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Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution

Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which are the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:

• Rights to Equality (14-18)
• Right to Freedom (19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (23-24)
• Right to Religious Freedom (25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Right (29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (32)

Question 2.
What is Bill of Rights?
Answer:
In the Constitution, there is a list of the rights of the citizens. The list of rights mentioned in, and protected by, the Constitution is called Bill of Rights. This Bill of Rights prohibits the government from doing things against the rights of the citizens. When people’s. rights are violated, the Bill of Rights gives them the remedies to seek redress.

Question 3.
Which among the following is not a fundamental right?
a) Right to Freedom
b) Right to Equality
c) Right to Property
d) Right against Exploitation
Answer:
Right to Property

Question 4.
What are the freedoms assured to citizens under Right to Freedom?
Answer:

• Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
• Right to call to attend meetings
• Right to organize
• Right to travel
• Right to have shelter
• Right to work, trade, commerce and industry

Question 5.
Prepare a seminar report on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’.
Answer:
The +1 Political Science students of Kasargod Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’. Prior to the seminar, the students were divided into 6 groups and they discussed the topic. The leaders of each group presented the ideas of their group.

Contents:
a) Right to Equality: This is the basic tenet of the Indian Constitution. It has been made clear in the Preamble itself. In the past, there was no equality in the Indian society. So the Right to Equality is very important. About the Right to Equality, there are clear statements in the 3rd chapter, Articles between 14 and 18. The Right to Equality includes the following:

• Equality before Law, Equal Protection of Laws
• Protection from Discrimination
• Equality of Opportunity in employment
• Eradication of Untouchability Non-award of Titles

b) Right to Freedom

• Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
• Right to call to attend meetings
• Right to organize
• Right to travel,
• Right to have shelter
• Right to work, trade, commerce and industry
• Protection from undue punishment
• Individual freedom and freedom to live
• Protection against illegal arrests and imprisonment

c) Right against Exploitation:

• Articles 23 and 24 guarantees the Right against Exploitation.
• Article 23 bans immoral acts, slavery and bonded. labour.
• Child labour is prohibited.

d) Right to Freedom of Religion:
a) The Indian Constitution envisages the nation to be secular and democratic. So it gives religious freedom.
b) The Right to Religion is described in Articles 25-28.
Article 25 – The right to accept any religion and propagate it.
Article 26 – To make religious institutions and to acquire property.
Article 27 – The money used for religious purposes is tax exempted.
Article 28 – To conduct religious instructions in certain institutions.
e) Cultural and Educational Rights:

• All minorities can establish educational institutions and run them.
• Minorities are given protection in their language, script, & culture.

f) Right to Constitutional Remedies: It is not enough to list a number of rights in the Constitution. For citizens to practice them and protect them against their violations there should’provision. Right to Constitutional Remedies helps citizens to enjoy their rights. Dr Ambedkar called this Right as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution. This Right ensures that citizens are guaranteed of their fundamental rights. This gives Constitutional protection to the fundamental rights.
WRITS (Court Orders):
a) Habeas Corpus
b) Mandamus
c) Writ of Prohibition
d) Certiorari
e) Quo Warranto

Question 6.
What do you mean by Habeas Corpus?
Answer:
It is the Court Order to release somebody from illegal or unjust confinement

Question 7.
Indian Judiciary puts forward Writs in protecting fundamental rights. What are the various Writs?
Answer:
There are 5 Writs:

1. Habeas Corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Writ of Prohibition
4. Certiorari
5. Quo Warranto

Question 8.
Which among the following is a political right?
Answer:

• Right to Property
• Right to Vote
• Right to life
• Right to get wages

Question 9.
Examine the changes that happened in the status of Right to Property after the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
Answer:
The 44th Amendment of 1978 removed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it a legal right.

