Plus One

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One English Textbook The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu Questions and Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 (Based on Fijian Legend)

The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu (Based on Fijian Legend) Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How, according to the legend, did the warriors of Kadavu save themselves a long journey by sea?
Answer:
According to the legend, the warriors of Kadavu saved themselves a long journey by sea by sliding their canoes on rollers up over the narrow neck of land. This way they could avoid the long journey around the east and the west of the Kadavu island.

Question 2.
The turtles will not rise to the surface of the bay if any member of the nearby village ofNabukulevu is present there. What could be the reason?
Answer:
It was the fishermen of Nabukelevu who tried to take away Tinaicoboga, the wife of the chief of Namuana, and herdaughterRaudalice. These two women saved themselves by turning into turtles. The turtles that now live in the bay are descendants of these two women. The people of Namuana and Nabukelevu are great rivals. That is why the turtles will not rise to the surface if any member of the village ofNabukulevu is present during the turtle calling by the Namuana maidens.

Question 3.
Are all rituals strange? Why?
Answer:
Yes, all the rituals strange. They are strange because in all of them some impossible things are described. As they are passed from generation to generation, people go on adding things to the original story according to their imagination.

Question 4.
Comment on the opening sentence of the legend.
Answer:
The opening sentence is the typical way of starting a story. Here the syntax (the order or the arrangement of words) is also changed. It says ‘Many, many years go,…. lived a very lovely princess called Tinaicoboga”. The verb here comes before the subject.

Question 5.
What happens to the two women when they go fishing?
Answer:
When the two women go fishing, they are seized by the fishermen from the neighbouring village. Their hands and feet are tied and they are thrown into the hold of the canoe of the fishermen. As the women are taken away a storm rises in the sea and the canoe is in danger of drowning. The women turn into turtles and they are thrown into the sea by the fishermen. The belief is that the turtles that live in the Kadavu bay are the descendants of these two women.

Question 6.
What does the change in weather signify?
Answer:
The change in weather signifies that the gods of the sea-answered the prayers of the two women – Tinaicoboga and her daughter Raudalice. The changed weather would help them to escape from the captivity of the fishermen from Nabukelevu.

Question 7.
Why are the women dressed in mourning?
Answer:
They are dressed in mourning because they had lost the wife of their chief and her daughter – Tinaicoboga and Raudalice. Since they changed into turtles and never returned to their village, they were as good as dead.

Question 8.
What do the lines of the song indicate?
Answer:
The lines of the song indicate that the women of Namuana love the wife of their chief and her daughter – Tinaicoboga and Raudalice and they also want to have a look at them.

The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu (Based on Fijian Legend) Textual Activities Questions and Answers

Activity -1 (Debate)

Question 1.
Who do you think are really punished; The Nabukelevu fishermen or the two women from Namuana?
Answer:
I think the two women from Namuana are really punished. From two beautiful human beings they were changed into turtles!

Question 2.
Discuss the situation in the present context of atrocities against women. Conduct a debate on the topic: Are women empowered in our society?
Answer:
For:
a. Women are empowered in our society.
b. We have powerful woman like Sonia Gandhi, Mamata Banerjee and Mayawati.
c. Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the strongest Prime Minister India had.
d. Women have the same political rights as men.
e. In government services and public undertakings, women get the same salary for the same job.
f. Women are given preferential treatment when it comes to education and health care.
g. There are many programmes today meant for the empowerment of women.

Against:
a. The equal rights for women are limited to the paper.
b. Women don’t get equal pay with men especially in the private sector.
c. Women are treated as second class citizens.
d. In the home, man commands and the woman obeys.
e. There are so many limitations to the mode of dressing and such things for women.
f. No religion lets women to be priests. Some religions even deny access to women to their places of worship.
g. Because Manu had said in the past ‘Na Sthree Swatantryamarhati’, many people don’t let their women have any kind of freedom.
h. Even now the dowry system is very much active in different names like share & pocket money.

I Rapes and such heinous crimes against women are rampant.

Activity – II (Write-up)

Question 3.
You have read the story of an unusual Fijian ritual. Can you think of similar rituals practised in your locality?
Answer:
Onam is festival that is celebrated by all the Malayalees. It is commemorated every year because of a legend. King Mahabali ruled Kerala and he was a just ruler. All the people were treated equally. There was liberty, equality and fraternity in the land. There was happiness everywhere. People here were happier than the inhabitants of heaven. So they became jealous. So one god, disguised as an ascetic, Vamana, came to Mahabali and requested him to give him three feet of land to sit and do his ‘tapassu’. The generous Mahabali gladly granted his wish. Then suddenly Vamana began to grow in size and he was as tall as the sky. With one foot he measured the entire land of Mahabali, with the second foot he measured the skies above the land.

Then he asked Mahabali where he duld have his third foot of land. Mahabali bent his head and told him he can have it there. Vamana put his foot on Mahabali’s head and Mahabali was pushed deep down into the underworld. As he was going down, he asked Vamana to give him a boon: He should be allowed to come back and visit his beloved people once a year. His request was granted. The Kerala people believe that Mahabali comes to earth to see them every year on Thiruvonam day.

To receive their beloved king, the people make pookkalams in their yards. They make sumptuous meals. They wear new clothes and adorn themselves as best as they can. They also have some folk dances and other entertaining things to welcome their great king. It is a festive season in Kerala and everybody looks happy on that day. The occasion is commercially exploited by businessmen to sell all kinds of things. It is the holiday season for Keralites and people organise tours and various other activities.

Activity – III (Travel Brochure)

Question 4.
Let’s prepare a travel brochure of a place of your choice.

Tips
A travel brochure should

• open with a catchy sentence which is followed by short, concise sentences.
• satisfy the interest of the target audience.
• highlight the main features:
  • description of scenic beauty
  • scope for adventures (sky diving, mountaineering, etc.)
  • reference to local culture, customs and traditions.
• appeal to the five senses.
• present one or two positive testimonials from past visitors.
• include attractive photographs of the destination.

Answer:
Niagara in Kerala? Yes, Athirappally Falls in Kerala is nicknamed The Niagara of India’. It is a 24-metre (80 ft).waterfall near the Vazhachal Forest Division and the Sholayar ranges. It is a thrilling sight especially in the monsoon season. At the Athirappally Falls, the water of the Chalakudy River surges around big rocks and cascades down in three separate paths. Below the falls the river remains turbulent for about 1 km. Then it calms down and flows smoothly until reaching the dam at Thumboormuzhi.

Wildlife in the area includes the Asiatic elephant, tiger, leopard, bison, sambar and the lion-tailed monkey. Different types of hornbill live in this area. Plantations in the area contain teak, bamboo and eucalyptus. This area is renowned for its biodiversity. You will see God’s plenty here. Visitors can reach the top of the waterfall via a paved path that leads through thick bamboo clusters. A steep narrow path also leads to the bottom of the falls. The best time to visit this wonderful place is between June and September. Many films are shot here because of its glory, splendour and scenic extravaganza. If you love Nature, beauty and adventure, come to Athirappally and enjoy its breathtaking view. It is truly the Niagara of India. Niagara is much bigger but it does not have the wildlife and the biodiversity seen in this miraculous place.

Athirappally is 30 km to the west of Chalakudy. The journey from Chalakudy to the Falls passes through a landscape of winding roads, small villages and lush green trees. If you enjoy local food, you will find a lot of small restaurants on your way where you can enjoy local dishes. But be careful! Some of them could be very spicy and hot!

The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu (Based on Fijian Legend) Textual Extended Activities Questions and Answers

Read the English translation of the Malayalam excerpt taken from S.K. Pottekkattwho has written several books of travel.

Tips

• Transfer the meaning; avoid word for word translation.
• Be aware of the cultural differences in languages.
• Ensure that the translation is in tune with the linguistic features of the target language.

Read the passage in Malayalam given on below. Here is the translation.

Athiranippadam is a village that gradually developed from a large muddy area. In the ancient times, a small river flowed through it and emptied its waters into the sea one mile west of the place. In the course of time, centuries perhaps, the river was filled with mud and reduced itself into a canal. That part is still known as the bank of the river. Even that canal stopped flowing and the entire area became a vast muddy field. As the muddy field began to dry up, men entered and started living here.

Question 5.
You decide to conduct a tour programme. What are the different stages involved in it? Discuss.
Answer:
a. How many are ready to come?
b. How long is the tour programme?
c. What is the destination?
d. What are the things to be done there?
e. The cost per person.
f. The type of transport.
g. Food and Stay
h. Safety precautions to be taken

Activity – II (Travel Info)

Read the Travel Info given below:
Getting There

• Heathrow Airport is one of the largest and busiest airports in Britain which connects the major cities in the world.
• The London Metro connects you to the major tourist destinations of the city.

Don’t miss out

• The National Gallery
• The British Museum
• The Tower of London
• Windsor Castle

The cuisine

• Fish and Chips-a true English treat of freshly caught fish and crisp potato fries.

Question 6.
Let’s prepare a Travel Info of a place of your choice.
Answer:

Travel Info – Malampuzha Dam

Getting there : You can get to Malampuzha by road, train or plane, The nearest railway station is Palakkad Junction. The distance will be then 7km by road. The nearest airport is Coimbatore, From there the distance to Malampuzha is 55 km by road.

Information about Malampuzha Dam : It is the largest reservoir in Kerala, with the scenic hills of the Western Ghats in the background. It is a combination of a masonry dam with a length of 1,849 metres and an earthen dam with a length of 220 metres. The dam is 6,066 feet high and crosses the Malampuzha River, a tributary of Bharathappuzha.

Don’t miss out: The Dam, amusement park, boating facilities, rock garden and ropeway.

Around the reservoir of the dam are gardens and amusement parks. Boating facilities are available on the lake.

Cuisine : Fried Karimeen – A true treat for you – fish are freshly caught and fried – supplied with potato chips and special hot chutney.

Activity – III (Conversation)

Question 7.
Decide on a place to visit and approach a travel agency to make arrangements. Write a conversation between you and the travel agent.
Read the tips given below of the Text.

Tips You should book the cheapest holiday possible, inquire about distance, price, travel time, etc. The travel agent should try to sell the most expensive package and try to impress the client. Structure the conversation, using appropriate expressions. This interactive activity aims at establishing and maintaining social relations i.e., requesting, offering, asking/granting/refusing permission, etc. Request Asking to do things Could I /May I / Can I / Do you mind if I Asking people to do things Can you / Could you / Will you /Would you / Do you think you could (Avoid Do you think you can) Asking for things Can I have/Could I have/May I have / I’d like to have Offers Can I /Would you like (Avoid Do you like) Permission Asking Permission Can I / Could I / May I Giving permission You can /You may (Avoid You could ) Could I borrow the book? Of course, you can. Refusing permission You can’t / You may not Could I borrow the book? I am sorry. I’m afraid you can’t

Answer:
You : Is that Intersight, the Tour Company?

Agent: Insight here, I am Tom. How can I help you?

You : I saw your advert in Malayala Manorama about the 8-days tour of Europe, starting on 19th April. I would like to join you.

Agent: You are welcome. To book you have to pay an initial amount of Rs. 30,000/-. Then you send us your passport. We have to get you a European visa.

You : When should I pay the rest of the amount?

Agent: It should be paid when you get the visa. We will let you know of the date.

You : How many are there in the group?

Agent: You are the 33rd member of the group.

You : What are the things I must bring with me?

Agent: You will need warm clothes as Europe is still cold in April. You should also bring your essential medicines. You can’t buy medicines in Europe as you buy them in India. You will need a doctor’s prescription and seeing a doctor could be quite expensive and time-consuming. Carry your camera with you as you will like to take photographs. Keep some Euros with you, in case you want to buy something special.

You : How much luggage can I carry?

Aent: You can carry 30 kgs. Bu I suggest you take the minimum luggage. Less luggage, more comfort.

You : Okay, thanks. I will send you the passport and the money soon.

Agent: That’s fine. I assure you that it will be a memorable trip. Bye!

You : Bye!

Activity – IV : (Introductory speech)

Question 8.
Imagine yourself to be a travel guide. A group of tourists visits one or the most popular tourist spots of your locality. How would you welcome them?

Prepare the script of a speech you will make o the occasion, introducing the tourist spot to the visitors.
Answer:
Welcoming Tourists : Ladies and gentlemen, you are welcome to God’s Own Country, Kerala! I am your guide Joe. I will be with you during the entire tour of this place. I assure you that you will enjoy here. Here you are going to see some amazing sights. Be ready with your camera. These are some sights and sounds that will thrill you and you will come back again and again to see them and hear them!

Describing the location : This is Athirappally Falls. It is called The Niagara of India’. It is a 24-metre (80 ft) waterfall near the Vazhachal Forest Division and the Sholayar ranges. It is a thrilling sight especially in the rainy season. At the Athirappally Falls, the water of the Chalakudy River surges around big rocks and cascades down in three separate paths. Below the falls the river remains turbulent for about 1 km. Then it calms down and flows smoothly until reaching the dam at Thumboormuzhi.

Introducing special events/highlights: Here soon you are going to see the Asiatic elephant, tiger, leopard, bison, sambar and the lion-tailed monkey. Different types of hornbill are also here. You will see teak, bamboo and eucalyptus. This area is renowned for its biodiversity. You will see God’s plenty here. We will go to the top of the waterfall via a paved path that leads through thick bamboo clusters. A steep narrow path also leads to the bottom of the falls. Many films are shot here because of its glory, splendour and scenic extravaganza. If you love Nature, beauty and adventure, you will love this place. Niagara may be much bigger but it does not have the wildlife and the biodiversity seen in this miraculous place. Don’t forget to shoot these sights!

Offering advice: If you are weak or tired, don’t climb up to the top or go down to the bottom. The place could be slippery. Make sure your shoes have good grips: Taking a stick with you will be helpful.

Closing remarks: I hope you have enjoyed the sights and sounds. Thanks for coming. Come again!

Activity – V (Discussion)

Question 9.
In the poem given on below:

Friends,
Our dear sister
is departing for foreign
in two-three days, and
we are meeting today
to wish her bon voyage.

You are all knowing, friends,
what sweetness is in Miss Pushpa.
I don’t mean only external sweetness
but internal sweetness.
Miss Pushpa is smiling and smiling
even for no reason
but simply because she is feeling.

Miss Pushpa is coming
from very high family.
Her father was renowned advocate
in Bulsar or Surat,
I am not remembering now which place.

Surat? Ah, yes,
Once only I stayed in Surat
with family members
of my uncle’s very old friend,
his wife was cooking nicely…
that was long time ago.

Coming back to Miss Pushpa
she is most popular lady
with men also and ladies also.

Whenever I asked her to do anything,
she was saying, ‘just now only
I will do it.’ That is showing
good spirit. I am always
appreciating the good spirit.
Pushpa Miss is never saying no.
Whatever I or anybody is asking
She is always saying yes,
And today she is going
to improve her prospect
and we are wishing her bon voyage.

Now I ask other speakers to speak
and afterwards Miss Pushpa
will do summing up.

there are grammatical mistakes, strange arrangement of words, phrases and idioms which are direct translations of expressions from Indian languages. They sound very odd ¡n English. Identify them and discuss.
Answer:
a. departing for foreign (going abroad)
b. We are all knowing (We all know)
c. What sweetness is in Miss Pushpa (How sweet Miss Pushpa is)
d. I don’t mean only external sweetness but internal sweetness (She is sweet both externally and internally)
e. Miss Pushpa is smiling and smiling even for no reason but simply because she is feeling (Miss Pushpa always smiles because of her good feelings).
f. Miss Push is coming from very high family (Miss Pushpa comes from a noble family)
g. was renowned advocate (was a renowned advocate)
h. I am not remembering (I don’t remember)
i. Once only I stayed in Surat (Only once I stayed in Surat)
j. With family members of my uncle’s very old friend (with the family members of a very old friend of my uncle)
k. His wife was cooking nicely (his wife was a good cook)
l. She is most popular lady with men also and ladies also (Miss Pushpa is very popular with men and also ladies)
m. Whenever I asked her to do anything, she was saying, ‘just now only I will do it.’ (Whenever I asked her to do something she would say she would immediately do it)
o. That is showing good spirit (that shows good spirit)
p. I am always appreciating (I always appreciate)
q. Pushpa Miss is never saying no. (Pushpa Miss never says no)
r. Whatever I or anybody is asking she is always yes. (Whatever I or anybody asks her she agrees)
s. improve her prospect (improve her prospects) we are wishing her (we wish her)

Now I ask other speakers to speak and afterwards, Miss Pushpa will do summing up. (Now I ask other speakers to speak and later Miss Pushpa will respond)

The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu (Based on Fijian Legend) About the Author:

It is a multicultural island nation. It has the cultural traditions of the people of Oceanic, European, South Asian, and East Asian origins. It consists of nearly 320 islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 3152 kms from Sydney, Australia. Nearly 100 of these islands are inhabited.

The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu Summary

Kadavu is one of the larger of islands of the Fiji Group. Some 50 miles by water from the capital city of Suva is the Fijian village of Namuana. Namuana is at the foot of a beautiful bay close to the Government Station in Vunisea Harbour. Here, the island of Kadavu narrows down to an isthmus (a narrow strip of land connecting two large land masses). Legend says that in the days gone by, the warriors of Kadavu slid their canoes on rollers up over the narrow neck of land to save the long journey around the east and the west of Kadavu Island.

The women of Namuana village still preserve a very strange ritual – that of calling turtles from the sea. If you visit Namuana village to see turtle calling, your boat anchors in a beautiful bay under the cliffs of a rocky headland. You land on the beach and sit on the rocks. Or climb to a rocky tract to a point some 150 or 200 feet up the rock face. From here you can have a splendid view. You will find all the maidens of the village of Namuana assembled and singing a strange chant. As they chant, you will see giant turtles rise one by one on the surface, listening to the music.

This is not fairy tale. It actually takes place. The fishing of turtles is prohibited in this area.

There is another interesting sideline to this performance. If any member of the nearby village of Nabukelevu is present, then the turtles will not rise to the surface of the bay and the turtle calling has to be abandoned.

As is usually the case with such strange ceremonies and customs, in Fiji, the turtle calling is based on an ancient legend. This legend is passed on from father to son among the Fijian people of Kadavu.

Many, many years ago, in the beautiful village of Namuana, on the island Kadavu, lived a very lovely princess called Tinaicoboga. She was the wife of the chief of Namuana village. She had a charming daughter called Raudalice. The two women often went fishing on the reefs around their home.

Once they went farther than usual. They waded out on the submerged reefs. They became so involved with their fishing that they did not see the approach of a big war canoe. I was full of fishermen from the nearby village of Nabukelevu. This village is situated in the shadow of Mount Washington, which is the highest mountain on Kadavu Island. Today this mountain is well known to the mariners because there is a fine light-house there. It warns them of the dangers of the rocky coastline.

Suddenly the fishermen jumped out of their boats and caught the two women. They tied their hands and feet with the vine (the plant on which grapes grow) and threw them into their canoe and they went home in a great hurry. The women begged for their lives. But the cruel fishermen from Nabukelevu did not listen to their requests.

But the gods of the sea were kind. A great storm arose and the canoe was tossed about by huge waves, which almost drowned it. As the canoe was in serious difficulty, the fishermen were surprised to see that the two women lying in the water in the hold of the canoe had turned into turtles. To save their own lives, the fishermen threw the turtles into the sea. Immediately the weather changed and there were no more waves.

The Nabukelevu fishermen continued their journey home. The two women from Namuana who had changed to turtle lived on in the water of the bay. It is their descendants today who rise from the water when the maidens of their own village sing songs to them from the cliffs.

This is the translation of the song chanted by them:
“The women of Namuana are all dressed in mourning
Each carries a sacred club each tattooed in a strange pattern
Do rise to the surface Raudalice so we may look at you
Do rise to the surface Tinaicoboga so we may also look at you.”

You may doubt the truth of the legend. But the chanting of this strange song does bring the giant turtles to the surface of the blue waters of the bay, near Namuana village.
(From a Fijian legend)

The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 2 The Trip of Le Horla Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One English Textbook The Trip of Le Horla Questions and Answers Unit 3 Chapter 2 (Short Story)

The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story) Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is special about the sentences in the telegram?
Answer:
The sentences are not grammatical. The message is conveyed through short phrases.

Question 2.
What does the author compare the balloon to?
Answer:
The balloon is compared to a cake made of yellow cloth.

Question 3.
What is the other thought that occurs to every mind?
Answer:
The other thought that occurs to every mind is a baby in the womb that is nourished through the umbilical cord until its birth.

Question 4.
Express the attitude of the spectators and passengers towards the sport of ballooning.
Answer:
Some spectators think that the balloon will come down before reaching its destination. They also criticise several other things about the balloon. But the passengers are happy and excited about what they are going to do and they are optimistic about their success.

Question 5.
What is the established custom mentioned here?
Answer:
Dining in the canteen of the gas-works by the passengers is the established custom mentioned here.

Question 6.
When travellers come out, what do they see?
Answer:
When the travelers come out they see that the balloon is moving from side to side, enormous and transparent, a big golden fruit, a wonderful pear which is still ripening with the last rays of the setting sun. The basket is attached. The barometers and the siren are brought. Two trumpets, the eatables, overcoats, and raincoats were also there.

Question 7.
Name the passengers in the balloon.
Answer:
Jovis is the Captain. Then there are Lieutenant Mallet, M. Etierine Beer, M. Paul Bessand and the narrator, Guy de Maupassant.

Question 8.
Who is posted as the officer on watch?
Answer:
Lieutenant Mallet is posted as the officer on watch.

Question 9.
Why does M. Eyries get out of the balloon? Is he regretful? Why?
Answer:
M. Eyries gets out of the balloon because the basket carrying the passengers has become too heavy for the balloon. He is regretful. He had planned for this flight and since he had to abandon it at the last minute he was unhappy. He would miss all the adventure and fun.

Question 10.
What does M. Joliet’s deeds and words tell us about him?
Answer:
His words and deeds tell that M, Joliet is a chivalrous gentleman. He gallantly asks the ladies to stand aside a little because the rising balloon might throw sand on their hats. It shows how considerate he is to the ladies.

Question 11.
Comment on the use of the word ‘liberty’.
Answer:
Maupassant has used the word ‘liberty’ in the most appropriate fashion. By cutting the rope that holds Le Horla to the ground, Le Horla is given the liberty to fly freely in the infinite skies like a bird.

Question 12.
Describe the aerial view of Paris.
Answer:
Paris is like a dark bluish patch, cut by its streets. Domes, towers, and steeples of Paris are visible in the sky. Around it there is the plain, traversed by long roads amidst green fields and forests.

Question 13.
Have you ever had an aerial view of a place?
Answer:
Yes, I had. Once I flew from Cochin to Mumbai and I had an aerial view of Mumbai.

Question 14.
Can a view from an aeroplane be as picturesque as this balloon view? Why?
Answer:
No, it can’t be. Because an aeroplane flies at a much greater height and at a greater speed and so your view can’t be as picturesque as from a balloon which flies at a lower height and with less speed.

Question 15.
How do the travellers know whether they are rising or sinking?
Answer:
Travellers know whether they are rising or sinking by throwing a cigarette paper out of the basket. If the paper falls down like a stone, it means the balloon is rising. If it appears to shoot skyward, the balloon is sinking.

Question 16.
All the noises are easily recognisable. Mention the diverse sounds that reach the travellers’ ears.
Answer:
The noises that reach the travellers ears are the sound of wheels rolling on the streets, the snap of a whip, the shouts of drivers, the rolling and whistling of trains and the laughter of the boys running after one another. When they pass over a village, the noise of children’s voices is heard above the rest with much clarity.

