകര്യത്തിന്റെ കുറവ്
Answer:
A.The need to balance work and learning
ജോലിയും പഠനവും ഒരുമിച്ച് കൊണ്ടുപോകേണ്ടതി ന്റെ ആവശ്യം

Question 3.
What was the major effect of World War II on Kalam’s family?
രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം കലാമിന്റെ കുടുംബത്തിൽ ഉണ്ടാക്കിയ പ്രധാന പ്രത്യാഘാതം എന്തായിരുന്നു?
A. lived in fear (അവർ ഭയത്തിൽ ജീവിച്ചു)
B. had to ration food
ഭക്ഷണം റേഷനായി നിയന്ത്രിച്ച്) ഉപയോഗിക്കേണ്ടി വന്നു
C. lost their house
(അവർക്ക് വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടു)
D. lived in a relief shelter
ഒരു ദുരിതാശ്വാസ ക്യാമ്പിൽ ജീവിച്ചു
Answer:
B. had to ration food
ഭക്ഷണം റേഷനായി നിയന്ത്രിച്ച്) ഉപയോഗിക്കേണ്ടി വന്നു

Question 4.
What important skill did Kalam develop by newspaper delivery?
പത്രവിതരണത്തിലൂടെ കലാം ഏത് പ്രധാനപ്പെട്ട കഴി വാണ് നേടിയെടുത്തത്?
A. cycling (സൈക്കിൾ ചവിട്ടൽ)
B. technical skills (സാങ്കേതിക കഴിവുകൾ)
C. time management (സമയം ക്രമീകരിക്കാനു ള്ള കഴിവ്)
D. reading skills (വായനാശീലം)
Answer:
C. time management (സമയം ക്രമീകരിക്കാനു ള്ള കഴിവ്)

B. Revisit the story and respond to the following questions.
കഥ വീണ്ടും വായിച്ച് താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള ചോദ്യ ങ്ങൾക്ക് ഉത്തരം നൽകുക.)
Question 1.
What did Kalam’s mother do to support him in his daily routine?
കലാമിന്റെ ദിനചര്യയിൽ അദ്ദേഹത്തെ പിന്തുണയ്ക്കാൻ അമ്മ എന്താണ് ചെയ്തിരുന്നത്
Answer:
Kalam’s mother supported him greatly in his daily routine.

• She used to wake up very early, before Kalam, while it was still dark.
• She would get his bath ready so he could go for his early morning tuition.
• She always made sure that he ate every morsel of his breakfast before he left for school.
• Although she often worried (fretted) about his hard work, she was also secretly proud of him, which gave him strength.

Question 2.
Kalam balanced his work and school, playing his part in a way that truly mattered. What is your opinion on children evolving into responsible members of the family?
കലാം തന്റെ ജോലിയും സ്കൂളും സന്തുലിതമായി കൊ ണ്ടുപോയി, ശരിക്കും പ്രാധാന്യമുള്ള രീതിയിൽ തന്റെ പങ്ക് നിർവഹിച്ചു. കുട്ടികൾ കുടുംബത്തിലെ ഉത്തരവാദി ത്തമുള്ള അംഗങ്ങളായി മാറുന്നതിനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള നിങ്ങ ളുടെ അഭിപ്രായം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
I think it is a very good thing when children evolve into responsible members of the family. When children take on small responsibilities according to their age, it teaches them important life skills like hard work, discipline, and time management. Like Kalam, they feel proud and happy that they are able to help and support their family. This prepares them to become good citizens in the future.

However, it is also important to ensure that these responsibilities do not harm their education or take away their childhood. There should be a good balance between their duties, studies, and time to play, just as Kalam managed to achieve.

Little Things Matter Activities

Class 8 English Little Things Matter Activities Pdf – Let’s recall and recreate

Activity 1

A. Young Kalam had a difficult time collecting newspaper bundles at Rameswaram station since the trains didn’t stop there. Other residents of the village too found this inconvenient. Imagine that young Kalam takes the initiative to write a letter to the Divisional Manager, Southern Railway, requesting them to reinstate the stop at Rameswaram station.
Answer:

This letter is a formal one and it has a specific format.
A formal letter follows a clear structure and style. It is typically used for official communication.

B. The road to Mussoorie was blocked due to the landslide and the passengers had to face a lot of hardship. One of the passengers decides to write a letter to the Road Transport Authority (RTA) requesting them to clear the road. Attempt the likely letter.
ഉരുൾപൊട്ടൽ കാരണം മസൂറിയിലേക്കുള്ള വഴി തടസ്സപ്പെടുകയും യാത്രക്കാർക്ക് ഒരുപാട് ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടുകൾ നേരിടേണ്ടി വരികയും ചെയ്തു. യാത്രക്കാരിലൊരാൾ, റോഡ് ഗതാഗത അതോറിറ്റിക്ക് (RTA) റോഡ് വൃത്തിയാക്കാൻ അഭ്യ ർത്ഥിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് ഒരു കത്തെഴുതാൻ തീരുമാനിക്കുന്നു. ആ കത്ത് തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:
From
Ramesh Kumar,
Nain Village, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand.
June 11, 2025

To
The Regional Officer,
Road Transport Authority (RTA),
Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

Dear Sir/Madam,

Subject: Urgent request to clear road blockage due to landslide on the Nain-Mussoorie route.

I am a resident of Nain village and a regular traveller on the route to Mussoorie. I am writing this letter to bring to your immediate attention a major problem that has affected hundreds of people in our area.

On June 9, 2025, a massive landslide occurred on the main road connecting our village to Mussoorie, near the halfway point. Due to this, the road has been completely blocked, and all traffic has stopped. This has caused immense hardship for the passengers, including elderly people, women, and children, who are now stranded. This road is the main connection for us to get essential goods and services.

Therefore, on behalf of all the residents and travellers, I earnestly request you to take immediate action to clear the landslide debris and reopen the road as soon as possible. Your prompt action will bring great relief to everyone affected.

Thank you.
Yours faithfully,
Sd/-
Ramesh Kumar

8th Standard English Little Things Matter Question Answer – Activity 2

Samsuddin offers young Kalam the job of collecting and distributing newspapers from the railway station. He readily agrees to this. Write the likely conversation between them.
ഷംസുദ്ദീൻ ബാലനായ കലാമിന് റെയിൽവേ സ്റ്റേഷനിൽ നിന്ന് പത്രങ്ങൾ ശേഖരിക്കാനും വിതരണം ചെയ്യാനുമുള്ള ജേ ാലി വാഗ്ദാനം ചെയ്യുന്നു. കലാം അത് സന്തോഷത്തോടെ സ്വീകരിക്കുന്നു. അവർ തമ്മിലുള്ള സംഭാഷണം എഴുതുക.
Answer:
Samsuddin: Kalam, I have a small problem, and I was wondering if you could help me.
Kalam: Of course, brother Samsuddin! Tell me, what is it?
Samsuddin: You know the train doesn’t stop at Rameswaram station anymore because of the war. This has made it very difficult to get the newspaper bundles.
Kalam: Oh, no! Then how will we get the papers?
Samsuddin: I have a plan. The bundles will be thrown out from the moving train onto the platform. I need a quick and responsible boy to run and collect them as soon as they land. I can also pay you for this work. It will be your first earning.
Kalam: (Eyes wide with excitement) My first earning! I can help our family with my own money! Yes! I will do it. I would love to do this job.
Samsuddin: (Smiling) I knew I could count on you, Kalam. Be ready tomorrow morning then. It’s a very important job!
Kalam: I will be there! Thank you, brother!

Little Things Matter Questions and Answers – Let’s play with words:

Activity 1

A. Read the following passage from ‘Little Things Matter’
Samsuddin had great affection for me and encouraged me in so many ways, that he became a guiding light for me.
ഷംസുദ്ദീന് എന്നോട് വലിയ വാത്സല്യമായിരുന്നു, പല കാര്യങ്ങളിലും അദ്ദേഹം എന്നെ പ്രോത്സാഹിപ്പിച്ചു, അങ്ങ നെ അദ്ദേഹം എനിക്കൊരു വഴികാട്ടിയായ വെളിച്ചമായി മാറി.

• What could be the meaning of ‘a guiding light’ in this context? Discuss
വഴികാട്ടിയായ വെളിച്ചം എന്നതിന്റെ അർത്ഥം ഈ സന്ദർഭത്തിൽ എന്തായിരിക്കും?
Answer:
In this context, ‘a guiding light’ means a person who acts as a role model and gives advice and inspiration to show someone the right path in life.

• What do we call such phrases?
(ഇത്തരം പ്രയോഗങ്ങളെ എന്തുവിളിക്കും?)
Answer:
We call such phrases Idioms

B. Now, match the following idiomatic phrases with their corresponding meanings. You may refer to a dictionary.
താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള ശൈലികളെ അവയുടെ ശരിയായ അർത്ഥങ്ങളുമായി യോജിപ്പിക്കുക.
Answer:

Idioms	Meaning
Keep an eye out	To watch carefully for something or some one to appear.
Stay in touch	stay connected
Keep one’s word	to do what one promised

C. Fill in the blanks with suitable idiomatic phrases from the table above.
Mani’s father asked Granny and Mani to ………………………… with him during their journey to Nain and to return the next day. When it was time for their arrival, he couldn’t help but ……………………… for them. They ………………………… and arrived on time.
പട്ടികയിൽ നിന്ന് അനുയോജ്യമായ ശൈലികൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് വിട്ടഭാഗം പൂരിപ്പിക്കുക
Answer:
Mani’s father asked Granny and Mani to stay in touch with him during their journey to Nain and to return the next day. When it was time for their arrival, he couldn’t help but keep an eye out for them. They kept their word and arrived on time.

Class 8 English Little Things Matter Question Answer – Activity 2

A. Read the following sentences.
When I was about eight, World War II broke out. Daily life, however, remained fairly unaffected initially, particularly for us in the southern tip of the country.
What might be the meaning of the phrasal verb ‘broke out’ in this context?
ഈ സന്ദർഭത്തിൽ broke out എന്ന ശൈലിയുടെ അർത്ഥം എന്തായിരിക്കും
Answer:
In this context, the phrasal verb ‘broke out’ means to start suddenly

B. Now, try to use the phrasal verbs given in the box below and complete young Kalam’s diary. One has been done for you.

ഇനി, താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള ശൈലികൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് ബാലനായ കലാമിന്റെ ഡയറിക്കുറിപ്പ് പൂർത്തിയാക്കുക.
Answer:
20 December 1939, Saturday
It is a wonderful day, indeed. As always, I look forward to reaching the railway station as early as possible. I knew that the bundles of newspapers would be tossed out of the moving train and I had to catch them. I know it isn’t easy for a child of eight like me, But, I will do it. I can’t complain. I will have to hang in some how. It is my responsibility to help my parents. I can’t contribute much, but the little that I do matters. I think I will have to carry on and play my part. Moreover, after distributing all the newspapers, just to pore over the news is great fun and a means of acquiring knowledge. Oh God! Let me always have the strength to help my parents.

Std 8 English Little Things Matter Question Answer – Lets analyse:

Activity 1

A. Read the following passages.
In the course of their journey Granny and Mani witnessed a landslide. This caused them some discomfort and inconvenience. Natural disasters may sometimes be the result of human activities. Don’t you agree? If we care for nature, nature will surely protect us.
Granny’s eyesight was growing steadily weaker. She couldn’t see anything properly. Mani thought that if she got new glasses, she could see properly.
Write the highlighted sentences of the passages above in the space given.
a. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
മുകളിലെ ഭാഗങ്ങളിൽ കടുപ്പിച്ചു നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യ ങ്ങൾ താഴെ എഴുതുക
Answer:
a. If we care for nature, nature will surely protect us.
b. if she got new glasses, she could see properly.

One part of the given sentences expresses a condition and the other its consequence. Now, note the conditions and the consequences and write them in the table below.

നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു ഭാഗം ഒരു വ്യവസ്ഥ യെയും (condition) മറ്റേ ഭാഗം അതിന്റെ ഫലത്തെയും (consequence) കുറിക്കുന്നു. ഇനി, ആ വ്യവസ്ഥക ളും ഫലങ്ങളും കണ്ടെത്തി താഴെയുള്ള പട്ടികയിൽ എഴുതുക.
Answer:

Condition	Consequence
If we care for nature	Nature will surely protect us
If she got herself new glasses	she could see properly

B. Discuss the differences in meaning between the two sentences.
രണ്ട് വാക്യങ്ങളും തമ്മിലുള്ള അർത്ഥത്തിലെ വ്യത്യാസ ങ്ങൾ ചർച്ച ചെയ്യുക
Answer:
Sentence 1 (“If we care for nature, nature will surely protect us.”) describes a real and possible situation. It suggests that if the condition (caring for nature) happens, the result (nature protecting us) is very likely to happen.

Sentence 2 (“If she got new glasses, she could see properly.”) describes an unreal or imaginary situation. It imagines a result for a condition that is not true at the moment (she does not have new glasses right now).

C. Now, write down the sentences in the situations in which you would use them.

ഇനി, ഈ വാക്യങ്ങൾ ഏത് സന്ദർഭങ്ങളിലാണ് ഉപയോഗിക്കുകയെന്ന് താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള പട്ടികയിൽ എഴുതുക.
Answer:

Possible / probable situation	Improbable, unreal or imaginary situation
If we care for nature, nature will surely protect us.	If she got new glasses, she could see properly.

Conditionals which express possible or probable situations are called Type 1 conditionals and those that express improbable, unreal or imaginary situations are called Type 2 conditionals.

D. Identify the verbs in the sentences given above and write them in the table given below.

മുകളിൽ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യങ്ങളിലെ ക്രിയകൾ (verbs) കണ്ടെത്തി താഴെയുള്ള പട്ടികയിൽ എഴുതുക.
Answer:

Sentence	If Clause (condition)	Main Clause (result)
Type 1	care	will protect
Type 2	got	could see

• Do you find a pattern followed in the arrangement of verbs in Type 1 and Type 2 conditionals?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ടൈപ്പ് 1, ടൈപ്പ് 2 കണ്ടീഷണലുകളിൽ ക്രിയകളുടെ ക്രമീകരണത്തിൽ ഒരു പ്രത്യേക രീതി നിങ്ങൾ കാണു 326633?
Answer:
Yes, there is a clear pattern.

1. Type 1: The ‘If clause’ uses the present form (V1) of the verb, and the ‘Main clause’ uses will/can + present form (V1) of the verb.
2. Type 2: The ‘If clause’ uses the past form (V2) of the verb, and the ‘Main clause’ uses would/could + present form (V1) of the verb.

E. Now, let’s write down more sentences in the given pattern.
Pattern 1 a) If we put an end to deforestation, we can prevent landslides.
b) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Pattern 2 a) If we planted more trees, the world would be a better place
b) ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ഇനി, നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള രീതിയിൽ കൂടുതൽ വാക്യങ്ങൾ എഴുതാം.
Answer:
Pattern 1 a) If we put an end to deforestation, we can prevent landslides.
b) If you study well, you will pass the exam.

Pattern 2 a) If we planted more trees, the world would be a better place
b) If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky

F. Now let’s play the game ‘Pick and Choose.’
• Place two bowls on the table. One of the bowls should contain some ‘if clauses’ and the other the corresponding main clauses.
• Form two groups and name the groups A & B.
• One member from group A may come forward and take out an ‘if clause’ and read it aloud.
• Any member of group B may step up to take out the corresponding ‘main clause’ from the howl and read it aloud.

Answer:
• One point may be awarded for the correct answer.
• The member who is awarded the point should take the next ‘if clause’ and the other group gets the turn to complete the game.
• One member may take only a single chance.
• This activity may continue until one team is declared the winner

Little Things Matter Class 8 Question Answer – Activity 2

A. Read the following sentences from the story, ‘A Long Walk with Granny. ‘A Long Walk with Granny’
എന്ന കഥയിലെ താഴെ പറയുന്ന വാക്യങ്ങൾ വായിക്കുക.
1. He called, ‘Can you see all right, Granny?’
2. ‘What’s ten miles?’ said Granny. Now, write the highlighted part of the sentences in the space given below.
Now, write the highlighted part of the sentences in the space given below.

വാക്യങ്ങളിൽ കടുപ്പിച്ചു നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള ഭാഗം താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള സ്ഥലത്ത് എഴുതുക.
Answer:
1. Can you see all right, Granny?
2. What’s ten miles?

• What differences do you notice in the above sentences?
The first sentence begins with – …………………………………………….
The second sentence begins with – ………………………………………….

(മുകളിൽ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യങ്ങളിൽ എന്ത് വ്യത്യാസ ങ്ങളാണ് നിങ്ങൾ കാണുന്നത്?)
Answer:
The first sentence begins with – an auxiliary verb (‘Can’).
The second sentence begins with – a question word (‘What’).

B. Read the following conversation between Samsuddin and Kalam and list the sentences beginning with question words and those beginning with auxiliary verbs.
ഷംസുദ്ദീനും കലാമും തമ്മിലുള്ള സംഭാഷണം വായിച്ച്, ചോദ്യവാക്കുകളിൽ (question words) തുടങ്ങുന്ന വാക്യങ്ങളും സഹായക ക്രിയകളിൽ (auxiliary verbs) തുടങ്ങുന്ന വാക്യങ്ങളും പട്ടികപ്പെടുത്തുക
Shamsuddin: Would you like to join the team?
Kalam: Yes, of course. What can I do for you?
Shamsuddin: You will have to collect newspapers from the railway station and distribute them to readers.
Kalam: Should I collect them from Rameswaram railway station?
Shamsuddin: Of course.
Kalam: When should I reach the railway station?
Shamsuddin: By 5.00 in the morning.
Kalam: That’s fine.

Answer:

Sentences begining with question words	Sentences beginning with auxiliary verbs
What can I do for you?	Would you like to join the team?
When should I reach the railway station?	Should I collect them from Rameswaram railway station?