Question 10.
Point out the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens.
Answer:
In the 4th Chapter, Article 51-A, we have the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens. These were borrowed from the Russian Constitution. Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens:-

• Obey the Constitution and respect its principles and institutions, the national flag and the national anthem.
• Respect and obey the great principles that energized our independence struggle.
• Protect and maintain the sovereignty, unity and • indivisibility of India.
• Defend the nation. When needed, give national service.
• Over and above the differences of religion, language, and region, grow a sense of unity and fraternity among people. Don’t do things that will injure the dignity of women.
• Protect our diverse culture and rich heredity.
• Protect and improve our environment – its forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. Be sympathetic to all creatures.
• Develop a sense of science and humanity and a zeal for research and renewal.
• Protect public property and avoid violence.
• Work hard to prove yourself in personal and social spheres. Thus make the nation reach greater heights.
• It is the duty of the father or the guardian to ensure

Question 11.
Which day is observed as the Human Rights Day?
Answer:
10 December.

Question 12.
Directive Principles are included in the …. part of the Indian Constitution
Answer:
Fourth (IVth).

Question 13.
Prepare a note on the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The 4th section of the Indian Constitution deals with the DPSP. These were borrowed from the Irish Constitution. They do not have legal backing. The DP’s can be divided into 3 – Gandhian Ideas, Socialist Principles, and Liberal principles.
Gandhian Ideas:

• formation of grama panchayats
• Development of rural industries
• Prohibition (of alcohol)
• Modem methods of agriculture and animal husbandry
• Protecting the interests of the Backward classes especially Scheduled Castes and Tribes

Socialist Principles:

• A just social order
• Right to livelihood
• Equal pay for equal work
• Avoid inequality
• Fair distribution of wealth
• Freedom from exploitation
• Fair and humane conditions at workplaces
• Prevention of the accumulation of wealth in a few private hands.

Liberal Principles:

• Formation of a Common Civil Code for the nation.
• Compulsory free education to all children below 14.
• Protect the national monuments of historical importance.
• Separate the Executive from the Judiciary.
• Help in the growth of international peace and security.

Question 14.
Categorize the following into Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties.
1. Freedom to make organizations
2. Respect for the national flag and the national anthem
3. Protecting public property
4. Equal pay for equal work
5. Free legal help
6. Compulsory education for children
7. Common feeling of fraternity
8. No forced labour
9. Remedy by Courts
Answer:
Fundamental Rights

• Freedom to make organizations
• No forced labor
• Remedy by Courts

Directive Principles:

• Equal pay for equal work
• Free legal help
• Compulsory education for children

Fundamental Duties

• Respect for the national flag and the national anthem
• Protecting public property
• Common feeling of fraternity

Question 15.
Which of the Fundamental Rights is, in your opinion, the most important? Why?
Answer:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies. In the absence of this Right, the other five rights may be denied or violated. That is why the Right to Constitutional Remedies is qualified as the heart and soul of the Constitution. Therefore the most important right is the Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Question 16.
Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
a) Making children work
b) Banning a film
c) Banning a book
d) Banning the use of loudspeakers after 10 pm
e) Making a speech
Answer:
Make children work

Question 17.
Construct a table showing the differences between FR and DPSP.
Answer:

Fundamental Rights (FR):	Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
a) They constitute a set of negative injunctions. The State is restrained from doing some things.	a) They are suggestions to do some things.
b)They limit the power of the government. They ask the nation not to do some things.	b) They ask the nation to follow social and economic democracy.
c) They set a limit to the working of the nation.	c) They are mere suggestions.
d)They are based on justice and righteousness.	d)They are not defendable in the court of law.
e) They can be defended in the law courts.	e) If the government does not follow any DP, we can’t approach the court for remedy.
f) They are like orders from those in authority.	f) They are simply recommendations for making the nation better.

Question 18.
What is the relevance, of the National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission stands for the protection of Human Rights. It has the power to prevent Human Rights violations and if there are violations to give ways to solve the problem and take legal action against the violators.