Question 17.
How do the animals receive the balloon? How does the balloon appear before them?
Answer:
The dog’s bark. The cows low. To all the animals the balloon appears as a monster moving through the air. They are scared of it.

Question 18.
The delicious odours of the soil rise toward us, the smell of hay, of flowers, of the moist, verdant earth, perfuming the air … Identify the type of imagery used here.
Answer:
The imagery is that of a wedding – the bride eagerly and happily welcoming the groom.

Question 19.
What do you think would be the fate of the balloon?
Answer:
I think the balloon would get out of control.

Question 20.
Why does the Mallet ask the Captain to throw down half a handful of sand?
Answer:
Mallet asks the Captain to throw down half a handful of sand because by doing that the weight of the balloon would be reduced helping it to rise.

Question 21.
The balloon is both a free toy and a slave of the wind. Express your views on this statement.
Answer:
The balloon is both a free toy and a slave of the wind. The travellers raise and sink the balloon as they wish making use of the bag of ballast (sand, stones etc.) with them. This way it is a toy for them. But they can do nothing if it is caught by a storm and then the balloon becomes a slave and the travellers lose their control over it.

Question 22.
Can you observe odour? Why does the author say so?
Answer:
Normally we can’t observe odour. We can only smell it. The author says that it could be observed because he can see the balloon expanding because of the current of warm air and the gas going out by the escape-valve.

Question 23.
Comment on the expression: ‘losing its invisible blood by the escape-valve.’
Answer:
Blood keeps the body alive. In the case of the balloon, it is the gas that keeps it ‘alive’ – flying in the air. Gas is thus the invisible blood.

Question 24.
What do the mist-covered earth and star-studded sky indicate?
Answer:
The mist-covered earth and star-studded sky indicate that it is night and the balloon and its passengers are at a great height.

Question 25.
How is the rising of the moon described?
Answer:
A silvery light appears and makes the sky turn pale. It is rising from unknown depths, behind the horizon, on the edge of a cloud.

Question 26.
Look at the expression ‘delicious inertia. ’ Can you identify the figure of speech used here?
Answer:
The figure of speech used here is a Metaphor.

Question 27.
Why is space travel considered as ‘delicious inertia by the narrator?
Answer:
Inertia means apathy, unwillingness to move or . act. The narrator feels that space travel is wonderful and compares it to having delicious food. There is a great sensation of satisfaction and happiness while travelling in space in a state of inertia. They feel like birds that don’t even have to flap their wings.

Question 28.
Coin expressions to describe the balloon just like the author who calls the balloon’ a world wandering in the sky’ and ‘a wandering, travelling world.’
Answer:
‘Soaring, fleeting world’ and ‘a fleeting world in the sky’.

Question 29.
When does the balloon stop? Why?
Answer:
The balloon stops when it reaches a height of two thousand three hundred and fifty metres. The air pressure must have come down so the balloon stops rising and then it starts to descend.

Question 30.
How does the author describe the rapid descent of the balloon?
Answer:
The author says that they are going down very rapidly. M. Mallet asks the passengers to throw out more ballast. They are throwing out sand and stones to lighten the balloon so that it can fly upwards but their descent is so fast that the sand they throw flies back into their eyes.

Question 31.
How does the shadow of the balloon appear to the travellers?
Answer:
The travellers look down and see something running on the ground with great speed , jumping over ditches, roads and trees so easily but they cannot guess what it is until the captain tells them that it is the shadow of the balloon.

Question 32.
How far does the polar star guide the travellers?
Answer:
The polar star guides the travellers to Belgium which borders France on the south.

Question 33.
Do you think it is a scientific way to travel?
Answer:
Yes. The polar star is also called the North Star. It has been used by travellers for centuries to help them to know the direction as it remains constant in its position.

Question 34.
Who is the bewildered man? Why is he bewildered?
Answer:
Lieutenant Mallet who was watching the course of the balloon is the bewildered man. He is bewildered or confused because the balloon is moving so fast that he does not even know where they are. Comment on the reaction of the captain to the roaring wind.

Question 35.
Can you justify the Captain’s behaviour?
Answer:
The Captain knows that the sound they hear is the sound of a storm coming. He does not want to frighten his passengers so he says it is the sound of the waterfalls and nudges the narrator to keep silent. I can justify the Captain’s behaviour. If the passengers are frightened they may do something foolish and this would be very dangerous as they are in a small basket of a flying balloon.

Question 36.
Identify the sights and sounds that welcome the dawn.
Answer:

Question 37.
‘The world fleeing under our feet’ —what experience does the author try to convey?
Answer:
The world is running under our feet. The author uses a personification to convey the experience of rapid movement of the earth while he was travelling in the balloon.

Question 38.
If you were ¡n such a situation how would you react?
Answer:
If I were in a flying balloon and a storm was coming and we had to descend fast, I would do as the passengers in the balloon did. I would certainly be scared but would help out to ensure that we land as safely as possible.

Question 39.
‘Religiously enclosed’- what ¡s your opinion about the adverb used here? How ¡s the adverb connected with the verb ‘enclosed’?
Answer:
It shows how seriously and carefully things have to be dohe while travelling in a balloon. The phrase ‘religiously enclosed’ is a personification. The adverb ‘religiously’ denotes seriousness and care and it is used to describe the verb ‘enclosed’. The narrator means that the escape valve had been very carefully enclosed in a white bag so that all the passengers would be careful and treat it with respect and not meddle with it or touch it.

Question 40.
Why do you think the birds are hesitant to follow the balloon?
Answer:
The thunder is rumbling and so the birds are hesitant to follow the balloon which looks like a monster. They don’t want to be caught in the storm and by the monster.

Question 41.
List out the words and expressions that indicate the mad flight of the balloon.
Answer:
The mad flight of the balloon is described:

• The basket trembles and tips over.
• The guy-rope touches the tall trees.
• The balloon passes with frightful rapidity.
• Bewildered chickens, pigeons, and ducks fly away
• Cows, cats and dogs run, terrified, toward the house.

Question 42.
What action does Mallet perform?
Answer:
Mallet reaches for the rope to the escape valve and hangs on to it. Then the cord to the anchor is cut with a knife.

Question 43.
Comment on the visual effect of ‘the balloon landing’.
Answer:
The balloon landing is visualized like the fall of a wounded beast during a hunt. It is very effectively pictured as a wounded beast trying to escape. But then it falls down and struggles, finally breathing its last.

Question 44.
Describe the reception of the balloon by the peasants.
Answer:
The peasants ran towards the landing balloon and as they waited for the balloon to deflate, a few of the peasants were jumping and gesturing like savages. The peasants were accommodating and hospitable and helped the travellers to pack all their material and carry it to the nearest station.

The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story) Textual Activities Questions and Answers

Activity -1 (Think and respond)

Question 1.
Imagine that you get a chance to be the captain of a tour programme. What type of a captain would you like to become?
Answer:
I would like to be a smart and efficient tour programme captain. Everyone in the programme should enjoy and have fun.

List the qualities of an ideal Captain.

• Helpful
• Efficient
• Smart
• Resourceful
• Courageous
• Humorous

Activity – II (Live TV report)

Question 2.
Draft a live TV report of Le Horla’s take off.
Answer:
Next on our infotainment section we have Rahul Binoy reporting live on the story “Le Horla Conquers the Skies’ from the Gas works at La Villette.

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Today is the day, 8th July, forLe Horla is taking off from La Villette. We are right in front of Le Horla, the hot air balloon. It is getting filled up and is swelling and wriggling like a huge worm. It is surrounded by some 300 enthusiastic people. Now the passengers are getting in. The Captain is Jovis. The others in the basket attached to the balloon are Lieutenant Mallet, M. Etierine Beer, M. Paul Bessand, and M. Patrice Eyries.

I see them talking animatedly. Now Patrice Eyries is coming down. It seems he can’t go because the balloon can’t take the weight of all of them. He walks away dejectedly. Poor guy! All his dream of an adventure is gone!

M. Joliet tells the ladies to keep off. When the balloon lifts sand will be thrown into their hats. He cuts the ropes that hold the balloon to the ground. Look! Le Horla is lifting upward like a bird lifts off. Up, up and up goes the balloon! People scream with joy! Le Horla climbs above the city of Paris and it is slowly disappearing! The sight of the earth from the balloon will be fantastic. We wish the passengers a lot of luck!

Activity – III (Dos and Don’ts)

Question 3.
While planning a trip, we have to consider many things. What are the dos and the don’ts while doing so?
Answer:
DOs

• Take a first aid kit.
• Wear appropriate clothes.
• Wear proper shoes.
• Ensure you have some drinking water.
• Keep enough money.
• If you are going abroad, ensure you have your . passport and visa with you.
• Have your camera.

DON’Ts

• Don’t carry expensive things
• Don’t overeat before you start a trip.
• Don’t carry too much luggage. Less luggage more comfort.
• Don’t try to show off by doing very risky things.
• Don’t get upset with small irritants.

Activity – IV (Comparison)

Question 4.
Nothing is more amusing, more delicate, more interesting than the manoeuvring of a balloon. What degree of comparison is used here?
Comparative Degree Read the passage on p. 88. Rewrite it comparing it with the life on earth.
Answer:
Now our minds and thoughts are more independent than they were when we were on earth. We are happier here because we have no regrets. We look and feel better here. Our journey here is wilder and more fantastic than any journey on earth because here the only thing we an see is the moon. We are a wandering, travelling world, like our sisters, the planets. The five of us have almost forgotten that we belong to the earth as we move in the space like birds. No crowds, no noise, no dust, no smoke! Beautiful blue sky and the right moon! We feel we are in heaven, floating through a stream of joy!

Activity – V (Narration)

Question 5.
Read the notes on the mode of narration given below:
Narrate the landing of the balloon from the point of view of one of the peasants there.

Mode of Narration	Description
First-person narration	In this mode, the narrator is usually the protagonist or central character in the story.
Second-person narration	Directions and instructions are usually narrated from the second- person’s perspective.
Third-person narration There are three distinct modes of third-person narration: objective, limited, and omniscient.
Third-person objective	The narrator does not reveal any of the characters’ thoughts or feelings.
Third-person limited	The narrator reveals the thoughts and feelings of one character through explicit narration.
Third-person omniscient V	The narration will reveal more than one character’s internal workings; the narrator is all-knowing.

Answer:
I see a huge balloon from which a basket is hanging over the canal at a distance. The basket trembles and tips over slightly. I can see a rope trailing behind touching the tall trees on both banks. Now it is passing with frightful speed over a large farm. The bewildered chickens, pigeons and ducks fly away. The terrified cows, cats and dogs run towards the house. I don’t know what is happening. Now the balloon is passing over the trees. I see the balloon and the basket shaking. Something falls down and suddenly the balloon stops. Soon it touches the ground. The basket touches the earth. Then it goes up again. Once more, it falls and bounds upward again and at last, it settles on the ground. The balloon is struggling madly like a wounded beast. Now it comes to a standstill. I see five men climbing out of the basket. There is the joy of success on their faces. My companions and I help them. They say they want to go to Heyst, a railway station nearby. They want to take the 20:20 train to Paris. We help them to carry their luggage to the station.

Activity – VI (Travel Essay)

Question 6.
Read the notes on Travel Writing on below:

Description of physical features	Paris spreads out beneath us, a dark bluish patch, cut by its streets, from which rise, here and there, domes, towers, steeples…
Practical issues related to travel	…two trumpets, the eatables, the overcoats and raincoats, all the small articles that can go with the men in that flying basket.
Experiences of the place	With the help of the accommodating and hospitable Belgian peasants, we are able, in a short time, to pack up all our materials…
Personal impressions	…we float along through space in delicious inertia. We have become something indescribable, birds who do not even have to flap their wings.

Now, write a travel essay, describing a ravel experience you had recently.
Answer:
My parents had promised me a foreign trip if I passed my SSLC with very high scores. I worked very hard and I passed with distinction. So my parents allowed me to go on a trip to Europe. Since travelling alone would be difficult, I decided to join a tour group organized by the company called Intersight, Kochi. The first problem was getting a European visa. The company said it would get it for me. I was planning to go in April. April is hot in Kerala, but in Europe it is still cold. So I had to get warm clothes for the trip. I also needed a good camera.

We started ourtravel from Kochi. The representative from the Intersight was there to organize things. I reported to the airport 3 hours before the take off time. After completing the check-in, I went for the immigration formalities. After a thorough body check, I was allowed to go into the comfortable waiting lounge.

We were flying by Qatar Airways to Zurich. The flight was announced and we got into the aircraft. It was a huge aircraft. The smiling airhostesses showed us to our seats. Soon we took off. We were served refreshments. Afterthat I watched an in-flight movie. After 3 hours, we landed at Qatar airport. It is a huge airport. We had to spend some time at the airport lounge to get our flight to Zurich.

The flight to Zurich was also by Qatar airways. We were served meals in the flight. After the meals I went off to sleep. Eight hours later, we landed at Zurich. We were taken to our hotel in a coach. It was then I came to know who the people in the group tour were. There was another boy of my age and soon we became friends.

Our first visit was to the Titlis Mountains, in the Alps. On our way, we saw the life of the people. How disciplined people were. How nicely they behaved on the roads. No animals and birds crossed the roads. We hardly saw anyone walking on the roads. On both sides there were fields. We could see cattle grazing. Switzerland is a beautiful country.

Soon we reached Titlis. We would be taken to the top by rope ways and lifts. We reached the top. The scene was breathtaking. The whole area was covered with snow and ice. People were skating. We went for an ice-tunnel walk. They have built a tunnel in the ice and I walked for nearly a kilometre inside the tunnel. Ice on top, ice at the bottom and ice on both sides. It was a wonderful experience. I was exhilarated. Tomorrow we would go to Paris by coach to see the Eiffel Tower and other wonderful sights of that great city.

Activity – VII (Progressive Tenses)

Question 7.
a. Read the notes and explanations given on page 89 of the Text.

But the clouds are gathering behind us…
Crows are crowing…

In the above segments, the action continues to take place even at the moment of speaking. The present continuous tense form of a verb is used in such a context. The verbs in the above segments of sentences (‘gather’ and ‘crow’) are in the present continuous tense form. Continuous tenses are also called progressive tenses.

We use the present continuous tense to denote

• something that is happening at the moment of speaking.
• something which is happening before and after a given time.
• something which we think is temporary.
• something which is new and contrasts with a previous state.
• something which happens again and again.
• for talking about the future; for something which has been arranged or planned.

Pick out the instances in the story where the present continuous tense form the verb is used.

Answer:

b. Form a sentence on your own:

Context	Sentence
happening at the moment of speaking	…………………………………..
happening before and after a given time	…………………………………..
something which is temporary	…………………………………..
something new which contrasts with a previous state	…………………………………..
happens again and again	…………………………………..
has been arranged or planned	…………………………………..

Answer:

To use the Simple Present and the Present continuous tenses correctly.

The simple present tense is usually used to

• refer to regular actions, current situations, or facts in general.
• refer to more long-lasting or permanent situations.
• refer to actions which are going to happen very soon.
• refer to short actions happening at the time of speaking; generally, in reviews of films or books.
• ……………………………………………………………………………….
• ……………………………………………………………………………….

Read and Reflect

Question 1.
Travel is more than a mere exploration of the physical features of a landscape. It takes us beyond the features of the landscape into its customs, traditions and rituals. This travel experience tells us about a strange ritual on a Fijian island.

The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story) About the Author:

– Guy de Maupassant

Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) was a popular French writer. He is considered to be one of the masters of the modern short story. The Trip of Le Horla is about his ride in a hot air balloon.

The Trip Of Le Horla Summary

Page 78 :
I got a telegram on the morning of July 8th. It read: “Fine day. Always my predictions, Belgian frontier. Baggage and servants leave at noon at the social session. Beginning of maneuvers at three. So I will wait for you at the works from five o’clock on, Jovis.’

At five o’clock sharp, I entered the gas works of La Villette.

The balloon is lying in the courtyard and appears like a cake made of yellow cloth. It is lying flat on the ground under a rope.

Page 79 :
Two or three hundred people are looking at it. Some are sitting and some are standing. Some are examining the basket. It is a nice little square basket for a human cargo. On its side in golden letters was written ‘Le Horia’ on a mahogany plate.

Suddenly the people begin to stand back as gas is entering into the balloon through a long tube of yellow cloth. The cloth is on the oil. It swells and moves about like a big worm. But another thought occurs to every mind. It is thus nature itself nourishes being until their birth. The creature that will rise soon begins to move. The attendants of Captain Jovis spread and put in place the net which covers it as Le Horia grows larger. The net will help the pressure to be regular and equally distributed at very point.

The crowd has begun to talk. Some men who look to be specialists ask us to come down. Many things have been criticised in this new type of balloon. We are about to experiment with it with so much pleasure and success. The balloon is growing slowly but surely.

Captain Jovis and his assistants are busy with the last details. The travellers go to dine in the canteen on the gas-works according to the established custom.

When we come out the balloon is swaying. It is big and transparent. It looked like a big fruit, a wonderful pear which is still ripening, covered by the last rays of the setting sun. The basket is now attached and the barometers are brought. The siren is also brought. There were also two trumpets, the eatables, the overcoats and raincoats – that the men can take in the flying basket. Captain Jovis is ready and he calls all the passengers.

Page 80 :
Lieutenant Mallet jumps aboard, climbing first on the aerial net between the basket and the balloon. From it he will watch, during the night, the movements of Le Horia across the skies. M.Etierine Beer gets in after him. Then comes M. Paul Bessand. Then comes M. Patrice Eyries. I am the last. (Note: In French M before a name means Mr. M. is the abbreviation for Monsieur which means Mr.) But the basket is too heavy for the balloon and M. Eyries has to get out. He was very sorry to do that.

M. Joliet stood erect on the edge of the basket. He begs the ladies very courteously to stand aside a little. He thinks he might throw sand on their hats in rising. Then he commands: ‘Let is loose’. He cuts with one stroke of his knife the ropes that keep the balloon to the ground. Le Horla gets it liberty!

In one second we fly skyward. Nothing can be heard. We float, we rise, we fly, we glide! Our friends shout with joy. They applaud but we can hardly hear them or see

them. We are already so far, so high! We are surprised. Are we really leaving these people down there? Is it possible? Paris spreads out under us. It looks like a dark bluish patch, cut by its streets. From there rise here and there domes, towers, steeples (church towers). Then there is the plain, traversed by long roads amidst green fields and black forest. The sun which could not be seen from below now appears.

We can see whether we are rising or sinking only by throwing a cigarette paper out of the basket now and then. If the paper falls down like a stone, it means the balloon is rising. If it appears to shoot skyward, the balloon is descending.

Page 81 :
The two barometers mark about 500 metres. We look with admiration the earth we are leaving. We are not attached to it in any way. It looks like a coloured map. But all its noises rise to our ears very distinctly. We hear the sound of wheels rolling on the streets, the snap of a whip, the shouts of drivers, the rolling and whistling of trains and the laughter of the boys running after one another. When we pass over a village, the noise of children’s voices is heard above the rest with much clarity.

The view is superb. It is dark on the earth. But we are still in the light. It is now past ten o’clock. Now we begin to hear slight country noises, especially the double cry of the quail. We can hearthe mewing of cats and the barking of dogs. The dogs have caught the smell of the balloon. They have seen it and they are giving the warning. We can hear them barking all over the plain. The cows also wake up in their barns. We can hear them lowing. All the beasts are scared of the monster moving through the air.

The delicious odours of the soil rise towards us. The smell of hay, of flowers, of the wet, green earth is scenting the air.

At times we rise, and then descend. Every few minutes Lieutenant Mallet says to Captain Jovis: ‘We are descending; throw down half a handful.’ And the captain takes a handful of sand from a bag kept between his legs and throws it overboard.

Page 82 :
Nothing is more amusing, more delicate and more interesting than the manoeuvring of a balloon. It is a big toy, free and Qjcile, but obedient. It is the slave of the wind which we can’t control. Any small thing that we throw overboard will make the balloon go up quickly. It can be a pinch of sand, half a sheet of paper, one or two drops of water or the bones of a chicken we have eaten.

The earth is sleeping. The beasts are awakened by our approach and they announce it everywhere. We now ‘observe’a strong and continuous odor of gas. We must have met with a current of warm air. The balloon expands, losing its invisible blood by the escape-valve.

We are rising. The earth no longer gives back the echo of our trumpets. We have risen almost 2000 feet. There is no light to consult our instruments. We know we are always rising. We can no longer see the earth. A light mist separates us from it. Above our heads twinkle innumerable starts.

A silvery light appears before-us and makes the sky turn pale. Suddenly the moon rises on the edge of a cloud. It seems to be coming from below and we are looking down at it from a great height. Clear and round it comes out of the clouds and slowly rises in the sky.

The earth now does not seem to exist. It is buried in milky vapours that resemble a sea. We are now in space with the moon which looks like another balloon. Our balloon looks like a larger moon, wandering amid the stars. We no longer speak, think nor live; we float along through space in delicious inertia. We have become something indescribable. We are now like birds that don’t even have to flap their wings.

Page 83 :
All memory has disappeared from our minds, all troubles from our thoughts. We have no more regrets, plans or hopes. We wildly enjoy the fantastic journey. We are a wandering travelling world. The planets are our sisters. This world has five men and they have forgotten the earth. The barometers mark twelve hundred metres, then thirteen, fourteen, fifteen hundred. The little rice papers fall about us.

We are now at two thousand metres. Then we go to 2350 and the balloon stops. We blow the siren but no one answers us. Now we go down rapidly, M. Mallet goes on screaming: Throw out more sand!’ The sand and stones we throw come back into our faces as if they are going up, thrown from below. Our descent is rapid.

Here is the earth! Where are we? It is now past midnight and we are crossing a broad, dry well-cultivated country. To the right is a large city. Suddenly from the earth rises a bright fairy light. It disappears and reappears. But one has no time to see clearly as the balloon passes quickly in the wind.

We are now quite near the earth. Beer exclaims: “See, what is that running over there in the fields? Isn’t it a dog? Something was running along the ground with great speed but we could not understand what it was. The captain says it is the shadow of our balloon and it will grow as we descend.

I hear a great noise of foundries in the distance. According to the polar star, we are heading straight for Belgium.

Page 84:
Our siren and our two horns are continually calling. We ask, “Where are we?” But the balloon is going so rapidly that the startled man has not even time to answer us. The growing shadow of Le Horla is fleeing before us over the field, roads and woods. It goes along steadily, going before us by about a quarter of a mile. I am leaning out of the basket, listening the roaring of the wind in the trees and across the harvest fields. I say to Captain Jovis that the wind is fast.

Jovis says they may be waterfalls. I insist it is the wind. Then Jovis nudges me. He does not want to frighten his happy, quiet passengers because he knows that a storm is pursuing us. Suddenly the lights of a town appear. There is such a wonderful flow of light that I feel I am in a fairyland. The clouds are gathering behind us, hiding the moon. But towards the east the sky is becoming clear blue, tinged with red. It is dawn. It grows rapidly and shows us all the little details of the earth – the trains, the brooks, the cows, the goats. All these pass beneath us with surprising speed. Cocks are crowing, but the voice of ducks drowns everything.

The early rising peasants are waving their arms telling us to drop. But we go along steadily watching the world fleeing under our feet. Ahead of us lies a bright highway. It looks like a big river full of islands.

Page 85 :
The captain asks us to get ready for the descent. He makes M. Mallet leave his net and return to the basket. We then pack the barometers and everything that could be damaged by possible shock. M. Bessand asks us to look at the masts to the left. He says we are at the sea. Fogs have hidden it from us until then. The sea is everywhere.

