The comprehensive approach in SCERT Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Physics Textbook Solutions and Class 10 Physics Chapter 4 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Notes Questions and Answers English Medium ensure conceptual clarity.
SSLC Physics Chapter 4 Notes Questions and Answers Pdf Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
SCERT Class 10 Physics Chapter 4 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Notes Pdf
SSLC Physics Chapter 4 Questions and Answers – Let’s Assess
Question 1.
A conducting wire AB is bent into a loop as shown in the figure. A battery is connected to the ends of the conductor.

a) When the switch is turned on, find the direction of the magnetic field around the conductor at points A and B .
b) State the law used for this.
c) Explain how to find the direction of the magnetic field in a conducting loop.
Answer:
a) At A-anticlockwise, At B – clockwise
b) Right hand thumb rule
c) he direction of the current is from positive to negative. At the side which coil faces us, the current flows in the clockwise direction. As the current flow in the clockwise direction, the direction of the magnetic field will be into the coil.
Question 2.
The direction of the magnetic field around a current carrying conductor AB is marked. Find the direction of the electric current through the conductor and state the law that supports this

Answer:
The direction of the current is from B to A, according to the right hand thumb rule. When the 4 fingers of the right hand are held around the rod in such a way that they are in the direction of the magnetic field lines, then the thumb indicates the direction of current (B to A).
Question 3.
Choose the correct statement regarding the magnetic polarity of a current carrying solenoid and write it down
a) If the current in one end of the solenoid is clockwise, then that end is north pole.
b) If the current in one end of the solenoid is clockwise, then that end is south pole.
c) If the current one end of the solenoid is anticlockwise, then that end is south pole.
d) None of the above.
Ans:
b) If the current in one end of the solenoid is clockwise, then that end is south pole.

Question 4.
Observe the diagram.
a) Identify the device shown in the diagram.

b) To rotate the armature in a clockwise direction, which terminal of the battery should be connected to the point X?
c) What is the necessity of using a split ring commutator in this device?
Answer:
a) DC motor
b) To rotate the armature in a clockwise direction, force should be experienced upwards on the side AB and downwards on the side DC. The direction of the current must be from B to A according to the Fleming’s left hand rule if the force is to be felt upward on the side AB. Similarly in DC the direction of the current should be from D to C. If the direction of current through the armature is to be DCBA, the tip X must be connected to the negative of the battery.
c) The split ring commutator is used to vary the direction of current through the armature after each rotation on the sides AB and CD.
Question 5.
What is the function of the diaphragm in a moving coil loudspeaker?
a) To amplify sound signals.
b) To convert mechanical energy into sound waves.
c) To separate high frequency sound signals.
d) To increase the strength of the magnetic field.
Ans:
b) To convert mechanical energy into sound waves.
Question 6.
A conductor is held above and parallel to a magnetic needle.

a) What causes the magnetic needle to deflect when the switch is turned on?
b) Suggest two ways to reverse the direction of this deflection.
Answer:
a) A magnetic field is formed around a current carrying conductor. This magnetic field can exert a force on a magnetic needle. The magnetic needle was deflected due to the interaction between this magnetic field and the magnetic field around the magnetic needle.
b)
- Change the direction of current
- Arrange the conductor below the compass needle
Question 7.
Observe the diagrams [Fig. 4.34 (a), (b)].

a) In both cases, does the north pole of the magnetic needle deflect clockwise or anticlockwise, when the switch is turned on?
b) Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) In fig. 4.34 (a) the north pole of the magnetic needle deflects in the anticlockwise direction. In fig. 4.34 (b) the north pole of the magnetic needle deflects in the clockwise direction.
b) When the switch is ON, the magnetic needle deflects. When electricity flows, a magnetic field is formed around the conductor. Due to the interaction between this magnetic field and the magnetic field around the magnetic needle, a force is experienced on the magnetic needle. Thus the magnetic needle deflects.
Question 8.
AB is a copper wire. An acrylic sheet is kept above the south pole of a magnet. Two copper wires are placed above the sheet in such a way that they are parallel. A battery and a switch are connected to the wires. AB is placed above them.

a) In which direction will the copper wire roll when the switch is turned on?(towards Q/ towards P)
b) What happens if the direction of the current is reversed?
Answer:
a) The copper wire rolls towards P.
b) The copper wire rolls towards Q

Question 9.
Observe figure 4.36.