Questions beginning with ‘question words’ are Wh-questions. Questions beginning with auxiliary verbs are Yes/No questions.

C. Now, pick the questions and their corresponding responses from the above conversation and write them in the following table.

ഇനി, മുകളിലെ സംഭാഷണത്തിൽ നിന്നും ചോദ്യങ്ങളും അവയുടെ മറുപടിയും തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത് താഴെയുള്ള പട്ടികയിൽ എഴുതുക.
Answer:

Questions	Responses
Would you like to join the team?	Yes, of course
What can I do for you?	You will have to collect newspapers.
Should I collect them from Rameswaram railway station?	Of course.
When should I reach the railway station?	By 5.00 in the morning.

• Do the questions beginning with question words elicit a factual answer?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Answer:
Yes, Questions beginning with a question word elicit a factual response or in formation.

• Do the questions beginning with auxiliary verbs elicit a similar response?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Answer:
No, Those beginning with auxiliary verbs get a Yes/No response.

D. Frame Wh-questions to get the phrases underlined in the following sentences as answers.
1. Kalam went to the railway station
Where did Kalam go?

2. Newspaper bundles were flung out onto the platform
………………………………………………………………………………………?

3. Granny and Mani were very close to each other.
………………………………………………………………………………………?

4. Mani and Granny reached the hospital in the morning
………………………………………………………………………………………?

5. Granny couldn’t see clearly because her eyes were very weak.
………………………………………………………………………………………?
താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യങ്ങളിൽ അടിവരയിട്ട ഭാഗ ങ്ങൾ ഉത്തരമായി ലഭിക്കുന്ന തരത്തിൽ “Wh ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ നിർമ്മിക്കുക.
Answer:
1. Kalam went to the railway station
Where did Kalam go?

2. Newspaper bundles were flung out onto the platform
What was flung out onto the platform?

3. Granny and Mani were very close to each other.
How was the relationship between Granny and Mani?

4. Mani and Granny reached the hospital in the morning
When did Mani and Granny reach the hospital?

5. Granny couldn’t see clearly because her eyes were very weak.
Why couldn’t Granny see clearly?

E. Now, frame Yes / No questions for the following sentences.
1. It was a rainy day.
Was it a rainy day?

2. There is a cordial relationship between Granny and Mani.
………………………………………………………………………………….. ?

3. They were on the bus again
………………………………………………………………………………….. ?

4. Kalam wanted to help his family
………………………………………………………………………………….. ?

5. Every child can contribut in some way.
………………………………………………………………………………….. ?

ഇനി, താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യങ്ങൾക്ക് ‘Yes/No’ ചോദ്യ ങ്ങൾ നിർമ്മിക്കുക.
Answer:
1. It was a rainy day.
Was it a rainy day?

2. There is a cordial relationship between Granny and Mani.
Is there a cordial relationship between Granny and Mani?

3. They were on the bus again
Were they on the bus again?

4. Kalam wanted to help his family
Did Kalam want to help his family?

5. Every child can contribut in some way.
Can every child contribute in some way?

Little Things Matter Class 8 Questions and Answers Pdf – Activity 3

A. Read the following sentence from the story, ‘A Long Walk with Granny.’ A Long Walk with Granny’
എന്ന കഥയിലെ ഈ വാക്യം വായിക്കുക
‘You wouldn’t be able to walk all the way to Nain, would you, Granny?’
Why does the speaker use the expression ‘would you’?
……………………………………………………………………………….
സംസാരിക്കുന്നയാൾ ‘would you’ എന്ന പ്രയോഗം എന്തിന് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു?
Answer:
The speaker uses the expression ‘would you’ to confirm his statement. He is asking Granny for her agreement or disagreement. This type of short question added at the end of a statement is called a tag question.

A short question added to the end of a statement, seeking confirmation, is called a tag question.

B. Read the following sentences.
താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യങ്ങൾ വായിക്കുക.
1. Kalam was a responsible child, wasn’t he?
2. Mani couldn’t walk as fast as his Granny, could he?
What differences do you notice in the structure of the above sentences?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
മുകളിലെ വാക്യങ്ങളുടെ ഘടനയിൽ എന്ത് വ്യത്യാസ ങ്ങളാണ് നിങ്ങൾ കാണുന്നത്?
Answer:
The main difference is based on whether the statement is positive or negative.

• In sentence 1, the statement “Kalam was a responsible child” is positive (affirmative), so it takes a negative tag (“wasn’t he?”.
• In sentence 2, the statement “Mani couldn’t walk…” is negative, so it takes a positive tag (“could he?”)
  An affirmative sentence takes a negative tag and a negative sentence takes a positive tag.

C. Now, use suitable tag questions to complete the following sentences.
ഇനി, അനുയോജ്യമായ ടാഗ് ക്വസ്റ്റ്യനുകൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള വാക്യങ്ങൾ പൂർത്തിയാക്കുക.
Answer:
1. Sharing and caring are the values we need to develop, aren’t they?
2. We should evolve into responsible citizens, shouldn’t we?
3. Even a little matters, doesn’t it?
4. We can’t live without nature, can we?
5. People will have to play their role well on the stage of life, won’t they?

D. Edit the following conversation between Granny and Mani. The errors are given in bold type.
മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും തമ്മിലുള്ള സംഭാഷണം എഡിറ്റ് ചെയ്യുക. തെറ്റുകൾ കടുപ്പിച്ച് നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു.

Mani: We’ll have to go to Mussoorie for your glasses.
Granny: Is it? It’ll take two days to reach there. What would take me?
Mani: I’ll take you. Are you walk all the way to Nain?
Granny: Yes. I can walk all the way to Nain.
Mani: You are really great, wasn’tl?
Granny: If you come with me, I would go even to the moon.
Mani: So, let’s get ready, should he?
Answer:
Mani: We’ll have to go to Mussoorie for your glasses.
Granny: Oh, really? It’ll take two days to reach there. Who would take me?
Mani: I’ll take you. Can you walk all the way to Nain?
Granny: Yes. I can walk all the way to Nain.
Mani: You are really great, aren’t you?
Granny: If you come with me, I would go even to the moon.
Mani: So, let’s get ready, shall we?

Little Things Matter Notes – Let’s converse:

Activity

Kalam used to deliver newspapers early in the morning to his customers before going to school. He meets Mr Kumar, one of his neighbours, while delivering the newspaper. Let’s see how they converse.
സ്കൂളിൽ പോകുന്നതിന് മുൻപ് അതിരാവിലെ കലാം തന്റെ ഉപഭോക്താക്കൾക്ക് പത്രം വിതരണം ചെയ്യാറു ണ്ടായിരുന്നു. പത്രം വിതരണം ചെയ്യുന്നതിനിടയിൽ അദ്ദേഹം തന്റെ അയൽവാസികളിലൊരാളായ മിസ്റ്റർ കു മാറിനെ കാണുന്നു. അവർ എങ്ങനെ സംസാരിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് നോക്കാം
Kalam: Hello, sir. Good morning.
Kumar: Goodmorning, Abdul. How are you?
Kalam: I’m doing great, thanks. How are you doing?
Kumar: Fantastic, thanks for asking!
Now, let’s try to analyse their conversation.
ഇനി, അവരുടെ സംഭാഷണം വിശകലനം ചെയ്യാം.)
How did they greet each other?
അവർ എങ്ങനെയാണ് പരസ്പരം അഭിവാദ്യം ചെയ്തത്?
Answer:
They greeted each other politely and warmly.

• Kalam started the conversation by using the greetings “Hello, sir” and “Good morning”.
• Mr. Kumar responded with “Good morning” and then asked about Kalam’s well-being by asking, “How are you?”.
• Kalam replied that he was doing great and politely asked Mr. Kumar “How are you doing?” in return.

The table in your book shows common expressions we use to greet people and how to respond to them. It is an important part of starting any friendly conversation.

Let’s team up (Group Project)

• What do you call this kind of writing? (diary/memoir/journal/travelogue)
This is the page of a journal in which the memories and reflections of a journey are recorded.
A journal is a record of significant details of your life, such as your daily
routine, your feelings, memories, travel experiences, etc.

journals can be of various kinds such as the following.
• Memory journal
• Travel journal
• Daily journal
• …………………………
• …………………………
(ഇത്തരത്തിലുള്ള എഴുത്തിനെ എന്തു വിളിക്കും?
Answer:
This kind of writing, which records the memories and experiences of a journey, is called a Travel Journal or a Travelogue Journals can be of various kinds such as the following: (ജേണലുകൾ പലതരത്തിലുണ്ട് ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്:

1. Memory journal (ഓർമ്മക്കുറിപ്പുകൾ)
2. Travel journal (യാത്രാ വിവരണം)
3. Daily journal (ദിവസക്കുറിപ്പുകൾ)
4. GratitudeJournal/Food Journal (ശിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ജേണൽ / ഭക്ഷണത്തെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ജേണൽ

A journal is a record of significant details of your life, such as your daily routine, your feelings, memories, travel experiences, etc.

A. Now, form groups and discuss the kind of journal you would like to create. Share the journal you have created with the other groups and discuss the project in class.
ഇനി, ഗ്രൂപ്പുകളായി തിരിഞ്ഞ് നിങ്ങൾക്ക് ഏതുതരം ജേണലാണ് തയ്യാറാക്കേണ്ടതെന്ന് ചർച്ച ചെയ്യുക. നിങ്ങൾ തയ്യാറാക്കിയ ജേണൽ മറ്റ് ഗ്രൂപ്പുകളുമായി പങ്കുവെക്കുകയും ക്ലാസ്സിൽ ചർച്ച ചെയ്യുകയും ചെയ്യുക
Answer:
Sample Travel Journal
ഒരു മാതൃകാ യാത്രാ വിവരണം):
ഇതൊരു ക്ലാസ്സ് ആക്റ്റിവിറ്റി ആയതുകൊണ്ട്, നിങ്ങൾക്ക് ഒരു മാതൃകയായി ഉപയോഗിക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്ന, കോഴിക്കോ ടേക്കുള്ള ഒരു ദിവസത്തെ യാത്രയുടെ വിവരണം താഴെ നൽകുന്നു.

A Day Trip to Kozhikode

Destination: Kozhikode (Calicut)
Date: June 10, 2025
Departure: 8:00 AM

MORNING
(9:00 am -1:00 pm)

PAZHASSIRAJA MUSEUM & ART GALLERY
Reached the museum and felt like I had travelled back in time. The ancient coins, models of temples, and megalithic monuments were amazing to see. The art gallery had beautiful paintings by Raja Ravi Varma.
Facts: The museum building was once known as the East Hill Bungalow.

AFTERNOON
(2:30 pm – 5:30 pm)

KAPPAD BEACH
A historic and beautiful beach! The wind was strong and the waves were gentle. It was so relaxing to walk on the soft sand. I imagined Vasco da Gama landing here hundreds of years ago.

Facts: A stone monument is installed here to remember the landing of Vasco da Gama in 1498.

EVENING
(6:00 pm – 8:00 pm)

S.M. STREET (MITTAI THERUVU)
The street was crowded and full of life! The smell of fresh Kozhikode Halwa was everywhere. The shops were brightly lit, and I bought some delicious banana chips and halwa to take back home. A perfect end to a fantastic day.

Facts: S.M. Street stands for ‘Sweet Meat Street’. It is famous for its sweet shops.

Students often refer to Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Textbook Answers and Little Things Matter in Malayalam & English before discussing the text in class.

Class 8 English Little Things Matter Summary

Little Things Matter Summary in English

Every morning a large pile of newspapers, in English and Tamil, is delivered to me. During my travels abroad I stay in touch with news from India. I do this by going online to read news articles and editorials in magazines and papers.

I was born in the year 1931. When I was about eight, World War II broke out. Daily life, however, remained fairly unaffected initially, particularly for us in the southern tip of the country.

The only source of information about the outside world was the newspaper. The agency that distributed newspapers was run by my cousin Samsuddin. Along with Jalalluddin, he was a big influence in my early life.

Samsuddin had great affection for me and encouraged me in so many ways, that he became a guiding light for me.

Samsuddin’s newspaper agency was the only one in Rameswaram. There were about a thousand literate people in the town, and he delivered newspapers to all of them. The papers carried news about the Independence Movement that was heading towards a crescendo at the time. These news items would be read and discussed among everyone. There would also be news from the war front, about Hitler and the Nazi army. The Tamil paper Dinamani was the most popular of all.

The way the papers reached Rameswaram was quite unique. They came by morning train and were kept at Rameswaram station. From there they had to be collected and sent to all the subscribers. This was Samsuddin’s business and he managed it effortlessly. However, as World War II raged, it affected the newspaper delivery business in a strange way.

The British government had placed a number of sanctions and rations on goods. Something like a state of emergency now prevailed in the country. Our large family felt the difficulties acutely. Food, clothes, the needs of the babies of the household, all became difficult to procure. As the difficulties of the war continued to affect us, Samsuddin came up with a proposal that excited and delighted me. One fallout of the conditions was that the rail stop at Rameswaram station had been done away with. What would happen to our papers then? How were they to be collected and distributed to all the people of the town? Samsuddin found a way out.

The papers would be kept ready in large bundles. As the train chugged down the Rameswaram-Dhanushkodi track, they would be flung out on to the platform. And that is where I came in. Samsuddin offered me the enjoyable job of collecting these bundles of papers thrown from the moving train and then taking them around town for distribution!

My enthusiasm knew no bounds. I was only eight, but I was going to contribute in a meaningful way to the household income! For many days I had noticed the amount of food on my mother and grandmother’s plates becoming lesser and lesser as they divided the portions between all of us. The children were always fed first and I don’t remember any of us ever going hungry. Obviously, the women were compromising on their nutrition for us. I readily accepted Samsuddin’s offer.

However, my new job had to be fitted into my regular routine. My studies and school had to continue as before. The delivery business had to be accommodated amidst all these other activities. Among my siblings and cousins, I had shown an early aptitude for mathematics. My father had arranged for me to take tuitions from our mathematics teacher. However, my teacher had a condition that we students needed to reach his home at dawn after having taken a bath. So for a year, which was the duration of the tuition, I started my day while it was still dark outside, with my mother shaking me awake. She herself would have risen before me and got my bath ready. She would then help me bathe and send me on my way to my teacher’s home. There I would study for an hour and return by 5 a.m. By then my father would be ready to take me to the Arabic school nearby.

After my lesson was over, I would sprint to the railway station. Soon, the engine smoke would be visible in the distance. The horn would be tooted loudly and with a thunderous roar, the train would pass through the station. I had worked out the best spot from which to keep an eye out for the flying newspaper bundles. Like clockwork, they would be tossed out on to the platform. The train would then huff and puff away, Samsuddin’s person in the train would wave out to me, and my job would begin.

I then picked up the bundles, divided them up into batches according to the neighbourhood in which the papers had to be distributed and off I went. For about an hour I tore around Rameswaram, delivering the papers to everyone. Soon I began to identify people by the papers they read. Many would be waiting for me, and there would always be a friendly word or two. Some would tell me to hurry back home so I would not be late for school! I think most people enjoyed being handed their papers by a cheerful eight year old.

Our town being on the east coast, by the time the work was over at 8 a.m., the sun would be high up in the sky. Now I headed back home, where my mother waited with breakfast. A simple meal would be served, but how hungry I was! My mother made sure I ate every morsel before sending me off to school. But my work did not end there.

In the evening, after school was over, I would do the rounds of Samsuddin’s customers again, collecting dues. Then I would meet him, so that he could work out the accounts of the day.

At that time, sitting somewhere near the sea, with the breeze blowing in, Jalalluddin or Samsuddin would finally open up the day’s paper. All of us would pore over the black type of the Dinamani.

One of them would read aloud the news items, and slowly the larger outside world would enter our consciousness. Gandhiji, Congress, Hitler, Periyar E.V. Ramasamy: their words would hang in the evening air. I would trace the photos and words with my fingers, wondering what it must be like to be out there in the larger world with all of them. Maybe, I thought to myself, one day I would go to the big cities like Madras, Bombay and Calcutta. What would I say if I ever got to meet people like Gandhiji and Pandit Nehru? But such thoughts were soon interrupted by the calls of my playmates, and then the call for dinner. There was homework to be done, and even an eight year old has only that much energy to spend. By 9 p.m. I would be fast asleep, as the next day more studies and the life of a working man lay in store.

This routine continued for about a year. In that one year of running around with the papers, I grew taller and browner. I also learnt that I could now judge quite accurately the distances I could cover at a sprint with a bundle of papers in my hand. Hence I could time my arrival at various localities at the same time every day. I could calculate in my head the amount owed to Samsuddin by each of his subscribers, and could reel off the names of those who had not paid up that day. Mostly, I learnt that to be a working man meant you had to be up and ready to face the day, whatever else may happen to you.

Homework, tuition, prayers, all carried on, but the Madras-Dhanushkodi Mail would not wait for me-I had to be present at the station at the correct time and at the correct point to collect the bundles as they came flying in. It was my first brush with taking up a responsibility and seeing to it that I kept my word to my cousin Samsuddin, no matter what. It was also the most enjoyable time and I loved every moment of it, often notwithstanding the intense tiredness every night.

My mother often fretted at my taking up this additional work and the toll it was taking on me, but I shook my head and smiled at her. Knowing that my earnings were somehow helping us all, and that she was secretly proud of me for having taken on the role of a working man at the age of eight, kept me going with a smile on my face. A working man at the age of eight!
(An extract from A. P. J. Abdul Kalam’s memoir, My Journey:
Transforming Dreams into Actions)

Little Things Matter Summary in Malayalam

Every morning a large ……………….. guiding light for me. (Text Book Page 23)
എല്ലാ ദിവസവും രാവിലെ ഇംഗ്ലീഷിലും തമിഴിലു മുള്ള പത്രങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു വലിയ കൂമ്പാരം (pile) എനി ക്ക് ലഭിക്കാറുണ്ട്. എന്റെ വിദേശയാത്രകളിൽ ഞാൻ ഇന്ത്യയിൽ നിന്നുള്ള വാർത്തകളുമായി ബന്ധം പു ലർത്തുന്നു. മാസികകളിലെയും പത്രങ്ങളിലെയും വാർത്തകളും മുഖപ്രസംഗങ്ങളും (editorials) ഓൺ ലൈനായി വായിച്ചുകൊണ്ടാണ് ഞാനിത് ചെയ്യുന്നത്. ഞാൻ ജനിച്ചത് 1931-ലാണ്. എനിക്ക് ഏകദേശം എട്ട് വയസ്സുള്ളപ്പോൾ രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം പൊ ട്ടിപ്പുറപ്പെട്ടു (broke out).