It is necessary to descend within a minute or two. The rope to the escape-valve was religiously enclosed in a little white bag. It was kept in sight of all so that no one would touch it. It is now unrolled and M. Mallet holds it in his hand. Captain Jovis looks for a favourable landing. Behind us the thunder is rumbling and not a single bird follows our mad flight.

We are passing over a canal. The basket trembles and tips over slightly. The guy-rope (the rope that keeps something fixed to the ground) touches the tall trees on both banks. We pass with frightful speed over a large farm. The bewildered chickens, pigeons and ducks fly away. The terrified cows, cats and dogs run towards the house. Only one-half bag of sand (stones) is left. Jovis throws it overboard. Le Horla flies lightly across the roof. The captain shouts The escape valve!’

M. Mallet reaches for the rope and hangs to it and we drop like an arrow. With the slash of a knife the cord which retains the anchqjais cut, and we drag this behind us through a field of beets. Here are the trees. He shouts: “Take care! Hold fast! Look out for your heads!” We pass over the trees. Then a strong shock shakes us. The anchor has taken hold. We are told that we are going to touch the ground. The basket touches the earth. Then it flies up again. Once more, it falls and bounds upward again and at last, it settles on the ground, while the balloon struggles madly like a wounded beast.

Page 86 : Peasants run toward us. They don’t dare to come near. One can’t set foot on the ground until the bag is nearly completely deflated. Some surprised men jump with the wild gestures of savages. All the cows that are grazing along the coast come towards us. They surround our balloon with a strange comical circle of horns, big eyes, and blowing nostrils.

With the help of the Belgian peasants, we pack up all our materials and carry them to t(ie station at Heyst. At 8.20, we take the train to Paris. The descent occurred at 3.15 in the morning.

Thanks to Captain Jovis, we were able to see in a single night, from far up in the sky, the setting of the sun, he rising of the moon and dawn of day, and to go from Paris to the mouth of the Scheldt (a river that flows through Belgium and empties into the North Sea).

The Trip Of Le Horla Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 Sunrise on the Hills Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One English Textbook Sunrise on the Hills Questions and Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 (Poem)

Sunrise on the Hills (Poem) Textual Activities Questions and Answers

Activity -1 (Read and Respond)

Question 1.
Look at the expressions ‘heaven’s wide arch and ‘returning march’. What does the poet describe here? What else does it remind you of?
Answer:
The poet describes here the sky and the return of the sun in the morning. It reminds me of a king returning after a long absence or even my own returning to life in the morning after the night’s sleep.

Question 2.
Comment on the expression of ‘soft gales’.
Answer:
This is the poetic way of describing the early morning breeze.

Question 2.
What makes the glory of the clouds fade?
Answer:
The rising sun makes the glory of the clouds fade. The mist melts away and the glory fades.

Question 3.
What are the clouds compared to?
Answer:
They are compared to the army defeated in battle, ready to flee from the conqueror.

Question 4.
What picture of the valley is unveiled?
Answer:
The valley is rich. The water that flows in the river gets darkened at times by the shade of the forest, but in the cascade it glistens. The bittern is flying upward spirally making noise as the dawn is softly and smoothly turning into morning.

Question 5.
How does the valley respond to the rising sun?
Answer:
The valley responds to the rising sun in a lively manner. The water in the river is dashing down and currents whirl and flash. The trees of the forest are bending as if to touch the water and the silver sands of the beach of the lake. The valley is filled with the echoing noise of the wild horn, the screeching owl. Thin smoke is rising from the huts of the valley-dwellers through the thick-leaved branches as they are preparing their morning meals.

Question 6.
What message does the poet convey?
Answer:
The poet says that if you are tired and are troubled with problems and sorrows that you want to forget, if you want read a book that will prevent your heart from losing hope and wake your soul up with optimism, you should go to the forest and hills. The sweet look that Nature has is not dimmed by tears of any kind.

Question 7.
Are all the three stanzas of equal length? Why do you think the last stanza is short when compared to the previous stanzas?
Answer:
No, the three stanzas are not of equal length. The first stanza has 18 lines, the second 12 and the third only 6-. The last stanza is short when compared to the previous stanzas because in it the poet is giving us a piece of advice. In the other two stanzas he is describing the hills, the valley, the river, the lake and the beautiful sights and sounds there. Naturally they have to be longer. Descriptions take many lines, but a piece of advice does not have to be so long.

Activity – II (Read and reflect)

Question 8.
You may listen to the recital of the poem.
Now, discuss and answer the following questions:
Comment on the musical quality of the poem.
Answer:
The poem is highly musical. The rhyming couplets (arch¬march, gales-vales, light-height, etc.) give a highly’ melodious quality to the poem. The poem has fine rhythm as the stressed and unstressed syllables alternate regularly. There is alliteration that adds to The musical quality. Examples of alliteration are ‘blasted, bare’, ‘faint and far’, ‘sudden shot’, ‘from fainting’. There are also many instances of assonance which make the poem sound sweet: The poem gives a smoothing effect as it sounds so soft and sweet to the ear.

Question 9.
Identify the symbols used in the poem.
Answer:
There are many symbols in the poem. Examples are: ‘Heaven’s wide arch’, ‘returning march’, ‘soft gales kissing the sun-clad vales’, ‘hosts in battle overthrown’, ‘shattered lance’, ‘pine, blasted, bare and cleft’, ‘the veil of cloud’, ‘woods bending with silent reach’.

Question 10.
How does figurative language, like the simile, make the poem effective?
Answer:
Longfellow has used many figures of speech in his poem to make it effective. His figurative language includes simile, metaphor, personification and onomatopoeia, among others. He speaks of the clouds losing their glory “like hosts in battle overthrown”. This is a fine smile. There are excellent personifications in “the sun’s returning march” and “soft gales Went forth to kiss the sun-clad vales”. Metaphors can be seen in ‘Pinnacles thrusting up shattered lances’ and The dark pine blasted, bare and cleft’. There is a superb onomatopoeia in ‘the whirl and flash of currents’.

Activity – III (Appreciation)

Pick out the descriptions of sights, sounds and movements in the poem.

Question 11.
Does any image stand out as the most important? Why do you think so?
Answer:
The image of the current whirling and flashing stands out as the most important. I think so because it represents man’s desire to explore and reach further and further.

Question 12.
What is your overall assessment of the poem?
Answer:
I think the poem is superb as it depicts some of the most alluring sights, sounds and movements of nature. Here Longfellow can stand comparison to William Wordsworth, the high priest of Nature.

Question 13.
Based on the above discussions, prepare an appreciation of the poem.
Answer:
The poem ‘Sunrise on the Hills’ by the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a lyric that extols the beauty of Nature and how Nature can soothe you when you are in trouble or difficulty. The poet stands upon the hills when the sky is glorious with the rays of the rising sun. The forests are brightened. Mild breezes are kissing the valleys brightened by the dawn. The clouds are under him and they are bathed in light. As the mist clears away in the rising sun, many peaks with their sharp spear-like projections appear. Soon he will see the rich valley. The river is flowing.

As the dawn breaks into the morning, birds fly away chirping noisily. The poet hears the distant waters rush. He sees the current whirl and shines in the light. The lake is blue with a beach of silver sand and near it the thick forest is bending as if to reach and kiss the lake. Over the valley, the gentle and melodious sound of the village bell is echoing on the hills. The thin smoke starts coming out from the wooded valley through the thick-leaved branches, from the huts of the people living in the valley.

The poet says that if you are tired and are troubled with problems and sorrows that you want to forget, if you want to read a book that will prevent your heart from losing hope and wake up your soul with optimism, you should go to the forest and hills. The sweet look that Nature has is not dimmed by tears of any kind.

The poet has used exquisite phrases to depict the sights, sounds, and movements of Nature. He has used many figures of speech to drive his points home. The message is clear. Go to nature to forget your sorrows and troubles. A glorious sunrise can life even the gloomiest person with hope and optimism.

The poem is full of visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic imagery. In this poem, Longfellow stands comparison to the greatest Nature Poet, William Wordsworth. Wordsworth is called the High Priest of Nature. The world today is full of problems and one reason for them is our contempt and disregard for nature. We destroy the beauty of nature. Now we have concrete jungles instead of jungles full of trees, wild animals, and birds. Longfellow wants us to return to Nature and enjoy its superb sights, melodious sounds, and exquisite movements.

Read and discuss :

Question 14.
The modes of travel differ. Some may result in more intense and interesting experience.
Answer:
Christ Foster is a 48-year teacher from Southern California. He has completed the first part of a solo motorcycle journey around the world, travelling 13,343 miles. He has gone across 3 continents, and eleven countries. By travelling on his motorcycle he wants to get close to everything – the weather, the smells, the sights, and the people. His main motivation is to get to know the various countries and the customs there.

Question 15.
What does the travel experience of this teacher tell us?
Answer:
It tells us that he is a very adventurous person. He wants to have a first-hand experience of everything – the weather, the smells, the sights, and the people of different countries. He wants to learn about the different customs people have in the countries he visits.

Question 16.
What do you think interests him more: where to travel dr how to travel?
Answer:
I think where to travel interests him more as one of his main motivations is to get first-hand knowledge of various countries and their customs.

Read and Reflect

How interesting does the earth look when viewed from a different angle from+1&r away, from out there? Let’s read ‘The Trip ofLe Horia’. It chronicles Maupassant’s ride in a hot air balloon called ‘Le Horia’.

Sunrise on the Hills (Poem) About the Author:

– Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) was a popular American poet and translator. He was a Professor at Harvard University. During his lifetime, Longfellow was considered the best American poet. His work was translated and published in many other languages. The poem ‘Sunrise on the Hills’ presents the experience of the poet as he watches the sun rise among the hills.

Sunrise On The Hills Summary

Stanza 1 : I stood upon the hills when the sky was glorious with the rays of the rising sun. The forests were brightened. Mild breezes were kissing the valleys brightened by the dawn. The clouds were under me. They were bathed in light and they gathered midway round the height covered with trees. Their glory was fading and they looked like armies defeated in battle. As the mist cleared away in the rising sun, many peaks with their sharp spear-like projections could be seen.

On the cliff there was a dark pine moving in the wind. It was withered, without any leaves and was split here and there. Soon the veil of the clouds was lifted and below I could see the rich valley. The river was flowing and its water was sometimes darkened by the shade cast by the forest. But sometimes the water glistened in its downward flow. As the dawn broke into morning, a bittern (a bird belonging to the heron family) flew upward in a spiral way making a lot noise.

Stanza 2 : I heard the distant waters rush. I saw the current whirl and shine in the light. The lake was blue with a beach of sliver sand and near it the thick forest was bending as if to reach and touch the lake. Over the valley the gentle and melodious sound of the village bell was echoing on the hills. The sound of the screeching owl filled the forest. li?A/as as if the owl was replying to the merry, but faint shout sent out by the valley. Then thin smoke started coming out from the wooded valley through the thick leaved branches, probably from the huts of the people living in the valley.

Stanza 3 : If you are tired and are troubled with problems and sorrows that you want to forget, if you want to read a book that will prevent your heart from losing hope and wake up your soul with optimism, you should go to the forest and hills. The sweet look that Nature has is not dimmed by tears of any kind.

Sunrise On The Hills Glossary

Students can Download Chapter 9 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Questions and Answers, Plus One Botany Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations

Kerala Plus One Botany Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Plus One Botany Photosynthesis in Higher Plants One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which metal ion is a constituent of chlorophyll?
(a) Iron
(b) Copper
(c) Magnesium
(d) Zinc
Answer:
(c) Magnesium

Question 2.
Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?
(a) Chlorophyll a
(b) Chlorophyll b
(c) Xanthophyll
(d) Carotenoid
Answer:
(a) Chlorophyll a

Question 3.
Which range of wavelength (in nm) is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
(a) 100 – 390
(b) 390 – 430
(c) 400 – 700
(d) 760 – 100,00
Answer:
(c) 400-700

Question 4.
Which light range is most effective in photosynthesis?
(a) Blue
(b) Green
(c) Red
(d) Violet
Answer:
(c) Red

Question 5.
Chemosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from
(a) Sun
(b) Infra red rays
(c) Organic substances
(d) Inorganic chemicals
Answer:
(d) Inorganic chemicals

Question 6.
What is the name given to the process of splitting of water during light reaction?
Answer:
Photolysis

Question 7.
What tissues and cells of a leaf contain the chloroplast
Answer:
Mesophyll

Question 8.
What colour of visible spectrum is least effective in the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Green

Question 9.
How many molecules of ATP and how many molecules of NADPH are spent to fix three molecules of CO₂ in Calvin cycle?
Answer:
ATP and 6 NADPH

Question 10.
Name the two photosynthetic pigments belonging to carotenoides.
Answer:
Carotene and xanthophylls

Question 11
The most abundant enzyme in the world plays a dual role in rice, tomato etc. Identify the enzyme.
Answer:
RUBISCO

Question 12
Which products formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis are used to drive the dark reaction?
Answer:
ATP and NADPH₂

Question 13
By looking at which internal structure of a plant can you fill whether a plant is C₃ or C₄. Explain.
Answer:
C₄ – Plants shows kranz anatomy -chloroplast dimorphism

Question 14
Why does the rate of photosynthesis decrease at higher temperatures?
Answer:
Enzymes present in stroma undergoes denaturation in the presence of high temperatures.

Question 15
Name the only natural process by which oxygen is liberated for the use of respiration.
Answer:
By photolysis of water during photosynthesis

Plus One Botany Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
If we study vertical sections of leaves of C₃ plant and C₄ plant, there are some anatomical differences.

1. What are the anatomical peculiarities of a C₄ plant?
2. Explain C₄ pathway by listing the main steps.

Answer:
1. C₄ plants show kranz anatomy – Chloroplast dimorphism

2.

Question 2.

The above graph indicates absorption spectrum related to chlorophyll pigments. On the basis of. this graph answer the following.

1. The peak a & b represents for what?
2. Which pigments shows a & b peak of absorption?

Answer:

1. Absorption maxima
2. Chlorophyll

Question 3.
C₄ cycle is called so because of the presence of a C₄ acid in this cycle.

1. Name that C₄ acid.
2. How does it form?

Answer:

1. Oxalic acetic acid.
2. It is formed by combining CO₂ with PEP in the presence of PEP case enzyme.

Question 4
The response of plant towards periods of day/night is termed as photo peroidism’.

1. Mention three plant groups based on photoperiodism.
2. Would a defoliated plant respond to the photoperiodic cycle? Why?

Answer:

1. Long day plants, short-day plants, day-neutral plants.
2. No. Photo periodic receptors are located in leaves.

Question 5
Melvin Calvin was awarded the nobel prize in 1961 for the discovery of one of the most important biological process in nature.

1. Name the process.
2. Name site for photosynthesis.

Answer:

1. C₃ cycle
2. Chloroplast

Question 6
Analysis the given and write down the photosynthetic response of the C₃ and C₄ plant in terms of CO₂ concentration.

Answer:
High light intensity induces the opening of stoma. When stoma opens CO₂ uptake increases. At high CO₂ concentration, the rate of photosynthesis becomes high under high light in both C₃ and C₄ plants.

Question 7.
C₄ plants have a special type of anatomy in leaves to avoid photorespiration.

1. What is the special anatomy called?
2. Name any two plants having this anatomy.

Answer:

1. Kranz
2. Wheat, Sugarcane

Question 8.
Fill up the blanks:

1. Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from …………
2. Inhibition of lateral buds growth by terminal bud is known as …………

Answer:

1. Water
2. Apical dominance

Question 9.

Based on the above diagram answer the following questions.
i) Write the steps of
a) Carboxylation
b) Reduction
c) regeneration
ii) Name the major enzyme involved in C₃ pathway.
Answer:

Question 10.
Give the diagram of a chloroplast and label the following parts.

• thylakoids
• grana
• stroma
• fret

Answer:

Question 11.
Certain distinguishing characters of C₃ and C₄ plants are given below. Arrange them in the correct table provided.

1. The primary CO₂ acceptor is a PEP, RuBP;
2. The first stable product is PGA, OAA;
3. Kranz anatomy is seen not seen;
4. Carboxylase enzyme in RuBisCo, PEP carboxylase, and RubisCo.

Answer:

Question 12.
Given below is the schematic diagram of calvin cycle, which completes in three stages.

1. Where does this cycle takes place?
2. State the three stages of calvin cycle?
3. Calculate the energy budget for each stage to synthesise one molecule of glucose during the process.

Answer:

1. Stroma
2. • Carboxylation
   • Carbon reduction
   • Regeneration
3. • 18 ATP
   • 12NADPH₂

Question 13.
ADP is converted into ATP as a result of phosphorylation which takes place in photosynthesis and respiration during electron transport system. What is the difference between these two.
Answer:
Photophosphorylation in the case of photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in respiration.

Question 14.
Rubisco is an enzyme that catalyse two different processes in plants.

1. What are those reactions?
2. Name the full form of Rubisco.
3. What are the site of reaction that takesplace in high oxygen concentration?

Answer:

1. Carboxylation in C₃ cycle. Oxygenation in photorespiration
2. Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase.
3. Chloroplast, peroxisomes & mitochondria

Question 15.
Some plants are called C₃ and some others are called C₄.

1. Why they are called so?
2. Explain with examples.

Answer:

1. C₃ plants – First stable product is a 3 carbon compound – PGA
2. C₄ plants – First stable product is a 4 carbon compound – OAA

Question 16.
Do reactions of photosynthesis called, as ‘Dark Reaction’ need light? Explain.
Answer:
photosynthesis is a two-step process which involves light and dark reaction. CO₂ fixation takes place in dark reaction.

Question 17.
Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?
Answer:

• The NADP reductase enzyme is located on the stroma side of the membrane.
• Oxidation of NADPH₂ is involved in the accumulation of more proton concentration inside the thylakoid than outside.

Question 18.
What conditions enable RUBISCO to function as an oxygenase? Explain.
Answer:
Under high O₂ concentration and low CO₂ concentration, RUBISCO to function as an oxygenase and doing photorespiration.

Question 19.
Chlorophyll ‘a’ is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?
Answer:
Clorophyll b,c ,d and carotenoides. These pigments harvest light energy and hand over to chlorophylla.

Question 20.
2H₂O → 2H+ + O₂ + 4e –
Based on above equation, answer the following questions:

1. Where does this reaction take place in plants?
2. What is the significance of this reaction?

Answer:

1. Lumen of the thylakoids.
2. _O2 is evolved during this reaction, moreover, electrons are made available to PS-II continuously.

Question 21.
What is the basis for designating C₃ and C₄ pathways of photosynthesis?
Answer:
The first stable product formed in some plants are 3 carbon compound but in others 4 carbon compound, therefore such plants designated as C₃ and C₄ respectively.

Question 22.
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids are known as accessory pigments. Give reason?
Answer:
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids harvest light energy and hand over to chlorophyll a (reaction centre)

Question 23.
C₄ plants show high rate of photosynthesis than C₃ plants. Are you agree with the statement? Give reason?
Answer:
Yes. In C₄ plants photorespiration does not occur. It is a wastage process that occur in C₃ plants only, because RUBISCO present in C₃ plants can act as carboxylase and oxygenase.

Question 24.
How many ATP molecules are required for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose in

1. C₃ pathway
2. C₄ pathway

Answer:

1. C₃ pathway – 18 ATPs
2. C₄ pathway – 30 ATPs

Question 25.
Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don’t have chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?
Answer:
Cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria have thylakoids suspended freely in the cytoplasm (i.e., they are not enclosed in membrane), and they have bacteriochlorophyll.

Question 26.
What would happen to the rate of photosynthesis in C₃ plants if CO₂ concentration level almost doubles from the present level in the atmosphere?
Answer:
The rate of photosynthesis in C₃ plants increases with increase in CO₂ concentration

Question 27.
Does photorespiration pose threat to plants yet it occurs in angiosperms why?
Answer:
Any angiospermic plants bear only one type of chloroplast and CO₂ acceptor is RUBP in these cases. Thus there is no other possibility except to undergo C₃ pathway which may ultimately lead to photorespiration.

Question 28.
Secondary CO₂ fixation is inevitable for C₄ plants. Do you agree? Give justification of your answer.
Answer:
Yes. This type of CO₂ fixation takes place in bundle sheath chloroplast and carbohydrate is formed.

Question 29.
Carboxylation of C₃ plants are interrupted in changed environmental conditions. Why?
Answer:
Normally carboxylation takes place in C₃ plants but in high O₂ and low CO₂ concentration, the energy wasteful process (photorespiration ) occur.

Question 30.
RuBisco is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do you think RuBisco carries out more carboxylationin in C₄ plants.
Answer:
1. The C₄ plants have dimorophic chloroplasts. In mesophyll cells chloroplast are granal but in bundle sheath cells the chloroplasts are agranal.

2. So in the these plants when CO₂ is fixed in bundle sheath cells, the intracellular CO₂ concentration is increased that is why RuBisco enzyme carries out more carboxylation in C₄ plants.

Question 31.
Succulents are known to keep their stomata closed during the day to check transpiration. How do they meet their photosynthetic CO₂ requirements?
Answer:
1. Succulent (water-storing) plants such as cacti, euphorbias fix CO₂ into organic compound using. PEP carboxylase at night, when the stomata are open.

2. PEP + CO₂ → OAA → Malic acid
The organic compound (malic acid) accumulates throughout the night and is decarboxylated during the day to produce CO₂.

Question 32
In C₄ plants RUBISCO is present but photorespiration does not occur. Why?
Answer:
Because intracellular CO₂ concentration is high. Hence RUBISCO do not show oxygenase activity.

Question 33
The statements are given below. Identify true and false

1. Carbohydrate (glucose) is formed in mesophyll chloroplast of C₄ pathway
2. Calvin cycle involves 3 steps
3. The absorption peak of PS I is 680nm
4. Calvin cycle takes place in Temperate plants

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True

Plus One Botany Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A plant physiologist while studying the light reaction step of photosynthesis using Chlorella, could detect the following facts.

1. Name the reaction
2. What is meant by photolysis?
3. Draw the electron transport schematically.

Answer:

1. Noncyclic photophosphorylation
2. Splitting of water

Question 2.
The enzyme catalysing C₄ and C₃ pathway is different but they are coming under dark reaction.

1. Name the enzyme shows CO₂ fixation in such plants
2. Where is the second CO₂ fixation occurs in C₄ plants
3. Which is the primary CO₂ acceptor and stable product of C₃ pathway

Answer:

1. C₄ pathway – PEPCO, C₃ pathway-RUBISCO
2. Bundle sheath chloroplast
3. CO₂acceptor-RUBP, Stable product— 3- phosphoglycerate

Question 3.
CO₂ fixation is associated with wasteful process and efficiency is decreased

1. Name the wasteful process.
2. Identify the enzyme catalysing the above process
3. Which is the chief organelle responsible for this?

Answer:

1. Photorespiration
2. Oxygenase activity of RUBISCO
3. peroxisome

Question 4.
Answer the following questions based on carbon fixation by plants.

1. which is the key enzyme involved in carbon fixation of photosynthesis in C₃ plants?.
2. Rubisco has a dual role. Comment.
3. Give the name of two cell organells other than chloroplast involved in the process that catalysed by Rubisco.

Answer:

1. Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
2. Carboxylation & oxygenation
3. Peroxisome & mitochondria

Question 5.
Type of CO₂ fixation in tropical plants is different from temperate plants

1. Identify the plants in which efficient CO₂ fixation occurs.
2. Tropical plants do not show the wasteful process why?
3. Give two example for such plants

Answer:

1. C₄ plants (Tropical plants)
2. Because intracellular CO₂ concentration is very high
3. Sugarcane and Maize.

Question 6.
Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation is associated with light reaction of photosynthesis.