a) Identify the device shown in the schematic diagram.
b) What is its working principle?
c) What is the energy conversion taking place in this device?
d) Name the labelled parts.
e) Name another device that works on the same principle.
Answer:
a) Moving coil loudspeaker
b) Motor principle
c) Electrical energy to sound energy
d) A-Voice coil
B-Paper diaphragm
C-Field magnet
D-Connecting wires
E-Soft iron shielding
e) Electric motor
Question 10.
A wooden block contains mercury between the north and south poles. A freely rotating toothed wheel is in contact with the mercury. When an electric current passes through the wheel;

a) in Which direction is the wheel rotating?
(clockwise direction / anti clockwise direction)
b) Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) Wheel turns in the clockwise direction
b) According to Fleming’s left-hand rule, if the forefinger is held in the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger in the direction of the electric current, the thumb indicates the direction of motion of the conductor. According to this the wheel will be turned in the clockwise direction.
Physics Class 10 Chapter 4 Notes Kerala Syllabus Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
Take a pivoted magnetic needle. Bring a piece of wood near to it.

Question 1.
What do you observe?
The magnetic needle (deflects / doesn’t deflect)
Answer:
The magnetic needle doesn’t deflect
Question 2.
Bring a bar magnet near the magnetic needle instead of the wooden piece.

What do you observe?
Answer:
The magnetic needle deflects
Question 3.
What is the reason ?
Answer:
The magnetic needle deflected because of the attraction and repulsion between the two magnetic poles.
We can understood that if another magnetic field is created near the magnetic needle, the magnetic needle will deflect.
There is a magnetic field around a magnet. There are many magnetic field lines (flux lines) within a magnetic field. These imaginary lines are used only to visualise the magnetic field.
Question 4.
Using a magnetic compass, draw the magnetic flux lines around a bar magnet in your science diary.
Answer:

Question 5.
What is the direction of the magnetic flux lines surrounding a magnet?
Answer:
From north to south (N → S)

Question 6.
What is its direction inside the magnet?
Answer:
From south to north (S → N)
Can we create a magnetic field without using permanent magnets?
Current Carrying Conductor and Magnetic Field

Make a circuit as shown in figure 4.4 using a conducting rod, connecting wires, a 9 V cell and a bell switch. Bring it near a pivoted magnetic needle.
Question 7.
When the bell switch is off, what is the direction of the magnetic needle?
Answer:
N → S
Question 8.
Now turn on the bell switch. What do you observe?
Answer:
Magnetic needle deflects
Question 9.
Why did the magnetic needle deflect now?
Answer:
There is a magnetic field formed around the conducting rod. This field exerts a force on the needle and the needle deflects.
Magnetic effect of electricity
A magnetic field is formed around a current carrying conductor. This magnetic field can exert a force on a magnetic needle. This is the magnetic effect of electricity.
Question 10.
Does the direction of deflection of the magnetic needle depend on the direction of the current?
Answer:
Yes
The direction of deflection of the magnetic needle depend on the direction of the current.
Arrange a circuit as shown in figure 4.5 in such a way that the conducting rod AB is above the pivoted magnetic needle, parallel and close to it.

Question 11.
What do you observe when the bell switch is turned on?
Answer:
The magnetic needle deflects.
Question 12.
In which direction does the north pole of the magnetic needle deflect when viewed from above? (clockwise direction / anticlockwise direction)
Answer:
Anticlockwise direction
A magnetic field can exert a force on a magnetic needle. In the previous experiment, the force necessary to move the magnetic needle is created by the magnetic fields. This is the magnetic field due to the current passing through the conductor.
Question 13.
Reverse the direction of the current. Now isn’t the magnetic needle deflecting in the opposite direction?
Answer:
Yes. Needle deflects in the opposite direction.
Question 14.
What could be the reason? Write down your inference.
Answer:
The direction of deflection depends on the direction of current in the wire.
The direction of the magnetic field around the conductor was reversed when the direction of the current was reversed.

Question 15.
In figure 4.5, which direction does the north pole of the magnetic needle deflect, when the current is from A to B? (clockwise direction / anticlockwise direction)
Answer:
Anticlockwise direction
Question 16.
What is the direction, if the current is from B to A? (clockwise direction / anticlockwise direction)
Answer:
Clockwise direction
Repeat the experiment by placing the conductor below the magnetic needle.
Question 17.
When the current is from A to B, in which direction does the north pole of the magnetic needle deflect? (clockwise direction / anticlockwise direction)
Answer:
Clockwise direction
Question 18.
What is the direction, if the current is from B to A? (clockwise direction / anticlockwise direction)
Answer:
Anticlockwise direction
Through this experiment, the scientist Hans Christian Oersted discovered that a magnetic field is formed around a current carrying conductor.
Question 19.
When the current is from A to B, in which direction does the north pole of each magnetic needle deflect?
(clockwise / anticlockwise)
Answer:
Anticlockwise
Observing the magnetic compasses mark the north poles of the magnetic needles on the cardboard.
Question 20.
After removing the magnetic compasses from the cardboard, draw the magnetic field lines and mark their direction.
Answer:

Magnetic field lines are in the anticlockwise direction.