Question 19.
Who is the current Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
Justice K.G. Balakrishnan

Question 20.
Match the following:

A	B
a) Human Rights	Writ
b) Quo Warranto	K.G. Balakrishnan
c) Chairman NHRC	Allen Gledhill
d) Uniform Civil Code	10 December
e) The Republic of India	Directive Principles

Answer:

A	B
a) Human Rights	10 December
b) Quo Warranto	Writ
c) Chairman NHRC	K.G. Balakrishnan
d) Uniform Civil Code	Directive Principles
e) The Republic of India	Allen Gledhill

Question 21.
In what circumstances was the Nehru Committee formed?
Answer:
In 1927, the British Government appointed the Simon Commission to make a report orrthe Constitutional reforms to be implemented in India. All the members of this Commission were British. Therefore all the parties, including Congress, boycotted the Commission. When the protest against the Commission became very strong, the British challenged Indian leaders to make a Constitution that will be acceptable to all. The leaders accepted this challenge and appointed a sub-committee to draft the Constitution. Motilal Nehru was its chairman. In 1928, the Nehru Committee submitted its report. This is called the Nehru Report.

Question 22.
Explain the different types of Writs.
Answer:
a) Habeas Corpus: It is a Latin phrase to mean ‘Produce the Body’. This is an order which is against keeping people in illegal custody or prison. This is an order by the High Court or Supreme Court to present an arrested or detained person in the court within a certain time. If the Court feels that the person was arrested or detained without valid reason, it may order his immediate release. Habeas Corpus Writ can be issued even to individuals and organizations who may keep people in unlawful custody.
b) Mandamus: This Latin word means “We order”. When a government official does not do his duty and by that if somebody’s rights have been violated the Court issues a Mandamus. By this Writ the Court is asking the official to carry out his responsibility.
c) Prohibition: When Lower Courts step beyond their jurisdiction or act against natural justice, the higher courts (High Court or Supreme Court) issue this Writ. For example, a higher court may prohibit a judge from hearing a case in which he has some personal interest.
d) Certiorari: It is a Latin word meaning “to give information about something”. This is a Writ by which a case is moved from a lower court to a higher court. There is a difference between Prohibition and Certiorari. Prohibition is issued to prevent a lower court from exceeding its jurisdiction. Burt Certiorari is when a lower court has exceeded its limits and the higher court intervenes.
e) Quo Warranto: This Lain phrase means “By what authority”. It is a Writ issued by the High Court or Supreme Court preventing a person from occupying a post without the necessary qualifications. Through this, the Court has the right to remove an undeserving person from his position. This Writ is applicable to Public (Government) offices or jobs. Private companies won’t be affected by Quo Warranto.

Question 23.
What do Directive Principles contain?
Answer:
There are mainly three things in them:

1. Suggestions regarding the goals of the nation.
2. Suggestions for the formulation of the national policies.
3. Rights that are not defendable in Courts.

Question 24.
Which Committee was the first one to put forward the demand for fundamental rights?
Answer:
Motilal Nehru Committee

Question 25.
In the Constitution, the articles dealing with the Right to Religion are:
a) 25 to 26
b) 25 to 27
c) 25 to 28
d) 25 to 29
Answer:
25 to 28

Question 26.
Who was the first Chairman of the first National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
Ranganath Mishra

Question 27.
It was the ……. Amendment that removed the Right to Property from the Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
44^th

You can Download Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How

Constitution: Why and How Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State different definitions of Constitution.
Answer:
Woolsey: Constitution is the collection of principles according to which the powers of the government, the rights of the governed and the relations between the two are adjusted.
Mclver: Constitution is a collection of laws that administers the nation and represents a will that is above nation.
Prof. A.V. Dicey Constitution is the collection of laws that affect, directly or indirectly, the sovereignty and its use and distribution.

Question 2.
Why do we need a Constitution?
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. Lack of a Constitution will lead to anarchy.