എന്നിരുന്നാലും, രാജ്യ ത്തിന്റെ തെക്കേ അറ്റത്ത് (southern tip) ആയി രുന്ന ഞങ്ങളെപ്പോലുള്ളവരുടെ ദൈനംദിന ജീവി തം തുടക്കത്തിൽ (initially) കാര്യമായി ബാധിക്ക പ്പെട്ടിരുന്നില്ല (unaffected). പുറംലോകത്തെക്കുറി ച്ചുള്ള വിവരങ്ങളുടെ ഏക ഉറവിടം (source of information) പത്രമായിരുന്നു. പത്രങ്ങൾ വിതരണം (distributed) ചെയ്തിരുന്ന ഏജൻസി നടത്തി യിരുന്നത് എന്റെ ബന്ധുവായ ഷംസുദ്ദീൻ ആയി രുന്നു. ജലാലുദ്ദീനോടൊപ്പം അദ്ദേഹവും എന്റെ കുട്ടിക്കാലത്ത് ഒരു വലിയ സ്വാധീനമായിരുന്നു (influence). ഷംസുദ്ദീന് എന്നോട് വലിയ വാത്സല്യ മായിരുന്നു (affection), പല കാര്യങ്ങളിലും അദ്ദേ ഹം എന്നെ പ്രോത്സാഹിപ്പിച്ചു (encouraged), അങ്ങനെ അദ്ദേഹം എനിക്കൊരു വഴികാട്ടിയായ വെളിച്ചമായി (guiding light) മാറി.

Samsuddin’s newspaper agency ……………….. twon for distribution! (Text Book Page 24)
രാമേശ്വരത്തെ ഏക പ്രത ഏജൻസി ഷംസുദ്ദീന്റേ തായിരുന്നു. ആ പട്ടണത്തിൽ സാക്ഷരരായ (literate) ആയിരത്തോളം ആളുകളുണ്ടായിരുന്നു, അവർ ക്കെല്ലാം അദ്ദേഹം പത്രങ്ങൾ എത്തിച്ചുകൊടുത്തു. അക്കാലത്ത് ഉച്ചസ്ഥായിയിലേക്ക് (crescendo) നീങ്ങിക്കൊണ്ടിരുന്ന സമരത്തെക്കു റിച്ചുള്ള (Independence Movement) വാർത്ത കൾ ആ പത്രങ്ങളിലുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. ഈ വാർത്ത കളെല്ലാം എല്ലാവരും വായിക്കുകയും ചർച്ച ചെയ്യു കയും (discussed) ചെയ്യുമായിരുന്നു. അതോ ടൊപ്പം യുദ്ധമുന്നണിയിൽ (war front) നിന്നുള്ള വാർത്തകളും, ഹിറ്റ്ലറെയും നാസി സൈന്യത്തെ യും കുറിച്ചുള്ള വിവരങ്ങളും ഉണ്ടാകും. തമിഴ് പ്രത മായ ദിനമണി ആയിരുന്നു കൂട്ടത്തിൽ ഏറ്റവും പ്രചാരമുള്ളത്. രാമേശ്വരത്ത് പ്രതങ്ങൾ എത്തിയി രുന്ന രീതി വളരെ അതുല്യമായിരുന്നു (unique).

രാവിലത്തെ തീവണ്ടിയിൽ വന്നിരുന്ന അവ രാമേ ശ്വരം സ്റ്റേഷനിൽ സൂക്ഷിക്കും. അവിടെ നിന്ന് അവ യെടുത്ത് എല്ലാ വരിക്കാർക്കും (subscribers) എത്തിക്കണം. ഇത് ഷംസുദ്ദീന്റെ ജോലിയായിരുന്നു. അദ്ദേഹം അത് അനായാസമായി (effortlessly) ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. എന്നാൽ, രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം കൊടുമ്പിരികൊണ്ടപ്പോൾ (raged), അത് പത്രവിത രണത്തെ വിചിത്രമായ രീതിയിൽ ബാധിച്ചു. ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് സർക്കാർ പല സാധനങ്ങൾക്കും ഉപരോധ ങ്ങളും (sanctions) നിയന്ത്രിത അളവുകളും (rations) ഏർപ്പെടുത്തിയിരുന്നു. രാജ്യത്ത് ഒരുതരം അടിയന്തരാവസ്ഥ (state of emergency) നില നിന്നു (prevailed), ഞങ്ങളുടെ വലിയ കുടുംബ ത്തിന് ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടുകൾ അതിതീവ്രമായി (acutely) അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടു. ഭക്ഷണം, വസ്ത്രം, വീട്ടിലെ കുഞ്ഞുങ്ങളുടെ ആവശ്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം സ മ്പാദിക്കാൻ (procure) പ്രയാസമായി.

യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടുകൾ ഞങ്ങളെ ബാധിച്ചുകൊണ്ടിരുന്ന പ്പോൾ, എന്നെ ആവേശഭരിതനും സന്തുഷ്ടനുമാക്കി യ ഒരു നിർദ്ദേശവുമായി (proposal) ഷംസുദ്ദീൻ വന്നു. യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ഒരു അനന്തരഫലം (fallout) രാമേശ്വരം സ്റ്റേഷനിലെ ട്രെയിൻ നിർത്തൽ നിർത്ത ലാക്കി (done away with) എന്നതായിരുന്നു. അപ്പോ ൾ ഞങ്ങളുടെ പത്രങ്ങൾക്ക് എന്ത് സംഭവിക്കും അവ എങ്ങനെ ശേഖരിച്ച് പട്ടണത്തിലെ ആളുക ൾക്ക് വിതരണം ചെയ്യും? ഷംസുദ്ദീൻ ഒരു വഴി കണ്ടെത്തി. പത്രങ്ങൾ വലിയ കെട്ടുകളാക്കി (bundles) വെക്കും. രാമേശ്വരം ധനുഷ്കോടി പാളത്തിലൂടെ ട്രെയിൻ കിതച്ചോടുമ്പോൾ (chugged down), അവ പ്ലാറ്റ് ഫോമിലേക്ക് വലിച്ചെറിയും (flung out). അവി ടെയായിരുന്നു എന്റെ വരവ്. ഓടുന്ന ട്രെയിനിൽ നിന്ന് എറിയുന്ന ഈ പ്രതക്കെട്ടുകൾ ശേഖരിച്ച് പട്ടണ ത്തിൽ വിതരണത്തിനായി കൊണ്ടുപോകുക എന്ന സന്തോഷകരമായ ജോലി ഷംസുദ്ദീൻ എനിക്ക് വാഗ് ദാനം ചെയ്തു!

My enthusiasm knew …………………… Arabic school nearby (Text Book page 24, 25)
എന്റെ ആവേശത്തിന് അതിരുകളില്ലായിരുന്നു (My enthusiasm knew no bounds). എനിക്ക് എട്ട് വയസ്സേ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നുള്ളൂ, പക്ഷേ ഞാൻ വീട്ടിലെ വരുമാനത്തിലേക്ക് അർത്ഥവത്തായ (meaningful) രീതിയിൽ സംഭാവന (contribute) ചെയ്യാൻ പോകു കയായിരുന്നു! എന്റെ അമ്മയും മുത്തശ്ശിയും അവ രുടെ വിഹിതം (portions) ഞങ്ങൾക്കെല്ലാവർ ക്കുമായി വീതിച്ചു നൽകുമ്പോൾ അവരുടെ പാത ങ്ങളിലെ ഭക്ഷണം കുറഞ്ഞുവരുന്നത് പല ദിവസ ങ്ങളിലും ഞാൻ ശ്രദ്ധിച്ചിരുന്നു കുട്ടികൾക്കായി രുന്നു എപ്പോഴും ആദ്യം ഭക്ഷണം നൽകിയിരുന്ന ത്, ഞങ്ങളാരും വിശന്നിരുന്നതായി ഞാൻ ഓർ ക്കുന്നില്ല. വ്യക്തമായും, ആ വീട്ടിലെ സ്ത്രീകൾ അവരുടെ ഭക്ഷണത്തിൽ വിട്ടുവീഴ്ച (compromising) ചെയ്യുകയായിരുന്നു.

അവരുടെ പോഷകാ ഹാരത്തിൽ (nutrition) ഞങ്ങൾക്ക് വേണ്ടി വിട്ടു വീഴ്ച ചെയ്യുകയായിരുന്നു. ഞാൻ സന്തോഷത്തോ ടെ (readily) ഷംസുദ്ദീന്റെ വാഗ്ദാനം സ്വീകരിച്ചു. എന്നിരുന്നാലും, എന്റെ പുതിയ ജോലി എന്റെ സാധാരണ ദിനചര്യയിൽ (routine) ഉൾപ്പെടുത്ത ണ്ടിയിരുന്നു. എന്റെ പഠനവും സ്കൂളും പഴയതു പോലെ തുടരേണ്ടിയിരുന്നു. ഈ പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ ക്കിടയിൽ (amidst) പത്രവിതരണവും ഉൾക്കൊള്ളി ക്കേണ്ടിയിരുന്നു (accommodated). എന്റെ സ ഹോദരങ്ങളുടെയും (siblings) ബന്ധുക്കളുടെയും കൂട്ടത്തിൽ, ഞാൻ കണക്കിൽ ഒരു പ്രത്യേക അഭി രുചി (aptitude) കാണിച്ചിരുന്നു.

എന്റെ കണക്ക് അധ്യാപകന്റെ അടുത്തുനിന്ന് ട്യൂഷൻ എടുക്കാൻ അച്ഛൻ ഏർപ്പാട് (arranged) ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. എന്നാ ൽ, വിദ്യാർത്ഥികളായ ഞങ്ങൾ കുളി കഴിഞ്ഞ് പുലർ ച്ചെ (dawn) തന്നെ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ വീട്ടിലെത്ത ണം എന്നൊരു വ്യവസ്ഥ(condition) എന്റെ അധ്യാ പകനുണ്ടായിരുന്നു.
അങ്ങനെ, ട്യൂഷന്റെ കാലാവധി യായ (duration) ഒരു വർഷത്തേക്ക്, പുറത്ത് വെളിച്ച മെത്തുന്നതിന് മുൻപ് അമ്മ എന്നെ കുലുക്കി ഉണർ ത്തിക്കൊണ്ട് ഞാൻ എന്റെ ദിവസം ആരംഭിച്ചു.എനി ക്ക് മുൻപേ എഴുന്നേറ്റ് (risen) അവർ എനിക്ക് കുളി ക്കാനുള്ള സൗകര്യം ഒരുക്കിവെക്കുമായിരുന്നു. തുട ർന്ന് എന്നെ കുളിപ്പിച്ച് അധ്യാപകന്റെ വീട്ടിലേ ക്ക് അയക്കും. അവിടെ ഞാൻ ഒരു മണിക്കൂർ പഠി ക്കുകയും രാവിലെ 5 മണിയോടെ മടങ്ങിവരുക യും ചെയ്യും. അപ്പോഴേക്കും അടുത്തുള്ള അറബിക് സ്കൂളിലേക്ക് എന്നെ കൊണ്ടുപോകാൻ അച്ഛൻ തയ്യാറായിട്ടുണ്ടാകും.

After my lesson was over, ……….. accounts of the day (Text Book Page 25, 26)
എന്റെ പാഠം കഴിഞ്ഞാൽ, ഞാൻ റെയിൽവേ സ്റ്റേഷ നിലേക്ക് അതിവേഗം ഓടും (sprint). താമസിയാതെ, ദൂരെനിന്നുള്ള എഞ്ചിൻ പുക ദൃശ്യമാകും (visible) ഹോൺ ഉച്ചത്തിൽ മുഴങ്ങുകയും ഇടിമുഴക്കം പോലു ള്ള ഗർജ്ജനത്തോടെ (thunderous roar) ട്രെയിൻ സ്റ്റേഷനിലൂടെ കടന്നുപോകുകയും ചെയ്യും. പറന്നു വരുന്ന (flying) പ്രതക്കെട്ടുകൾക്കായി കണ്ണാടി ക്കാൻ (keep an eye out) പറ്റിയ ഏറ്റവും നല്ല സ്ഥലം ഞാൻ കണ്ടെത്തിയിരുന്നു. ഒരു ക്ലോക്കിലെ സൂചി പോലെ കൃത്യമായി (Like clockwork), അവ പ്ലാറ്റ് ഫോമിലേക്ക് എറിഞ്ഞുതരും (tossed out), തുട ർന്ന് ട്രെയിൻ കിതച്ചും ആഞ്ഞും (huff and puff) മുന്നോട്ട് പോകും, ട്രെയിനിലുള്ള ഷംസുദ്ദീന്റെ ആൾ എനിക്ക് നേരെ കൈവീശും, അതോടെ എന്റെ ജോ ലി ആരംഭിക്കും.

ഞാൻ ആ കെട്ടുകൾ എടുത്ത്, പ്രത ങ്ങൾ വിതരണം ചെയ്യേണ്ട അയൽപക്കങ്ങൾ (neighbourhood) അനുസരിച്ച് അവയെ പലവിഭാ ഗങ്ങളാക്കി (batches) തിരിച്ച് യാത്ര തുടങ്ങും. ഏകദേശം ഒരു മണിക്കൂറോളം, ഞാൻ രാമേശ്വര ത്തിനു ചുറ്റും ഓടി (tore around), എല്ലാവർക്കും പത്രങ്ങൾ വിതരണം ചെയ്യും. താമസിയാ തെ ഞാൻ ആളുകളെ അവ വായിക്കുന്ന പ്രതങ്ങൾ വെച്ച് തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ (ide ntify) തുടങ്ങി. പലരും എനി ക്കായി കാത്തിരിക്കും, എപ്പോ ഴും ഒന്നോ രണ്ടോ സൗഹൃദ വാക്കുകൾ (friendly word) ഉണ്ടാകും. സ്കൂളിൽ വൈകാതിരിക്കാൻ വേഗം വീട്ടിലേ ക്ക് മടങ്ങി പോകാൻ ചിലർ എന്നോട് പറയും!

സന്തോഷവാനായ (cheerful) എട്ടുവയസ്സുകാരൻ പ്രതങ്ങൾ കൈമാറുന്നത് മിക്ക ആളുകളും ആസ്വദി ച്ചിരുന്നുവെന്നാണ് ഞാൻ കരുതുന്നത്. ഞങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടണം കിഴക്കൻ തീരത്ത് (east coast) ആയതു കൊണ്ട്, രാവിലെ 8 മണിയോടെ ജോലി തീരുമ്പോ ഴേക്കും സൂര്യൻ ആകാശത്ത് ഉദിച്ചുയർന്നിട്ടുണ്ടാകും ഞാൻ വീട്ടിലേക്ക് മടങ്ങും, അവിടെ അമ്മ പ്രഭാത ഭക്ഷണവുമായി കാത്തിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ടാകും. ലളിത മായ ഭക്ഷണമായിരിക്കും വിളമ്പുക, പക്ഷേ എനിക്ക് എന്ത് വിശപ്പായിരിക്കും. സ്കൂളിലേക്ക് അയക്കു ന്നതിന് മുൻപ് ഞാൻ ഭക്ഷണത്തിന്റെ ഓരോ വറ്റും (morsel) കഴിച്ചെന്ന് അമ്മ ഉറപ്പാക്കും. എന്നാൽ എന്റെ ജോലി അവിടെ അവസാനിക്കുന്നില്ല. വൈ കുന്നേരം സ്കൂൾ വിട്ടുകഴിഞ്ഞാൽ, ഞാൻ വീണ്ടും ഷംസുദ്ദീന്റെ ഉപഭോക്താക്കളുടെ അടുത്ത് പിരിവു കൾക്കായി (collecting dues) പോകും. അതിനു ശേഷം ഞാൻ അദ്ദേഹത്തെ കാണും, അങ്ങനെ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന് അന്നത്തെ കണക്കുകൾ തീർക്കാൻ (work out the accounts) കഴിയും.

At that time …………. working man lay in store. (Text Book Page no. 25, 26)

ആ സമയത്ത്, കടലിനടുത്ത് എവിടെയെങ്കിലും ഇളം കാറ്റ് (breeze) കൊണ്ട് ഇരിക്കുമ്പോൾ, ജലാലു ദീനാ ഷംസുദ്ദീനോ അന്നത്തെ പത്രം തുറക്കും. ഞങ്ങളെല്ലാവരും ‘ദിനമണി’യിലെ കറുത്ത അക്ഷ രങ്ങളെ സൂക്ഷ്മമായി പരിശോധിക്കും (pore over). അവരിലൊരാൾ വാർത്തകൾ ഉറക്കെ വായി ക്കും (read aloud), പതിയെ വലിയ പുറംലാകം ഞങ്ങളുടെ ബോധമണ്ഡലത്തിലേക്ക് (consciousness) പ്രവേശിക്കും. ഗാന്ധിജി, കോൺഗ്രസ്, ഹിറ്റ് ലർ, പെരിയാർ ഇ.വി. രാമസ്വാമി അവരുടെ വാക്കു കൾ ആ സായാഹ്നത്തിലെ അന്തരീക്ഷത്തിൽ തങ്ങിനിൽക്കും (hang in the evening air).