1. Where does photolysis occurs?
2. Give two difference between cyclic and noncyclic

Answer:

1. Inside thylakoid
   • Cyclic – It involves PSI (P700)
   • Only ATP is formed
   • Noncyclic – It involves PSI and PSII (P680)
   • ATP and NADPH₂ are produced

Question 7.
Do you think that synthesis of glucose occur during light reaction?

1. If not what is the function of light reaction?
2. name the CO₂ acceptor in C₃ cycle and C₄ cycle

Answer:

1. In light reaction, energy-rich molecules like ATP and NADPH₂ are produced. These are used in Dark reaction for Glucose synthesis,
   • RUBP – CO₂ acceptor in C₃ cycle
   • PEP – CO₂ acceptor in C₄ cycle

Question 8.
Sugar cane has a special leaf anatomy which make the plant photosynthetically more efficient.

1. Name the leaf anatomy
2. Write a note on carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane.

Answer:
1. Kranz anatomy

2. In sugarcane CO₂ fixation tapseplace in mesophyll chloroplast. Initially CO₂ is accepted by PEP and by using Pepco it is converted into OAA. It is then transported to bundle sheath chloroplast.

After the transport, decarboxylation occurs and forms pyruvic acid which is transported to mesophyll chloroplast and converted into PEP. The CO₂ released during decarboxylation enters into calvin cycle for the synthesis of Glucose.

Question 9.
C₄ plants have a special leaf anatomy in which C₃ cycle also take place.

1. Name the primary acceptor of CO₂ and first stable product in C₄ cycle.
2. Why is photorespiration absent in C₄ plants?
3. Name the special type of leaf anatomy and explain.

Answer:
1. CO₂ acceptor in C₄ is PEP and the stable product is OAA.

2. Because in C₄ plants, the primary CO₂ acceptor is PEP but in C₃ plants the primary CO₂ acceptor is RUBP. The enzyme RUBISCO present C₃ plants have dual function ie, carboxylase and oxygenase activity. Oxygenase activity promotes photorespiration.

3. Kranz anatomy in C₄ plants. In this bundle sheath chloroplast are arranged in the form of a ring or wreath.

Question 10.
Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP synthesis is a chemiosmotic phenomenon.
Answer:
The conditions helpful in chemiosmotic ATP synthesis are:

1. The splitting of the water molecule takes place on the inner side of the membrane, it causes the accumulation of protons or hydrogen ions within the lumen of the thylakoids.

2. As electrons move through the photosystems, protons are transported across the membrane, and proton is released into the inner side or the lumen side of the membrane.

3. The NADP reductase enzyme is located on the stroma side of the membrane. Along with electrons that come from the accepter of electrons of PS I, protons are necessary for the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH+ H+. These protons are also removed from the stroma.

Question 11.
Chemiosmotic hypothesis explains the mechanism of ATP synthesis during respiration and photosynthesis.

1. Write the difference in the accumulation of proton during the above process.
2. What causes the proton gradience across the thylakoid membrane within the chloroplast?

OR

C₃ plants complete the Biosynthetic phase through 3 stages and sometimes they are affected by high concentration of O₂.

1. Name the 3 stages of Biosynthetic phase.
2. Name the assimilatory powers used during this phase and specify the number.
3. Write the process carried out by C₃ plants during high concentration of O₂.
4. How does the high O₂ concentration affect RUBISCO?

Answer:
1.

2. Movement of electrones through electron carrier

OR

1. Carboxylation, carbon reduction and regeneration
2. ATP & NAD PH₂
3. Photorespiration
4. RUBISCO – undergoes oxygenase activity

Question 12.
ATP and NADPH₂ molecules synthesized in Light reaction of Photosynthesis are used for the synthesis glucose in Dark reaction.

1. Who proposed the Dark reaction?
2. List out three phases in Dark reaction.
3. Location of dark reaction in the chloroplast.
4. Expense of ATP and NADPH₂ for the synthesis of one molecule of Glucose in Dark reaction.

Answer:

1. Melvin Calvin
2. Carboxylation, carbon reduction and regeneration
3. Stroma
4. 18 ATP and 12 NADPH₂

Question 13.
Observe the labeled and write down the following :

1. Which gas is passed out into the atmosphere at A?
2. What raw material required for photosynthesis, enters the leaf at B?
3. Describe the major steps involved at C in the synthesis of sugar.

Answer:

1. O₂
2. H₂O
3. CO₂ is reduced to sugar (glucose or fructose), by the biochemical reaction of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle). It has 3 major steps.

• Carboxylation – During which CO₂ combines with RuBP.
• Reduction – During which carbohydrate is formed at the expense of the photochemically made ATP and NADPH.
• Regeneration – During which is the CO₂ acceptor (RuBP) is formed again so that the cycle continues.

Plus One Botany Photosynthesis in Higher Plants NCERT Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
By looking at a plant externally can you tell whether a plant is C₃ or C₄? Why and how?
Answer:
Usually plants growing in dry conditions use ( pathways. It cannot be said conclusively if the plant is a C₃ or C₄ by looking at fleshy leaf structure of C₄ plants.

Question 2.
By looking at which internal structure of a plant can you tell whether a plant is C₃ or C₄? Explain.
Answer:
The particularly large cells around the vascular bundles of the C₄ pathway plants are called bundle sheath cells, and the leaves which have such anatomy are said to have ‘Kranz’ anatomy. ‘Kranz’ means ‘wreath’ and is a reflection of the arrangement of cells.

The bundle sheath cells may form several layers around the vascular bundles; they are characterised by having a large number of chloroplasts, thick walls impervious to gaseous exchange and no intercellular spaces.

Plus One Botany Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The ATP production in photosynthesis is called
(a) Phototropism
(b) phosphorylation
(c) Photo-oxidation
(d) photophosphorylation
Answer:
(d) photophosphorylation

Question 2.
Conditions helpful in photorespiration are
(a) more oxygen and less carbon dioxide
(b) less oxygen and more carbon dioxide
(c) more temperature and less oxygen
(d) more humidity and less temperature
Answer:
(a) more oxygen and less carbon dioxide

Question 3.
What is common between chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts?
(a) Presence of pigments
(b) Possession of thylakoids and grana
(c) Storage of starch, proteins, and lipids
(d) Ability to multiply by a fission-like process
Answer:
(d) Ability to multiply by a fission-like process

Question 4.
A student set up an experiment on photosynthesis as follow: He takes soda water in a glass tumbler and keeps the tumbler exposed sunlight hoping that he has provided necessary ingredient for photosynthesis to proceed (viz, CO₂ H₂O chlorophyll and light)
What do you think what will happen after, say few hours of exposure of light?
(a) Photosynthesis will take place and glucose will produced
(b) Photosynthesis will take place and starch will be produced which will turn the mixture turbid
(c) Photosynthesis will not take place because CO₂ dissolved in soda water escapes into the atmosphere
(d) Photosynthesis will not take place because intact chloroplasts are needed for the process
Answer:
(a) Photosynthesis will take place and glucose will produced

Question 5.
Photochemical reactions in the chloroplasts are directly involved in
(a) Fixation of carbon dioxide
(b) synthesis of glucose and starch
(c) formation of Phosphoglyceric acid
(d) photolysis of water and phosphorylation of ADP
Answer:
(d) photolysis of water and phosphorylation of ADP

Question 6.
Match the following with correct combination

Answer:

Question 7.
Choose the correct statement.
(a) The C₄ – plants do not have RUBISCO
(b) Carboxylation of RuBP leds to the formation of PGA and phosphoglycolate
(c) Carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate results in the formation of C₄ – acids
(d) Decarboxylation of C₄ – acids occurs in the mesophyll cells
Answer:
(c) Carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate results in the formation of C₄ – acids

Question 8.
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, there are photolysis of 12 water molecules, How many H+ are formed?
(a) 24 H+
(b) 36 H+
(c) 12 H+
(d) 32 H+
Answer:
(a) 24 H+

Question 9.
In Hatch and Slack pathway.
(a) chloroplasts are of same type
(b) occurs in Kranz anatomy where mesphyll have small Chloroplasts whereas bundle sheath have granal chloroplasts
(c) occurs in Kranz anatomy where mesphyll have small Chloroplasts whereas bundle sheath have larger agranal chloroplasts
(d) Kranz anatomy where mesphyll cells are diffused
Answer:
(c) occurs in Kranz anatomy where mesphyll have small Chloroplasts whereas bundle sheath have larger agranal chloroplasts

Question 10.
To form one molecule of glucose in Calvin cycle
(a) 9ATP and 36 NADPH are required
(b) 6 ATP and 6 NADPH are required
(c) 3 ATP and 2 NADPH are required
(d) 18ATPand12 NADPH are required
Answer:
(d) 18ATPand12 NADPH are required

Question 11.
Photosynthesis is correctly explained by the equation
(a) 6 CO₂ + 12H₂ O → C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
(b) 6 CO₂ + 6H₂ O → C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂
(c) 6CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂ O₆+ 6O₂
(d) 2CO₂+ 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂ O₆+ 2CO₂
Answer:
(a) 6 CO₂ + 12H₂ O C₆ H12 O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

Question 12.
In sugarcane plant, CO₂is fixed into malic acid, in which the enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide is
(a) ribulose phosphate kinase
(b) fructose phosphatase
(c) ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
(d) phosphoenol pyruvate carboxlase
Answer:
(d) phosphoenol pyruvate carboxlase

Question 13.
Which fractions of the visible spectrum of solar radiations are primarily absorbed by carotenoids of higher plants?
(a) Red and violet
(b) Violet and blue
(c) Blue and green
(d) Green and red
Answer:
(b) Violet and blue

Question 14.
Which factor is not limiting in normal condition for photosynthesis?
(a) Air
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Water
(d) Chlorophyll
Answer:
(a) Air

Question 15.
Which of the following is used during discovery of Calvin cycle?
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Volvox
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Chlorella
Answer:
(d) Chlorella

Question 16.
Photosynthesis in C₄ plants is relatively less limited by atmospheric carbon dioxide levels because
(a) Four carbon acids are the primary initial carbon dioxide fixation products
(b) the primary Fixation of carbon dioxide is mediated via PEP caroxylase
(c) effective pumping of CO₂ into bundle sheath cells.
(d) Rubisco in C₄_ plants has higher affinity for CO₂
Answer:
(b) the primary Fixation of carbon dioxide is mediated via PEP caroxylase

Question 17.
NADP is converted into NADPH₂ in
(a) photosystem I
(b) photosystem II
(c) calvin cycle
(d) non cyclic photophosphorylation
Answer:
(d) noncyclic photophosphorylation

Students can Download Chapter 3 Structural Organisation in Animals Notes, Plus One Zoology Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Zoology Notes Chapter 3 Structural Organisation in Animals

What is a tissue?
In multicellular animals, a group of similar cells along with intercellular substances perform a specific function. Such an organization is called tissue.

ANIMAL TISSUES:
The tissues are different and are broadly classified into four types:

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscularand
• Neural.

Epithelial Tissue:
This tissues are found in the covering ora lining for some part of the body. The cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix.
There are two types of epithelial tissues namely:

1. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
2. COMPOUND EPITHELIUM

1. Simple epithelium:

It is composed of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes. The compound epithelium consists of two or more cell layers and has protective function as it does in our skin On the basis of structural modification of the cells, simple epithelium is further divided into three types. These are

• Squamous
• Cuboidai
• Columnar

1. Squamous epithelium:
It forms single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. They are found in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs and are involved in a functions like forming a diffusion boundary.

2. Cuboidai epithelium:
It is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells. This is commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys. Its main functions are secretion and absorption.

3. Columnar epithelium:
It is composed of a single layer of tall and slende cells. Their nuclei are located at the base. Free surface may have microvilli. They are found in the lining of stomach and intestine and help in secretion and absorption.

Ciliated epithelium:
If the columnar or cuboidai cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epithelium Their function is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction overthe epithelium. They are present in bronchioles and fallopian tubes.

Glandular epithelium:
The modified columnar or cuboidal cells perform secretion and are called glandular epithelium.
They are mainly of two types:

• Unicellular (goblet cells of the alimentary canal)
• Multicellular(salivary gland).

On the basis of the mode of pouring of their secretions, glands are divided into two categories namely exocrine and endocrine glands.
Exocrine glands:
They secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes and other cell products. These products are released through ducts or tubes.

Endocrine glands:
They do not have ducts. Their products called hormones are secreted directly into the blood.

2. Compound epithelium:
It is multi-layered of cells.
a. Their main function is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses.

b. They cover the dry surface of the skin, the moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and of pancreatic ducts.

Three types of cell junctions are found in the epithelium and other tissues. These are called as tight, adhering and gap junctions.

1. Tight junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.
2. Adhering junctions perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together.
3. Gap junctions facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells for rapid transfer of ions and molecules.

Connective Tissue:
Connective tissues helps to linking and supporting othertissues/organs of the body. They include

• cartilage
• bone
• adipose
• blood.

Collagen or elastin:
In all connective tissues except blood, the cells secrete fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin.
The fibres provide strength, elasticity and flexibility to the tissue.
These cells also secrete modified polysaccharides, which accumulate between cells and fibres and act as matrix (ground substance).
Connective tissues are classified into three types:

• Loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue and
• Specialised connective tissue

Loose connective tissue:
They are loosely arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance. For example,
Areolar tissue:
It is present beneath the skin. It contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres),macrophages and mast cells.

Adipose tissue:
It is the loose connective tissue located mainly beneath the skin. The cells of this tissue are specialised to store fats.

Dense connective tissues.
In this Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed and are called dense regular and dense irregular tissues. In the dense regular connective tissues, the collagen fibres are present injows between bundles of fibres.
eg:

• Tendons, which attach skeletal muscles to bones
• ligaments which attach one bone to another.

Dense irregular connective tissue has fibroblasts and many fibres (mostly collagen) that are present in the skin.

Specialized connective tissues: They are Cartilage, bones and blood.

Cartilage:
Cells of this tissue (chondrocytes) are enclosed in small cavities within the matrix. Most of the cartilages in vertebrate embryos are replaced by bones in adults. Cartilage is present in the tip of nose, outer ear joints, between adjacent bones of the vertebral column, limbs and hands in adults.

Bones:
They have a hard ground substance rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which give bone its strength. Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs. The bone cells (osteocytes) are present in the spaces called lacunae.

Limb bones, such as the long bones of the legs, serve weight-bearing functions. They also interact with skeletal muscles attached to them to bring about movements. The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood cells.

Blood:
It is a fluid connective tissue containing plasma, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. It also helps in the transport of various substances.

Muscle Tissue:
It consists of long, cylindrical fibres arranged in parallel arrays. These fibres are composed of numerous fine fibrils, called myofibrils. Muscle fibres contract (shorten) in response to stimulation, then relax (lengthen) and in their uncontracted state. Muscles play an active role in all the movements of the body Muscles are of three types, skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
1. Skeletal muscle:
It is the tissue is closely attached to skeletal bones. In a typical muscle such as the biceps, striated (striped) skeletal muscle fibres are bundled together in a parallel fashion.

2. Smooth muscle:
These fibres taper at both ends (fusiform) and do not show striations. The wall of internal organs such as the blood vessels, stomach and intestine contains this type of muscle tissue. Smooth muscles are ‘involuntary’ as their functioning cannot be directly controlled.

3. Cardiac muscle tissue:
It is a contractile tissue present only in the heart. Cell junctions fuse the plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells and make them stick together In Communication when one cell receives a signal to contract, its neighbours are also stimulated to contract.

Neural Tissue:
Neurons, the unit of neural system are excitable cells The neuroglial cell which constitute the rest of the neural system protect and support neurons. Neuroglia make up more than one half the volume of neural tissue in our body.

Nerve impulse transmisssion:
When a neuron is suitably stimulated, an electrical disturbance is generated which swiftly travels along its plasma membrane and reaches at the neuron’s endings, or output zone, triggers events that may cause stimulation or inhibition of adjacent neurons and other cells.

ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM:
Each organ in our body is made of one or more type of tissues. For example, our heart consists of all the four types of tissues, i.e., epithelial, connective, muscular and neural. In animals morphology refers to the external appearance of the organs or parts of the body.

EARTHWORM:
Earthworm is a reddish brown terrestrial invertebrate The common Indian earthworms are Pheretima and Lumbricus.

Morphology:
They have long cylindrical body.lt is divided into more than hundred short segments which are similar. The dorsal surface of the body is marked by a dark median mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel). The ventral surface is distinguished by the presence of genital openings (pores).

Anterior end consists of the mouth and the prostomium, a lobe which serves as a covering for the mouth . The prostomium is sensory in function. The first body segment is called the peristomium (buccal segment) which conjoins the mouth.

In a mature worm, segments 14-16 are covered by a prominent dark band of glandular tissue called clitellum. Thus the body is divisible into three prominent regions.

• preclitellar
• clitellar &
• postclitellar segments

Four pairs of spermathecal apertures are situated 5^th – 9^th segments. A single female genital pore is present in the mid-ventral line of 14^th segment. A pair of male genital pores are present on 18th segment.

Numerous minute pores called nephridiopores open on the surface of the body. In each body segment, except the first, last and clitellum, there are rows of S-shaped setae, Setae plays an important role is in locomotion.

Anatomy:
The body wall of the earthworm is covered externally by a thin non-cellular cuticle below which is the epidermis, two muscle layers and an innermost coelomic epithelium. The epidermis is made up of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which contain secretory gland cells. A terminal mouth opens into the

1. buccal cavity (1 – 3 segments) which leads into muscular pharynx.
2. Oesophagus (5 – 7 segments), continues into a muscular gizzard (8 – 9 segments).

 

It helps in grinding the soil particles and decaying leaves etc. The stomach extends from 9 – 14 segments. The food of the earthworm is decaying leaves and organic matter mixed with soil. Calciferous glands, present in the stomach, neutralise the humic acid present in humus.

Intestine starts from the 15^th segment onwards and continues till the last segment. A pair of short and conical intestinal caecae project from the intestine on the 26^th segment. The characteristic feature of the intestine between 26 – 35 segments is the presence of internal median fold of dorsal wall called typhlosole.

This increases theeffective area of absorption in the intestine. The alimentary canal opens to the exterior by a small rounded aperture called anus. These simpler molecules are absorbed through intestinal membranes and are utilised. Pheretima shows closed type of blood vascular system, consisting of blood vessels, capillaries and heart.

Blood glands are present on the 4^th, 5^th and 6^th segments. They produce blood cells and haemoglobin which is dissolved in blood plasma. Blood cells are phagocytic in nature.

In Earthworms respiratory exchange occurs through moist body surface into their blood stream. The excretory organs occur as segmentally arranged coiled tubules called nephridia They are of three types:

• septal nephridia, present on both the sides of intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last that open into intestine,
• integumentary nephridia, attached to lining of the body wall of segment 3 to the last that open on the body surface and
• pharyngeal nephridia, present as three paired tufts in the 4^th, 5^th and 6^th segments

Nephridia:
It regulate the volume and composition of the body fluids. A nephridium starts out as a funnel that collects excess fluid from coelomic chamber. The funnel connects with a tubular part of the nephridium which delivers the wastes.

Nervous system:
It is represented by ganglia arranged segment wise on the ventral paired nerve cord (3^rd and 4^th segments). The cerebral ganglia along with other nerves in the ring integrate sensory input as well as command muscular responses of the body.

Sensory system does not have eyes but does possess light and touch sensitive organs to distinguish the light intensities and to fee the vibrations in the ground. Worms have specialised chemoreceptors (taste receptors) which react to chemical stimuli. Earthworm is hermaphrodite (bisexual), i.e., testes and ovaries are present in the same individual.

There are two pairs of testes present in the 10^th and 11^th segments. Their vasa deferentia run up to the 18^th segment where they join the prostatic duct. Two pairs of accessory glands are present one pair each in the 17^th and 19^th segments. The common prostrate and spermatic duct opens to the exterior by a pair of male genital pores on the ventro-lateral side of the 18^th segment.

Four pairs of spermathecae are located in 6^th – 9^th segments (one pair in each segment).They receive and store spermatozoa during copulation. One pair of ovaries is attached at the 12^th and 13^th segments. Ovarian funnels are present beneath the ovaries which continue into oviduct, join together and open on the ventral side as a single median female genital pore on the 14^th segment.

A mutual exchange of sperm occurs between two worms during mating. Mature sperm and egg cells and nutritive fluid are deposited in cocoons produced by the gland cells of clitellum.

Fertilisation:
Fertilisation and development occur within the cocoons which are deposited in soil. The ova (eggs) are fertilised by the sperm cells within the cocoon. The cocoon holds the worm embryos. After about 3 weeks, each cocoon produces two to twenty baby worms. Earthworms development is direct, i.e., there is no larva formed.

Earthworms are known as ‘friends of farmers’ because they make burrows in the soil and make it porous which helps in respiration and penetration of the developing plant roots. The process of increasing fertility of soil by the earthworms is called vermicomposting. They are also used as bait in game fishing

COCKROACH:
Cockroaches are are included in class Insecta of Phylum Arthropoda. They are nocturnal omnivores that live in damp places throughout the world. They are found in human homes and thus are serious pests and vectors of several diseases.

Morphology:
The adults of the common species of cockroach, Periplaneta americana are about 34 – 53 mm long with wings that extend beyond the tip of the abdomen in males. The body of the cockroach is segmented and divisible into three distinct regions – head, thorax and abdomen. The body is covered by a hard chitinous exoskeleton.

Exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites that are joined to each other by a thin and flexible articular membrane (arthrodial membrane). Head is formed by the fusion of six segments and shows great mobility in all directions due to flexible neck It has compound eyes. A pair of antennae arise from sockets lying in front of eyes. They help in monitoring the environment.

Anterior end of the head bears appendages forming biting and chewing type of mouth parts. It consists of a labrum (upper lip), pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium (lower lip). A median flexible lobe, acting as tongue (hypopharynx), lies within the cavity enclosed by the outhparts.
Thorax consists of three parts:

1. prothorax
2. mesothorax
3. metathorax.

Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking legs. The first pair of wings arises from mesothorax and the second pair from metathorax. Forewings (mesothoracic) called tegmina are opaque dark and leathery and cover the hind wings when at rest. The hind wings are transparent, membranous and are used in flight.

The abdomen in both males and females consists of 10 segments. In females, the 7^th sternum is boat shaped and together with the 8^th and 9^th sterna forms a genital pouch whose anterior part contains female gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands.

In males, genital pouch lies at the hind end of abdomen bounded dorsally by 9^th and 10^th terga and ventrally by the 9^th sternum. It contains dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore and gonapophysis. Males bear a pair of short, threadlike anal styles which are absent in females. In both sexes, the 10^th segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci.

Anatomy:
The alimentary canal is divided into three regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut The mouth opens into a short tubular pharynx, leading to a narrow tubular passage called oesophagus.

Oesophagus opens into a sac like structure called crop used for storing of food. The crop is followed by gizzard or proventriculus. Gizzard helps in grinding the food particles. A ring of 6 – 8 blind tubules called hepatic or gastric caecae is present at the junction of foregut and midgut, which secrete digestive juice.

At the junction of midgut and hindgut is present another ring of 100 – 150 yellow coloured thin filamentous Malphigian tubules. They help in removal of excretory products from haemolymph. The hindgut is differentiated into ileum, colon and rectum. The rectum opens out through anus.