Question 3.
Who among the following is known as the father of the Indian Constitution?
a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
b) K.M. Munshi
c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Question 4.
Constitution mainly performs 5 functions. Point out the functions.
Answer:

• Give basic laws to bring about unity among the members of the society. Ensure that the laws are obeyed by all.
• Decide who is the authority to take decisions in the society.
• Limit the powers of the government.
• Enable the government to realize the goals and desires of the society.
• Give a fundamental identity to the people.

Question 5.
Who was the chairman of the drafting committee of the Indian constitution?
Answer:
Dr. B.R: Ambedkar

Question 6.
Constitutions are mainly 4 types. On the basis of this, complete the following chart.

Answer:

Question 7.
Prepare a short note on the authority of a Constitution.
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. A Constitution lays the foundation for the working of* nation. In the absence of a Constitution, the smooth working of the government will be made uncertain and the rights of the citizens might be violated. The lack of a Constitution, which clearly defines the powers of the government and the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities, will lead to anarchy. A country then ceases to be a nation.

Question 8.
Match the following:

Constitutional Provision	Borrowed Constitution
Fundamental Rights	British Constitution
First Past the Post System	American Constitution
Fundamental Duties	French Constitution
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity	Russian Constitution
Federal System	Canadian Constitution

Answer:

Constitutional Provision	Borrowed Constitution
Fundamental Rights	American Constitution
First Past the Post System	British Constitution
Fundamental Duties	Russian Constitution
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity	French Constitution
Federal System	Canadian Constitution

Question 9.
Prepare a note on the making of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
According to the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission in 1946, a Constitution Making Committee was formed in India. Its chairman was Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The making of the Constitution was done by the Drafting Committee. Dr. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee. The Group was divided into 8 important Committees and by the end of 1948, the draft was made ready. After many discussions and debates lasting for a whole year, the Indian Parliament approved the Constitution and it came into effect on 26 January 1950.

Question 10.
State the main points of the Objective Resolution
Answer:
a) India is an independent sovereign republic.
b) India will be a Union of the earlier British Indian territories, Princely States, and other regions that want to be in the Indian Union.
c) The regions in the Indian Union will have self-rule. Except in the subjects vested in the Union, the regions will have full powers over the government and administration.
d) All the powers of independent sovereign India and the Constitution come from the people of India.
e) All people of India are guaranteed social, economic and political justice.
t) Due protection will be given to minorities, backward tribal territories, Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.
g) In conformity with justice and laws of other nations, the unity of the Republic, and sovereignty over its land, sea, and air will be maintained.
h) The country will generously contribute to the maintenance of peace and security of the world and for the welfare of humanity.

Question 11.
How many Committees were formed as part of the making of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
There were 8 Committees:

1. Rules Committee
2. Steering Committee
3. Advisory Committee
4. Drafting Committee
5. Union Subjects Committee
6. States Committee
7. Provincial Constitution Committee
8. Union Constitution Committee

Question 12.
Identify the factors required for the successful working of a Constitution.
Answer:

• A just and free law and order system.
• A Written Constitution.
• Clearly defined powers of the Parliament, Judiciary and Executive.
• Rule of Law

Question 13.
State whether the following statements are True or False.
Answer:

• A Constitution is a written document which specifies the formation and powers of the government.
• A Constitution is necessary only in democratic countries and only in such countries will constitutions work.
• A Constitution is a legal document. It does not talk about morals and values.
• A Constitution gives the citizens a new identity.
• The ruling government can change the Constitution as it pleases.

Question 14.
Various provisions of the Indian Constitution are borrowed from different world constitutions. Prepare a note showing this fact.
Answer:
Provisions taken from other constitutions:
From the British Constitution:

• First Past the Post System
• Parliamentary Democracy
• Rule of Law
• The Institution of the Speaker and his role
• Law-making procedure

From the US Constitution:

• Fundamental Rights
• Independent Judiciary and Judicial Review
• Preamble

From the Canadian Constitution:

• Semi-Federal Government
• Powerful Central Government
• Mobility Rights

Irish Constitution:

• Directive Principles of State Policy

French Constitution:

• Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

Question 15.
Match the columns A and B.