വലിയ ലോകത്ത് അവ രോടൊപ്പം ജീവിക്കുന്നത് എങ്ങനെയുണ്ടാകുമെന്ന് അതിശയിച്ചു കൊണ്ട് ഞാൻ ചിത്രങ്ങളിലും വാ ക്കുകളിലും വിരലോടിക്കും (trace), ഒരു പക്ഷേ,ഞാൻ മനസ്സിൽ കരുതും, ഒരു നാൾ ഞാൻ മദ്രാസ്, ബോംബെ, കൽക്കത്ത പോലുള്ള വലിയ നഗരങ്ങളിലേക്ക് പോകും ഗാന്ധിജി യെയും പണ്ഡിറ്റ് നെഹ്റുവിനെയും പോലുള്ളവരെ കണ്ടുമുട്ടിയാൽ ഞാൻ എന്ത് പറയും? എന്നാൽ അത്തരം ചിന്തകൾ എന്റെ കളിക്കൂട്ടുകാരുടെ (playmates) വിളികളാലും, പിന്നീട് അത്താഴത്തിനുള്ള വിളിയാലും പെട്ടെന്ന് തടസ്സപ്പെടും (interrupted). ചെയ്യാനായി ഹോംവർക്ക് ഉണ്ടാകും, എട്ട് വയസ്സുകാരന് ചെലവഴിക്കാൻ (energy to spend) അത്രയേ ഊർജ്ജമുള്ളൂ. രാത്രി 9 മണിയോടെ ഞാൻ ഗാഢ നിദ്രയിലാകും (fast asleep), കാരണം അടു ത്ത ദിവസം കൂടുതൽ പഠനവും ഒരു ജോലിക്കാ രന്റെ ജീവിതവും എന്നെ കാത്തിരിക്കുന്നു ണ്ടായിരുന്നു (lay in store).

This routine continued ……………………. at the age of eight! (Text Book Page 27,28)
ഈ ദിനചര്യ (routine) ഏകദേശം ഒരു വർഷ ത്തോളം തുടർന്നു. പത്രവുമായി ഓടിനടന്ന ആ ഒരു വർഷം കൊണ്ട് ഞാൻ കൂടുതൽ ഉയരവും ഇരുനിറവു മുള്ളവനായി. കയ്യിൽ ഒരു കെട്ട് പത്രങ്ങളുമായി ഒരു വേഗത്തിലുള്ള ഓട്ടത്തിൽ (sprint) എനിക്ക് എത്ര ദൂരം താണ്ടാൻ കഴിയുമെന്ന് വളരെ കൃത്യ മായി വിലയിരുത്താൻ (judge quite accurately) ഞാൻ പഠിച്ചു. അതിനാൽ എല്ലാ ദിവസവും ഒരേ സമയം വിവിധ പ്രദേശങ്ങളിൽ (localities) എത്താൻ എനിക്ക് കഴിഞ്ഞു. ഓരോ വരിക്കാരനും ഷംസുദ്ദീന് നൽകാനുള്ള തുക എനിക്ക് മനസ്സിൽ കണക്കുകൂട്ടാനും (calculate), അന്ന് പണം നൽ കാത്തവരുടെ പേരുകൾ ഒറ്റ ശ്വാസത്തിൽ പറയാനും (reel off) കഴിഞ്ഞു.

ഒരു ജോലിക്കാരൻ ആവുക എന്നാൽ, നിങ്ങൾക്ക് എന്ത് സംഭവിച്ചാലും, ആ ദിവസ ത്തെ നേരിടാൻ (face the day) നിങ്ങൾ തയ്യാറാ യിരിക്കണം എന്ന് ഞാൻ പഠിച്ചു. ഗൃഹപാഠം, ട്യൂഷ ൻ, പ്രാർത്ഥനകൾ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം തുടർന്നു, പക്ഷേ മദ്രാസ് ധനുഷ്കോടി മെയിൽ എനിക്കായി കാത്തു നിൽക്കില്ലായിരുന്നു. പറന്നുവരുന്ന പ്രതക്കെട്ടു ശേഖരിക്കാൻ ഞാൻ ശരിയായ സമയ ത്തും ശരിയായ സ്ഥലത്തും സ്റ്റേഷനിൽ ഹാജ രാകണമായിരുന്നു (present). ഒരു ഉത്തരവാദിത്തം (responsibility) ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നതിലെയും എന്തു തന്നെയായാലും എന്റെ ബന്ധുവായ ഷംസുദ്ദീന് കൊടുത്ത വാക്ക് പാലിക്കുന്നതിലെയും (kept my word) എന്റെ ആദ്യത്തെ അനുഭവമായിരുന്നു (first brush with) അത്.

അത് ഏറ്റവും ആസ്വാദ്യകരമായ സമയമായിരുന്നു, എല്ലാ രാത്രിയിലെയും കഠിന മായ ക്ഷീണം (intense tiredness) വകവയ്ക്കാതെ (not with standing) ഞാൻ അതിലെ ഓരോ നിമി ഷവും സ്നേഹിച്ചു. ഞാൻ ഈ അധിക ജോലി ഏറ്റെ ടുത്തതിലും അത് എന്റെ ആരോഗ്യത്തിനുണ്ടാക്കുന്ന ദോഷത്തെക്കുറിച്ചോർത്തും (toll it was taking) അമ്മ പലപ്പോഴും ആകുലപ്പെട്ടു (fretted), പക്ഷേ ഞാൻ തലയാട്ടി അവരെ നോക്കി പുഞ്ചിരി ക്കും. എന്റെ സമ്പാദ്യം (earnings) ഞങ്ങളെ എല്ലാ വരെയും എങ്ങനെയൊക്കെയോ സഹായിക്കുന്നു ണ്ടെന്നും, എട്ടാമത്തെ വയസ്സിൽ ഒരു ജോലിക്കാ രന്റെ പങ്ക് ഏറ്റെടുത്തതിൽ അവർ രഹസ്യമായി അഭിമാനിക്കുന്നുണ്ടെന്നും (secretly proud) ഉള്ള അറിവ്, പുഞ്ചിരിയോടെ മുന്നോട്ട് പോകാൻ എന്നെ സഹായിച്ചു. എട്ടാം വയസ്സിൽ ഒരു ജോലിക്കാരൻ!
(എ.പി.ജെ. അബ്ദുൾ കലാമിന്റെ മൈ ജേർണി ട്രാൻസ്ഫോർമിംഗ് ഡ്രീംസ് ഇൻ ആക്ഷൻസ് എന്ന ഓർമ്മക്കുറിപ്പിൽ (memoir) നിന്നുള്ള ഒരു ഭാഗം).

Little Things Matter by Ruskin Bond About the Author

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931 – 2015) born in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, was a scientist and statesman who led India’s missile and space programmes. He was the President of India from 2002 to 2007. His deepest interest lay in sharing his ideas with young minds. Among his works are India 2020 (1998), Wings of Fire (1999), Ignited Minds (2002), You are Born to Blossom (2008) and Target 3 Billion (2011). He was the recipient of several prestigious awards including the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour.

Students often refer to Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Textbook Answers and The Seven Ages of Man in Malayalam & English before discussing the text in class.

Class 8 English The Seven Ages of Man Summary

The Seven Ages of Man Summary in English

All the world’s stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man In his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages.

At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms;
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school.

And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress’ eyebrow.

Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick ¡n quarrel
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even In the cannon’s mouth.

And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin’d,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part.

The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and sil pper’d pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well sav’d a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound.

Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful hlstor
Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

(‘The Seven Ages of Nan’ is an extract from William Shakespeare’s
well-known play, As You Like It.)

The Seven Ages of Man Summary in Malayalam

All the world’s a stage, ……. His acts being seven ages (Text Book Page 18)
ഈ ലോകം മുഴുവൻ ഒരു നാടകവേദിയാണ് (stage), അതിലെ എല്ലാ പുരുഷന്മാരും സ്ത്രീകളും കേവലം (merely) അഭിനേതാ ക്കളാണ് (players); അവർക്ക് അവരുടേതായ പുറത്തേക്ക് പോക ലുകളും (exits) പ്രവേശനങ്ങളുമുണ്ട് (entrances), ഒരു മനുഷ്യൻ തന്റെ ജീവിതകാലത്ത് പല വേഷങ്ങൾ ആടുന്നു, അവന്റെ അഭിന യം ഏഴ് ഘട്ടങ്ങളിലായാണ് (seven ages)

At first the infant, ……. Unwillingly to school (Text Book Page 18)
ആദ്യം, ശൈശവഘട്ടം (infant), പരിചാരകയുടെ കൈകളിൽ കിടന്ന് നേർത്ത സ്വര ത്തിൽ കരയുകയും (Mewling) ഛർദ്ദിക്കുകയും (puking) ചെയ്യുന്നു; അതിനുശേഷം, തന്റെ തൂക്കുസഞ്ചിയുമായി (satchel) എപ്പോഴും പരിഭവം പറയുന്ന (whining) സ് കൂൾ കുട്ടി, തിളങ്ങുന്ന പ്രഭാത മുഖത്തോടെ, ഒരു ഒച്ചിനെപ്പോലെ ഇഴഞ്ഞ് (creeping) മനസ്സില്ലാമനസ്സോടെ (Unwillingly) സ്കൂളിലേക്ക് പോകുന്നു.

And then the lover:………. mistress’ eyebrow (Text Book Page)
അടുത്തത് കാമുകൻ, ഒരു ചൂളയെപ്പോലെ (furnace) നെടുവീർപ്പിട്ടുകൊണ്ട് (Sighing), ഒരു ദുഃഖപൂർണ്ണമായ ഗാഥയുമായി (woeful ballad) തന്റെ കാ മുകിയുടെ പുരികക്കൊടിയെ വർണ്ണിച്ച് പാടുന്നു

Then a soldier ………………. Even in the cannon’s, mouth (Text Book page 18)
പിന്നീട് ഒരു പട്ടാളക്കാരൻ, വിചിത്രമായ ശപഥങ്ങൾ (strange oaths) നിറ ഞ്ഞവൻ, പുള്ളിപ്പുലിയെപ്പോലെ (pard) താടിയുള്ളവൻ, അഭിമാനത്തിന്റെ കാര്യത്തിൽ അസൂയാലുവും (Jealous in honour), പെട്ടെന്ന് കലഹിക്കുന്നവ നും (quick in quarrel), ക്ഷണികമായ പ്രശസ്തി (bubble reputation) തേടുന്നു ഒരു പീരങ്കിയുടെ വായ്ത്തലയിൽ നിന്നുപോലും.

And then the justice, …………………. he plays his part (Tex Book page 18)

പിന്നീട് ന്യായാധിപൻ (justice), നല്ല ഭക്ഷണം (capon) നിറച്ച് തടിച്ച വയറോടുകൂടി, ഗൗരവമുള്ള (severe) കണ്ണുകളും, കൃത്യമായി വെട്ടി യൊതുക്കിയ താടിയുമായി, ജ്ഞാനമുള്ള പഴഞ്ചൊല്ലുകളും (wise saws) ആധുനികമായ ഉദാഹരണങ്ങളും (modern instances) ന ിറഞ്ഞവൻ; അങ്ങനെ അവൻ തന്റെ ഭാഗം അഭിനയിക്കുന്നു.

The sixth age shift …………………. And whistles in his sound (Text Book page 19)

ആറാം ഘട്ടം ആരംഭിക്കുന്നു (shifts), മെലിഞ്ഞുണങ്ങി (lean), ചെരിപ്പു കളണിഞ്ഞ ഒരു വയസ്സന്റെ (pantaloon) വേഷത്തിലേക്ക്. മൂക്കിൽ കണ്ണടയും (spectacles), അരയിൽ ഒരു സഞ്ചിയുമായി; അവൻ ചെറുപ്പത്തിൽ ഉപ യോഗിച്ചിരുന്ന, നന്നായി സൂക്ഷിച്ചുവെച്ച കാലുകൾ (youthful hose), ഇപ്പോൾ വളരെ വലുതാണ് അവന്റെ മെലിഞ്ഞുപോയ കണങ്കാലിന് (shrunk shank); അവന്റെ പൗരുഷമുള്ള ശബ്ദം, വീണ്ടും കുട്ടികളുടേതുപോലുള്ള നേ ർത്ത ശബ്ദമായി (childish treble) മാറുന്നു, സംസാരിക്കുമ്പോൾ ഒരുതരം ചൂളംവിളി കേൾക്കുന്നു.

Last scene of all, ………………… sans everything. (Text Book page 19)

എല്ലാറ്റിന്റെയും അവസാന രംഗം, ഈ വിചിത്രവും സംഭവബഹുലവുമായ (eventful) ചരിത്രത്തിന് തിരശ്ശീലയിടുന്നു, അത് രണ്ടാം ശ വവും (second childishness) കേവലമായ മറവിയുമാണ് (mere oblivion); പല്ലുകളില്ലാതെ (sans teeth), കണ്ണുകളില്ലാതെ (sans eyes), രുചിയില്ലാതെ (sans taste), ഒന്നുമില്ലാതെ (sans everything).
(‘The Seven Ages of Man’ is an extract from William Shakespeare’s well-known play, As You Like It.)
(വില്യം ഷേക്സ്പിയറിന്റെ പ്രശസ്തമായ ആസ് യു ലൈക്ക് ഇറ്റ് എന്ന നാടകത്തിൽ നിന്നുള്ള ഒരു ഭാഗമാണ് ദ സെവൻ ഏജസ് ഓഫ് മാൻ.)

The Seven Ages of Man by Ruskin Bond About the Author

William Shakespeare (23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers of the world. He is known as the ‘Bard of Avon’. His works include 37 plays. 154 sonnets and two long narrative poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and have been performed all over the world. The characters of Shakespeare have stood the test of time.

Parents often use SCERT Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Notes Pdf Unit 1 Chapter 2 The Seven Ages of Man Questions and Answers Activities Notes to assist their kids with homework.

Class 8 English The Seven Ages of Man Question Answer Activities

The Seven Ages of Man Questions and Answers Class 8

8th Standard English The Seven Ages of Man Question Answer

Question 1.
How is infancy, the first stage of life, described? What are the actions associated with it?
ജീവിതത്തിന്റെ ആദ്യ ഘട്ടമായ ശൈശവത്തെ എങ്ങനെ യാണ് വർണ്ണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്? അതുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പ്രവ ത്തികൾ എന്തെല്ലാമാണ്?
Answer:
Infancy is described as the stage of a helpless baby. The actions associated with this stage are “mewling” (crying in a weak, soft voice) and “puking” (vomiting milk) in the arms of a nurse or caretaker.

Question 2.
With which age mentioned in the extract do you identify now? Why?
ഈ കവിതയിൽ പരാമർശിച്ചിട്ടുള്ള ഏത് പ്രായവുമായാ ണ് നിങ്ങൾക്ക് ഇപ്പോൾ സാമ്യം തോന്നുന്നത്? എന്തു കൊണ്ട്?
Answer:
I identify with the second stage, the “whining school-boy”. Like the boy in the poem, I go to school every morning with my school bag (satchel). Some times, when I don’t feel like going to school, I also walk very slowly, just like the boy who was “creeping like snail unwillingly to school”.

Question 3.
What are the qualities attributed to the soldier? What does he seek?
പട്ടാളക്കാരന് നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള ഗുണവിശേഷങ്ങൾ എന്തെ ല്ലാമാണ്? അവൻ എന്താണ് അന്വേഷിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
The qualities of the soldier are that he is full of strange promises (oaths), has a beard like a leopard (pard), is very protective of his honour, and is always ready to start a fight quickly. He seeks “bubble reputation,” which means he is looking for fame and glory that is temporary like a bubble, even if it means risking his life (“in the cannon’s mouth”.

Question 4.
How does the writer describe the sixth age of life? How does this age contrast with the earlier stages?
ജീവിതത്തിന്റെ ആറാം ഘട്ടത്തെ കവി എങ്ങനെയാണ് വർണ്ണിക്കുന്നത്? ഈ പ്രായം മുൻപുള്ള ഘട്ടങ്ങളുമായി എങ്ങനെ വ്യത്യാസപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു?
Answer:
The writer describes the sixth age as that of a thin old man who wears slippers, loose pants (pantaloon), and spectacles. His body has shrunk, so the clothes he wore in his youth are now too big for him. His once strong, manly voice has become weak and high-pitched like a child’s voice.

This stage is very different from the earlier stages. The soldier was strong and aggressive, and the lover was full of passion. In contrast, the man in the sixth age is physically weak, frail, and has lost his youthful energy and appearance.

The Seven Ages of Man Class 8 Question Answer – Let’s appreciate

A. Now, read the extract again and complete the table below.


ഇനി, കവിതയുടെ ഭാഗം വീണ്ടും വായിച്ച് താഴെക്കാണുന്ന പട്ടിക പൂർത്തിയാക്കുക.
Answer:

B. After completing the table, discuss the points and write a brief paragraph summarizing the central theme of the extract with the help of the guidelines given below.

(പട്ടിക പൂർത്തിയാക്കിയ ശേഷം, അതിലെ കാര്യങ്ങൾ ചർച്ച ചെയ്യുക. താഴെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള സൂചനകളുടെ സഹാ യത്തോടെ കവിതയുടെ കേന്ദ്ര ആശയം വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്ന ഒരു ചെറിയ ഖണ്ഡിക എഴുതുക.
Answer:
The Seven Ages of Man’ written by William Shakespear is taken from the play ‘As You Like It’. In this extract, the world is compared to a stage. The extract outlines the seven stages of a man’s life. In the first stage, the infant cries and needs care. The next stage represents his childhood, where the school boy goes to school unwillingly. Then, he becomes a passionate lover, and after that, a proud soldier who is ready to fight for honour. In the fifth stage, he is a wise justice. The sixth stage shows him as a weak old man whose body has shrunk. The last stage is a second childishness, where he is forgetful and helpless like a baby again, without teeth, sight, or taste. The poem beautifully describes how a person plays many different parts throughout their life.