Question 21.
What is the direction of the magnetic field now? (clockwise / anticlockwise)
Answer:
Anticlockwise
The direction of magnetic field lines is in the anticlockwise direction.
Now, imagine holding the current carrying conductor AB with your right hand so that your thumb points in the direction of the current.

Question 22.
Compare the direction indicated by the tips of your fingers curling around the conductor with the direction of the magnetic field. Aren’t they the same? Write down your findings in the science diary.
Answer:
Yes
Direction indicated by the tips of your fingers curling around the conductor and the direction of the magnetic field is the same.
This method of finding the direction of the magnetic field around a current carry ing conductor is known as the right hand thumb rule.
Right Hand Thumb Rule
Imagine holding a conductor with your right hand in such a way that the thumb points in the direction of the electric current, the fingers curled around the conductor will indicate the direction of the magnetic field.

Ampere’s swimming rule can also be used to find the direction of the magnetic field around a current carrying conductor. Imagine a per¬son swimming in the direction of the electric current, looking at the magnetic needle, as shown in the figure. The north pole of the magnetic needle will deflect towards the left side of the person.
Question 23.
Turn on the bell switch. What do you observe?
Answer:
The magnetic needle deflects. They get aligned in the form of concentric circles
Question 24.
Find the direction of the magnetic field at points A and B by observing the magnetic compasses.
Answer:
At A -anticlockwise, At B -clockwise
Question 25.
In which direction does the current flow in the part of the coil that faces you? (clockwise direction / anticlockwise direction)
Answer:
Clockwise direction
Question 26.
In this case, what is the direction of the flux lines?
(into the coil / out of the coil)
Answer:
Into the coil
Question 27.
What happens to the magnetic field if the bell switch is turned off?
Answer:
When bell switch is turned off there is no current in the coil and hence no magnetic force is present. So the magnetic field lines cannot be seen.
If the current in the coil is clockwise, the direction of the flux lines will be inward into the coil. If the current is anticlockwise, the direction of the flux lines will be outward.
There was no magnetic force when there was no current in the circuit. From this, we can understand that the magnetic force obtained from the coil is temporary (only when there is current).
Connect a coil of wire to a battery and a bell switch. Hold the coil near one end of a pivoted magnetic needle.


Question 28.
Turn on the bell switch. What do you observe?
Answer:
The needle deflects
Now increase the number of turns of the coil and hold it near the magnetic needle. Pass the same current through it.

Question 29.
What change do you observe in the deflection of the magnetic needle? What change has occurred in the magnetic strength?
Answer:
The needle deflects more. The magnetic strength increased.
Then, replace the 1.5 V cell with a 3 V battery and pass the current.
Question 30.
Now, has the deflection of the magnetic needle increased or decreased?
Answer:
Deflection of the magnetic needle increased
Question 31.
If so, write down the factors that affect the strength or intensity of the magnetic field around a coil of wire.
Answer:
- Number of turns of the conductor
- Strength of current through the coil
Note: When the number of turns of the conductor increased, both the magnetic strength and the magnetic flux increased, but the flux produced by a single turn of the conductor did not increase.
SOLENOID
Take a PVC pipe of length 10 cm and diameter 4 cm (1.5 inch ). Wind 2 m insulated copper wire of gauge 26 around it. Remove the copper coil from the PVC pipe without deforming the coil.

Question 32.
What is the shape of the coil now’?
Answer:
It looks like a spring
An insulated conductor wound in a spiral shape is a solenoid. The centres of all the turns lie on the same straight line.
Similarly, prepare another solenoid of the same length as the first one by winding 4 m of insulated copper wire on the same PVC pipe [Fig. 4.11 (b)].

Arrange magnetic compasses around the first solenoid. Connect the solenoid to a 9 V battery and a bell switch (Fig. 4.12).

Question 33.
What do you observe when you turn on the bell switch?
Answer:
The magnetic compasses show a deflection.
Repeat the experiment using the second solenoid.
Question 34.
Now, what do you observe? (the deflection increases / decreases)
Answer:
The deflection increases
Question 35.
What is the reason?
Answer:
The number of turns of the coil is more in the second solenoid. So the strength of magnetic field increased and hence deflection is more in the case of second solenoid.