Blood vascular system of cockroach is an open type Blood vessels are open into space (haemocoel). Visceral organs located in the haemocoel are bathed in blood (haemolymph).The haemolymph is composed of colourless plasma and haemocytes.

Heart of cockroach consists of elongated muscular tube lying along mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen. Blood from sinuses enter heart through ostia and is pumped anteriorly to sinuses again. The respiratory system consists of a network of trachea, that open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body.

Thin branching tubes carry oxygen from the airto all the parts. Exchange of gases take place at the tracheoles by diffusion. During excretion Malpighian tubules absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them into uric acid which is excreted out through the hindgut. Therefore, this insect is called uricotelic.

In addition, the fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands also help in excretion. The nervous system of cockroach consists of segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives. Three ganglia lie in the thorax, and six in the abdomen.


The nervous system of cockroach is spread throughout the body. If the head of a cockroach is cut off, it will still live for as long as one week. In the head region, the brain is represented by supra-oesophageal ganglion which supplies nerves to antennae and compound eyes. In cockroach, the sense organs are antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, larfial palps, anal cerci, etc.

Compound eves of cockroach:
The compound eyes are situated at the dorsal surface of the head. Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia. With the help of several ommatidia, a cockroach can receive several images of an object. This kind of vision is known as mosaic vision with more sensitivity but less resolution, being common during night (hence called nocturnal vision).

Cockroaches are dioecious Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes lying one on each lateral side in the 4^th – 6^th abdominal segments. From each testis arises a thin vas deferens, which opens into ejaculatory duct through seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct opens into male gonopore situated ventral to anus.

A characteristic mushroom shaped gland is present in the 6^th – 7^th abdominal segments which functions as an accessory reproductive gland. The external genitalia are represented by male gonapophysis or phallomere The sperms are stored in the seminal vesicles and are glued together in the form of bundles called spermatophores which are discharged during copulation.

The female reproductive sysytem consists of two large ovaries, lying laterally in the 2^nd – 6^th abdominal segments. Each ovary is formed of a group of eight ovarian tubules or ovarioles, containing a chain of developing ova. Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct (also called vagina) which opens into the genital chamber.

Sperms are transferred through spermatophores. Their fertilised eggs are stored in capsules called oothecae. On an average, females produce 9 – 10 oothecae, each containing 14 – 16 eggs. The development of P. Americana is paurometabolous, meaning there is development through nymphal stage.

The nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to reach the adult form. The next to last nymphal stage haswing pads but only adult cockroaches have wings.

FROGS:
Frogs are belong to class Amphibia of phylum Chordata. The most common species of frog found in India is Rana tigrina. Their body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment. Such animals are called cold blooded or poikilotherms They have the ability to change the colour to hide them from their enemies (camouflage).

This protective coloration is called mimicry. During peak summer and winterthey take shelter in deep burrows to protect them from extreme heat and cold. This is called as summer sleep (aestivation) and wintersleep (hibernation).

Morphology:
The skin is maintained in a moist condition. The frog never drinks water but absorb it through the skin. Body of a frog is divisible into head and trunk. A neck and tail are absent. Above the mouth, a pair of nostrils is present. Eyes are bulged and covered by a nictitating membrane that protects them while in water.

On either side of eyes a membranous tympanum (ear) receives sound signals. The forelimbs and hind limbs help in swimming, walking, leaping and burrowing. The hind limbs end in five digits and they are larger and muscular than fore limbs that end in four digits.

Feet have webbed digits that help in swimming. Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism. Male frogs can be distinguished by the presence of sound producing vocal sacs and also a copulatory pad on the first digit of the fore limbs which are absent in female frogs.

Anatomy:
The body cavity consists of organ systems such as digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory and reproductive systems. The digestive system consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal is short because frogs are carnivores and hence the length of intestine is reduced.

The mouth opens into the buccal cavity that leads to the oesophagus through pharynx. Oesophagus is a short tube that opens into the stomach which in turn continues as the intestine,rectum and finally opens outside by the cloaca. Liver secretes bile that is stored in the gall bladder. Pancreas, a digestive gland produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes.

Digestion of food takes place by the action of HCI and gastric juices secreted from the walls of the stomach. Partiailv digested food called chyme is passed from stomach to the first part of the intestine, the duodenum. The duodenum receives bile from gall bladder and pancreaticjuicesfrom the pancreas through a common bile duct.

Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and proteins. Final digestion takes place in the intestine. Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall of intestine called villi and microvilli. The undigested solid waste moves into the rectum and passes out through cloaca.

In water, skin acts as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration). Dissolved oxygen in the water is exchanged through the skin by diffusion. On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs act as the respiratory organs. The respiration by lungs is called pulmonary respiration.

The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink coloured sac- like structures present in the upper part of the trunk region (thorax). Air enters through the nostrils into the buccal cavity and then to lungs. During aestivation and hibernation gaseous exchange takes place through skin. The blood vascular system involves heart, blood vessels and blood.

The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymph channels and lymph nodes. Heart is a muscular structure situated in the upper part of the body cavity. It has three chambers, two atria and one ventricle and is covered by a membrane called pericardium. Atriangularstructure called sinus venosus joins the right atrium.

It receives blood through the major veins called vena cava. The ventricle opens into a saclike conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart. The blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body by the arteries (arterial system).The veins collect blood from different parts of body to the heart and form the venous system.

Special venous connection between liver and intestine as well as the kidney and lower parts of the body are present in frogs. The former is called hepatic portal system and the latter is called renal portal system.

The blood is composed of plasma and cells. The blood cells are RBC (red blood cells) or erythrocytes, WBC (white blood cells) or leucocytes and platelets. RBC’s are nucleated and contain red coloured pigment namely haemoglobin. The lymph is different from blood. It lacks few proteins and RBCs.

The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder. Each kidney is composed of several structural and functional units called uriniferous tubules or nephrons. Two ureters emerge from the kidneys in the male frogs. The ureters act as urinogenital duct which opens into the cloaca.

In females the ureters and oviduct open seperately in the cloaca. The thin-walled urinary bladder is present ventral to the rectum which also opens in the cloaca. The frog excretes urea and thus is a ureotelic animal.

The chemical coordination of various organs of the body is achieved by hormones which are secreted by the endocrine glands. The endocrine glands found in frog are pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets, adrenals and gonads.

The nervous system is organized into a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), a peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves) and an autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic). There are ten pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain. Brain is enclosed in a bony structure called brain box(cranium).

The brain is divided into fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain. Forebrain includes olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres and unpaired diencephalon. The midbrain is characterised by a pair of optic lobes. Hind-brain consists of cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

The medulla oblongata passes out through the foramen magnum and continues into spinal cord, which is enclosed in the vertebral column. Frog has different types of sense organs, namely organs of touch (sensory papillae), taste (taste buds), smell (nasal epithelium), vision (eyes) and hearing (tympanum with internal ears).

Eyes in a frog are a pair of spherical structures situated in the orbit in skull. External ear is absent in frogs and only tympanum can be seen externally. The ear is an organ of hearing as well as balancing (equilibrium).

Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of yellowish ovoid testes which are found adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of peritoneum called mesorchium. Vasa efferentia are 10 – 12 in number that arise from testes. They enter the kidneys on their side and open into Bidder’s canal.

Finally it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of the kidneys and opens into the cloaca. The cloaca is a small, median chamber that is used to pass faecal matter, urine and sperms to the exterior.

The female reproductive organs include a pair of ovaries. They are situated near kidneys and there is no functional connection with kidneys. A pair of oviduct arising from the ovaries opens into the cloaca separately. A mature female can lay 2500 to 3000 ova at a time.

Fertilisation is external and takes place in Water. Development involves a larval stage called tadpole. Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to form the adult. Frogs are beneficial for mankind because they eat insects and protect the crop.

Frogs maintain ecological balance because these serve as an important link of food chain and foodweb in the ecosystem. In some countries the muscular legs of frog are used as food by man.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 15 कहना नहीं आता Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 15

निम्नलिखित कवितांश पढ़ें और प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।

कहना नहीं आता
तुम्हें कहना नहीं आता
कहने क्यों चले आए
पहले कहना सीखो
फिर अपनी बात कहना

जिनके पास कहने को है
जो कहना चाहते हैं
जिन्हें कहना नहीं आता
मैं उनमें से एक हूँ।

प्रश्न 1.
‘तुम्हें कहना नहीं आता’
‘तुम्हें’ किन-किनका प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं?
उत्तर:
भारत के शोषित और उपेक्षित लोगों का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
‘पहले कहना सीखो
फिर अपनी बात कहना’
ऐसा कौन कह रहा है?
उत्तर:
समाज का शक्तिशाली शोषक वर्ग

प्रश्न 3.
‘मैं उनमें से एक हूँ’
‘मैं’ किन-किनका प्रतिनिधि है?
उत्तर:
भारत में हाशिए पर छोडे गये शोषित और उपेक्षित जनता का प्रतिनिधि है।

प्रश्न 4.
कविता की आस्वादन-टिप्पणी लिखें।
उत्तरः
निशब्द जनता
‘कहना नहीं आता’ एक प्रतीकात्मक कविता है। यह आधुनिक काव्य-शैली की कविता है। इसके कवि सुप्रसिद्ध हिंदी कवि पवन करण हैं।

भारतीय समाज के लगभग 80 प्रतिशत लोग हाशिए पर जीनेवाले हैं। वे शोषित और उपेक्षित हैं। वे अपनी पीड़ा और व्यथा मौन सहती हैं। वे अपनी बात कहना चाहते हैं, लेकिन उसे कहने का अवसर नहीं दिया जाता है। वे अपने संघर्ष कहने की कोशिश करते हैं, तो दुत्कारते हुए कहा जाता है ‘तुम्हें कहना कहाँ आता है।’ उनसे यह चेतावनी दी जाती है ‘जाओ पहले कहना सीखकर आओ। तब आकर अपनी बात कहना।’ कवि कहते हैं कि कवि भी इन बेचारों में से एक है जो कहना चाहते हैं, लेकिन चुप रहते हैं।

‘कहना नहीं आता’ भारत के विविधता भरे समाज के एक बड़ा भाग, जो शोषित और उपेक्षित है, उसका प्रतिनिधित्व करती है। कविता की भाषा सरल है, लेकिन प्रतीकात्मकता के कारण सशक्त है। छोटी कविता द्वारा बड़े यथार्थ को कवि ने प्रस्तुत किया है। भाषा प्रवाहमयी एवं साधारण जनता की समझ की है। कविता प्रासंगिक है। शीर्षक अत्यन्त प्रभावमय है।

Plus One Hindi कहना नहीं आता Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘हाशिएकृत नारी’ संगोष्ठी संबन्धी बातें;
उत्तरः
विषयः भगवान ने मनुष्य को नर और नारी दोनों की सृष्टि की। नर और नारी परस्पर पूरक हैं। एक के बिना दूसरे का अस्तित्व नहीं है। लेकिन संसार में समय की गति में नारी तिरस्कृत अवस्था में पड़ गयी। संसार-भर यह दुरवस्था लोक-सृष्टि के आरंभ से उपस्थित है। परिवर्तन तो ज़रूर हुए हैं। लेकिन आज भी नारी तिरस्कृत अवस्था में है। इस अवस्था को चर्चा के मुख्य विषय बनाकर संगोष्ठी चलाना सचमुच उचित है।

उपविषय -1 नारी की पार्श्ववत्कृत अवस्था का ऐतिहासिक दृष्टिकोण में।
उपविषय -2 नारी की पर्श्ववत्कृत अवस्था भारतीय दृष्टिकोण में।
उपविषय -3 धार्मिक ग्रन्थों में नारी संबंधी सिद्धान्त।
उपविषय -4 भारत की कुछ आदर्श महिलाएँ।
उपविषय -5 नारी ही नारी का शत्रु है।

उपसंहार : कुछ ऐसी महिलायें भारत में और अन्य देशों में ज़रूर हैं जो समाज की मुख्यधारा में श्रद्धेय हो गयी हैं। लेकिन बड़े पैमाने पर विशेषकर भारत में अधिकांश नारियाँ हाशिए पर ही है। आयोजनाएँ अनेक तो हो रही हैं, जिनसे नारी की अवस्था सुधर जाये । नारी के पार्श्ववत्कृत अवस्था से मोचित कराने के लिए हम साथ दें। नारी को अपने ही पैरों पर खड़ी रहने के लिए हम सदा साथ दें। ‘How old are you’ जैसी फिल्मों में प्रस्तुत निरुपमा जैसी नारियों की ओर आगे बढ़ने के लिए नारी सत्ता को हम जगायें। नारी होना अभिशाप नहीं, वरदान है। नारी हाशिए पर नहीं, मुख्यधारा में उपस्थित होनी चाहिए।

संगोष्ठीः आलेख
भागवान ने मनुष्य को नर और नारी के रूप में सृष्टि की। नर और नारी बराबर के हैं। वे परस्पक पूरक हैं। एक के अलावा दुसरे का अस्तित्व नहीं है।

संसार के विकास के आरंभ से ही नारी तिरस्कृत अवस्था में है। भारत में नारी को ‘देवी माँ’ समझा जाता है। ‘मनुस्मृति’ में नारी के बारे में विकल दृष्टिकोण रखने पर भी भारतीय संस्कृति में नारी ज़रूर बड़े महत्वपूर्ण स्थान में है। फिर भी, दुनिया में सबसे पार्श्ववत्कृत नारीगण भारत में ही है। रानी लक्ष्मी बाई, कल्पना चौला, मदर तेरेसा जैसी अनेक आदर्श महिलाओं को भारत ने ही जन्म दिया है। फिर भी, कुटुंब, समाज, रोज़गार आदि सभी क्षेत्रों में भारत के नारीगण बड़े पैमाने पर पार्श्ववत्कृत अवस्था में ही है। बालिका भ्रूणहत्या, अशिक्षित स्त्री संख्या, बालिका विवाह, नारी आत्महत्या, दहेज-प्रथा आदि अनेक क्षेत्र हैं, जिनसे हमें मालूम होता है कि भारतीय नारी तिरस्कृत और उपेक्षित अवस्था में फँस गयी है।

नारी को विशेषकर भारतीय नारी को पार्श्ववत्कृत अवस्था से उठायें। नारी कभी भी नारी का शत्रु न बन जाये। स्त्री सत्ता की खूबियों से भारत का भविष्य उज्ज्वल बनायें।

निम्नांकित गद्यांश पढ़ें और नीचे दिए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।

एक दिन विष्णुजी के पास गए नारदजी। उसने विष्णुजी से पूछा, ‘मर्त्यलोक में वह कौन है भक्त तुम्हारा प्रधान?’
विष्णुजी ने कहा, ‘एक सज्जन किसान है, प्राणों से प्रियतम।’ नारद ने कहा, ‘मैं उसकी परीक्षा लूंगा’। यह सुनकर विष्णु हँसे और कहा कि, ‘ले सकते हो।’ नारदजी चल दिए। पहूँचे भक्त के यहाँ।

उसने देखा – हल जोतकर आया दुपहर को एक किसान को । किसान अपने घर के दरवाज़े पहूँ च क र रामजी का नाम लिया; स्नान-भोजन करके फिर चला गया काम पर ।

शाम को फिर वह आया दरवाज़े, फिर नाम लिया; प्रातःकाल चलते समय एक बार फिर उसने राम का मधुर नाम स्मरण किया। ‘बस केवल तीन बार!’ नारद चकरा गए- “दिवारात जपते हैं नाम ऋषि-मुनि लोग किंतु भगवान को किसान ही यह याद आया।”

प्रश्न 1.
‘मानव की दुनिया’ इस अर्थ में प्रयुक्त शब्द कौन-सा हैं।
उत्तर:
मर्त्यलोक

प्रश्न 2.
नारदजी के आश्चर्य का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
ऋषि-मुनि लोग दिवारात भगवान का नाम जपते हैं।
लेकिन, भगवान को किसान की याद आती है।

प्रश्न 3.
गद्यांश के आधार पर नारदजी और विष्णुजी के बीच के वार्तालाप लिखें।
उत्तर:
नारद : जय हो!
विष्णु : कहिए नारदजी।
नारद विष्णु : मर्त्यलोक में …..
विष्णु : हाँ… आगे कहिए……
नारद : आप का प्रधान भक्त कौन है?
विष्णु : किसान है।
नारद : यह तो आश्चर्य की बात है।
विष्णु : मेरा नाम जपते हैं।
नारद : कौन-कौन?
विष्णु : दिवारात ऋषि-मुनि।
नारद : हाँ…. हाँ
विष्णु : लेकिन मैं केवल…..
नारद : केवल?
विष्णु : किसान को याद करता हूँ।
नारद : यह क्यों?
विष्णु : किसान अन्नदाता है।
नारद : ओहो! यह तो महान बात है।

कहना नहीं आता Summary in Malayalam

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 14 समय के साथ हम भी Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 14 समय के साथ हम भी

प्रश्न 1.
मिलान करके लिखें।

उत्तर:
Resource = संसाधन
Trash = कूड़ेदान
Computer = संगणक
Search = खोज
Editing = ईक्षण
Keyboard = कुंजी पटल
Save = सहजें
Public = सार्वजनिक

Plus One Hindi समय के साथ हम भी Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
सही मिलान करके लिखें।
उत्तर:
Internet = बहिर्पात
Computer = अनचाहा
Spam = अंतर्जाल
Output = संगणक

प्रश्न 2.
कोष्ठक से सही हिंदी शब्द चुनकर मिलान करें।
(बातचीत, संचिका, मंडलिया, श्रेणियाँ, महत्वपूर्ण, अतंर्पात, ईक्षण)
i. Important
ii. Chats
iii. Categories
iv. File
v. Input
vi. Editing
उत्तर:
i. Important = महत्वपूर्ण
ii. Chats = बातचीत
iii. Categories = श्रेणियाँ
iv. File = संचिका
v. Input = अतंर्पात
vi. Editing = ईक्षण

प्रश्न 3.
कोष्ठक से सही हिंदी शब्द चुनकर मिलान करें।
(संसाधन, बर्हिपात, विषयहीन, गोपनीयता, अगला चरण, अधिक जानें, कुडेदान, खोज)
उत्तर:
i. Trash = कुडेदान
ii. Next Step = अगला चरण
iii. Search = खोज
iv. Output = बर्हिपात
v. Privacy = गोपनीयता
vi. Resource = संसाधन

प्रश्न 4.
कोष्ठक से सही हिंदी शब्द चुनकर मिलान करें।
(संसाधन, अंतर्जाल, प्रारूप, सार्वजनिक, प्रस्थान, खोज़, सचिका)
उत्तर:
i. Public = सार्वजनिक
i. Format = प्रारूप
iii. Sign out = प्रस्थान
iv. Internet = अंतर्जाल
v. File = सचिका
vi. Resource = संसाधन

प्रश्न 5.
कोष्ठक से सही हिंदी शब्द चुनकर मिलान करें।
(कूड़ेदान, संसाधन, संकेत, प्रक्रम, बातचीत, प्रस्थान, ख़ोज़, महत्वपूर्ण, सचिका)
उत्तर:
i. Symbol = संकेत
ii. Important = महत्वपूर्ण
iii. Resource = संसाधन
iv. Chats = बातचीत
v. Programme = प्रक्रम
vi. Trash = कूड़ेदान

प्रश्न 6.
कोष्ठक से सही हिंदी शब्द चुनकर मिलान करें।
(अगला चरण, सार्वजनिक, साझा करें, प्रारूप, कूड़ेदान, संकेत, बातचीत, प्रस्थान)
उत्तर:
i. Chats = बातचीत
ii. Public = सार्वजनिक
iii. Trash = कूड़ेदान
iv. Next Step = अगला चरण
v. Share = साझा करें
vi.Format = प्रारूप

प्रश्न 7.
सही मिलान करें।

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 8.
सही मिलान करें।

उत्तर:

समय के साथ हम भी Previous Years Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
सूचनाःनिम्नलिखित 1 से 6 तक के प्रश्नों का उचित .. हिंदी शब्द कोष्ठक से चुनकर मिलान कीजिए।
(खोज, रद्द करें, प्रस्थान, ईक्षण, गोपनीयता, संचिका, कूड़ेदान)
1. Cancel
2. Editing
3. File
4. Trash
5. Privacy
6. Search
उत्तर:
1. Cancel – रद्द करें
2. Editing – ईक्षण
3. File – संचिका
4. Trash – कूड़ेदान
5. Privacy – गोपनीयता
6. Search – खोज

प्रश्न 2.
सूचनाःनिम्नलिखित 1 से 6 तक के प्रश्नों का उचित हिंदी शब्द कोष्ठक से चुनकर मिलान कीजिए।
(संचिका, गोपनीयता, खोज, बातचीत, ईक्षण, संकेत, साझा करे)
1. Chats
2. Editing
3. File
4. Search
5. Symbol
6. Privacy
उत्तर:
1. Chats – बातचीत
2. Editing – ईक्षण
3. File – संचिका
4. Search – खोज
5. Symbol – संकेत
6. Privacy – गोपनीयता

प्रश्न 3.
सूचनाः निम्नलिखित 1 से 6 तक के प्रश्नों का उचित हिन्दी शब्द चुनकर मिलान कीजिए।
(अगला चरण, सार्वजनिक, साझा करें, बातचीत, प्रारूप, कूड़ेदान, संकेत)
1. Chats
2. Public
3. Trash
4. Next Step
5. Share
6. Format
उत्तर:
1. Chats = बातचीत
2. Public = सार्वजनिक
3. Trash = कूड़ेदान
4. Next Step = अगला चरण
5. Share = साझा करें
6. Format = प्रारूप

प्रश्न 4.
सुचना: निम्नलिखित 1 से 6 तक के प्रश्नों का उचित हिंदी शब्द कोष्ठक से चुनकर मिलान कीजिए।
(गोपनीयता, रद्द करें, अंतर्जाल, प्रक्रिया, खोज, खाता जोड़ें, बाचचीत)
1. Cancel
2. Chats
3. Internet
4. Privacy
5. Process
6. Sign in
उत्तर:
1. Cancel : रद्द करें
2. Chats : बातचीत
3. Internet : अंतर्जाल
4. Privacy : गोपनीयता
5. Process : प्रक्रिया
6. Sign in : खाता जोड़ें

प्रश्न 5.
कोष्ठक से उचित हिंदी शब्द चुनकर मिलान कीजिए।
(संसाधन, तारांकित, ईक्षण, प्रक्रम, बहिपति, गोपनीयता, सहेजें)
Editing :
Output :
Save :
Resource :
Programme :
Privacy :
उत्तर:
Editing : ईक्षण
Output : बहिर्पात
Save : सहेजें
Resource : संसाधन
Programme : प्रक्रम
Privacy : गोपनीयता

समय के साथ हम भी Summary in Malayalam

समय के साथ हम भी Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 13 अपराध Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 13 अपराध

प्रश्न 1.
छोटे भाई के प्रति बड़े भाई का लगाव सूचित करनेवाले वाक्य चुनें।
जैसेः खेल में अकेला होने पर भाई आकर मेरी मदद करता है।
उत्तर:
अकसर भाई मेरी वजह से ही हारते। फिर भी वे मुझसे कभी कुछ नहीं कहते थे।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित चरित्रगत विशेषताओं के आधार पर तालिका भरें।

• पश्चातापग्रस्त
• दोस्ताना
• ईर्ष्यालु
• झूठा
• सहानुभूतिवाला

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
‘वे मुझसे प्यार करते थे और मेरे प्रति उनका रुख एक संरक्षक की ज़िम्मेदारी जैसा था’ – ‘अपराध’ कहानी के आधार पर बड़े भाई की चरित्रगत विशेषताओं को विस्तार दें।
उत्तर:

सच्चा भाई

उदय प्रकाश की ‘अपराध’ कहानी के दो मुख्य कथापात्रों में से एक है बड़ा भाई। एक पैर को बचपन में पोलियो हो जाने से बड़ा भाई अपाहिज था। अपाहिज होने पर भी, खेल-खूदों में वह बड़ा तत्परता रखता था। बड़ा भाई अच्छा तैराक था। हाथ के पंजों की लड़ाई में वह बहुत निपुण था। खड़ब्बल जैसे खेलों में वह डूबा जाता था। खेल में विजय होते समय अतिप्रसन्न होना उसका स्वभाव था। छोटे भाई की ओर बड़े भाई के दिल में बड़ी हमदर्दी और वत्सलता थीं। बड़े भाई के चरित्र पर भाईचारे का गुण प्रकट करते हुए उदय प्रकाश जी लिखते हैं, छोटे भाई के प्रति उसका ‘रूख एक संरक्षक की जिम्मेदारी जैसा था”।

बड़े भाई के चरित्र पर दया, उदारता, सहायकस्वभाव आदि भी हम देखते हैं। वह बड़ा क्षमाशील था। भाईचारे में वह बड़ा ईमानदार था। शत्रुता मनोभाव उसके चरित्र में कभी भी हम नहीं देखते।

‘बहुत सुंदर थे, देवताओं की तरह…..’। उसकी सुन्दरता शरीर में ही नहीं, मन में भी था। त्याग, क्षमा, संयम, मौन-सहन आदि विशिष्ट गुणों से बड़े भाई का चरित्र अलंकृत है। दोस्ताना, सहानुभूति आदि चारित्रिक विशिष्टताओं से भी बड़ा भाई हमें आकर्षित करता है।

संक्षिप्त में हम इस प्रकार कहें बड़े भाई का चरित्र दूसरों में ईर्ष्या और आत्महीनता जगाने तक उदात्त और उत्कृष्ट था। छोटे भाई ने बड़े भाई के सामने अपनी अवस्था के बारे में खुद कहा है: “मैं ईर्ष्या, आत्महीनता, …… की आँच में झुलस रहा था।”

प्रश्न 4.
विवश छोटा भाई सालों बाद क्षमा माँगते हुए अपने बड़े भाई को पत्र लिखता है। वह पत्र लिखें।
(अथवा)
‘भाई ही मुझे क्षमा कर सकते हैं, जिन्हें मेरे झूठ का दंड भोगना पड़ा’। इस प्रसंग को लेकर लेखक, भाई को पत्र लिखता है। पत्र तैयार करें।
(अथवा)
‘तो इस अपराध के लिए मुझे क्षमा कौन कर सकता है’ – पश्चाताप से विवश छोटा भाई सालों बाद क्षमा माँगते हुए अपने बड़ा भाई को पत्र लिखता है। वह पत्र लिखें।
उत्तर:

शहडोल,
15.03.2016

प्रिय भाई,
आप कैसे हैं? कुशल में हैं न? आप जैसे एक भाई होना मेरा बड़ा सौभाग्य है।
भाई, मैं आप से एक बात साफ बताना चाहता हूँ। उस दिन मेरा खड़ब्बल चट्टान से टकराकर उछला और सीधे मेरे माथे पर आकर लगा। माथा फूट गया और खून बहने लगे। मैंने रोते हुए माँ को बताया कि मुझे आपने खडब्बल से मारा है। भाई! मुझे अच्छी याद है, इस पर आपको पिताजी से बहुत मार खाना पड़ा।

आज मैं पश्चाताप से विवश हूँ। आप के पैर पकड़कर क्षमा माँगता हूँ। मुझे क्षमा देंगे न? आप तो पहले ही बहुत अच्छे चरित्र के थे। आप शरीर और दिल दोनों में सुन्दर थे। मेरा अपराध क्षमा कीजिए….. कृपया क्षमा कीजिए…. आपको भागवान सदा संतुष्ट रखें……

(हस्ताक्षर)
आपका छोटा भाई

सेवा में,
जोन के.के.
सुन्दर घर,
बड़ा गाँव पी.ओ.

प्रश्न 5.
स्मृति में जब भी वे आँखें जाग उठती हैं, मेरी पूरी चेतना, ग्लानि, बेचैनी और अपराध-बोध से भर उठती है। छोटे भाई की प्रायश्चित भरी वाणी है। आवश्य ही आपको या आपके …….. को ऐसा कोई अनुभव हुआ होगा। उस अनुभव का वर्णन करें।
उत्तर:
जब मैं पाँचवीं कक्षा में पढ़ रहा था, तब मेरी जिंदगी में एक घटना हुई। उदय प्रकाश की ‘अपराध’ कहानी में वर्णित घटना के समान था वह घटना। ‘अपराध’ के कथापात्रों के समान माँ-बाप के लिए हम दो ही संतान थीं तब घर में। मैं और मेरा छोटा भाई। मैं स्वभाव से तेज़ था। कोपशील और स्वार्थ भी था। लालच भी था।

माँ ने एक दिन घर में बिरियाणी बनायी थी। खाने के समय के लिए बिरियाणी को माँ ने सुरक्षित रखा था। माँबाप खेत गये। इस अवसर का लाभ उठाकर मैंने बिरियाणी चोरी की। जब माँ वापस आयी, तब माँ को मालूम हुई कि बिरियाणी कम हो गयी है। माँ ने मुझे बुलाकर पूछा। लेकिन मैंने माँ से झूठ बोला कि छोटा भाई ने चोरी की है। बड़ी निपुणता से मैं ने माँ को समझाया कि मैं ने यह चोरी देखी है। मेरी बात को माँ ने विस्वास किया। छोटे भाई को पकड़कर माँ ने खूब मारा। छोटा भाई बड़ी आवाज में रोता था।

आज वर्ष अनेक बीत गये। छोटे भाई के विवाह का शुभदिन आ रहा है। मैंने यह निश्चय किया है कि शादी के पहले मैं अपने अपराध को छोटे भाई के सामने बताकर माफी माँगूगा।

Plus One Hindi अपराध Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
मैं सबसे छोटा था और अकेला था। क्यों?
उत्तर:
उसका भाई और पूरे गाँव के सभी लड़के उससे छह वर्ष बड़े थे।

प्रश्न 2.
मुझे अपने भाई से ईर्ष्या होती थी, क्यों?
उत्तर:
भाई को बहुत सारे दोस्त थे।

प्रश्न 3.
भाई आकर मेरी मदद करते । कब?
उत्तर:
सब खेलते समय छोटा होने के कारण अकेला पड़ जाता तो, भाई आकर मदद करते थे।

प्रश्न 4.
दूसरे लड़के छोटे भाई को अपने पाली में शामिल क्यों नहीं करते थे?
उत्तर:
पाली में उसे शामिल करके हार का खतरा नहीं उठाना चाहते थे।

प्रश्न 5.
जोड़ी और पालीवाले खेलों में बड़े भाई क्या करते थे?
उत्तर:
बड़े भाई अपनी पाली में छोटे भाई को शामिल कर लेते थे।

प्रश्न 6.
“अकसर भाई मेरी वजह से ही हारते। फिर भी वे मुझसे कभी कुछ नहीं कहते थे.” क्यों?
उत्तर:
भाई के लिए लेखक एक उत्तरदायित्व की तरह था। लेखक को भाई बहुत प्यार करते थे और लेखक के प्रति भाई का रुख एक संरक्षक की जिम्मेदारी जैसा था। भाई यह जिम्मेदारी सदा निभाना चाहते थे।

प्रश्न 7.
शाम की धूप की विशेषता क्या है?
उत्तर:
शाम की धूप शरीर में उल्लास भरा करती है।

प्रश्न 8.
खडब्बल कैसे खेलता था?
उत्तर:
लकड़ी की छोटी-छोटी डंडियाँ हर लड़के के पास थीं। पूरी ताकत से खडब्बल को जमीन पर, आगे की ओर गति देते हुए, सीधे मारा जा रहा था।

प्रश्न 9.
छोटे भाई में किसकी ताकत न थी?
उत्तर:
छोटे भाई में इतनी ताकत न थी कि वह खड़बल को उतनी दूर तक पहुँचाता, जबकि वहाँ एक होड़, एक प्रतिद्वंद्धिता शुरु हो जाये।

प्रश्न 10.
गुस्से और तनाव में और ज्यादा ताकत से वे खड़ब्बल फेंक रहे थे-कौन?
उत्तर:
बड़ा भाई।

प्रश्न 11.
‘मुझे पहली बार यह लगा कि मैं वहाँ कहीं नहीं – क्यों?
उत्तर:
खड़ब्बल खेल में जीतते समय बड़ा भाई एक बार भी छोटे भाई की ओर नहीं देखता था। इतना ही नहीं, छोटे भाई को बड़ा भाई पूरी तरह उस समय भूलता था।

प्रश्न 12.
बड़े भाई के प्रति छोटे भाई के मन में कौन-सा भाव पैदा हुआ था?
उत्तर:
एक बहुत जबरदस्त प्रतिकार पैदा हो रहा था।

प्रश्न 13.
छोटा भाई किसकी आँच में झुलस रहा था?
उत्तर:
ईर्ष्या, आत्महीनता, उपेक्षा और नगण्याता की आँच में झुलस रहा था।

प्रश्न 14.
छोटे भाई के माथे पर कैसे चोट लगी?
उत्तर:
अचानक छोटे भाई का खड़ब्बल चट्टान से टकराकर उछला और सीधे उसके माथे पर आकर लगा। माथा फूट गया और खून बहने लगा।

प्रश्न 15.
बड़े भाई तेज़ी से दौड़ नहीं पा रहा था, क्यों?
उत्तर:
बड़े भाई का दायाँ पैर पोलियो का शिकार था।

प्रश्न 16.
घर पहुँचकर छोटे भाई ने माँ से क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
छोटे भाई ने माँ से यह कहा कि उसे बड़े भाई ने खड़ब्बल से मारा है।

प्रश्न 17.
बड़े भाई के प्रति छोटे भाई के मन में प्रतिकार की भावना क्यों उत्पन्न हुई?
उत्तर:
छोटे भाई के मन में ऐसा लग रहा था कि बड़े भाई के सामने वह कहीं नहीं है। बड़े भाई से इस प्रकार की उपेक्षा का अनुभव महसूस करने के कारण उसके दिल में बड़े भाई के प्रति प्रतिकार की भावना उत्पन्न हुई।

प्रश्न 18.
बड़े भाई की आँखों में करुणा और कातरता थीं- क्यों?
उत्तर:
बड़े भाई के विरुद्ध छोटा भाई झूठ बोल देने पर बड़े भाई को पिताजी से पीट सहना पड़ा। इसलिए बड़े भाई की आँखों में करुणा और कातरता थीं।

प्रश्न 19.
छोटे भाई के मन में जब बचपन की उस घटना की स्मृतियाँ आती हैं तब उसे कैसा अनुभव होने लगता है?
उत्तर:
छोटे भाई की पूरी चेतना ग्लानि, बेचैनी और अपराध बोध से भर आती है।

प्रश्न 20.
वे इस घटना को पूरी तरह भूल चुके हैं – कौन?
उत्तर:
बडा भाई।

प्रश्न 21.
छोटे भाई ने अपने अपराध के लिए क्षमा माँगनी चाही, लेकिन असफल रहा – क्यों?
उत्तर:
माँ-बाप मर गये थे। बातों की सत्यावस्था ठीक-ठीक उन्हें समझाने के लिए अब अवसर नहीं। इतना ही नहीं बड़ा भाई इन पूरी बातों को भूल गया है।

प्रश्न 22.
अब यह निर्णय बदला नहीं जा सकता -क्यों?
उत्तर:
छोटे भाई के झूठ का दंड बड़े भाई को भोगना पड़ा। लेकिन बड़ा भाई यह घटना बिलकुल भूल चुके थे। उस समय झूठ बोलने का जो निर्णय लिया था वह गलत और अन्यायपूर्ण था। लेकिन वह निर्णय बदलना अब संभव नहीं।

प्रश्न 23.
बड़े भाई के विरुद्ध छोटे भाई से हुए अपराध के बारे में बताकर अपने मित्र के नाम पत्र लिखता है। वह पत्र तैयार कीजिए।
उत्तर:

स्थान,
तारीख,

प्रिय मित्र,
मेरी बात जानकर तुम असंतुष्ट हो जाओगे कि यह कितनी पुरानी बात है! लेकिन मेरे मन में यह अब भी एक काँटा जैसी है वह बात।

बात यह है कि बचपन में एक दिन मेरा भाई मुझे भूलकर खड़ब्बल खेल रहा था। छोटा होने के कारण अपनी पाली में उस दिन उन्होंने मुझे शामिल नहीं किया था। जीतने की खुशी में भाई ने मेरी और देखा तक नहीं। इससे में रो पड़ा। मैं अकेले खड़ब्बल को पत्थर पर फेंककर खेलते वक्त अचानक वह मेरे माथे पर लगा। भाई मेरे पास दौडकर आये। लेकिन मैं ने उसको रोका | माँ से मैंने झूठ कह दिया कि भाई ने मुझे मारा है। पिताजी ने उन्हें इस पर खूब पीटा। यह सज़ा मिलते समय भाई ने मुझपर करुणा भरी दृष्टि से देखा। भाई का वह कारुणिक अवस्था मेरी स्मृति में अब भी है। मैं उस गलती केलिए क्षमा माँगना चाहता हूँ। लेकिन कैसे? माँ-बाप मर गये। भाई यह बात भूल गया है। मेरा मन अशांत है। मित्र, तुम इसकेलिए एक परिहार बता दो।

मेरा विश्वास है कि तुम जवाब ज़रूर दोगे।

प्यार से,
(हस्ताक्षर)
नाम

प्रश्न 24.
कहानी का अंश पढ़ें और प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।
मैंने भाई का चेहरा देखा। वे मेरी ओर देख रहे थे। उनकी आँखें लाल थीं और उनमें करुणा और कातरता थीं, जैसे वे मुझसे याचना कर रहे हों कि में सच बोल दूं। लेकिन तब तक देर हो चुकी थी। उन्हें सज़ा मिल चुकी थी। फिर इतनी जल्द बात को बिलकुल बदलना मुझे संभव भी नहीं लग रहा था। क्या पता, पिताजी फिर मुझे ही मारने लगते। में डर रहा था।

i. यह किस कहानी का अंश है?
उत्तर:
उदय प्रकाश की ‘अपराध’ कहानी का।

ii. बड़े भई की आँखों में कौन-सा भाव था?
उत्तर:
करुणा और कातरता थीं।

iii. छोटा भाई क्यों डर रहा था?
उत्तर:
छोटे भाई ने जो बात बताई थी उसे जल्द बिलकुल बदलना उसे संभव नहीं लग रहा था। इसलिए पिताजी सच जानते समय छोटे भाई को भी पिताजी से मार मिलने की संभावना थी। इन बातों से छोटा भाई डर रहा था।

iv. उस दिन के छोटे भाई की डायरी लिखें।
उत्तर:

25 मार्च 2016

शहडोल :
आज मेरे लिए बिलकुल बुरा दिन था। मैंने झूठ बोलकर बड़े भाई को पिताजी के सामने अपराधी बनाया। बेचारा भाई! उनकी आँखें उस समय लाल हो गयी थीं। उनमें करुणा और कातरता थीं। वे मुझसे मौन याचना कर रे थे कि मैं पिताजी से सच बोल दूं। लेकिन मुझसे वह नहीं कर पाया। बड़े भाई को पिताजी से मेरे झूठ से सजा मिल गया। मैं विवश हो गया था। जल्द बात को बिलकुल बदलना मुझे संभव भी नहीं लग रहा था। मुझे यह डर भी था कि पिताजी मुझे सच जानते समय बुरी तरह मारेंगे।

हे भगवान! मुझसे बड़ा अपराध हो गया। मुझे क्षमा कर । भाई को अनुग्रह दे। मुझे नींद नहीं आती। मेरा मन बहुत व्याकुल है।

प्रश्न 25.
वह एक धीर, निडर एवं साहसी सैनिक था। अपने देश की सेना का नेतृत्व करनेवाला सेनानायक। उन दिनों दुश्मन सेना के साथ उनका युद्ध चल रहा था। दोनों सेनाओं में काफी विनाश हो चुका था। फिर भी सेनानायक निडर होकर अपनी सेना का नेतृत्व कर रहा था। हर दिन युद्ध समाप्त होने के बाद सब अपने-अपने डेरे में जाया करते थे। सेनानायक का निर्देश था कि कोई उसे तंग न करे क्योंकि शाम को वह भगवान की पूजा करेगा। रात को सैनिकों ने देखा कि सेनानायक कहीं जा रहा है। मैनिकों ने चुपचाप उनका पीछा किया। उन्होंने देखा कि सेनानायक युद्ध के मैदान में घायल पड़े सैनिकों की सेवा कर रहा है।, घावों में पट्टी बाँध रहा है और दवा लगा रहा है। आश्चर्य की बात यह थी कि उनमें शत्रु पक्ष के घायल सैनिक भी थे। सैनिकों के पूछने पर सेनानायक ने कहा कि घायलों की सेवा करते समय शत्रु और मित्र का भेद-भाव न दिखाएँ। इनकी सेवा ही मेरे लिए भगवान की पूजा है।

i. सेनानायक रोज़ शाम को कहाँ जा रहा था?
उत्तर:
सेनानायक युद्ध के मैदान में घायल पड़े सैनिकों की सेवा कर रहा था, घावों में पट्टी बाँध रहा था और दवा लगा रहा था। आश्चर्य की बात यह थी कि उनमें शत्रु पक्ष के घायल सैनिक भी थे।

ii. सेनानायक की चरित्रगत विशेषताओं पर प्रकाश डालें।
उत्तर:

साहसी सैनिक

सैनिक में बड़ा नेतृत्व गुण था। इसलिए वे सेनानायक बन गये। वे बड़े बुद्धिमान थे। शत्रुओं को पराजित करने के लिए उन्होंने बुद्धि से काम किया। निर्भयत्व उसके चरित्र का एक विशिष्ट गुण था। सेनानायक वीर-शूर होने पर भी बड़ी सेवा मनोभाव से जीनेवाले भी थे। वे आदर्श सैनिक थे। एक आदर्श सैनिक शत्रुसेना के सामने भी मर्यादा और सेवाभाव से व्यवहार करता है। सेनानायक की रोगी – शुश्रूषा से हमें ज्ञात होते हैं कि उनका चरित्र आदर्श और मर्यादा से अलंकृत था।

प्रश्न 26.
यह घटना पढ़ें और प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।
शादी में कार मिली। पत्नी ने अपने पति से कहाः सुनो, हम भी एक ड्राइवर रख लें? तुम्हारे घर में कई कारें थीं, तुमने कार चलाना क्यों नहीं सीखा? कई कारें थीं तो कई ड्राइवर भी थे….. कार चलाना सीखने की कभी ज़रूरत भी महसूस नहीं हुई….फिर भी मैंने सीखनी चाही थी, पर पापा-मम्मी ने नहीं सीखने दी। क्यों? भाई ने सीखी थी। एक बार उसका एक्सीडेंट हो गया… यह समझो कि वह मरते मरते बचा था, तब से उसकी ड्राइविंग पर पाबंदी लगा दी गई थी और मुझे भी सीखने से मना कर दिया। एक्सीडेंट क्या ड्राइवर से नहीं हो सकता? हो सकता है किंतु खतरा अक्सर आगे बैठनेवाले का ही होता है, हाध-पैर टूटेंगे या मरेगा तो ड्राइवर मरेगा।

i. शादी में क्या मिली?
उत्तर:
शादी में कार मिली।

ii. एक्सीडेंट में खतरा अक्सर किसका होता है?
उत्तर:
आगे बैठनेवाले का ही होता है।

iii. पत्नी ने कार चलाना क्यों नहीं सीखा?
उत्तर:
कार चलाते समय पत्नी के भाई को बुरी तरह एक्सीडेंट हो गयी थी। वह मरते – मरते बचा था। तब से पापामम्मी ने भाई की ड्राइविंग पर पाबंदी लगा दी गयी और पत्नी को भी सीखने से मना कर दिया।

iv. उपर्युक्त घटना का संक्षेपण करें।
उत्तर:
शादी में मिली कार एक्सीडेंट की डर से पत्नी नहीं चलाती है। पति से पत्नी ड्राइवर को रखने का आग्रह प्रकट करती है। लेकिन पत्नी को पति समझाता है कि ड्राइवर को भी एक्सीडेंट हो सकता है।

v. संक्षेपण के लिए शीर्षक लिखें।
उत्तर:
ड्राइविंग और एक्सीडेंट।

vi. मान लें, शादी में पत्नी को नई मॉडल कार मिली है। उस पॉडल कार की बिक्री बढ़ाने केलिए अखबार में छपे कंपनी का विज्ञापन तैयार करें।
उत्तर:

अपराध Previous Years Questions & Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘अपराध’ कहानी का ये वाक्य पढ़िए।
“मैं अपने इस अपराध के लिए क्षमा माँगना चाहता हूँ।
इस अपराध की सज़ा पाना चाहता हूँ।”
अपने अपाहिज भाई का पिताजी से सज़ा दिलाते हुए उस दिन की छोटे भाई की डायरी तैयार कीजिए।

• भाई का प्यार
• खडब्बल के खेल में भाई की जीत
• उपेक्षा की तीव्र वेदना
• माँ बाप से झूठ बोलना

उत्तर:

अपराध Summary in Malayalam

अपराध शब्दार्थ

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 12 दुःख Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 12 दुःख

प्रश्न 1.
‘इस ठंडी रात में भी हमी दो व्यक्ति बाहर हैं। दोनों के बाहर रहने का विशेष कारण अपने शब्दों में लिखें।
उत्तर:
यहाँ के दो व्यक्ति ‘दुःख’ कहानी का नायक दिलीप और दूसरा खोमचे बेचनेवाला लड़का है। दिलीप की पत्नी हेमा व्यर्थ रूठकर माँ के घर चली गयी है। इससे दुःखित होकर दिलीप मिंटो पार्क में मन बहलाने को गया था। इसलिए दिलीप अपने घर से बाहर था। खोमचे बेचनेवाला लड़का रोजी रोटी के लिए पकौड़े बेचने के लिए उसकी झोंपड़ी से बाहर था।

प्रश्न 2.
‘मैं इस जीवन में दुख ही देखने को पैदा हुई हूँ….. दिलीप ने आगे न पढ़ा, पत्र फाड़कर फेंक दिया’। हेमा का दिलीप के नाम का वह पत्र कल्पना करके लिखें।
उत्तर:

आमरा,
15.3.2015

प्रिय दिलीप,
आप कैसे हैं? माँ के घर मैं दुःख सहती सहती जीती हूँ। मैं इस जीवन में दुःख देखने को पैदा हुई हूँ। आप को मुझ से कोई प्यार नहीं है। मैं सदा आप को प्यार करती रहती हूँ। आप मुझे समझते क्यों नहीं? आप जैसे एक पति से क्या मुझे संतोष मिलेगा कभी? मेरी प्रतीक्षा है आप यहाँ पर जल्दी आ जायें और मुझे ले जायें। लगता हूँ मैं वापस आने के बाद आप मुझे दुःख फिर नहीं देंगे। दाम्पत्य जीवन के बारे में मुझमें कितनी आशाभिलाषाएँ थीं? सब निष्फल हो गयीं। आप के यहाँ आने की प्रतीक्षा में,

(हस्ताक्षर)
हेमा, आप की पत्नी

सेवा में,
दिलीप के.के.
मिंटो पार्क पि.ओ.
आरती नगर

प्रश्न 3.
‘मिट्टी ते तेल की ढिबरी के प्रकाश में देखा वह दृश्य उनकी आँखों के सामने से न हटता था’। उस दिन की दिलीप की डायरी लिखें।
उत्तर:

मार्च 15, 2014

मिंटो नगरः
आज मेरे लिए बड़े मानसिक संघर्ष का दिन था। हेमा रूठकर माँ के घर चली गयी। मन बहलाने के लिए मैं मिंटो पार्क गया। पार्क से वापस आते समय खोमचे बेचनेवाले एक छोटे-से लड़के से मेरी भेंट हुई। कितना गरीब लड़का है वह!! मैंने उससे खोमचे खरीदे। दाम देने पर वापस देने के लिए उसके पास छुट्टे भी नहीं थे। उसकी माँ कितनी बेचारी औरत है? लेकिन, माँबेटे के बीच का प्यार देखकर मुझे आश्चर्य हो गया। उस लड़के के घर से मुझे उसली दुःख की पहचान हुई। मैंने वहाँ के दुःख को हेमा के दुःख से तुलना की। हेमा का दुःख बनावटी है। हेमा का दुःख अमीरी-प्रदत्त नकली दुःख है। वह रसीला दुःख है। लड़के और उसकी माँ का दुःख अभाव-प्रदत्त असली दुःख है।

हे भगवान! हम अमीरों को क्षमा कर। हेमा को मनपरिवर्तन दे। नींद आ रही है। गहरी तो नहीं…….