The Seven Ages of Man Activities

Class 8 English The Seven Ages of Man Activities Pdf – Let’s recall and recreate

Activity 1

A. Read these lines from the extract:
കവിതയിലെ ഈ വരികൾ വായിക്കുക:
‘And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school.’
Here the writer compares the schoolboy’s unwilling walk to go to school to a nail’s slow pace. The writer uses the word ‘like’ to make the comparison. This is a figure of speech. Do you know what it is?
……………………………………………………………………………..
ഇവിടെ, സ്കൂളിലേക്ക് മനസ്സില്ലാമനസ്സോടെ പോകുന്ന കുട്ടിയുടെ നടത്തത്തെ ഒരു ഒച്ചിന്റെ മെല്ലെയുള്ള പോ ക്കുമായാണ് കവി താരതമ്യം ചെയ്യുന്നത്. ഈ താ രതമ്യം നടത്താനായി കവി ‘like’ എന്ന വാക്ക് ഉപ യോഗിക്കുന്നു. ഇതൊരു അലങ്കാരമാണ് (figure of speech). അതെന്താണെന്ന് നിങ്ങൾ റിയാമോ?
Answer:
It is Simile

• Pick out other instances of simile in the extract.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
കവിതയിൽ നിന്നും ഉപമയുടെ (simile) മറ്റ് ഉദാ ഹരണങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തുക.
Answer:

• Sighing like furnace: Here, the lover’s deep and hot sigh is compared to the sound of a furnace.
• bearded like the pard: Here, the soldier’s beard is compared to the beard of a leopard (pard).

B. Consider the first two lines of the extract. What are the two things compared here?
• All the word’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
കവിതയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ രണ്ട് വരികൾ ശ്രദ്ധിക്കുക. ഇവിടെ എന്തെല്ലാം കാര്യങ്ങളാണ് താരതമ്യം ചെയ്തി രിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
In the first two lines, the world is compared to a stage and all men and women are compared to players (actors). Here, the writer uses the figure of speech called metaphor

• Pick out other instances of metaphor in the extract.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
കവിതയിൽ നിന്നും രൂപകത്തിന്റെ (metaphor) മറ്റ് ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തുക.
Answer:
exits and entrances: Here, “entrances” is a metaphor for birth and “exits” is a metaphor for death.

• bubble reputation: Reputation (fame) is compared to a bubble, meaning it is temporary and can disappear easily.
• Last scene of all: The end of a person’s life is compared to the last scene of a play.

By reviewing Class 8 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 7 Media and Social Reflections Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Media and Social Reflections Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 Social Science Chapter 7 Kerala Syllabus

Media and Social Reflections Class 8 Important Questions

Question 1.
What is the general term for the various forms of communication that can be used to communicate to many people at once?
a. Personal media
b. Mass media
c. Social media
d. Digital media
Answer:
b. Mass media

Question 2.
Which of the following is not included in the mass media?
a. Newspapers
b. Magazines
c. Radio
d. Personal diary
Answer:
d. Personal diary

Question 3.
Who plays a major role in developing reading and writing skills in individuals?
a. Media
b. Computer
c. Mobile phone
d. Tablet
Answer:
a. Media

Question 4.
Communication is possible only from print media to readers. Why is this?
a. It allows two-way communication.
b. It allows one-way communication.
c. It is sensory
d. It has no physical form.
Answer:
b. It allows one-way communication

Question 5.
What type of communication do broadcast media such as radio and television enable?
a. Unidirectional
b. Bidirectional
c. Multidirectional
d. Sensory
Answer:
a. Unidirectional

Question 6.
What are the platforms that came into existence with the advent of the Internet known as?
a. Traditional media
b. Broadcast media
c. Print media
d. Digital platforms
Answer:
d. Digital platforms

Question 7.
Which media plays a major role in shaping public opinion, promoting social interactions, and influencing cultural and political movements?
a. Print media
b. Social media
c. Broadcast media
d. None of these
Answer:
b. Social media

Question 8.
Which media have limited reciprocity because they enable one-way communication?
a. New media
b. Digital media
c. Traditional media
d. Social media
Answer:
c. Traditional media

Question 9.
What is the name given to simple, generalised beliefs or ideas about individuals based on race, gender, culture, colour, etc.?
a. Public opinion
b. Social norms
c. Stereotypes
d. Socialisation
Answer:
c. Stereotypes

Question 10.
What are crimes committed using or targeting computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, etc. known as?
a. Cybercrimes
b. Financial crimes
c. social crimes
d. Cultural crimes
Answer:
a. Cybercrimes

Question 11.
Why is it said that media plays an important role in developing reading and writing skills in
individuals?
Answer:
Individuals are exposed to written language through newspapers, magazines, blogs, and social media, which encourages reading. Social media, blogs, and online forums help individuals reflect and share their thoughts.

Question 12.
How many types of media can be classified based on their uses?
Answer:
Four (Print media, broadcast media, digital media, social media)

Question 13.
Why is it said that print media is still relevant in the digital age?
Answer:
They provide comprehensive news, features, and literary works to society. A reliable and immersive reading experience is available through print media.

Question 14.
What is the significance of saying that communication in broadcast media is one-way?
Answer:
The possibility of mutual interaction in broadcast programs is limited due to the delay in recording comments.

Question 15.
What is the main change in media due to the advent of digital platforms with the advent of the internet?
Answer:
Social interaction has increased. These have provided opportunities for sharing and discussing information content.

Question 16.
Why has social media become an integral part of modern life?
Answer:
Interpersonal relationships and social interaction are increasingly found on social media.

Question 17.
Describe the role of the media in shaping public opinion.
Answer:
In a democracy, the government considers the opinion of the public before formulating new policies. The public is asked to submit suggestions through various media. Public opinion is shaped through the media during election times and international policymaking.

Question 18.
Why was the Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act 2000) passed by Parliament?
Answer:
To ensure strict legal action and punishment for those involved in cybercrimes.

Question 19.
Name two benefits of practicing digital etiquette.
Answer:
It enables polite communication and reduces cybercrime.

Question 20.
What is mass media? Give examples.
Answer:
Mass media are various forms of communication that can reach many people simultaneously. These include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, the Internet, and social media.

Question 21.
What is the role of media in developing reading and writing skills?
Answer:
Individuals are exposed to written language through newspapers, magazines, blogs, and social media, which encourage reading. Social media, blogs, and online forums help individuals reflect and share their thoughts.

Question 22.
What are the two main features of print media?
Answer:

1. They provide comprehensive news, features, and literary works to society.
2. They provide a reliable and immersive reading experience through print media.
3. They are useful for storing and rereading.
4. Communication is possible only from print media to readers (in one direction).

Question 23.
What are the limitations of broadcast media in communication?
Answer:
Broadcast media such as radio and television convey ideas in only one direction. The possibility of reciprocity is limited due to the delay in recording the opinions of broadcast programs.

Question 24.
How has digital media increased social interaction?
Answer:
Social interaction through media has increased as websites, online news, and blogs have begun to bring real-time information to the public. These have provided opportunities for sharing and discussing information content.

Question 25.
What are the two main characteristics of social media?
Answer:

1. Interpersonal relationships and social interaction are more prevalent on social media.
2. Social media are online platforms that allow users to create, share, and interact with content such as text, images, and videos.

Question 26.
What is the main difference between traditional media and new media in communication?
Answer:
While traditional media enables one-way communication, new media facilitates smooth interaction in both directions.

Question 27.
What is socialisation?
Answer:
Socialization is the process by which we learn from our environment from a young age how to live and behave in society.

Question 28.
Explain the importance of media in developing reading and writing skills.
Answer:
Media plays an important role in developing reading and writing skills in individuals. Individuals come into contact with written language through newspapers, magazines, blogs, and social media. This encourages reading. Sensitive platforms, such as social media, blogs, and online forums, help individuals reflect on and share their thoughts. Media, libraries, book clubs, and online writing communities foster reading, writing, and culture. The media contributes to social progress by reaching out to people and creating awareness through various literacy programs.

Question 29.
How the media can be classified? Give two examples of each.
Answer:
Based on usage, media can be classified into four main types:
a. Print media: Newspapers, books
b. Broadcast media: Radio, television
c. Digital media: Websites, online newspapers, blogs
d. Social media: Photo-video sharing platforms, online discussion forums.

Question 30.
Explain the differences between traditional media and new media.
Answer:
a. Communication: While traditional media is one-way communication, new media allows for two-way communication.

b. Interaction: Interaction is limited in traditional media, but it is high in new media, with increased
interactivity and participation.

c. Form: Traditional media has a physical form (newspaper, radio, television), while new media has a digital form (devices with internet access).

d. Availability: Traditional media is not always accessible due to time and place constraints, but new media is available internationally without such limitations.

Question 31.
What is the role of the media in shaping public opinion?
Answer:
In a democratic system, the government considers the opinion of the public before formulating new policies. The public is asked to submit suggestions through various media. Public opinion is formed through the media during elections and in international policy-making. In this way, the media acts as an important tool in shaping public opinion and gaining public approval.

Question 32.
How does the media influence consumption behaviour?
Answer:
The media is a repository of food advertisements and cooking shows. Advertisements related to many such sectors can be found in the media. By providing advertisements, informing about job opportunities, and increasing consumerism, the media boosts the growth of the global economy. Advertisements and other programs through the media have an impact on shaping our consumption behaviour.

Question 33.
What are stereotypes? How are they reflected in society?
Answer:
Stereotypes are statements with generalized assumptions. Stereotypes are simple, generalized beliefs or ideas about individuals based on race, gender, culture, color, etc. Such stereotypes are reflected in the media in various forms. For example, “men are the breadwinners and protectors of the family”, “women’s place is in the kitchen”, etc. are stereotypes that exist in society.

Question 34.
Explain the relationship between media and social engagement.
Answer:
Digital tools such as social media, websites, and online campaigns are used to reach the public on social, political, or environmental issues. Social media platforms facilitate public engagement by providing avenues for communication and rapid resource mobilization. Examples include hashtag campaigns, awareness programs, and fundraising.

Question 35.
How does technology help media grow?
Answer:
Technology and media are interrelated. Advances in technology have led to the emergence of new forms of media. Developments in this field have led to the emergence of new media such as social media platforms, online news portals, and streaming services. This has led to major changes in the production, distribution, and consumption of information and communication. Technology increases the accessibility of media.

Question 36.
What are the benefits of practicing digital etiquette?
Answer:
Digital etiquette promotes positive and effective online interaction. It should be xeeognized as a social norm. By practicing digital etiquette:
a. Respectful communication is possible.
b. Clarity and understanding are achieved in communication.
c. Positive online communities are formed.
d. Cybercrime is reduced.
e. Leads society to safer digital spaces.
f. Supports digital literacy.

Question 37.
Explain the relationship between Media & Socialisation.
Answer:
Social norms, moral lessons, knowledge and entertainment are imparted through stories and poems. Socialisation is the process by which we learn how to live and behave in society from our surroundings from a young age. Family, school, friends, media, and other factors all contribute to the socialisation process. Media influences how we interact in society, decides what we want, and forms our personality. Social values, norms, etc., that are passed down from one generation to the next are also communicated through media.

Question 38.
Analyse the influence of media on public opinion formation.
Answer:
In a democracy, the government considers the public’s opinion before formulating new policies. The public is asked to submit suggestions through various media. Public opinion is formed through the media during elections and international policy-making. In this way, the media serves as a crucial tool in shaping public opinion and gamering public approval,’ However, the programs that appear in some media are biased and reactionary. The dissemination of inaccurate and unclear ideas through new media fuels these trends. For example, during the COVID-19 outbreak, fake, medical treatments and myths were spread by some social media, which led to the formation of wrong public opinion. Creating and spreading such false news is punishable under the Information Technology Act (IT Act 2000).

Question 39.
What are the problems caused by excessive use of social media?
Answer:
Excessive use of social media leads to many problems. Primarily, it negatively impacts the learning, physical, and mental health of students. Uncontrolled use creates distance in personal and social relationships. Although they can engage in brief interactions, they fail to engage in meaningful and deep relationships.

Question 40.
Explain the influence of media on consumption behaviour.
Answer:
The media is a repository of food advertisements and cooking programs. Advertisements related to many, such sectors can be found in the media. By providing advertisements, informing consumers about job opportunities, and promoting consumerism, the media contributes to the growth of the global economy. Advertisements and other programs through the media have an impact on shaping our consumption behaviour.

Question 41.
How do Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and Algorithms impact the media?
Answer:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): Artificial intelligence technology helps in creating news content.and delivering relevant news and information to consumers. It is also useful in identifying fake news and misleading information.

Big Data: Big Data helps the media to collect and analyse large amounts of information about consumers’ interests, preferences, and behaviours. This helps in personalizing confent and reaching a wider audience. Algorithm: Algorithms decide how to present information to consumers. It determines what content a person sees on social media and online news platforms.

Question 42.
Explain the relationship between Cyber Crimes and the Information Technology Act (IT Act).
Answer:
Cybercrimes are crimes committed using or targeting computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, etc. These include online fraud, theft of personal information, spreading fake news, online, harassment, and digital violence. The Indian Parliament passed the Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act 2000) to ensure strict legal action and punishment for those involved in cybercrimes. This law helps curb cybercrimes and ensure security in digital spaces.

Question 43.
Analyze the relationship between media and cultural change.
Answer:
Media can both promote and inhibit cultural change. Information and cultures from different parts of the world are easily exchanged through the media. This gives people an understanding of different cultures and promotes cultural diversity. However, some media can establish a kind of cultural dominance and pave the way for trends such as Westernisation.

Question 44.
How to deal with stereotypes in the media?
Answer:

• Critical awareness: Approach media content critically and identify stereotypes.
• Use a variety of media: Use a variety of media sources to understand different perspectives.
• Media literacy: Learn about media literacy and develop the ability to recognize fake news and stereotypes.
• Response: Respond to media outlets that spread stereotypes and demand corrections.
• Education: Educate people about stereotypes through education and awareness.

Question 45.
Explain the importance of ethics in the media.
Answer:
The media has a great influence on society. Therefore, it has certain ethical responsibilities. Honesty, impartiality, objectivity, respect for privacy, and social responsibility are the main elements of media ethics. These include not spreading false information, conducting unbiased reporting, and respecting the privacy of individuals. Adhering to media ethics helps increase the credibility of the media and ensure their positive impact on society.

Question 46.
What is the social importance of media? Explain.
Answer:

• Promotes reading and writing: Through newspapers, magazines, blogs, and social media, individuals are exposed to written language, which encourages reading. Social media, blogs, and online forums help individuals reflect and share their thoughts.
• Socialisation: Socialisation is the process of learning how to live and behave in society from a young age. The media plays a major role in this process.
• Shapes public opinion: Public opinion is often shaped through the media during election times and  international policymaking.
• Influences consumption behaviour: Through advertisements and programs, the media has an impact on shaping our consumption behaviour.
• Social interactions: The media helps to bring social issues to the public and to foster public interactions.
• Cultural changes: Information and cultures from different parts of the world are easily exchanged through the media, which promotes cultural diversity.
• Media literacy: Media literacy is crucial for evaluating the accuracy and reliability of information and detecting fake news.

Question 47.
Can you say that traditional media and new media have equal relevance in society? Justify your opinion.
Answer:
Yes, traditional media and new media have equal relevance in society.

• Importance of traditional media: Print media provides comprehensive news, features and literary works. Radio and television bring information even to remote villages. These provide a reliable and immersive reading experience.
• Importance of new media: With the advent of the internet, digital platforms came into existence. This helps in bringing real-time information to the people and increasing social interaction. Social media increases personal M&fiotiships and social interaction. New media helps in spreading information rapidly and connecting globally.
• Completeness: While traditional media provides in-depth analysis, new media provides information at a rapid pace. By complementing each other, complete information and communication is possible.

Question 48.
What are the harms caused by cybercrimes in society? What are the measures to be taken to prevent them?
Answer:
Harms: Financial loss: Individuals and organisations can suffer huge financial losses through online fraud and hacking.

• Privacy violation: The Leakage of personal information poses a threat to privacy.
• Mental problems: Cyberbullying and online harassment can cause mental health problems.
• Fake news: Spreading misleading information can cause social problems.
• National security threat: The Leakage of critical information can pose a significant national security threat.
• Preventive measures: Information Technology Act: Strictly implement laws such as the Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act 2000).
  Awareness: Educate the public about cybercrimes.
• Cybersecurity measures: Use strong passwords, install antivirus Software, and avoid clicking on suspicious links.
• Digital etiquette: Encourage respectful behaviour in online spaces.
• Surveillance: Strengthen surveillance in cyberspace.
• Reporting: Report cybercrimes to the authorities immediately.

Question 49.
As a media student, please share your ideas on how to promote media literacy and digital etiquette.
Answer:
As a media student, there are several things I can do to promote media literacy and digital etiquette:

• Awareness classes: Conduct classes on media literacy and digital etiquette in schools, colleges, and community centres. Emphasise identifying fake news and teaching online safety.
• Social media campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns on social media using short videos, posters, and infographics. Use hashtags to spark debate on these topics.
• Blog/Website: Start a blog or website that publishes information, tips, and studies on media literacy and digital etiquette.
• Workshops: Organise interactive workshops for students and adults. This will help provide practical training.
• Participation: Actively participate in events such as Media Literacy Day and Cyber Safety Day, and create awareness among the public.
• Modelling: Follow digital etiquette in personal online behaviour and be a role model for others.
• Learning materials: Prepare and distribute learning materials ’such as pamphlets, booklets, and video tutorials.
• Collaboration: Organise larger outreach programs in collaboration with local media outlets and NGOs.
• Research: Conduct research on media patterns and cybercrime and share its results with the public.