Question 36.
Increase the current through the solenoid. What about the deflection of the magnetic compasses? (increased / decreased)
Answer:
Increased
Question 37.
Place a piece of soft iron as the core of the solenoid. Turn on the bell switch (Fig. 4.13). What do you observe?
Answer:

The magnetic needle deflects more
Question 38.
Place a soft iron core with a larger area of cross section. Turn on the hell switch. What do you observe’? (Fiz. 4.14)

Answer:
The magnetic needle deflects more than in the previous case.
Observe the magnetic compasses at the ends of the solenoid and determine the polarity at each end.
Question 39.
If the current flows in clockwise direction at one end of the solenoid, what will be the polarity at that end? (south pole / north pole)
Answer:
South pole
Question 40.
What about the end in which the current is in anticlockwise direction?
Answer:
The end is a north pole when current is in anticlockwise direction

Imagine holding a solenoid with your right hand. When your fingers curl around in the direction of the current your thumb is pointing towards the north pole of that solenoid.
If you hold a current carrying solenoid with your right hand in such a way that your four fingers curl the coils in the direction of the current, the thumb points towards the north pole of the solenoid.

The solenoid utilizes magnetic effect of electricity for practical purposes.
Question 41.
Based on the activities conducted so far, write down the factors that influence the magnetic strength of a current carrying solenoid.
Answer:
- The number of turns of the conductor per unit length.
- The strength of current in the solenoid
- The presence of soft iron core
- Area of cross section of soft iron core
Electromagnets
Electromagnets are devices that create magnetic field using electricity
Question 42.
Explain how a strong electromagnet can be made.
Answer:
Strong electromagnets can be made using coils of materials with larger magnetic strength with larger number of turns and carrying high amount of current.
Materials: Insulated copper wire, soft iron core, battery, switch
Procedure: Take an insulated copper wire wound around a soft iron core in such a way that a maximum number of turns are over its surface. Connect the copper wire to the battery and provide maximum current through the wire. Connect a switch.

Bar magnet and a solenoid
Question 43.
Sprinkle iron filings on an acrylic sheet placed over a bar magnet and observe. Compare it with figure 4.17 (a) and record your inferences in the science diary.

Answer:
Iron filings get arranged in the form shown in the figure 4.17 (a)
Magnetic field lines starts from north pole and ends at the south pole outside the magnet and its direction is from south to north inside the magnet. Magnetic field lines are concentrated at the poles. They form continuous closed loops.
Question 44.
Now sprinkle iron filings on an acrylic sheet placed on top of a current carrying solenoid [Fig. 4.17 (b)].

What do you observe?
Answer:
Iron filings get arranged in the form of continuous closed loops. We can see that the Magnetic field lines starts from north pole and ends at south pole outside the magnet and its direction is from south to north inside the magnet. Magnetic field lines are concentrated at the poles.
We can understand that the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet and a solenoid are alike.
Question 45.
Complete table 4.1 by comparing the stability of magnetic field, polarity, and the possibility of change in magnetic strength etc.; of a bar magnet and a current carrying solenoid.

Answer:
| Bar magnet |
Current carrying solenoid |
| Magnetism is permanent |
Magnetism is temporary |
| Magnetic strength cannot be varied. |
Magnetic strength can be varied. |
| Polarity cannot be changed |
Polarity can be changed |
Question 46.
If the strength of the electromagnets is significantly increased, won’t they attract surrounding magnetic materials strongly?
Answer:
Yes
Observe situations in (Fig. 4.18) where strong magnetic fields are used.

Very strong electromagnetic fields are used, in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scanning. We know that patients are asked to remove all ornaments (made of metal) before undergoing an MRI scan. Since the magnetic field of the MRI scanner is very strong, magnetic materials are strongly attracted and may cause accidents, the presence of other metals reduces, the accuracy of the scanning report.
If there is a magnetic shielding made of iron sheets (as in an electric motor), the, magnetic flux neither flows out nor causes any accidents.
Question 47.
The figures of current carrying conducting loops are given below. Which figures give the correct representation of the magnetic polarity of the end you are facing?

Answer:
(b), (c)
Question 48.
Observe figure 4.20.

(a) What is the magnetic polarity of end A?
(b) What is the magnetic polarity of end?
Answer:
(a) South pole.
It is because the current flows in the clockwise direction at this pole.
(b) North pole
It is because the current flows in the anticlockwise direction at this pole.