प्रश्न 4.
बच्चे की माँ और दिलीप, दोनों के मुँह से निकलते हैं – भूख नहीं है।
दोनों के सामाजिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में इस कथन की विवेचना करके टिप्पणी लिखें।
उत्तर:
दिलीप एक धनी आदमी है। उसकी पत्नी हेमा रूठकर माँ के घर चली गयी। इस पर दिलीप बड़ी निराशा में है। निराशा और मानसिक संघर्ष के कारण उसे भूख नहीं लगती। लेकिन, बच्चे की माँ दरिद्रता में है। अवश्य भोजन के लिए उसके पास सुविधा नहीं है। उसके पास केवल दो सूखी रोटयाँ हैं। उनको माँ बच्चे को खिलाना चाहती थी। स्वयं भूखी रहकर बेटे को रोटियाँ खिलाने के प्रयत्न में माँ झूठ बोलती है: ‘भूख नहीं है’। बेटे के प्रति बड़ी वत्सलता होने के कारण भी माँ कहती है: ‘भूख नहीं’। दिलीप के बिना भूख की अवस्था मानसिक संघर्ष के कारण से है, लेकिन माँ के बिना भूख का कारण दरिद्रता है।

प्रश्न 5.
स्कूलवालों ने लड़कियों को घर से लाने के लिए मोटर रख ली है और उसे निकाल दिया है।
मशीनीकरण ने एक ओर सुविधाएँ पैदा की हैं तो दूसरी ओर उसने बेरोज़गारी को बढ़ावा दिया है। मशीनीकरणः सकारात्मक बनाम नकारात्मक ।
‘मशीनीकरण के गुण-दोष’ – पर एक आलेख तैयार करें।
उत्तर:
मशीनीकरण ने एक ओर सुविधायें पैदा की हैं तो, दूसरी ओर उसने बेरोज़गारी को बढ़ावा दिया है। आज साधारण जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में मशीनीकरण तीव्र गति पकड़ रही है। घर में, दफ्तर में, स्कूल में, कारखानों में – सभी जगहों पर मशीनीकरण बहुत साधारण हो गया है। अनेक स्कूलवालों ने छात्रों के लिए गाड़ी का प्रबन्ध किया है। लेकिन अनेक स्कूल अधिकारियों ने आजकल इस सुविधा को रोक दिया है। मशीनीकरण एक बड़े पैमाने तक अच्छा है। इससे समय का लाभ होता है। नये नये आविष्कारों से विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकि का विकास होता है।

ऐसे गुण होने पर भी मशीनीकरण से अनेक बुराइयाँ भी होती हैं। मशीनीकरण की सबसे बड़ी बुराई इससे वातावरण का प्रदूषण होता है। इससे मानव अनेक प्रकार की बीमारियों के शिकार बन जाते हैं। आपसी संबन्ध कम हो जाता है। मशीनीकरण के आगमन के पहले लोगा हिलमिलकर काम करते थे। इससे सामाजिकता बढ़ती थी। लेकिन मशीनीकरण ने अणुपरिवार को बढ़ावा दिया है।

उदाहरण के लिए पहले छात्रगण शिक्षाकेन्द्रों की ओर पैदल जाते थे। इससे स्वास्थ्य, मेल-मिलाप आदि संरक्षित रहते थे। लेकिन शिक्षा केन्द्रवाले मोटरों की सुविधा देने से मेल-मिलाप कम हो गया। अनेक छात्रों का स्वास्थ्य भी कम कसरत से बिगड़ जाने लगा।

मशीनीकरण से गुण है, साथ-साथ दोष भी है। अतिमशीनिकरण न हो जाये। कम मशीनीकरण भी न हो जाये।

Plus One Hindi दुःख Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
मन वितृष्णा से कब भर जाता है?
उत्तर:
जिसे मनुष्य सर्वापेक्षा अपना समझ भरोसा रखता है, जब उसीसे अपमान और तिरस्कार प्राप्त हो तो, मन वितृष्णा से भर जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
बहुत से लोग उसे ‘अति’ कहेंगे। किसे?
उत्तर:
दिलीप द्वारा हेमा को दिये गये स्वतंत्रता, आदर, आतंरिकता और अनुरक्त भरे प्यार को ।

प्रश्न 3.
हेमा माँ के घर क्यों चली गई?
उत्तर:
उसकी सहेली के साथ दिलीप सिनेमा देख आने के कारण रात भर हेमा रूठी रहकर सुबह उठते ही वह माँ के घर चली गई।

प्रश्न 4.
दिलीप को किसपर भय हुआ?
उत्तर:
समय को बीतता न देखने पर दिलीप को भय हुआ।

प्रश्न 5.
अपने निकटतम व्यक्ति से अपमान और तिरस्कार होने पर मनुष्य की दशा क्या हो जाती है?
उत्तर:
मन वितृष्णा से भर जाता है।

प्रश्न 6.
जिंदगी में कभी-कभी एक-एक मिनट गुज़ारना भी मुश्किल हो जाता है- कब?
उत्तर:
वितृष्णा और ग्लानि में स्वयं यातना बन जाते समय ।

प्रश्न 7.
दिलीप क्यों व्याकुल था?
उत्तर:
दिलीप अपनी पत्नी हेमा को बड़ी आंतरिकता से प्रेम करता था। उसको पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता देता था। उसे बहुत आदर करता था। उसके प्रति बहुत अनुरक्त भी था। लेकिन, हेमा दिलीप के प्रति अविश्वास प्रकट करके अपने घर चली गई। इससे दिलीप व्याकुल था।

प्रश्न 8.
दिलीप के मस्तिष्क की व्याकुलता कुछ कम हुई। कब?
उत्तर:
मिंटो पार्क के एकांत में एक बेंच में बैठे समय सिर में ठंड लगने से।

प्रश्न 9.
दिलीप ने संतोष का एक दीर्घ निश्वास लिया। क्यों?
उत्तर:
अपनी आकस्मिक मृत्यु द्वारा पत्नी हेमा से बदला लेने का निश्चय करने पर दिलीप ने संतोष का एक दीर्घ निश्वास लिया।

प्रश्न 10.
दिलीप का मन कुछ हल्का हो गया था – कब?
उत्तर:
स्वयं सह अन्याय के प्रतिकार की एक संभावना देख दिलीप का मन कुछ हल्का हो गया।

प्रश्न 11.
बिजली के लैंप किस प्रकार अपना प्रकाश सड़क पर डाल रहा था?
उत्तर:
बिजली के लैंप निष्काम और निर्विकार भाव से अपना प्रकाश सड़क पर डाल रहा था।

प्रश्न 12.
स्वयं सह अन्याय के प्रतिकार की एक संभावना देख उसका मन कुछ हल्का हो गया था यहाँ प्रतिकार की संभावना क्या थी?
उत्तर:
दिलीप की मृत्यु । (मिंटो पार्क में बेंच पर एकांत बैठने से सिर में ठंड लग जायेगा, बीमार हो जाएगा, मर जाएगा, दिलीप के शवशरीर के पास पछताकर हेमा बैठेगी।)

प्रश्न 13.
‘सौर जगत के यह अद्भुत नमूने थे’। यहाँ अद्भुत नमूने क्या है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्यों के अभाव की कुछ भी परवाह न कर, लाखों पतंगे गोल बाँध-बाँध कर सड़क के लैंपों के चारों ओर नृत्य कर रहे थे।

प्रश्न 14.
मनुष्य के बिना भी संसार कितना व्यस्त और रोचक है। कैसे?
उत्तर:
प्रकृति के सुंदर दृश्यों से। (सड़क किनारे स्तब्ध खड़े बिजली के लैंप निष्काम और निर्विकार भाव से अपना प्रकाश सड़क पर डाल रहे थे। लाखों पतंगे गोले बाँघबाँध कर, इन लैंपों के चारों ओर नृत्य कर रहे थे। वृक्षों के भीगे पत्ते बिजली के प्रकाश में चमचमा रहे थे। पदछाईयाँ सुन्दर दृश्य बना रही थीं। सड़क पर पड़ा प्रत्येक भीगे पत्ते और लैंपों की किरणों के बीच संवाद हो रहा था। ये सब देखकर दिलीप सोचता है कि मनुष्य के बिना भी संसार कितना व्यस्त और रोचक है।)

प्रश्न 15.
कोई श्वेत-सी चीज़ दिखाई दी। वह कौन थी?
उत्तरः
एक छोटा-सा लड़का सफेद कुर्ता- पायजामा पहने, एक थाली सामने रखे कुछ बेच रहा है।

प्रश्न 16.
खोमचे बेचनेवाले छोटे लड़के की हालत का वर्णन कैसे किया गया है?
उत्तर:
लड़का सफेद कुर्ता- पायजामा पहने, एक थाली सामने रखे कुछ बेच रहा है। बहुत छोटा उम्रवाला था। क्षुद्र शरीर था। सर्द हवा में बालक सिकुड़ कर बैठा था। रात में सौदा बेचनेवाला सौदागर लड़के के पास मिट्टी के तेल की ढिबरी तक नहीं थी।

प्रश्न 17.
उसने आशा की एक निगाह उसकी ओर डाली, और फिर आँखें झुका लीं। यहाँ बालक की कौन-सी चरित्रगत विशेषता प्रकट होती है?
उत्तर:
बिक्री की प्रतीक्षा में बालक ने आशा की एक निगाह दिलीप पर डाली। गरीब होने पर भी वह स्वाभिमानी है, बिक्री के लिए हाथ फैलाना या याचना करना वह नहीं चाहता। इसलिए उसने आँखें झुका लीं।

प्रश्न 18.
‘लड़के के मुख पर खोमचा बेचनेवालों की-सी चतुरता नहीं थी, बल्कि उसकी जगह थी एक कातरता’ – यहाँ ‘चतुरता’ एवं ‘कातरता’ शब्दों का तात्पर्य क्या है?
उत्तर:
चतुरता = निपुणता, कातरता = दीनता

प्रश्न 19.
ठंडी रात में कौन-कौन बाहर हैं?
उत्तर:
दिलीप और खोमचेवाला बालक।

प्रश्न 20.
कौन-सी चीज़ मनुष्य-मनुष्य में भेद की सब दीवारों को लाँघ जाती है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्यत्व।

प्रश्न 21.
बालक की प्रफुल्लता दिलीप के किस प्रश्न से उड़ गई?
उत्तर:
‘कुछ कम नहीं लेगा’ प्रश्न से।

प्रश्न 22.
दिलीप क्यों लड़के के घर चला?
उत्तर:
लड़के का घर देखने का कौतूहल जाग उठने से।

प्रश्न 23.
‘आठ पैसे का खोमचा बेचने जो इस सर्दी में निकला है उसके घर की क्या अवस्था होगी, यह सोचकर दिलीप सिहर उठा’- क्या आप सोच सकते हैं कि बालक के घर की अवस्था क्या होगी?
उत्तर:
बहुत दरिद्र अवस्था।

प्रश्न 24.
बच्चे ने घबराकर कहा- ‘पैसे तो घर पर भी न होंगे’। दिलीप सिहर उठा। दिलीप के सिहर उठने का कारण क्या होगा?
उत्तर:
बच्चे के जीवन की दरिद्र अवस्था के बारे में जानकर ।

प्रश्न 25.
लड़के की माँ को नौकरी से हटा दिया। क्यों?
उत्तर:
लड़के की माँ बाबू के घर में अढ़ाई रूपया महीना लेकर चौका-बर्तन करती थी। लेकिन जगतू की माँ ने दो रूपये पर यह काम करने को तैयार हो गई। इसलिए लड़के की माँ को नौकरी से हटा दिया।

प्रश्न 26.
बाबू की घरवाली ने माँ को हटाकर जगतू की माँ को रख लिया है। यहाँ समाज की कौन-सी मनोवृत्ति प्रकट है?
उत्तर:
धनी लोग गरीबों को गरीबीपन का शोषण करते हैं। यहाँ नौकरी के क्षेत्र में होनेवाले आर्थिक शोषण का दृश्य है।

प्रश्न 27.
जगतू की माँ को नौकरी से क्यों निकाल दिया?
उत्तर:
जब स्कूलवालों ने लड़कियों को घर से लाने के लिए मोटर रख ली, तब जगतू की माँ को नौकरी से निकाल दिया।

प्रश्न 28.
स्कूलवालों ने लड़कियों को घर से लाने के लिए मोटर रख ली है और उसे निकाल दिया है। यहाँ कहानीकार किस सामाजिक समस्या की ओर इशार करते है?
उत्तर:
मशीनीकरण के कारण गरीब लोगों की नौकरी नष्ट हो जाती है।

प्रश्न 29.
‘एक बड़ी खिड़की के आकार का दरवाज़ा’ – के प्रयोग से कहानीकार क्या बताना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
खोमचे बेचनेवाले लड़के के घर की शोचनीय अवस्था ।

प्रश्न 30.
कोठरी के भीतर दिलीप ने क्या-क्या देखा?
उत्तर:
धुआँ उगलती मिट्टी के तेल की एक ढिबरी, एक छोटी चारपाई , दो-एक मैले कपड़े और आधी उमर की एक स्त्री मैली -सी धोती में शरीर लपेटे बैठी थी।

प्रश्न 31.
‘बेटा, रुपया बाबुजी को लौटाकर घर का पता पूछ लें, पैसे कल ले आना’। यहाँ माँ की कौन-सी चरित्रगत विशेषता प्रकट होती है?
उत्तर:
ईमानदारी, दूसरों पर विश्वास, दूसरों को मानना और स्वाभिमान।

प्रश्न 32.
दिलीप ने शरमाते हुए कहा। क्यों?
उत्तर:
माँ की सच्चाई और ईमानदारी से प्रमावित होकर।

प्रश्न 33.
स्त्री क्यों ‘नहीं-नहीं’ करती रह गयी?
उत्तर:
छुट्टे वापस देने केलिए न होने पर भी स्त्री के मन में बड़ा स्वाभिमान और ईमानदारी होने के कारण ।

प्रश्न 34.
स्त्री के चेहरे पर कृतज्ञता और प्रसन्नता की झलक कब छा गयी?
उत्तर:
दिलीप ने बाकी पैसे न लेने पर स्त्री के चेहरे पर कृतज्ञता और प्रसन्नता की झलक छा गयी।

प्रश्न 35.
बेटा कब रीझ गया?
उत्तर:
उसे सुबह रोटी के साथ दाल भी खिलाने की बात माँ से सुनकर बेटा रीझ गया।

प्रश्न 36.
लड़का पुलकित हो रहा था। क्यों?
उत्तर:
अपनी मेहनत की कमाई से रोटी खाने की प्रतीक्षा में लड़का पुलकित हो रहा था। हम जानते हैं कि मेहनत की रोटी मीठी होती है।

प्रश्न 37.
बेटा बचपन के कारण रूठा था। मगर घर की हालत से परिचित भी था। इस कथन का तात्पर्य क्या है?
उत्तर:
बेटा बचपन की चपलता के कारण रूखी-सूखी रोटी पर रूठ जाता है। मगर अपने अनुभव से घर की परेशानी परचानता है। तब बचपन की चपलता परिपक्वता में बदल जाती है। बचपन में ही बालक माँ के साथ परिवार का भार अपने कंधे पर उठाता था। परंतु अच्छा भोजन खाने के लिए वह दिन-दिन ललचा रहा था। इसलिए थोड़े समय के लिए वह रूठ गया था।

प्रश्न 38.
मुझे अभी भूख नहीं, तू खा’ – माँ ऐसा क्यों कह रही है?
उत्तर:
माँ को खाने के लिए आवश्यक रोटी नहीं थी। जितना भोजन घर में था. उसे माँ बेटे को खिलाना चाहती थी। माँ की ममता और बेटे के भविष्य की सोच में माँ ऐसा कह रही है।

प्रश्न 39.
सौदा बेचनेवाले बच्चे के घर आए दिलीप ने अपनी डायरी में क्या लिखा होगा? वह डायरी तैयार करें।
उत्तर:

तारीक

मिंटोपार्क नगर :
आज मैंने समझा कि सच्चा दुःख क्या है। सबेरे से हेमा के बारे में सोचकर मन चिंता से भरा था। फिर टहलने गया। बारिश का मौसम बीत गया था। फिर भी, शाम को सड़क और पार्क सुनसान था। मैं धीरे चलते वक्त सड़क पर एक बालक को देखा। वह सौदा बेच रहा था। उससे बातें करते समय मैंने समझ लिया कि उसका बाप मर गया था और माँ बीमार है। घर की परेशानी उसे इस ठंडी रात में सौदा बेचने के लिए मजबूर करती है। मैंने उससे पूरा सौदा खरीदा और एक रूपया दिया। बाकी पैसे देने के लिए उसके पास पैसे नहीं थे। उसके साथ दिलीप उसके घर चला। कितनी दयनीय थी वहाँ की अवस्था! रूखी रोटी पर गुस्सा उतारनेवाला बच्चा अब भी मेरे मन में है। घर में पैसा नहीं था। फिर भी मुफ्त के पैसे वे नहीं चाहते थे। उनके दुःख के सामने मेरा दुःख कितना छोटा है? उसे और भी मैं जरूर मिलूँगा।

प्रश्न 40.
सौदा बेचनेवाले बच्चे को दिलीप ने फिर देखा । तब दोनों के बीच का वार्तालाप तैयार करें।
उत्तर:
दिलीप : हाँ बेटा, कैसे हो?
बच्चा : ठीक हूँ जी। आपको मैंने कई बार देखा था।
दिलीप : फिर क्यों पास न आया?
बच्चा : मैं आपके पास आने लगा तो आप कहीं निकल जाते हैं।
दिलीप : अच्छा। तो, आज मुझे कैसे मिला?
बच्चा : आप मेरे सामने से निकलते समय ही मैंने आपको बुलाया।
दिलीप : घर में माँ सकुशल हैं?
बच्चा : माँ की बीमारी कुछ कम हुई है।
दिलीप : क्या ये दो पकौड़े मुझे दोगे?
बच्चा : ठीक है, लेकिन पैसा न देना।
दिलीप : पैसा नहीं, रूपया हूँ और यह लूँ।
बच्चा : बाकी देने के लिए घर में पैसे नहीं हैं ….
दिलीप : बाकी तुम्हारे पास रखो। बड़ा होकर वापस देना।
बच्चा : ठीक है। धन्यवाद।

प्रश्न 41.
मिट्टी के तेल की ढिबरी के प्रकाश में देखा वह दृश्य उनकी आँखों के सामने से न हटता था। उस दिन की दिलीप की डायरी लिखें।
उत्तर:

तारीक

मिंटोपार्क नगर :
आज के दिन के बारे में क्या लिखू? कैसा दृश्य था वह? अपने बेटे की प्रतीक्षा में ठंडी रात में चादर ओढ़कर बैठी उस गरीब और बीमार माँ की आँखों में क्या क्या भाव थे? अपने बेटे को देखकर उसका चेहरा खिल उठा। सौदा बेचने की बात कहते समय उसके मुख पर खुशी आयी। बाकी पैसे की बात सुनकर उसने रूपए वापस देने की बात कही। गरीबी में भी उसे मुफ्त के पैसे की चाह नहीं! फिर उस माँ ने अपनी भूख भूलकर बेटे को भोजन खिलाया। दोनों का प्यार देख कर मेरा मन द्रवित हो गया। अभाव के इस दुःख के सामने मेरा दुःख कितना छोटा है ? कल ज़रूर उस बच्चे से मिलूँगा।

प्रश्न 42.
नौ कर विस्मित खड़ा रहा । क्यों?
उत्तर:
दिलीप की ‘भूख नहीं’ है बात सुनकर नौकर विस्मित खड़ा रहा।

प्रश्न 43.
दिलीप को भूख नहीं लगी। क्यों?
उत्तर:
खोमचे बेचनेवाले लड़के की माँ का ‘भूख नहीं’ कहना याद आने पर।

प्रश्न 44.
हेमा ने पत्र की पहली लाइन में क्या लिखा था?
उत्तर:
“मैं इस जीवन में दुःख ही देखने को पैदा हुई हूँ।”

प्रश्न 45.
‘रसीला दुख’ से क्या तात्पर्य है?
उत्तर:
यशपालजी की दुःख कहानी से यह समझते हैं कि जीवन का यथार्थ दुःख गरीबी है। इसको न समझनेवाले दिलीप की पत्नी हेमा जैसे धनी लोगों का दुःख अमीरीप्रदत्त नकली दुःख है। सब कुछ होने पर भी, इस प्रकार दुःख करनेवाले लोगों का दुःख केवल तमाशा केलिए है, रस -विनोद के लिए है, सस्ती बातों पर है। अभाव – प्रदत्त असली दुःख की तुलना में यह एक प्रकार का सुखदायक दुःख है। इस दुःख में असलियत नहीं है और यह अनावश्यक दुःख है।

प्रश्न 46.
‘काश तुम जानती दुःख किसे कहते है। तुम्हारा यह रसीला दुःख तुम्हें न मिले तो जिंदंगी दूभर हो जाए।’ प्रस्तुत घटना को दिलीप अपनी आत्मकथा में लिखता है। आत्मकथांश तैयार करें।
उत्तर:

यह दुःख नहीं

हेमा की सहेली के साथ मैं सिनेमा देख आने के कारण, रात भर वह रूठी रही। अगले दिन सुबह उठते ही हेमा अपनी माँ के घर चली गयी। तब मेरे मन में क्षोभ का अंत न रहा। मेरी पत्नी की इस व्यवहार से मेरा मन वितृष्णा और ग्लानि से भर गया। मन बहलाने के लिए मैं मिंटो पार्क गया। सिर में ठंड लगने से मेरे मस्तिष्क की व्याकुलता कुछ कम हुई।

मिंटो पार्क से लौटते समय एक गरीब बच्चे से मेरी भेंट हुई। वह सड़क के किनारे नींबू के वृक्षों की छाया में बैठकर पकौड़े बेच रहा था। मैंने उससे पूरे पकौड़े खरीदे। मैंने उसे एक रूपया दिया। लेकिन बाकी पैसे वापस करने के लिए उसके पास छुट्टे नहीं थे। उसकी माँ से छुट्टे लेने के नाम पर मैं उसका घर गया। वहँ मैं ने उसकी माँ को देखा।

कितनी गरीब थी वह! बाकी पैसे देने के लिए माँ के पास पैसे नहीं थे। बेचारी औरत! माँ की परेशानी देखकर मेरा मन उत्कंठित हो गया। माँ के पास अच्छे कपड़े नहीं थे। खाने के लिए आवश्यक भोजन नहीं था। घर भी बहुत दयनीय अवस्था में थी।

मैंने वहाँ पर असली दुःख देखा। मुझे उस कोठरी में असली दुःख की पहचान हुई। मैंने पहचाना कि जीवन का यथार्थ दुःख गरीबी है। हेमा का दुःख अमीरी -प्रदत्त नकली दुःख है। वह एक प्रकार का रसीली दुःख है। हेमा का दुःख सही में दुःख नहीं है।

प्रश्न 47.
‘वन-संरक्षण सबका दायित्व’ विषय पर संगोष्ठी में प्रस्तुत करने के लिए आलेख तैयार करें।
उत्तर:

वन-संरक्षण : सबका दायित्व

पेड़-पौधे प्रकृति के वरदान हैं। धरती की हरियाली जीवन के लिए अत्यावश्क है। पेड़ – पौधे धरती की हरियाली सदा संरक्षित रखते हैं। पेड़-पौधों के अभाव में धरती में गर्मी बढ़ जाती है। गर्मि से धरती का बचाव पेड़-पौधों से ही होता है। भूक्षरण की रोक भी पेड़-पौधों से होती है। पेड़-पौधे मनुष्य को और भी विविध प्रकार लाभदायक होते हैं। मनुष्य को खाने के लिए अनेक प्रकार के भक्ष्य-पदार्थ पेड़-पौधों से मिलते हैं। वन के पेड़-पौधों से मनुष्य के उपयोग के लिए अनेक प्रकार की औषधी भी मिलती है।

पक्षी, जीव-जन्तु भी वनसंरक्षण से जीवित रहते हैं। अनेक प्रकार के पक्षी और जीव-जतु वंश-नाश के खतरे में है। इनके बचाव भी वन को संरक्षित रखने से संभव होता है।

वन-संरक्षण सामाजिक दायित्व है। प्रत्येक साल वन-संरक्षण केलिए वन-महोत्सव की आयोजना होती है। वन महोत्सव को हर प्रकार प्रोत्साहन करना हमारा कर्तव्य है।

वन संरक्षण सब का दायित्व है। इसलिए वन-संरक्षण संबंधित सभी आयोजनाओं को हमें प्रोत्साहन करते रहना चाहिए।

दुःख Previous Years Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘मिट्टी के तेल की ढिबरी के प्रकाश में देखा वह दृश्य उनकी आँखों के सामने से न हटता था’ उस दिन की दिलीप की डायरी निम्नलिखित सहायक बिंदु के आधार से लिखिए।
सहायक बिंदु:

• बच्चे से भेंट
• माँ की परेशानी
• माँ-बेटे का प्यार
• असली दुःख की पहचान और तुलना

उत्तर:

डायरी

25/7/2016,
सोमवार.