By reviewing Class 8 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 6 Resource Utilisation and Sustainability Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Resource Utilisation and Sustainability Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 Social Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Resource Utilisation and Sustainability Class 8 Important Questions

Question 1.
Which is the oldest gold mine in India?
a) Huti mine
b) Kolar Gold Mine
c) Johnson Mine
d) Bellary Mine
Answer:
b) Kolar Gold Mine

Question 2.
Who discovered the village of Urigam in Karnataka in 1804?
a) John Warren
b) James Cook
c) Robert Clive
d) Vasco da Gama
Answer:
a) John Warren

Question 3.
When was the Kolar Gold Field (KGF) renamed?
a) 1850
b) 1880
c) 1900
d) 1956
Answer:
b) 1880

Question 4.
Which is an example of non-renewable resource?
a) Solar Energy
b) The wind
c) Iron
d) Water
Answer:
c) Iron

Question 5.
Which is the first fully solar-powered airport in India?
a) Delhi
b) Kochi
c) Mumbai
d) Chennai
Answer:
b) Kochi

Question 6.
When was the Bombay High oil field discovered?
a) 1950
b) 1974
c) 1985
d) 1990
Answer:
b) 1974

Question 7.
In which year was Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) established?
a) 1907
b) 1919
c) 1923
d) 1956
Answer:
a) 1907

Question 8.
Which state is the largest producer of the iron and steel industry in India?
a) Karnataka
b) Odisha
c) Gujarat
d) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
b) Odisha

Question 9.
What is the main objective of sustainable development?
a) Excessive use of resources
b) To conserve resources for future generations
c) Industrial growth
d) The urbanisation
Answer:
b) To conserve resources for future generations

Question 10.
What is the importance of a Kolar gold mine?
Answer:

1. The oldest industrial cities in India.
2. From 1880 to 1956, the Kolar Gold Field produced more than 800 tonnes of gold.

Question 11.
Two examples of renewable resources?
Answer:

1. Solar energy
2. The wind

Question 12.
Write any two characteristics of metallic minerals.
Answer:

1. Hard and lustrous.
2. It may contain iron.

Question 13.
What are the two main features of Mumbai High?
Answer:

1. Large oil field located 160 km away in the Arabian Sea.
2. One of the Largest offshore oil fields in India.

Question 14.
Which are the two major iron and steel industries in India?
Answer:
Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) and Bhilai Steel Plant

Question 15.
What is meant by the term Resource?
Answer:
Anything that is environmentally available, technologically accessible, culturally acceptable and capable of meeting our needs is called a resource. Resources include not only material things like water, air and soil but also non-material things like knowledge and health. Humans are considered resources as they can create many resources using their abilities, skills and technology.

Question 16.
What are minerals? How are they classified based on their composition and physical characteristics?
Answer:
Minerals are naturally forming organic and inorganic substances with chemical and physical properties. Minerals can be classified into two types based on their composition and physical characteristics.

1. Metallic Minerals
2. Non-Metallic Minerals

Question 17.
Write the names of two metallic minerals.
Answer:
Iron ore and bauxite

Question 18.
What is meant by heavy industry?
Answer:
Iron and steel industries are also called heavy industries due to the large amount of raw materials used and the size and weight of the products from them.

Question 19.
What is meant by resource conservation?
Answer:
Conservation of resources is the process of ensuring their availability by avoiding over-exploitation through judicious use. The objectives of conservation of resources are to conserve resources for future generations, maintain the balance of the environment, and minimise impacts on nature and human beings.

Question 20.
Define mining. What are the two main types of mining?
Answer:
Mining is the process of finding and extracting valuable materials from the Earth’s surface or underground. Mining is classified into surface mining and underground mining.

Question 21.
What is a manufacturing industry? Give an example.
Answer:
In the manufacturing industry, the raw materials are processed using machines to make highly valuable products for marketing in local and distant markets.Eg: Iron and steel Industry

Question 22.
What are the three significances of the iron and steel industry in India?
Answer:

1. Supports the other industries and service sectors.
2. Increase the country’s income.
3. Creating employment opportunities.

Question 23.
Write any three resource conservation methods.
Answer:

1. Water conservation
2. Forest conservation
3. Energy conservation

Question 24.
What are the three factors affecting the distribution of mineral resources in India?
Answer:

1. Geographical location
2. Mining facilities
3. Transportation systems

Question 25.
What are the three categories into which minerals are classified?
Answer:

1. Metallic minerals containing iron
2. Metallic minerals not containing iron
3. Organic and Inorganic minerals

Question 26.
Why is man considered a resource?
Answer:
Humans are considered resources as they can create many resources using their abilities, skills and technology. Depending on human needs any object can be turned into a resource with time and technology. Likewise, human skills are also used as resources. This is called human resource.

Question 27.
Explain the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources with examples.
Answer:

Renewable Resources	Non-Renewable Resources
• Resources that do not get depleted after use and can be reused are renewable resources. • These are resources that are continuously produced in nature and are always readily available to man. • Examples: Sunlight, wind, and waves	• Non-renewable resources have been formed over millions of years and they decrease in quantity with use. • Examples: iron, gold, coal, and petroleum.

Question 28.
What is ore? Briefly write about the process of extracting minerals from the Earth’s crust.
Answer:
Minerals found in the Earth’s crust in the form of ores become usable only after mining and processing. Minerals which will be mixed with impurities are mined from the earth in raw form. This is called ore. These ores can be converted into valuable minerals only through refining processes. Mining is the process of finding and extracting valuable materials from the Earth’s surface or underground. Mining is classified into surface mining and underground mining.

Question 29.
Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic industry?
Answer:
Among the mineral-based industries, the iron and steel industry is the foundation of industrial development. The iron and steel industry is called a basic industry as it provides the raw materials and products required for other industries. Iron and steel industry is also known as heavy industry. India is one of the largest producers of iron and steel in the world.

Question 30.
Explain any two environmental problems created by industries.
Answer:
Air Pollution: The smoke emitted from industries which contain toxic gases such as sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane, pollute the atmosphere. This poses a serious threat to nature and human health.

Water Pollution: Waste water discharged from industries and toxins from chemical industries pollute rivers, lakes and other water bodies. It harmfully affects aquatic life and humans.

Question 31.
What is meant by urbanization?
Answer:
Urbanisation is the increase in size and population of cities as a result of migration from rural areas to urban areas and natural population growth in cities. This has led to a massive increase in the size and population of cities and it results in socio-economic and environmental changes.

Question 32.
Compare natural resources and man-made resources. Explain with examples.
Answer:
On the basis of origin, resources can be mainly classified into natural resources and man-made resources.

Natural resources	Man-made resources
Resources obtained from nature.	Resources made by human beings.
The availability and renewability of natural resources varies.	Depending on human needs any object can be turned into a resource with time and technology.
Eg: Air,Minerals	Eg: Road, Machinery

Question 33.
List the characteristics of metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:

Metallic Minerals	Non-Metallic Minerals
They are naturally occurring substances in nature that contain traces of metal.	Minerals that do not contain metals are called non – metallic minerals.
The metal extracted from the metallic minerals through the refining process is usually hard and lustrous.	For non-metallic minerals properties such as hardness, lustre and ductility are relatively low.
Metallic minerals are classified into two types based on the presence of iron – Ferrous metals and Non-ferrous metals.	Non-metallic minerals are classified into two groups – organic minerals and inorganic minerals.
Example: Extraction of aluminium from bauxite.	Example: Biominerals such as coal and petroleum contain organic components. Inorganic minerals such as graphite and clay contain inorganic components.

Question 34.
Record the names of the first iron and steel companies in India, along with their founding year and location.
Answer:
Since ancient times, Indians have been well – versed in metallurgy.
Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) – 1907 – Sakchi (Jamshedpur)
Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) – 1919 – West Bengal
Mysore Iron and Steel Company (Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel) – 1923 – Karnataka

Question 35.
What role do Five-Year Plans play in the industrial growth of a country?
Answer:
A five-year plan is a system designed by the government to achieve set goals for the economic and social progress of a country within a five-year period. After independence, the iron and steel industry in India grew rapidly. During the Second Five-Year Plan, three integrated iron and steel projects were started at Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur with the help of the Soviet Union, Germany and Britain respectively. Later, the management and responsibility of these were taken over by the government organisation, Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). This makes it clear that the five-year plans have a crucial role in the industrial growth of the country to finance, implement and set targets for large-scale industrial projects.

Question 36.
What are the geographical factors influencing the distribution of manufacturing industries?
Answer:

1. Topography
2. Weather
3. Water
4. Energy
5. Raw materials

Question 37.
What are the objectives of resource conservation?
Answer:

• Ensuring their availability by avoiding over-exploitation through judicious use.
• Conserve resources for future generations.
• Maintain the balance of the environment.
• Minimise impacts on nature and human beings.

Question 38.
Explain the reasons for the growth of the iron and steel industry in Odisha.
Answer:
Odisha is the major iron and steel industrial state of India. The reasons for the growth of the iron and steel industry in Odisha compared to other states of India are:

• Favourable geographical location.
• Mineral and water availability.
• High-grade iron ore deposits are found in Keonjhar, Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj districts and coal in the Talcher region.
• An excellent railway network and highways connecting the factories of Rourkela and Kalinganagar with the main markets of India facilitated industrial development.
• long coastline and ports facilitated domestic and international trade, making Odisha the centre of the iron and steel industry.

Question 39.
Explain the various factors influencing the distribution of manufacturing industries at geographical and non-geographical levels.
Answer:
Both geographical and non-geographical factors influence the distribution of manufacturing industries.

Question 40.
How are regional inequality, migration, and urbanisation related to industries?
Answer:

• Regional Inequality: The unbalanced distribution of natural resources and inadequate basic facilities have resulted in a concentration of industrial development in certain regions. Differences can be seen in the income arid living standards of the people in these areas. This causes regional disparity in industrially backward areas.
• Migration: Migration is the permanent or temporary movement of people from one region to another. People migrate from less developed areas to developed industrial areas for employment and better living conditions. As a result of this, population density increases in this area.
• Urbanisation: Urbanisation is the increase in size and population of cities as a result of migration from rural areas to urban areas and natural population growth in cities. This has led to a massive increase in the size and population of cities and it results in socio-economic and environmental changes.

Question 41.
How to classify manufacturing industries on the basis of raw materials? Give examples for each,
Answer:
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN INDIA
Minerals distributed across various states of India, play an important role in the country’s production and industrial sectors. Minerals which are extracted through different refining processes are the main raw materials for industries. On the basis of raw materials, manufacturing industries can be main classified as follows.

• Among the mineral-based industries, the iron and steel industry is the foundation of industrial development.
• The iron and steel industry is called a basic industry as it provides the raw materials and products required for other industries.
• Iron and steel industry is also known as heavy industry. India is one of the largest producers of iron and steel in the world.

Heavy Industry Iron and steel industries are also called heavy industries due to the large amount of raw materials used and the size and weight of the products from them.

 

By reviewing Class 8 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 5 Constitution of India: Rights and Duties Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Constitution of India: Rights and Duties Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 Social Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Constitution of India: Rights and Duties Class 8 Important Questions

Question 1.
In which year did the Constituent Assembly come into existence?
Answer:
1946

Question 2.
Who is the chairman of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 3.
Who is the father of Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Dr. B.R Ambedkar

Question 4.
Which day is celebrated as Constitution Day?
Answer:
November 26

Question 5.
In which part of the Indian Constitution are Fundamental Rights included?
Answer:
Part 111

Question 6.
Which is the official document declaring that the king and his government are not above the law?
Answer:
Magna Carta

Question 7.
When did education become a fundamental right?
Answer:
2002

Question 8.
Which constitutional amendment made education a fundamental right?
Answer:
86^th constitutional Amendment

Question 9.
In which year did the Right to Education Act come into force?
Answer:
2009

Question 10.
The Right to Education Act has come into force on ………………………
Answer:
April 10

Question 11.
…………………. was written in the world’s first written constitution.
Answer:
Bill of right

Question 12.
Which of the following is prohibited under Article 23 of the Indian Constitution?
a) Right to freedom of religion
b) Forced labour and human trafficking
c) Right to education
d) Equal pay for equal work
Answer:
b) Forced labour and human trafficking

Question 13.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution allows individuals to approach the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights?
a) Article 14
b) Article 19
c) Article 32
d) Article 21
Answer:
c) Article 32

Question 14.
What are rights?
Answer:
Rights are legal, social, or moral rules that protect individual freedom and ensure fair treatment. They are the claims or freedoms that every person is entitled to simply because they are human beings.

Question 15.
What are fundamental rights?
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are the basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India to all citizens. These rights are essential for the freedom, dignity, and development of every individual.

Question 16.
What is the special feature of the Right to Education Act?
Answer:
Education was declared a fundamental right under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002. In 2009, Parliament passed the Right to Education Act. The Act came into effect in April 2010. This Act ensures free, compulsory and quality education for all children between the age group of six and fourteen.

Question 17.
What are minorities?
Answer:
Minorities are groups of people who are fewer in number compared to the majority of the population and may have different religion, language, or culture.

Question 18.
Define wrtis.
Answer:
Writs are special orders issued by the Supreme Court or High Courts to protect the Fundamental Rights of citizens.

Question 19.
What is meant by “Bill of Rights”?
Answer:
The Government take necessary steps for the protection of rights. For this, every country incorporates a list of rights in their constitution. This list is known as the Bill of Rights.

Question 20.
Write a note on Magna Carta.
Answer:
The Magna Carta is the earliest written document of rights in Britain. The term ‘Magna Carta’ means ‘big document.’ It is an official document declaring that the king and his government are not above the law, In 1215, the people forced King John, the then ruler of England, to sign this document. It later became the basis for the British Parliament’s powers and legal principles. England’s Petition of Rights and Bill of Rights were shaped by the influence of Magna Carta.

Question 21.
Define right to equality as a Fundamental Right?
Answer:
The right to equality is the right to ensure equality in our country. According to this right, there is no discrimination on the basis of religion, class, caste, sex or place of birth. It also guarantees equal access to hotels, shops, wells, ponds, bathing ghats and public roads. This right ensures equality of opportunity in public jobs, prohibits untouchability and abolishes titles.

Question 22.
Define the different concepts in the directive principles of national policy.
Answer:

• Liberal ideas
• Socialist ideas
• Gandhian ideas

Question 23.
Match the following.

Writ	Purpose
Habeas Corpus	Order to do a public duty
Mandamus	Challenge illegal occupation of a post
Quo Warranto	Release from illegal detention

Answer:

Writ	Purpose
Habeas Corpus	Release from illegal detention
Mandamus	Order to do a public duty
Quo Warranto	Challenge illegal occupation of a post

Question 24.
List the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution in chronological order.
Answer:

Question 25.
Write the following in chronological order.
a. United nations bill of rights
b. Magna carta
c. US universal declaration of human rights
d. Declaration of human rights after the French Revolution
Answer:
a. Magna Carta – 1215
b. United States Bill of Rights – 1789
c. Declaration of human rights after the French Revolution – 1789
d. United nations universal declaration of Human Rights – 1948

Question 26.
What were the factors that influenced the inclusion of fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:

• Denial of rights experienced during colonial rule.
• Existing conditions in the world.
• Values from the war of Independence.
• Ideas from the Indian Renaissance Movement

Question 27.
Define Right to freedom.
Answer:
The rights and freedom mentioned in Article 19 are as follow:

Question 28.
Write about the Directive Principle of State Policy in Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Socio-economic justice has equal importance along with rights and freedoms. Ideas for achieving these are included in the directive principles of state policy. It aims to establish a welfare state by ensuring the welfare and progress of all sections of the people. Unlike fundamental rights, these are not enforceable with the support of the courts. At the same time, governments need to give due consideration to these directive principles while formulating policies and programmes. Articles 36 to 51 of Part IV of the Constitution contain directive principles. These are the recommendations that governments should follow in administration and legislation. The directive principles contain broad concepts that touch on all economic, social, educational, and international issues of the nation. The directive principles of state policy can be classified into three categories, namely, liberal ideas, socialist ideas and Gandhian ideas.

Question 29.
Differentiate between Fundamental rights and Directive principles.
Answer:

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS	DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
It can be reinstated through the courts.	Cannot go to court for enforcement.
Mainly ensures individual freedom.	Aims at the welfare of all sections of society.
Legally enforceable by law.	Not legally enforceable.
Found in Part III of the Constitution.	Found in Part IV of the Constitution.
Helps in achieving political democracy.	Helps in achieving social and economic democracy.
Amendment is difficult.	Amendment is easier through legislation.
Limits government powers.	Guides government in making policies.

Question 30.
Write a note on various types of writs.
Answer:
Habeas Corpus: A court order that requires the custodian of an unlawfully detained person to bring the person before the court.
Mandamus: An order issued when a court finds that an officer’s failure to perform his statutory duty has prejudiced the rights of another person.
Prohibition: An order of the Supreme Court or High Court-prohibiting lower courts from hearing a case outside their jurisdiction.
Quo Warranto: An order issued by a court restraining an officer from holding a position for which he is not entitled.
Certiorari: An order to transfer a case pending in a lower court to a higher court.

Question 31.
Point out the Liberal, Socialist and Gandhian ideas of Directive Principles of State policy.
Answer:
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSP)

• DPSP: Aim to ensure socio-economic justice and create a welfare state.
• Found in Articles 36 to 51, Part IV of the Constitution.
• Not enforceable by courts, but guides the government in making laws and policies.
• Covers economic, social, educational, and international matters.
• Divided into three types:
  • Liberal ideas
  • Socialist ideas
  • Gandhian ideas

LIBERAL IDEAS	SOCIALIST IDEAS	GANDHIAN IDEAS
Promote international peace and security.	Wage for livelihood for workers.	Organise Gram Panchayats.
Uniform Civil Code for citizens.	Equal pay for equal work for men and women.	Fostering cottage industries.
Equal justice and free legal aid.	Participation of workers in the management of industries.	Agriculture and animal husbandry.
Provision of care and education for children under six years of age.	Right to employment.	Prohibition of consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health.
Environment, livestock and wildlife conservation.	Ensure regular and humane working conditions and maternity benefits.	Uplift of Scheduled 2 Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.