Question 49.
What do you observe when the switch is turned on?
Answer:
The rod AB deflects
Question 50.
Note in which direction the copper wire AB moved, (towards Q / towards P)
Answer:
Towards Q
Question 51.
Repeat the experiment by reversing the polarity of the battery. In which direction does the copper wire move? (towards Q / towards P)
Answer:
Towards P
Question 52.
Repeat the experiment by placing the south pole of the magnet facing upwards.
Answer:
The rod AB moves towards P.
Question 53.
Repeat the experiment by reversing the polarity of the battery. What do you observe?
Answer:
The rod AB moves towards Q
Question 54.
What do you observe if the polarity of the magnet and the direction of the current are reversed together?
Answer:
If the direction of the current and the magnetic field are reversed together, the conductor will move in the same direction as before.
Question 55.
What could be the reason for the conductor AB moving in the same direction as before? Write it down in your science diary.
Answer:
The force experienced on the copper wire is in the same direction.
If the direction of the current or the magnetic field is reversed, the direction of motion of the conductor will be reversed.
If the direction of the current and the magnetic field are reversed together, the conductor will move in the same direction as before.

Question 56.
What are the factors that influence the direction of the force experienced by the conductor?
Answer:
- Direction of electric current
- Direction of Magnetic field

Question 57.
In this experiment, in which way are the directions of the electric current and the magnetic field arranged? (perpendicular to each other / parallel to each other)
Answer:
Perpendicular to each other
Point the first finger of your left hand in the direction of the magnetic field and the second finger in the direction of the electric current through the conductor. Now it is the. force experienced by the conductor in the direction that is indicated by the thumb.

We can understand that the direction of the magnetic field, the direction of the electric current, and the direction of motion of the conductor are mutually perpendicular.
The direction of the force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field,and the direction of the electric current are mutually perpendicular. This relationship was discovered by John Ambrose Fleming. Fleming’s left hand rule is useful to find the direction of motion of a conductor in devices that utilise the magnetic effect of electricity.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
Hold the thumb, first finger, and second finger of your left hand perpendicular to each other. If the first Finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the Second finger in the direction of the electric current, then the thuMb will indicate the direction of the force experienced by the conductor.
While using Fleming’s left hand rule to find the direction of motion of a conductor, it will be easier to first confirm the direction of the magnetic field with the first finger.
Working of electric motor
Let’s do some activities to understand the parts and working of an electric motor. For this, we need cardboard, insulated copper wire, a 9 V battery, a ring magnet, two safety pins, and a conducting wire. Wrap the insulated copper wire around a PVC pipe to make a coil. Make sure that both ends of the coil extend slightly outwards. Remove the insulation at both ends. Arrange the coil, ring magnet and battery as shown, in, figure 4.24.

Make sure that the plane of the coil is parallel to the surface of the cardboard.
Question 58.
What do you observe when the switch is turned on?
Answer:
Insulated copper wire rotates very fast.
Question 59.
Why does the coil rotate very fast?
Discuss on the basis of Fleming’s left hand rule and write your inference in the science diary.
Answer:
The wire rotates so fast when the switch is turned on because it is continuously experiencing force in opposite directions over it.
Motor Principle
A current carrying conductor which is free to move, placed in a magnetic field, exhibits a tendency to deflect. This is motor principle.
Motors in electrical appliances like fans and mixies work on the basis of motor principle.
Observe the schematic diagram of an electric motor (Fig, 4.25).

Question 60.
Which are the main parts of an electric motor?
Answer:
N, S – Magnetic poles
ABCD → Armature
R1, R2 → Split rings
B1, B2 → Graphite brushes
PQ is the axis of rotation. The armature is made by winding insulated copper wire over a soft iron core of suitable shape. It is firmly attached to the axis PQ. The armature can rotate freely about this axis.
From figure 4.25, you can understand the direction of the current through the armature.
Question 61.
Is the direction of the current on sides AB and CD the same, relative to the direction of the magnetic field?
Answer:
The direction of the current on sides AB and CD is not the same.
You have understood that the direction of the magnetic field is from the north pole to the south pole.
Question 62.
Is the force experienced on the side AB and that on the side CD in the same direction? Find out based on Fleming’s left hand rule and write it down.
Answer:
The force experienced on the side AB and CD are not in the same direction.
Question 63.
Direction of the force experienced on side AB (upward / downward)
Answer:
Downward
Question 64.
Direction of the force experienced on the side CD is (upward / downward)
Answer:
Upward