आज एक अजीब दिन था। हेमा मुझसे रूठकर अपनी माँ के घर चली गई। मैं कुछ समय तक उदास होकर रहे। श्याम होते होते बाहर कुछ देर घूमने केलिए निकला। रास्ते में एक बालक से मिला। वह कुछ पकोडों बेचने केलिए ठंडी रात में बैठे थे। उनके पास ठीक तरह से कपड़े तक नहीं था। मैं उनके पास जो पकोडे थे – पूरा खरीद लिया और बाकी पैसे न होने के कारण उनके साथ उनके घर चला। घर की हालत देखकर मैं स्तब्ध रह गया। उनकी माँ एक गरीब निस्सहाय औरत थी। फिर भी वह कितने प्यार से अपने बेटे के खयाल रखते हैं। मैं वहाँ से निकला तो मुझे समझ में आया असली दुःख क्या है। हम तो फालतू बातों को दुःख समझकर जी रहे हैं। हमें ज़रूर बाहरी दुनिया के बारे में सोचना चाहिए।

शुभरात्री

प्रश्न 2.
मान लीजिए ‘दुःख’ कहानी का पात्र दिलीप अपनी आत्मकथा लिखता है। आत्मकथा में गरीब माँ-बेटे का उल्लेख है। निम्नलिखित सहायत बिन्दुओं के आधार पर वह आत्मकथांश तैयार कीजिए।
सहायक बिंदु:

• बच्चे से भेंट
• माँ की परेशानी
• माँ-बेटे का प्यार
• हेमा का दुःख और खोमचेवाले लड़के का दुःखतुलना

उत्तर:

यह दुःख नहीं

हेमा की सहेली के साथ मैं सिनेमा देख आने के कारण, रात भर वह रूठी रही। अगले दिन सुबह उठते ही हेमा अपनी माँ के घर चली गयी। तब मेरे मन में क्षोभ का अंत न रहा। मेरी पत्नी की इस व्यवहार से मेरा मन वितृष्णा और ग्लानि से भर गया। मन बहलाने के लिए मैं मिंटो पार्क गया। सिर में ठंड लगने से मेरे मस्तिष्क की व्याकुलता कुछ कम हुई। मिंटो पार्क से लौटते समय एक गरीब बच्चे से मेरी भेट हुई। वह सड़क के किनारे नींबू के वृक्षों की छाया में बैठकर पकौड़े बेच रहा था। मैंने उससे पूरे पकौड़े खरीदे। मैंने उसे एक रूपया दिया। लेकिन बाकी पैसे वापस करने के लिए उसके पास छुट्टे नहीं थे। उसकी माँ से छुटटे लेने के नाम पर मैं उसका घर गया। वहँ मैं ने उसकी माँ को देखा। कितनी गरीब थी वह! बाकी पैसे देने के लिए माँ के पास पैसे नहीं थे। बेचारी औरत! माँ की परेशानी देखकर मेरा मन उत्कंठित हो गया। माँ के पास अच्छे कपड़े नहीं थे। खाने के लिए आवश्यक भोजन नहीं था। घर भी बहुत दयनीय अवस्था में थी।

मैंने वहाँ पर असली दुःख देखा। मुझे उस कोठरी में असली दुःख की पहचान हुई। मैंने पहचाना कि जीवन का यथार्थ दुःख गरीबी है। हेमा का दुःख अमीरी -प्रदत्त नकली दुःख है। वह एक प्रकार का रसीली दुःख है। हेमा का दुःख सही में दुःख नहीं है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘दुख’ कहानी के आधार पर असली दुख तथा नकली दुख के संबंध में संगोष्ठी में प्रस्तुत करने योग्य एक आलेख तैयार कीजिए।

• गरीब तथा अमीर लोगों के दुख
• दुख को हल करने का उपाय
• मानवता का उदय

उत्तर:
दुःख एक ऐसी समस्या है जिसके कारण सभी लोग आज चिंतित है। गरीब और अमीर सभी लोग दुःखी है। सब के सब अपने दुःखों के लिए दूसरों को ही दोषी ठहराते हैं।

पहले हमें यह जानना चाहिए कि दुःख क्यों होता है और क्या होता है। जब तक हम अपने आप पर खुश नहीं है, अपने विजय पर खुश नहीं है, हमें दुःख ही दुःख मिलेगा। जो कुछ हमने पाया है या जो कुछ हमें है इस पर हमें खुश होना चाहिए। लेकिन मानव कभी भी ऐसा नहीं है। वह दूसरों की सुख-सुविधा और ऐश्वर्य देखता है और जो कुछ उसके पास नहीं है उसके बारे में सोचकर दुखी बन जाता है।

अपने दुःखों को हल करने का उपाय भी हमें खुद निकालना चाहिए। गरीबों के दुःख और अमीरों के दुःख में बहुत बड़ा अंतर है। जब अमीर बड़ी बड़ी सुखसुविधाओं के बारे में सोचकर दुःखी होते हैं तब गरीब रोज़ी-रोटी के बारे में सोचकर दुःखी हो जाते हैं। एक प्रकार से देखने पर अमीरों का दुःख कुछ रसीला है जब गरीबों का दुःख असली है।

जब तक पूरे समाज में मानव-मानव के बीच प्रेम और भाईचारे का संबंध नहीं पनपेगा, तब तक, दुःखी लोगों की संख्या कम नहीं होगा।

दुःख लेखक परिचय

यशपाल हिन्दी साहित्य के प्रगतिशील कहानीकारों में श्रेष्ठ माने जाते हैं। वे क्रांतिकारी साहित्यकार थे। कहानियाँ, उपन्यास, निबंध आदि अनेक विधाओं में साहित्य रचना कर यशपाल हिन्दी के शीर्षस्थ कथाकार बने। सामाजिक कुरीतियाँ, शोषण और अंधविश्वास के खिलाफ समाज को सचेत करना यशपाल का लक्ष्य था। ‘झुठा-सच’, ‘दिव्या’, ‘देशद्रोही’, ‘मनुष्य के रूप’, ‘अमिता’, ‘पिंजरे का उडान’, ‘सच बोलने की भूल’आदि उनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं। निम्नवर्ग के दुःख और निराशा भरी ज़िन्दगी का चित्रण दुःख कहानी में हुआ है।

दुःख Summary in Malayalam

दुःख शब्दार्थ

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 11 सृजन की ओर Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 11 सृजन की ओर

प्रश्न 1.
पाठकनामा पढ़ें और लिखें –
i. पाठक संपादक को बधाइयाँ दे रहा है, क्यों?
उत्तर:
संपादकीय समकालीन समस्या से संबंधित होने के कारण संपादक को पाठक बधाइयाँ दे रहा है।

ii. हमारा घमंड किस पर है?
उत्तर:
विज्ञान और प्रोद्योगिकी की उपलब्धियों पर।

iii. हमारी कमी क्या है?
उत्तर:
संक्रामक बीमारियों को रोकने में हम नाकामयाब रहे हैं।

iv. संचार माध्यमों की कौन-सी भूमिका है?
उत्तर:
सराहनीय भूमिका निभा सकता है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित प्रक्रियाओं से गुज़रते हुए पाठकनामा के अनुवाद का संशोधन करें।

• वैयक्तिक संशोधन
• ग्रूप में प्रस्तुति एवं चर्चा
• ग्रूप में परिमार्जन
• ग्रूपों की प्रस्तुति

उत्तर:
अध्यापिका की ओर से तैयार की गई सामग्री की प्रस्तुति। इस भीषण परिस्थिति में, जहाँ संक्रामक बीमारियाँ तेज़ रफ़्तार से फैलते जा रहे हैं, बढ़ती बीमारियाँ संपादकीय विशेष प्रशंसनीय है। इस क़हर पर हम तभी लगाम डाल सकता है जबकि सरकार और जनता हमदिल से प्रयास करेंगे। खेद की बात है, एक ओर हम विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी की उपलब्धियों पर घमंड करती जाती है दूसरी ओर ऐसी संक्रामक बीमारियों को रोकने में हम नाकामयाब रह रहा है। इसपर पैबंद डालने के लिए समाज को सतर्क करने में संचार माध्यम सराहनीय भूमिका निभा सकती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
संकेतों का अनुवाद हिंन्दी में करें।

i. Clean the water storage containers and cover it
उत्तर:
पानी की टंकी साफ रखें और ढक रखें।

ii. Keep the surroundings clean and improve basic sanitation facilities
उत्तर:
परिवेश स्वच्छ रखें और बुनियादी सफाई सुविधाएँ सुधारके संभालें।

iii. Create an awareness about dengue chikungunya etc.
उत्तर:
डेंगू, मलेरिया इत्यादि के बारे में जनजागरण वनाये रखें।

iv. Seek the co-operation for the removal of breeding places
उत्तर:
मच्छरों के प्रजनन रोकने के लिए सहयोग का प्रबंध बनाये रखें।

Plus One Hindi सृजन की ओर Important Questions and Answers

अनुवादः

इस भीषण परिस्थिति में, जहाँ संक्रामक बीमारियाँ तेज़ रफ्तार से फैलते जा रहे हैं। बढ़ती बीमारियाँ संपादकीय विशेष प्रशंसनीय है। इस क़हर पर हम तभी लगाम डाल सकता है जबकि सरकार और जनता हमदिल से प्रयास करेंगे। खेद की बात है, एक ओर हम विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी की उपलब्धियों पर घमंड करती जाती है दुसरी ओर ऐसी संक्रामक बीमारियों को रोकने में हम नाकामयाब रह रहा है। इसपर पैबंद डालने के लिए समाज को सतर्क करने में संचार माध्यम सराहनीय भूमिका निभा सकती हैं।

प्रश्न 1.
ऊपर के अनुवाद की व्याकरणिक त्रुटियों को सुधारें।
उत्तर:
इस भीषण परिस्थिति में, जहाँ संक्रामक बीमारियाँ तेज़ रफ्तार से फैलती जा रही हैं। बढ़ती बीमारियाँ संपादकीय विशेष प्रशंसनीय है। इस क़हर पर हम तभी लगाम डाल सकते हैं जबकि सरकार और जनता हमदिल से प्रयास करेंगी। खेद की बात है, एक ओर हम विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी की उपलब्धियों पर घमंड करते जाते हैं दूसरी ओर ऐसी संक्रामक बीमारियों को रोकने में हम नाकामयाब रह रहे हैं। इसपर पैबंद डालने के लिए समाज को सतर्क करने में संचार माध्यम सराहनीय भूमिका निभा सकता हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद करें।
Aravind : I send the mail to chandrakanth Devthale?
Razia : Yes, I sent Yesterday
Aravind : Did you get the reply?
Razia : Yes, he described a lot of things about his poem
Aravind : Can you send his message to me?
Razia : Ofcourse
उत्तर:
अरविंद : क्या आपने चंद्रकांत देवताले को डाक भेजा?
रज़िया : जी हाँ, मैंने कल भेजा।
अरविंद : क्या आपको जवाब मिला?
रज़िया : जी हाँ, उन्होंने उनकी कविता के बारे में बहुत सारी बातों का विवरण दिया।
अरविंद : क्या उनका सदेश मेरे लिए आप भेज सकती हैं?
रज़िया : जरूर।

प्रश्न 3.
अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद करें।
Athul : Why didn’t you come yesterday?
Sam : I was not well
Athul : What happend?
Sam : It was raining heavily yesterday, I had no umbrella
Athul : Don’t forget to take umbrella during this season
Sam : Ok, my mother also told me.
उत्तर:
अतुल : तुम कल क्यों न आये?
शाम : मैं ठीक नहीं था।
अतुल : क्या हुआ?
शाम : कल भारी बरसात हो रही थी। मेरे पास छतरी नहीं थी।
अतुल : इस मौसम में छतरी ले जाने के लिए मत भूलो।
शाम : जी हाँ, मेरी माँ ने भी मुझे यह कहा था।

प्रश्न 4.
अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद करें।
Mahesh : Where are you going Ram?
Ram : I am going to the railway station.
Mahesh : Why do you go there?
Ram : To take my uncle and aunty from the station.
Mahesh : Where are they coming from?
Ram : From Delhi, Sorry Mahesh, I am getting late, Bye Bye.
उत्तर:
महेश : राम, तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो?
राम : मैं रेल्वे-स्टेशन जा रहा हूँ।
महेश : तुम वहाँ क्यों जा रहे हो?
राम : मेरे मामा और मामी को स्टेशन से लेने के लिए।
महेश : वे कहाँ से आ रहे हैं?
राम : दिल्ली से, मॉफ करना महेश, मैं देर हो रहा हूँ… बाई…..बाई….

प्रश्न 5.
अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद करें।
Mili : Daddy, Can you get me a toy?
Father : Of course dear, What kind?
Mili : I would to like to get a doll
Father : In the evening we will go together to the shop and you can buy one.
Mili : Today itself?
Father : Definitely, we will have it.
उत्तर:
मिली : पापा, आप मेरे लिए एक खिलौना देंगे?
पापा : बिल्कुल मिली, किस तरह की?
मिली : मैं एक गुड़िया मिलना चाहती हूँ।
पापा : शाम हम एक साथ दूकान जायेंगे और तुम गुड़िया खरीद सकती हो।
मिली : आज ही?
पापा : निश्चय, हम उसे खरीद लेंगे।

प्रश्न 6.
अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद करें।
Arun : May I come in Teacher?
Teacher : Yes, why didn’t you come yesterday?
Arun : Sorry Teacher, my mother was ill. I was looking after her.
Teacher: Oh! How is she now?
Arun : Now she is all right.
Teacher : Okay, go to your seat.
उत्तर:
अरुण : मैं अंदर आँऊ टीचरजी?
टीचर : जी हाँ, तुम कल क्यों नहीं आये?
अरुण : मॉफ कीजिए, मेरी माँ बीमार थी। मैं उसकी देखभाल कर रहा था।
टीचर : अरे बापरे! अब वे कैसी हैं?
अरुण : अब ठीक है।
टीचर : ठीक, तुम आपनी जागह पर जाओ।

प्रश्न 7.
अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद करें।
Student : Could you please give me the audio CD of Juloose drama?
Teacher : Sure, what for?
Student : We wish to present this drama on Hindi Day.
Teacher : Very good. Have you started rehersal?
Student : Yes. we started it yesterday.
Teacher : All the best.
Student : Thank you.
उत्तर :
छात्र : आप मेरे लिए ‘जुलूस’ नाटक की एक सि. डी. दे सकती हैं?
टीचर : बिल्कुल, क्या के लिए?
छात्र : हिंदी दिवस पर हम एक नाटक प्रस्तुत करना चाहते हैं।
टीचर : बहुत अच्छा, क्या तुम लोग पूर्वाभिनय (रिहर्सल) शुरु किया?
छात्र : जी हाँ, हमने कल शुरु किया।
टीचर : शुभ कामनाएँ…
छात्र : धन्यवाद टीचरजी।

प्रश्न 8.
अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद करें।
Teacher : Why are you late Puneeth?
Puneeth : Sorry Teacher, I saw a tragic incident on the road.
Teacher : Oh! What happened?
Puneeth : A person was lying on the road. He was severely injured.
Teacher : What did you do then?
Puneeth : I took him to the hospital.
उत्तर:
टीचर : पुनीत, तुम क्यों देर हो गये?
पुनीत : मॉफ कीजिए, मैंने सड़क पर एक दुखात्मक घटना देखी।
टीचर : अरे बापरे! क्या हुआ ?
पुनीत : एक आदमी सड़क पर लेट रहा था। वह बुरी तरह घायल था।
टीचर : तुमने उस समय क्या किया ?
पुनीत : मैं उसे अस्पताल ले गया।

सृजन की ओर Previous Years Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए।
Hema : Hello, Sreekala! Where are you going?
Sreekala : I am going to Ernakulam
Hema : For what?
Sreekala : Thave an interview for a teacher’s post at Navodaya Vidyalaya.
Hema : Which subject you have taken for your M.A.?
Sreekala : Hindi. It is my favourate subject
(interview – साक्षात्कार, favourable -पसंदीदा)
उत्तर:
हेमा : अरे श्रीकला, तुम कहाँ जा रही हो?
श्रीकला : मैं एरनाकुलम जा रही हूँ।
हेमा : क्या बात है?
श्रीकला : मुझे नवोदया विद्यालय में अध्यापक पद का साक्षात्कार हैं।
हेमा : आप एक.ए. के लिए कौनसा विषय चुना छा।
श्रीकला : हिंदी ही मेरा पसंदीदा विषय हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए।
Vineeth : Hello Suresh, How are you?
Suresh : I am fine.
Vineeth : Yesterday, I say your brother at hospital. What was the matter?
Suresh : My father was admitted there.
Vineeth : What happened to him?
Suresh : He had severe fever, now he is okay.
(was admitted – प्रवेश किया गया, Severe fever-कठिन बुखार)
उत्तर:
विनीत : अरे सुरेष, कैसे हो?
सुरेष : मैं ठीक हूँ।
विनीत : कल मैं तुम्हारे भाई को अस्पताल में देखा। क्या बात है?
सुरेष : मेरा पिताजी को वहाँ प्रवेश किया गया है।
विनीत : उसे क्या हुआ?
सुरुष : उसे कठिन बुखार था, अब वह ठीक है।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए।
Teacher : Why are you late Puneeth?
Puneeth : Sorry Teacher, I saw a tragic incident on the road.
Teacher : Oh! What happened?
Puneeth: A person was lying on the road. He was severely injured.
Teacher : What did you do then?
Puneeth : I took him to the hospital.
(Tragic incident – दुखात्मक घटना, severely – बुरी तरह, injured – घायल हुआ)
उत्तर:
टीचर : पुनीत, तुम क्यों देर हो गये?
पुनीत : मॉफ कीजिए, मैंने सड़क पर एक दुखात्मक घटना देखी।
टीचर : अरे बापरे! क्या हुआ ?
पुनीत : एक आदमी सड़क पर लेट रहा था। वह बुरी तरह घायल था।
टीचर : तुमने उस समय क्या किया ?
पुनीत : मैं उसे अस्पताल ले गया।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए:
Kiran : Sooraj, do you have a pet?
Sooraj : Yes. I have a parrot, I call her ‘sweety’
Kiran : What do you feed him with?
Sooraj : Some fruits and bread.
Kiran : Do you feel happy, taking care of your pet?
Sooraj : Yes, I feel good.
(Pet – पालतू जीव, Parrot – तोता, feed with – खिलाना, bread – रोटी)
उत्तर:
किरण : सूरज, क्या तुम्हारे पास कोई पालतू जीव है?
सूरज : हाँ, मेरे पास एक तोता है। मैं उसे स्वीटी कहता हूँ।
किरण : तुम उसे क्या खिलाया करते है।
सूरज : फल और रोटी।
सूरज किरण
किरण : तुम्हारे पालतू जीव की देखबाल करने पर क्या आप खुश है।
सूरज : हाँ, मैं बहुत अच्छा महसूस करता हूँ।

प्रश्न 5.
सूचनाः निम्नलिखित अंग्रेज़ी बातचीत का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए।
Mridula : Hello Veena, How are you?
Veena : Hai Mridula, I am fine. Where are you going now?
Mridula : I am going to a dance class. I wish to compose a new performance.
Veena : Very good. I am also waiting for your excellent performance. All the best.
Mridula : Thank you.
Veena : Ok, Bye Mridula
(Performance – प्रस्तुति, Compose – तैयार करना, Dance class – नाट्यशाला, Excellent – समर्थ)
उत्तर:
मृदुला : हलो वीणा, कैसी हो?
वीणा : हाय मृदुला, मैं ठीक हूँ। तुम कहाँ जा रही हो?
मृदुला : मैं नृत्य के एक क्लास में जा रही हूँ। एक नया नृत्य प्रस्तुत करने की तैयारी में हूँ।
वीणा : बहुत अच्छा। मैं भी तुम्हारी समर्थ प्रस्तुति की प्रतीक्षा कर रही हूँ। शुभ कामनाएँ।
मृदुला : धन्यवाद।
वीणा : अच्छा, चलती हूँ।

सृजन की ओर Summary in Malayalam

Letter to the Editor

In this fearful situation of increasing epidemics, an editorial like ‘Badti Beem ariyam’ of current relevance deserves special appreciation. The malody can be put to an end only of the government and public work single mindedly. Even in this age where we boast off great scientific and technological advancement, it is an utter disgrace that we cannot prevent such epidemics. Media has a great role in creating social awareness to prevent such epidemic.

Abhinav. S.
New Delhi