Question 32.
Write a note on Fundamental Duties.
Answer:
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

• Sardhar Vallabhbhai patel (first deputy prime minister and home minister of India) suggested that Indian citizen should have regular responsibility along with rights.
• Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin. Our Constitution enshrines certain duties that citizens have to fulfill.
• The Sardar Swaran Singh Committee was appointed by the Central Government in 1976 to submit recommendations on the fundamental duties of citizens.
• Taking into consideration the recommendations of the Committee, a new Part (IVA) containing the Fundamental Duties was included in the Constitution as part of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976. Accordingly, the Fundamental Duties became part of the Constitution as Article 51A.
• When citizens enjoy their fundamental rights, they should also be aware of their fundamental duties.

“Every Indian must remember that he is an Indian and he has every; right in his country but with certain duties ” – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 33.
Describe Cultural and educational rights.
Answer:
India is a country rich in diversity. Religious, linguistic and cultural minorities characterise this diversity. Minorities are groups of people who follow a common language, religion or culture and are fewer in number than other groups in a particular part of the country or the whole country. Cultural and educational rights are the means for minorities to preserve and develop their culture, language and script. Accordingly, all religious, linguistic and cultural minorities have the right to establish and run their own educational institutions. Through that they can protect and nurture their own culture.

Question 34.
Right to constitutional remedies is a fundamental right. Elucidate.
Answer:
The right to constitutional remedies is one of the greatest protections given to the safety and security of the individual. If any of the above fundamental rights is violated, the Supreme Court under Article 32 and the High Courts under Article 226 can be approached for their restoration. The Supreme Court and High Courts restore fundamental rights through writs. Writs are orders and directions issued by the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the protection of fundamental rights. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar describes this right as the heart and soul of the Indian Constitution.

By reviewing Class 8 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 4 Basic Economic Problems and the Economy Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Basic Economic Problems and the Economy Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 Social Science Chapter 4 Kerala Syllabus

Basic Economic Problems and the Economy Class 8 Important Questions

Question 1.
Who is known as the father of economics?
a) Karl Marx
b) Alfred Marshall
c) J.M. Keynes
d) Adam Smith
Answer:
d) Adam Smith

Question 2.
Who is the economist who argued that government intervention is inevitable in economic activities?
a) Adam Smith
b) David Ricardo
c) Karl Marx
d) J.M. Keynes
Answer:
d) J.M. Keynes

Question 3.
What is the economic policy adopted by India after independence?
a) The capitalist economy
b) Socialist Economy
c) Mixed economy
d) The market economy
Answer:
c) Mixed economy

Question 4.
What is considered to be the fundamental factor of growth and innovation in the knowledge economy?
a) Material resources
b) The labour force
c) Capital Investment
d) Knowledge and Skills
Answer:
d) Knowledge and Skills

Question 5.
What are the main activities in an economy?
Answer:
Production, Consumption, Distribution

Question 6.
What is the main objective of the capitalist economy?
Answer:
Maximum Profit

Question 7.
Which is the concept formulated by J.A. Schumpeter?
Answer:
Creative Destruction

Question 8.
What is the main resource in the knowledge economy?
Answer:
Knowledge

Question 9.
Define Economy.
Answer:
An economy is the way a country organises the production, distribution and consumption of various goods and services.

Question 10.
Who defined economics as the study of the relationship between human wants and limited resources?
Answer:
Lionel Robbins

Question 11.
Differentiate between basic needs and gratifying needs.
Answer:

Basic needs	Gratifying needs
The essential needs for the survival of life such as food, clothing and shelter can be called basic needs.	There are certain needs that make our life more comfortable and happy. These are called gratifying needs.

Question 12.
Explain the basic economic problem of ‘What to produce?
Answer:
Each country has to prioritise what to produce using the available resources. Once it is decided what to produce, the question as how much to produce becomes relevant. A country has to produce many goods and services. If the country decides to produce more of any one commodity or service, it will have to limit the resources that can be used to produce other goods.

Question 13.
Write any two features of the labor intensive technique.
Answer:

1. Production involving more labourers
2. Low level of capital utilisation

Question 14.
What is the role of government in a capitalist economy?
Answer:
It is an economy in which ownership of the factors of production is concentrated in individuals. There is limited government intervention. Active participation of government in economic development can be seen today in many countries that follow capitalist economy.

Question 15.
Define mixed economy and write an example.
Answer:
A mixed economy is one that combines some features of a capitalist economy and a socialist economy. Eg: India

Question 16.
What is the ‘Theory of Surplus Value’ formulated by Karl Marx?
Answer:
German economist and philosopher Karl Marx developed the ‘Theory of Surplus Value’. According to Marx, the basis of production is the labour of the workers. But only a small portion of this is given to the labourer and the majority is kept by the capitalist.

Question 17.
What is the financial contribution of David Ricardo?
Answer:
British economist David Ricardo came up with the theory that trade between two countries can increase the welfare of both countries. His ‘Theory of Rent’ regarding the lease of land is very famous.

Question 18.
What are the differences between Labour Intensive Technique and Capital Intensive Technique?
Answer:

• The method of production using more labour and less capital is called ‘Labour Intensive Technique’.
• The method of production using more capital and less labour is called ‘Capital Intensive Technique’.

Question 19.
Explain the major thoughts of Amartya Kumar Sen on Welfare Economics.
Answer:

• Emphasis should be placed on education, health care and social justice to achieve economic progress.
• Gender equality and women empowerment are essential for the progress of the country.
• Economic development should be evaluated on the basis of its influence on human rights and freedoms.

Question 20.
What are the basic economic problems of a country?
Answer:

1. What to produce?
2. How to produce?
3. For whom to produce?

Question 21.
What does the knowledge economy mean?
Answer:
A knowledge economy refers to an economic system in which knowledge and skills are the conductors of growth and innovation. In this economy, knowledge is considered as a key resource. Its creation, dissemination and application are crucial to economic development.

Question 22.
Write any three characteristics of Capital Intensive Technique.
Answer:

1. Less demand for labourers
2. Utilises more capital investment
3. Ensures productivity

Question 23.
Complete the missed parts.
• Land – Rent
• ………..a)……….. – Wages
• Capital – ……..b)………..
• ……….c)……… – Profit
Answer:
a) Labour
b) Interest
c) Organisation

Question 24.
Explain the important economic thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:

• Gandhiji envisioned an economy based on self-sufficiency and decentralisation.
• Rural industries need to be nurtured to increase employment opportunities locally.
• Expand local markets for marketing locally produced goods.
• Economic inequality should be alleviated to ensure social justice.

Question 25.
Explain the concept of “creative destruction” with an example.
Answer:
J. A. Schumpeter, a native of the Czech Republic, developed the concept of ‘Creative Destruction.
Industries and technologies create new opportunities and growth through innovation. But he also opined that existing industries and technologies are disrupted or destroyed by innovation.
Eg: The rise of the smart phone industries led to the decline of the tape recorder, video player and film camera industries.

Question 26.
Match the following.

Dadabhai Naoroji	Efficient tax system
Chanakya	The Drain Theory
Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee	Self-Sufficiency
Mahatma Gandhi	Poverty Eradication

Answer:

Dadabhai Naoroji	The Drain Theory
Chanakya	Efficient tax system
Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee	Poverty Eradication
Mahatma Gandhi	Self-Sufficiency

Question 27.
Write any four characteristics of Needs.
Answer:

• Human needs are diverse and innumerable
• Some needs can be met alone and others through collective efforts
• A need once fulfilled may be repeated
• Needs vary with time, place and individuals

Question 28.
What are the main characteristics of an economy?
Answer:

• Economy is man-made
• Economy is subject to change
• Economic activities in the economy keep changing
• Production, distribution and consumption are the main activities in the economy

Question 29.
Explain the basic economic problem of ‘For whom to produce?
Answer:
Production should be done to meet the needs of the people. The question for whom to produce means how goods and services produced are distributed among the people. Production activities should be planned in such a way that available resources are utilised to benefit everyone in the society. Goods and services are produced through the combined action of factors of production such as land, labour, capital and organisation. The value of the goods produced has to be distributed on the basis of the factors of production according to their share. Product value must be distributed as rent to land, wages to labour, interest to capital, and profit to organisation. That means, how the income from production distributed is also important.

Question 30.
Compare the ownership and features of the capitalist economy and the socialist economy.
Answer:
Capitalist Economy
It is an economy in which ownership of the factors of production is concentrated in individuals.

Socialist Economy
A socialist economy is one in which the government owns and controls all the factors of production. A centralised planning committee will take decisions on economic activities.

Features
Capitalist Economy	Socialist Economy
• All persons have the right to own property. • Maximum profit. • Limited government intervention. • Individuals can store resource and use it to produce goods and services as they want. • The consumer has complete freedom in the market (consumer sovereignty). • Competition among industries. • Active participation of government in economic development can be seen today in many countries that follow capitalist economy.	• Ownership of the factors of production is vested in the government. • Social welfare is the main objective. • Government’s control over the market. • The central planning committee utilises resources keeping in view the availability of resources and national objectives. • Reducing inequality in income and wealth. • Intervention of private enterprises is also seen in today’s socialist economy.

Question 31.
Highlight the economic contributions of Indian economists like Chanakya, Dadabhai Naoroji,Mahatma Gandhi and Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee.
Answer:
Indian Economists have given great contribution to the development of economics.

• Chanakya in ancient India, who devised an efficient tax system for the country’s economic development.
• Dadabhai Naoroji, the originator of The Drain Theory, are prominent among them.
• Mahatma Gandhi, Father of our Nation, describes the economic visions in his books Hind Swaraj and India of My Dreams.

Gandhiji’s Economic Thoughts

• Gandhiji envisioned an economy based on self-sufficiency and decentralisation.
• Rural industries need to be nurtured to increase employment opportunities locally.
• Expand local markets for marketing locally produced goods.
• Economic inequality should be alleviated to ensure social justice.

Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee

• Indian-American economist Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Economics for devising an experimental approach to global poverty eradication.
• He shared the Nobel Prize with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer.

By reviewing Class 8 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 3 Movements of the Earth: Rotation and Revolution Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Movements of the Earth: Rotation and Revolution Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 Social Science Chapter 3 Kerala Syllabus

Movements of the Earth: Rotation and Revolution Class 8 Important Questions

Question 1.
What is the direction of Earth’s rotation?
a. From east to west
b. From west to east
c. From north to south
d. From south to north
Answer:
b. From west to east

Question 2.
What is the name of the imaginary line that separates night and day on Earth?
a. Circle of illumination
b. Line of Latitude
c. Line of Longitude
d. Equator
Answer:
a. Circle of illumination

Question 3.
What is the name of the phenomenon when the Earth comes closest to the Sun?
a. Eclipse
b. Perihelion
c. Solstice
d. Equinox
Answer:
b. perihelion

Question 4.
What is a year with 366 days called?
a. Equinox
b. Common year
c. Leap year
d. Solar year
Answer:
c. Leap year

Question 5.
Ferrel’s law is related to which effect?
a. Gravitational effect
b. Coriolis effect
c. Doppler effect
d. Heating effect
Answer:
b. Coriolis effect

Question 6.
Greenwich Mean Time is calculated based on which longitude?
a. 90° East
b. 180° longitude
c. 0° longitude
d. 23.5° North
Answer:
c. 0° longitude

Question 7.
What is the approximate tilt of the Earth’s axis?
a. 0°
b. 90°
c. 66.5°
d. 23.5°
Answer:
d. 23.5°

Question 8.
On which day is the spring equinox?
a. March 21
b. December 22
c. June 21
d. September 23
Answer:
a. March 21

Question 9.
In which month does perihelion usually occur?
a. June
b. December
c. January
d. July
Answer:
c. January

Question 10.
Which day is the Winter Solstice?
a. March 21
b. June 21
c. September 23
d. December 22
Answer:
d. December 22

Question 11.
How far ahead is Indian Standard Time (IST) from Greenwich Mean Time?
a. 5 hours
b. 5 hours 30 minutes
c. 6 hours
d. 4 hours 30 minutes
Answer:
b. 5 hours 30 minutes

Question 12.
How long does it take for the Earth to rotate 1° in longitude?
a. 1 minute
b. 4 minutes
c. 15 minutes
d. 60 minutes
Answer:
b. 4 minutes

Question 13.
What are the main effects of the Earth’s rotation?
a. Snowfall and drought
b. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
c. Day and night, and the Coriolis effect
d. Seasons and weather changes
Answer:
c. Day and night, and the Coriolis effect

Question 14.
Match the following

Season	Characteristics
1. Spring	a. High ambient temperature.
2. Summer	b. Low ambient temperature.
3. Autumn	c. Plants bloom and bear fruit.
4. Winter	d. Trees shed their leaves.

a. 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – c, 4 – d
b. 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c
c. 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – b
d. 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – b, 4 – a
Answer:
c. 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – b

Season	Characteristics
1. Spring	c. Plants bloom and bear fruit.
2. Summer	a. High ambient temperature.
3. Autumn	d. Trees shed their leaves.
4. Winter	b. Low ambient temperature.

Question 15.
What are the main effects of the Earth’s rotation?
Answer:
The Earth’s rotation causes day and night. It also causes the Coriolis effect, which causes objects moving freely on the Earth’s surface to deviate in direction due to rotation.

Question 16.
How long does it take the Earth to complete one orbit? How does this cause a leap year?
Answer:
It takes the Earth 365 1/4 days (365 days and 6 hours) to complete one orbit. Every four years, the extra quarter day (6 hours × 4 years = 24 hours or 1 day) is added to make the month of February 29 days. Such years are called leap years.

Question 17.
What is Perihelion? In which month does it occur?
Answer:
Perihelion is the phenomenon when the Earth comes closest to the Sun. At this time, the approximate distance between the Earth and the Sun is 147 million kilometers. It generally occurs in the month of January (specifically January 3).

Question 18.
What are the equinoxes? On which days do they occur?
Answer:
Equinoxes or the days of the equinoxes are the days when the length of night and day is equal in both hemispheres (Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere). This occurs on March 21 (Spring Equinox) and September 23 (Autumn Equinox) when the sun’s rays fall perpendicularly on the equator.

Question 19.
What is Uttarayanam?
Answer:
Uttarayanam is the phenomenon in which the relative position of the Sun moves from the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere due to the tilt of the Earth’s axis. It occurs approximately from December 22 to June 21.

Question 20.
What day is the summer solstice? What is an important feature of this day?
Answer:
The summer solstice is on June 21. On this day, the sun’s rays fall perpendicularly on the equator (23.5° North), so the Northern Hemisphere experiences the longest day and the shortest night.

Question 21.
What were the two main things used in ancient times to determine local time?
Answer:
In ancient times, two main things were used to determine the local time at a location: the position of the sun, or the time when the sun reaches its zenith, and the length of the shadow.

Question 22.
What is an aurora? Where can it be seen?
Answer:
An aurora is a natural, colourful light in the atmosphere that occurs during the winter months when strong solar winds occur in the polar regions. It is usually seen in the high latitudes of the polar regions.

Question 23.
How many days does it take for the Sun So complete one rotation on its axis?
Answer:
The Sun takes approximately 27 days to complete one rotation on its axis.

Question 24.
What is an aphelion? in which month does it occur?
Answer:
Aphelion is the phenomenon when the distance between the Sun and the Earth is the greatest. It occurs at a distance of about 152 million kilometers, it generally occurs in the month of July (especially July 4)

Question 25.
What is rotation? What are the two main changes that result from it?
Answer:
Rotation is the rotation of the Earth on its axis. This results in day and night. When one side of the Earth receives sunlight, it is day, and when the other side is in darkness, it is night. Another result is the Coriolis effect; the rotation causes winds and ocean currents that move freely on the Earth’s surface to change direction.

Question 26.
What is the Coriolis effect? How does it affect the direction of winds and ocean currents?
Answer:
The Coriolis effect is a phenomenon in which objects moving freely on the Earth’s surface are deflected by the Earth’s rotation. As a result, according to Ferrel’s law, the direction of wind and ocean currents is deflected to the right of their direction of travel in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The force that causes this is called the Coriolis force.

Question 27.
How do leap years occur?
Answer:
It takes the Earth 365 days and about 6 hours (1/4 day) to orbit the Sun once. These extra 6 hours each year are not included in the calendar. Every four years, these extra 6 hours become a full day (6 hours × 4 = 24 hours). This extra day is added to the month of February, and that year is considered a leap year with 366 days.

Question 28.
What is Apparent Movement of the Sun? What is its effect?
Answer:
Apparent Movement of the Sun is the phenomenon in which the relative position of the Sun appears to move northward and southward between the lines of North and South as the Earth’s axial tilt (23.5°) remains constant throughout its orbit. This is not actually the movement of the Sun, but the tilt and rotation of the Earth that cause this relative movement. The main result bf this is the difference in the length of days and nights experienced in each region. In addition, it also causes the seasons.

Question 29.
When is the summer solstice? What is special about this day in the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer:
The summer solstice is on June 21. On this day, the sun’s rays fall perpendicularly on the northern hemisphere (23.5° North). Therefore, the Northern Hemisphere experiences the longest day and the shortest night on this day. It is generally summer in the Northern Hemisphere at this time.

Question 30.
When is the winter solstice? What is special about this day in the Southern Hemisphere?
Answer:
The winter solstice is on December 22. On this day, the sun’s rays fall perpendicularly on the southern hemisphere (23.5° South). Therefore, the Southern Hemisphere experiences the longest day and the shortest night on this day. During this time, it is generally summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 31.
How is Indian Standard Time (IST) determined?
Answer:
Standard time is determined to avoid time differences within a country and to reduce time confusion. In India, the 82.5° East longitude has been chosen as the Standard Time of India. The local time at this longitude is considered as Indian Standard Time. This longitude is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (82.5° × 4 minutes/degree = 330 minutes = 5 hours and 30 minutes).

Question 32.
What are Time Zones? What is their importance?
Answer:
Time zones are the divisions of the world into 24 time zones with a time difference of approximately one hour. Each time zone has an area of approximately 15° of longitude (15° × 4 minutes/degree = 60 minutes = 1 hour). These time zones help to standardise timekeeping around the world and avoid time confusion in communication and transportation between different countries. Larger countries may have more than one time zone.