Question 65.
What is the effect produced on the armature by the forces experienced on sides AB and CD?
Answer:
The armature rotates continuously.
Thus, an electric motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy based on the motor principle.
Question 66.
Isn’t the force experienced in opposite directions on the sides AB and CD?
Answer:
Yes
Even though the direction of the magnetic field does not change, the force is experienced on sides AB and CD in opposite directions. This because the direction of the current is opposite in AB and CD.
This is made possible after half rotation (180°) by the special arrangement of brushes and split rings.
Question 67.
Just before the armature starts rotating (Fig. 4.25), aren’t the contacts between the brushes and the split rings B1R1 and B2R2?
Answer:
The contacts between the brushes and the split rings just before the armature starts to rotate is B1R1 and B2R2.
Question 68.
When the armature completes half rotation (Fig. 4.26), how are the contacts between the brushes and the rings?

Answer:
The contacts between the brushes and the split rings after the armature completes half rotation is B1R1 and B2R2.
Question 69.
When the armature completes one rotation, how are the contacts between the brushes and the rings (Fig. 4.27)?
Answer:

The contacts between the brushes and the split rings when the armature completes one rotation is B1R1 and B2R2
Question 70.
At the beginning of rotation (Fig. 4.25), what is the direction of the current through the side AB near the north pole?
A → B / B → A
Answer:
A → B
Question 71.
What about side CD near the south pole?
Answer:
C → D
When half rotation is completed (Fig. 4.26), it is the side CD that comes in front of the north pole.
Question 72.
What is the direction of the current?
C → D/D → C
Answer:
D → C

Question 73.
What is the direction of the current through the side AB that comes in front of the south pole?
Answer:
B → A
Question 74.
When sides AB and CD (reach in front of the north pole, the direction of the current is always inwards / outwards
Answer:
Inwards
Question 75.
And when sides AB and CD reach in front of the south pole, what will be its direction?
Answer:
Outwards
Thus, the direction of the current is the same in the parts of the armature that reach in front of the magnetic poles. Hence the armature rotates continuously in the same direction. The split ring commutator is the mechanism used to change the direction of the current through AB and CD after each half rotation.
MOVING COIL LOUDSPEAKER

Question 76.
What are the main parts of this device?
Answer:
Voice coil, paper diaphragm, Field magnet
Question 77.
Where is the voice coil situated?
Answer:
Voice coil is situated in the magnetic field.
Question 78.
From where do the audio signals (electric signals) reach the voice coil?
Answer:
The Electric signals from the microphone which is strengthened using an amplifier reaches the voice coil of a loudspeaker.

Question 79.
To which part is the diaphragm connected?
Answer:
The diaphragm is connected to the voice coil.
Question 80.
What happens when audio signals pass through the voice coil?
Answer:
The voice coil, which is placed in the magnetic field experiences force when audio signal passes through it and the coil moves to and fro rapidly depending upon the current.
Question 81.
What happens to the diaphragm?
Answer:
The diaphragm vibrates.
Question 82.
What is the energy conversion taking place in this device?
Answer:
Electrical energy is converted into sound energy.
Working of a loudspeaker
The electric signals (audio signals) received from a microphone are amplified using an amplifier. These audio signals are then passed through a voice coil, which is placed in a magnetic field. The coil experiences a force and vibrates because the coil carrying the electric current is placed in a magnetic field. This vibration causes the diaphragm to vibrate, thus reproducing the sound.

Question 83.
In the figure 4.29, AB is a conducting rod that is free to move.
(a) When the bell switch is turned on, in which direction will the metal rod AB move?
(b) What should be done to keep the direction of motion of the rod unchanged while changing the direction of the current?
Answer:
(a) The rod AB moves upwards into the magnet
(b) When both the current and the magnetic field are reversed, the direction of the magnetic force (and hence the motion of the rod) remains the same. So change the direction of magnetic field also while changing the direction of the current.
Question 84.
What is the energy conversion that takes place in a moving coil loudspeaker?
Answer:
Electrical energy is converted into sound energy.
Question 85.
Name two devices that work on the principle of a motor.
Answer:
Electric motor, Moving coil loudspeaker