A	B
a) Objective Resolution	Dr. Rajendra Prasad
b) 1st Meeting of Constitution-Making Committee	B.R. Ambedkar
c) Drafting Committee Chairman	December 1946
d) Chairman of Constitution Making	August 1947

Answer:

A	B
a) Objective Resolution	August 1947
b) 1st Meeting of Constitution-Making Committee	December 1946
c) Drafting Committee Chairman	Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
d) Chairman of Constitution Making	Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 16.
Prepare a note on the inheritance from the national movement. Bring out the relevance of the Objective Resolution
Answer:
The members of the various sections of the Constitution-Making Committee worked with great cooperation. The reason for this was they had a consensus about the main principles to be included in the Constitution. These principles were formulated during the long period of the independence struggle. The National Movement had discussed extensively about the relevant questions regarding the Constitution. The leaders had already formed an idea about the form of the government, the values it has to uphold and the inequalities it had to overcome.

The ideas received from the National Movement were incorporated in the Constitution. The Objective Resolution was the best principle that the Constitution Making Committee received from the National meeting of the Assembly in December 1946. The Objective Resolution defined the goals of the Assembly. It presented a summary of the values and aspirations which were the basis of the Constitution. These values that were in the Objective Resolution prompted the decision regarding the ultimate goal. It was based on this the Constitution made sure that the principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, sovereignty, and universal brotherhood are guaranteed in writing. The Objective Resolution later became a springboard of the Indian Constitution.

Question 17.
The Indian Constitution came into force on ………..
Answer:
26 January 1950

Question 18.
The ………. is a combined document that includes many articles about the nation.
Answer:
Constitution

Question 19.
Who was the Chairman of the Constitutional Assembly?
a) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
b) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 20.
How many Committees did the Constitution Assembly have?
Answer:
8

Question 21.
It was from the Constitution that we borrowed the concept of a Republic.
Answer:
French

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Social Justice

Social Justice Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is the author of the Theory of Justice?
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 2.
What do you mean by social justice?
Answer:
Social justice means that all th& members of the society are equals. Social justice ensures that all the people in the nation are given equal opportunities and equal consideration. Social justice does not approve any discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, color or gender.

Question 3.
What is Plato’s concept of justice?
Answer:
Plato has given his theoretical interpretation of justice in his famous book “The Republic”. For Plato, justice means:
a) A lifestyle which is suitable for the features of one’s profession.
b) Each person destined for a special task and he should be used for that task.
c) The work one is doing. Plato feels that justice has a personal and social angle. When a person is asked to do a particular job because he is found competent in doing it, the society has to keep that job reserved for him. According to Aristotle, justice is something that can be distributed or something that can be used to rectify mistakes.
d) The Distributive Concept demands the equal distribution of things among equals.
e) The Corrective Concept remedies the mistakes.
f) When equals are treated unequally or when un-equals are treated equally there comes injustice.

Question 4.
Prepare a chart showing different aspects of the concept of justice.
Answer:

Question 5.
Point out the features of numerical concept of justice and geometrical concept of justice.
Answer:
The numerical concept of justice and geometrical concept of justice can be codified as follows:
Numerical concept of justice:

• Numerical concept of justice allows everyone to have equal justice.
• It means those who were considered unequal at some point in time will be considered equals.
• Jeremy Bentham says that each one has to account for the other. Nobody should be more than one.
• Modern democratic nations are based on the concept of justice.