Question 33.
What are the traditional seasons in India? How many are there?
Answer:
India traditionally has six major seasons.

• Vasantham – March, April
• Greeshmam – May, June
• Varsham – July, August
• Sarath – September, October
• Hemantham – November, December
• Sisiram – January, February

Question 34.
Explain the main differences between the rotation and revolution of the Earth.
Answer:
Rotation is the spinning of the Earth on its imaginary axis. The direction of rotation of the Earth is from west to east. The two effects of rotation were day and night, and the Coriolis effect. The time taken for the Earth to complete one rotation is 24 hours (23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds). The Earth receives light from the Sun. During rotation, the part of the Earth facing the Sun has daytime and the other part experiences night. The imaginary line that demarcates day and night on the Earth is called the Circle of Illumination. While rotating on its axis, the Earth revolves around the Sun in a fixed orbit. This is known as Revolution. The time taken to complete one revolution in the elliptical orbit is 365 days. 365 days is considered as one year for practical convenience. The fraction of 14 days is added once in 4 years to February, making it 29 days. Thus, a year with 366 days is called a leap year.

Question 35.
Explain how the relative position of the Sun affects the length of day and night.
Answer:
The Earth is tilted about 23.5° on its axis, which remains constant as the Earth orbits the Sun. Due to this tilt, the Sun’s relative position is felt to move northward and southward between the lines of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This is called precession. As the Sun’s relative position changes, the amount of sunlight received by each part of the Earth varies. For example, on June 21, the Northern Hemisphere experiences its longest day because the Sun’s rays fall perpendicularly. Similarly, on December 22, the Southern Hemisphere experiences its longest day. On March 21 and September 23, the Sun’s rays fall perpendicularly on the Equator, so the length of day and night is equal all over the world.

Question 36.
Explain the reasons for the occurrence of seasons.
Answer:
There are three main reasons for the occurrence of seasons on Earth:
Revolution: One of the main reasons is that the Earth revolves around the Sun in its elliptical orbit. The Earth revolves around the Sun once in a year.

Fluctuations in solar energy availability: The amount of solar energy received by each region varies during the Earth’s orbit. Areas where the sun’s rays fall vertically are warmer, and areas where they fall obliquely are cooler.

Earth’s axial tilt: The Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.5° to its orbit. This tilt remains constant throughout the orbit. Together, these three factors change the relative position of the Sun and cause each region to experience unique weather conditions (seasons).

Question 37.
What is the need to determine standard time in a country?
Answer:
The main requirements for determining standard time in a country are as follows:
Time unification: There may be differences in local time at different places within the country. A unified time is necessary to avoid this confusion.

General activities: Railway timing, radio and television broadcasting, public. examinations, industrial and commercial activities all take place across the country based on a standard time.

To avoid confusion: When there are multiple time zones within a country, there may be time confusion for travellers and communicators. A standard time helps to avoid this.

Efficient administration: A unified time is essential for the efficient implementation of administrative, economic and social matters.

Question 38.
Why has only one standard time been adopted for India in general, despite the difference in local time between the eastern and western parts of India of about two hours?
Answer:
The longitude of the eastern and western parts of India is about 30° (i.e., a time difference of about 2 hours). However, a uniform time is essential to avoid time confusion and ensure efficiency in railway transport, radio broadcasting, public examinations, and day-to-day industrial and commercial activities within the country. If two or more time zones existed, there would have been major problems and confusion in timekeeping among different states. Therefore, to ensure general efficiency and smooth functioning, a single standard time has been adopted by selecting 82.5° East longitude as the standard longitude of India.

Question 39.
What is the Aurora? How does it happen? How is it known in the North and South Poles?
Answer:
The aurora is a natural colourful light show that occurs in the atmosphere of the polar regions, especially in winter, when strong solar winds (energetic particles from the Sun) collide with the Earth’s magnetosphere. It is a beautiful phenomenon that can be seen at high latitudes. When charged particles from the Sun interact with the Earth’s magnetosphere, these particles are attracted to the Earth’s magnetic poles in the polar regions. When these particles collide with gas molecules (oxygen and nitrogen) in the Earth’s atmosphere, they become energised and release that energy as light. Because each gas emits light at its own wavelength, different colored images (green, pink, red, blue, and violet) can be seen in the aurora. Names: In the North Pole, it is called the ‘Aurora Borealis’ or ‘Northern Lights’, and in the South Pole, it is called the ‘Aurora Australis’ or ‘Southern Lights’.

Question 40.
What is the time difference between Greenwich Mean Time and Indian Standard Time? Explain how it is calculated.
Answer:
Time difference: The time difference between Greenwich Mean Time and Indian Standard Time (IST) is 5 hours and 30 minutes. That is, when it is 12 noon in Greenwich, it is 5:30 pm in India. Greenwich Mean Time: The Greenwich Meridian is the 0° longitude line, which passes through Greenwich, England. It is used as a reference point to determine the time in other places in the world.

Indian Standard Time: The standard longitude of India is the 82.5° east longitude line. It passes through the center of India. Method of calculation: It takes 4 minutes for the Earth to rotate one degree on its axis. For every degree of longitude east of Greenwich Mean Time, 4 minutes are added. Since India’s standard longitude is 82.5° East, to calculate the time difference, we multiply 82.5° by 4 minutes: 82.5 × 4 minutes = 330 minutes. Converting these 330 minutes to hours gives us 5 hours and 30 minutes (330 / 60 = 5.30 hours). Thus, India’s time is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

Question 41.
How do the rotation and revolution of the Earth affect human life? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The rotation and revolution of the Earth greatly affect human daily life, culture and economic activities: Rotation – Day and Night: The rotation of the Earth causes day and night. This controls human sleep patterns, working hours and daily activities. For example, human’s are accustomed to working during the day and resting at night. Agriculture, travel, etc., all depend on day and night. Rotation plays an important role in determining local time. Time varies depending on the position of the sun at each location, which serves as the basis for time zones and standard times around the world.

Revolution – Seasons: The Earth’s rotation causes the change of seasons. This affects agriculture, clothing, festivals and lifestyle. For example, farmers plant some crops in summer and other-crops in winter. People wear clothes according to the weather.

Orbit – Length of days and nights: Due to the rotation of the Earth, the length of days and nights varies at different times of the year. This affects human energy consumption and working hours. For example, in summer, the days are longer, so it is possible to work outside for longer.

Socio – cultural influence: Seasonal festivals (for example, Onam, Vishu, Christmas), celebrations, and recreational activities are all shaped by the movements of the Earth. This is an integral part of human social life.

By reviewing Class 8 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 2 Towards the Emergence of the National Movement Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Towards the Emergence of the National Movement Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 Social Science Chapter 2 Kerala Syllabus

Towards the Emergence of the National Movement Class 8 Important Questions

Question 1.
Who founded the organization Arya Mahila Samaj?
Answer:
Pandita Ramabai

Question 2.
Who published the newspaper Mirat ul-Akbar?
a) Dinabandhu Mitra
b) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
c) Rabindranath Tagore
d) Subramania Bharati
Answer:
c) Rabindranath Tagore

Question 3.
Who implemented the Vernacular Press Act?
a) Lord Ripon
b) Lord Wellesley
c) Lord Dalhousie
d) Lord Lytton
Answer:
d) Lord Lytton

Question 4.
In which language was Sambad Kaumudi published?
a) Hindi
b) Marathi
c) Bengali
d) Urdu
Answer:
c) Bengali

Question 5.
In which language is Al Ameen newspaper published?
a) Malayalam
b) Persian
c) Urdu
d) Hindi
Answer:
a) Malayalam

Question 6.
Who is the author of the book “poverty and unbritish rule in India?”
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji

Question 7.
In which year was Raja Ram Mohan Roy born?
Answer:
1772

Question 8.
Which organisation did Jyotirao Phule form for social reformation?
Answer:
Satyashodhak Samaj

Question 9.
In which year was the Indian National Congress formed?
Answer:
1885

Question 10.
What was the aim of the Home Rule League?
Answer:
Home Rule or Self-Government

Question 11.
Define Nationalism.
Answer:
Before independence, India was divided into many princely states. Segregation existed in all spheres like caste, religion, dress, language and culture. But in the second half of the nineteenth century, beyond all such differences, a sense of unity emerged among Indians. A strong anti-British feeling was the basis of this sense of unity of the Indian people. This sense of unity is called Nationalism.

Question 12.
Who presided over the first meeting of the Indian National Congress, and where was it held?
Answer:
W. C. Banerjee presided over the first meeting of the Indian National Congress, which was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay.

Question 13.
What was the main objective of the first conference of the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
The main objective was to form a general opinion among the social and political activists from different regions of India.

Question 14.
How was Bengal divided during the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
Answer:
Bengal was divided into East Bengal, which was a Muslim-majority region, and West Bengal, which was: a Hindu-majority region.

Question 15.
What was the main concept and method of protest in the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
The main concept of the Swadeshi Movement was self-reliance. The primary method of protest was promoting the use of Indian goods and boycotting British goods.

Question 16.
When was the Partition of Bengal implemented, and how did people react to it?
Answer:
The Partition of Bengal was implemented on October 16, 1905. People reacted by observing mourning, organizing hartals in Calcutta, singing patriotic songs like ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’, and participating in massive protests that evolved into the Swadeshi Movement.

Question 17.
Define Swadeshi Samitis and who founded the Swadeshi Bandhab Samiti?
Answer:
Swadeshi Samitis were voluntary organisations that worked to spread the message of the Swadeshi Movement and organise the people. The Swadeshi Bandhab Samiti was formed by Ashwini Kumar Dutt.

Question 18.
Write the objectives of the Swadeshi Bandhab Samiti.
Answer:

• Provide physical training to volunteers.
• Help those who suffer from epidemics and other ailments.
• Establish Swadeshi Vidyalayas.

Question 19.
Explain the difference between moderates and extremists.
Answer:
Moderates: There were differences of opinion among the leaders regarding the working methods of the Indian National Congress. The early leadership was not ready for an open struggle against the British. They were known as moderates. Chief among them were Pherozshah Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale and Dadabhai Naoroji. They propagated their ideas through peaceful and bloodless struggles, meetings, speeches and resolutions.

Extremists: A group, dissatisfied with the ideas and activities of the moderates, became strong in the Congress. They were known as extremists. Bal Gangadhara Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal arid Lala Lajpat Rai were prominent among them. Their mode of action was quite different from those of the moderates. They adopted revolutionary methods of action like swadeshi and boycott to argue that freedom could be achieved only through strong open struggle.

Question 20.
How did the economic policies of the British contribute to the emergence of Indian nationalism?
Answer:
India had become a colony for the collection of raw materials for the British industries and also a market for the British products. Economic exploitation was the aim of the British. The policies adopted by them for this led to unemployment and poverty in India. As a result, various categories like farmers, artisans, small traders and tribal communities started fighting against the British.

Question 21.
Examine the contributions of literature to the emergence of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
Literary works played an important role in spreading nationalism in India. The protest against the British had reflections in literature. The sufferings, neglect and exploitation faced by the people in different parts of the country became themes in literary works. The works of prominent writers of that time like Dinabandhu Mitra, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Subramania Bharati played an important role in inculcating nationalism among the people.

Question 22.
Who were the leaders of the Extremists?
Answer:

• Bal Gangadhara Tilak
• Bipin Chandra Pal
• Lala Lajpat Rai

Question 23.
Explain the contribution of transport and communication facilities to Indian nationalism.
Answer:
The British expanded transport and communication facilities in India for trade, industry, and military purposes. They started the railways, postal system, and telegraph services. They also improved the road transport system to ease the movement of goods. These facilities helped people to travel to all parts of India, communicate and understand each other. In this way, the idea of nationalism emerged and the national movement strengthened. The implementation of a unified, administrative system, legal system, and currency system also created a sense of unity among the people.

Question 24.
List the early political movements in India.
Answer:

Early political movements	Centre of activity	National leaders who led the movements
Indian Association	Calcutta	Surendranath Baneijee, Ananda Mohan Bose
Madras Mahajan Sabha	Madras	M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, Ananda Charlu
Bombay Presidency Association	Bombay	Pherozeshah Mehta, K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji

Question 25.
Arrange the given table.

A	B
Dinabandhu Mitra	Satyashodhak Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	SharadaSadan
Jyotirao Phule	Nil Darpan
Pandita Ramabai	Sambad Kaumudi

Answer:

A	B
Dinabandhu Mitra	Nil Darpan
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Sambad Kaumudi
Jyotirao Phule	Satyashodhak Samaj
Pandita Ramabai	Sharada Sadan

Question 26.
Evaluate the role of Western education in the growth of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
Modern education spread in India at the beginning of the nineteenth century. English education was propagated by the British to highlight their superiority, to subjugate Indians culturally, and mould a section of Indians who would be sympathetic to them. But the English educated Indians became conscious of democracy, freedom, egalitarianism, equal justice, scientific temper and civil rights. Indians who got acquainted with these new ideas wondered how their country came under the British rule. They constantly talked about the need to end the British rule. English became the common language of exchange of ideas for people coming from different parts of the country. Western education helped Indians to understand about the economic and social weaknesses of the country. This led to the emergence of nationalism.

Question 27.
Complete section ‘b’ by understanding the relationship in section ‘a’ given below.
I. a) Anusheelan Samiti: Sachindra Nath Sanyal
b) Ghadar party: ……………………..
II. a) Vanchi Iyer: Bharat Mata Association
b) Rash Behari Bose: ……………………….
III. a) Altaf Hussain Hali: Urdu
b) Premchand: …………………………
IV. a) Arya Samaj: Swami Dayananda Saraswati
b) Hitakarini Samaj: …………………….
Answer:
I. LalaHardayal
II. Yugantar Party
III. Hindi
IV. Veerasalingam Pantulu

Question 28.
Match the following.

A	B
Pandita Ramabai	Surendranath Banerjee
Ayyankali	Ananda Charlu
Indian Association	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Madras Mahajan Sabha	Mukti Mission

Answer:

A	B
Pandita Ramabai	Mukti Mission
Ayyankali	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Indian Association	Surendranath Banerjee
Madras Mahajan Sabha	Ananda Charlu

Question 29.
Arrange the following in chronological order.
• Partition of Bengal
• Minto Morley reforms
• Formation of the Indian National Congress
• Surat Conference
Answer:
• Formation of the Indian National Congress – 1885
• Partition of Bengal – 1905
• Surat Conference – 1907
• Minto Morley reforms – 1909

Question 30.
Which are the revolutionary organisations that formed in contrast to the Indian National Congress’s method of struggle?
Answer:

Revolutionary organisations	Place	Leadership
Anusheelan Samiti	Bengal	Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Aurobindo Ghosh
Bharat Mata Association	Madras	Neelakanta Brahmachari, Vanchi Iyer, Ajit Singh
Yugantar Party	Bengal	Rash Behari Bose, Khudiram Bose
Ghadar party	America	LalaHardayal

Question 31.
Explain the role of social reform movements in the emergence of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
Through social reform activities, the self-confidence of Indians grew and this led to the growth of nationalism. Early reformers in India and their activities are:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy initiated social reforms in India. Born in Bengal in 1772, he had profound knowledge in Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Roy was a multilingual scholar, influenced by the ideals of French Revolution.

Jyotirao Phule
Jyotirao Phule was a social reformer who fought for the rights of people who were considered lower caste in Maharastra and for the women. He formed an organisation named Satyashodhak Samaj for social reformation. This organisation made efforts for widow marriage and to provide protection to children of widows. He established many educational institutions for Women and Dalits. The people of Maharashtra respectfully called him ‘Mahatma’. His life partner, Savitribai Phule also accompanied him in all his activities. Savitribai also participated in educational activities by establishing several schools for girls and night schools.

Pandita Ramabai

• Pandita Ramabai was a feminine presence in the field of social reforms.
• A native of Karnataka, Ramabai mastered languages such as Sanskrit, Marathi and Bengali.
• Ramabai was honoured with the title of ‘Pandita’ by the teachers of the University of Calcutta for her Knowledge in Sanskrit literature.

Pandita Ramabai fought against child marriage and started several schools for the education of widows and girls. An organisation called ‘Arya Mahila Samaj’ was established for such activities. A shelter called ‘ Sharada Sadan’ was started for the rehabilitation of widows, and a project called Mukti Mission was started to provide vocational training for women. She participated in the conference of the Indian National Congress held in Bombay in 1889.

Question 32.
Explain the objectives of the Indian National Congress.
Answer:

• To foster friendly relation among political activists in different parts of India.
• To foster and strengthen a sense of national unity irrespective of caste, religion and province.
• Formulate and give shape to common needs and present them to the British Government.
• Form a public opinion and organise people in the country.
• Allow centres in India for All India Competitive Examinations as well.

Question 33.
Prepare a note about the Home Rule League,
Answer:
During the First World War, which started in 1914, political activities were revived. It was led by an organisation called the Home Rule League. The Home Rule League helmed under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhara Tilak gained popular support in the cities and villages. The aim of this organisation was Home Rule or Self-Government. Annie Besant and Bal Ganghadhara Tilak travelled across the country to promote the Home Rule League and set up many branches. Realising that the Home Rule League’s activities were a threat to British supremacy, the government arrested and imprisoned Annie Besant. Later, she was released from jail and was elected the President of the Congress in Calcutta Conference in 1917. Annie Besant is the first woman president of the Indian National Congress.

Question 34.
List out some other important social reform movements of India and their founders.
Answer:

Social Reform Movements	Founders
Prarthana Samaj	Atmaram Pandurang
Arya Samaj	Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Aligarh Movement	Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Theosophical Society	Madame Blavatsky, Colonel Olcott
Ramakrishna Mission	Swami Vivekananda
Hitakarini Samaj	Veeresalingam Pantulu
Swabhimana Prasthanam	E. V. Ramasamy Naicker
Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam	Sree Narayana Guru
Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham	Ayyankali