Std 10 Physics Chapter 4 Notes – Extended Activities
Question 1.
Construct and operate a device to prove the principle of a motor using two permanent magnets, a piece of copper wire, conducting wires, and a cell.
Answer:
Steps
1. Make a Coil:
- Wrap copper wire around a cylindrical object 10 – 15 times.
- Leave 2 – 3 inches of wire at both ends.
2. Strip Wire Ends:
• Remove insulation from about 1 cm of each end.
3. Prepare Supports:
• Unfold the paper clips into “L” shapes and attach to the base as supports.
4. Position Magnets:
• Place the permanent magnets on the base facing each other under the coil.
5. Connect Battery:
• Attach one wire end to the positive terminal and the other to the negative terminal of the battery.
6. Align and Test:
• Position the coil above the magnets and complete the circuit. The coil should spin.
Conclusion:
The spinning coil demonstrates the principles of electromagnetism in a simple motor.
Question 2.
Dismantle a scrap loudspeaker. Identify its parts and arrange them on a paper with labels. Explain why the voice coil in it is very thin.
Answer:
Steps to Dismantle:
1. Materials Needed:
2. Remove the Speaker Grill:
• Unscrew or gently pry off the grill cover.
3. Take Out the Cone:
• Unscrew and carefully lift the cone from the frame.
4. Identify Parts:
- Voice Coil: Thin wire coil attached to the cone.
- Magnet: Large piece at the bottom.
- Cone: Part that moves to create sound.(same as the part we call as diaphragm)
- Suspension: Flexible ring around the cone.
- Frame: Outer structure holding everything together.
(The parts may be slightly different based on the loudspeaker chosen. But the basic parts are the same as discussed in the section moving coil loudspeaker)
5. Arrange and Label Parts:
• Draw them on paper with labels.
The voice coil in a loudspeaker is thin because it reduces weight for faster movement, allows for quick response to electrical signals for better sound quality, enhances efficiency within the magnetic field, aids in heat dissipation, and supports a compact design. This combination improves overall audio performance.
Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Class 10 Notes
Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Notes Pdf
- A magnetic field is formed around a current carrying conductor. This magnetic field can exert a force on a magnetic needle. This is the magnetic effect of electricity
- Right Hand Thumb Rule-Imagine holding a conductor with your right hand in such a way that the thumb points in the direction of the electric current, the fingers curled around the conductor will indicate the direction of the magnetic field.
- If the current in the coil is clockwise, the direction of the flux lines will be inward into the coil. If the current is anticlockwise, the direction of the flux lines will be outward.
- Factors that affect the strength or intensity of the magnetic field around a coil of wire are
- Number of turns of the conductor
- Strength of current through the coil
- If you hold a current carrying solenoid with your right hand in such a way that your four fingers curl the coils in the direction of the current, the thumb points towards the north pole of the solenoid.
- An insulated conductor wound in a spiral shape is a solenoid. The centres of all the turns lie on the same straight line.
- Factors that influence the magnetic strength of a current carrying solenoid.
- The number of turns of the conductor per unit length.
- The strength of current in the solenoid
- The presence of soft iron core
- Area of cross section of soft iron core
- Electromagnets are devices that create a magnetic field using electricity
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule -Hold the thumb, first finger, and second finger of your left hand perpendicular to each other. If the First finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the second finger in the direction of the electric current, then the thumb will indicate the direction of the force experienced by the conductor.
- Motor Principle – A current carrying conductor which is free to move, placed in a magnetic field, exhibits a tendency to deflect. This is motor principle.
- Electric motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy based on the motor principle.
- Magnetic poles, armature, Split rings and Graphite brushes are the main parts of an electric motor.
- If the rotation of the armature is to be sustained, the direction of current through the armature should continuously keep on changing. The split ring commutator is the mechanism used to change the direction of the current through arms of the armature after each half rotation.
- Electrical energy is converted into sound energy in a loudspeaker.
- Voice coil, paper diaphragm and field magnet are the main parts of loudspeaker.
- The electric signals (audio signals) received from a microphone are amplified using an amplifier.
- These audio signals are then passed through a voice coil, which is placed in a magnetic field.
- The coil experiences a force and vibrates because the coil carrying the electric current is placed in a magnetic field.
- This vibration causes the diaphragm to vibrate, thus reproducing the sound.

INTRODUCTION
Electricity and magnetism are closely connected. When electric current passes through a wire, it creates a magnetic field around it. This is called the magnetic effect of electric current.
This effect was discovered in 1820 by a scientist named Hans Christian Oersted. He found that when current flows through a wire, a compass needle nearby deflects, showing that a magnetic field was created. This proved that electricity can create magnetism. This was the beginning of a new branch of science called electromagnetism, which studies how electricity and magnetism are related.
Current carrying conductor and magnetic field
- There is a magnetic field around a magnet. There are many magnetic field lines (flux lines) within a magnetic field. These imaginary lines are used only to visualise the magnetic field.
- A magnetic field is formed around a current carrying conductor. This magnetic field can exert a force on a magnetic needle. This is the magnetic effect of electricity.
- Right Hand Thumb Rule-Imagine holding a conductor with your right hand in such a way that the thumb points in the direction of the electric current, the fingers curled around the conductor will indicate the direction of the magnetic field.
- If the current in the coil is clockwise, the direction of the flux lines will be inward into the coil. If the current is anticlockwise, the direction of the flux lines will be outward.
- Factors that affect the strength or intensity of the magnetic field around a coil of wire are
- Number of turns of the conductor
- Strength of current through the coil
Solenoid
- If you hold a current carrying solenoid with your right hand in such a way that your four fingers curl the coils in the direction of the current, the thumb points towards the north pole of the solenoid.
- An insulated conductor wound in a spiral shape is a solenoid. The centres of all the turns lie on the same straight line.
- The solenoid utilizes magnetic effect of electricity for practical purposes.
- Factors that influence the magnetic strength of a current carrying solenoid.
- The number of turns of the conductor per unit length.
- The strength of current in the solenoid
- The presence of soft iron core
- Area of cross section of soft iron core
- Electromagnets are devices that create magnetic field using electricity
- Some situations where electromagnets are used is in cranes, MRI scanners and Maglev trains.
Electric motor
- If the direction of the current or the magnetic field is reversed, the direction of motion of the conductor will be reversed.
- If the direction of the current and the magnetic field are reversed together, the conductor will move in the same direction as before.
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule -Hold the thumb, first finger, and second finger of your left hand perpendicular to each other. If the First finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the second finger in the direction of the electric current, then the thumb will indicate the direction of the force experienced by the conductor.
- Motor Principle- A current carrying conductor which is free to move, placed in a magnetic field, exhibits a tendency to deflect. This is motor principle.
- Electric motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy based on the motor principle.
- Magnetic poles, armature, Split rings and Graphite brushes are the main parts of an electric motor.
- If the rotation of the armature is to be sustained, the direction of current through the armature should continuously keep on changing. The split ring commutator is the mechanism used to change the direction of the current through arms of the armature after each half rotation.
Moving coil loudspeaker
- Electrical energy is converted into sound energy in a loudspeaker.
- Voice coil, paper diaphragm, Field magnet are the main parts of loudspeaker.
- The electric signals (audio signals) received from a microphone are amplified using an amplifier.
- These audio signals are then passed through a voice coil, which is placed in a magnetic field.
- The coil experiences a force and vibrates because the coil carrying the electric current is placed in a magnetic field.
- This vibration causes the diaphragm to vibrate, thus reproducing the sound.
Direction of the current and the deflection of the magnetic needle
Can we find out the direction of the magnetic field around the current carrying conductor?
Let’s do an experiment to understand the relationship between the direction of the current and the deflection of the magnetic needle.

Pass a copper wire through a cardboard and arrange it perpendicular to the surface of the cardboard as shown in the figure. Connect the copper wire in series with a 9 V battery and a bell switch. Arrange small magnetic compasses in a circular shape around the copper wire on the cardboard as shown in the figure. Turn on the bell switch. Observe the direction of deflection of the north pole of the magnetic needle.
Magnetic field in a current carrying coil
Let’s do another activity (Fig. 4.8).

Make two holes in a cardboard. Pass a copper wire through these holes and make a loop. Arrange half of the loop above the cardboard and half below as shown in the figure. Place magnetic compasses near the holes through which the copper wire passes. Connect the loop of wire to a battery and a bell switch.

ELECTRIC MOTOR

This is a picture of an electric motor. We can see many coils. You know that a magnetic field is created when electricity flows through the coils of wire.
How does the motor work when the switch is turned on? Let’s see how forces are experienced by a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
Activity to find motor principle

Place a reasonably sized ring magnet on a table with the north pole facing upwards. Place a thin acrylic sheet on top of it. Take two copper wire pieces of length 20 cm each (gauge 16) with its insulation removed. Place them parallel to each other on the sheet above the magnet. Place another piece of copper wire (AB) across on top of them as shown in the figure. Connect the positive terminal of a 12 V battery through a bell switch to one of the parallel copper wires. Connect the end of the second copper wire to the negative terminal of the battery. When the switch is turned on, the copper wire moves towards Q. The copper wire moves towards P when the poles of the battery are interchanged. When electricity flows through a free current carrying conductor located in the magnetic field, the conductor deflects. This is the motor principle.