Geometrical Concept of Justice:

• Geometrical concept of justice supports proportionate justice.
• Distribution of the profession should be proportionate to the competence of the individual.
• As an example, Aristotle says flutes can be given only to those who have the capacity to play the flute.
• In the same way, rulers must be those who are competent to rule.
• Numerical concept of justice is called Democratic Justice whereas Geometrical concept of justice is called Aristocratic Justice.

Question 6.
Explain the three principles of justice,
Answer:
1. Social justice: This means all the people in the society are equal. Everybody in the nation should be given equal opportunities and equal consideration. The essence of social justice is seeing everyone equally without any discrimination in the name of caste, religion, color, and gender.
2. Economic Justice: These are the basic factors of economic justice: All the primary needs of the citizens should be fulfilled. There should circumstances where all can live comfortably. They should get adequate wages for their work. Social security must be assured. Equal pay for equal work.
3. Political Justice: This means an atmosphere where people have free and fair participation in the political system of the nation.
Right to universal adult franchise. Non-discrimination in the appointments to government jobs.

Question 7.
Find the odd one out.
a) Justice means giving one what he deserves.
b) Justice means equal distribution among equals.
c) Justice means considering equals as un-equals.
d) Justice means a social order acceptable to all.
Answer:
Justice means considering equals as un-equals.

Question 8.
What do you mean political justice?
Answer:
Political justice means an atmosphere where people have free and fair participation in the political system of the nation. Right to universal adult franchise. Non-discrimination in the appointments to government jobs.

Question 9.
Prepare a note on John Rawls’ theory of justice,
Answer:
John Rawls is an American philosopher. In his book The Theory of Justice’, he put forward 2 principles regarding the Theory of Justice. They are as follows:
i) In the broad framework of basic freedom, according to the freedom of all individuals, each person should have equal opportunity.
ii) Social and economic inequalities should be tackled in two ways:

• For the maximum benefit of those who are least favored, there should be reservations.
• We should be guided by our discretionary powers and not morality when it comes to the distribution of government jobs so that the underprivileged get extra consideration.

Rawls does not give us predetermined moral criteria or goals., He gives us freedom to determine what is the best in the given circumstances. This is what makes Rawls’ theory very significant and an inevitable means of approaching the problem of law and justice.

Question 10.
Match column A with columns B and C.

A	B	C
Aristotle	Numerical Justice	Letting individuals free
Plato	Platonic Justice	Considering unequal as equals
Marx	Marxian justice	Harmonious social order
Bentham	Liberal Justice	Each one according to his ability & each one according to his need.
J.S. Mill	Geometrical Justice	Proportionate Justice

Answer:

A	B	C
Aristotle	Geometrical Justice	Proportionate Justice
Plato	Platonic Justice	Harmonious social order
Marx	Marxian justice	Each one according to his ability & each one according to his need.
Bentham	Numerical Justice	Considering unequals as equals
J.S. Mill	Liberal Justice	Letting individuals free

Question 11.
Can you identify the situation where social justice is denied in our society? If yes, point out such situations.
Answer:
There are many situations in the modern period where social justice is denied. The Law for Self-Financing Institutions which was passed by the Kerala Assembly was to ensure social justice based on merit as well as wealth. But the Private Managements of Kerala got a Court order in their favor in the name of Minority Rights and they torpedoed the Self-Financing Law. Governments have been trying their best through legislation to ensure social justice. Here are some important steps:
a) For the people below poverty line (BPL) rice is supplied at Re. 1 a kilo through ration shops.
b) Different scholarship schemes have been introduced to uplift members of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students.
c) To reduce the inequality between the rich and the poor, there are taxation policies.
d) The poor are given certain essential commodities at subsidized prices*
e) There is the Comprehensive Insurance Scheme.

Question 12.
Government has to take several steps to achieve social justice. In your opinion what are those steps to be taken by the government to attain social justice?
Answer:
a) Rationing system
b) Comprehensive Insurance Scheme
c) Loans to farmers without interest.
d) Unemployment wages

Question 13
Complete the following flow chart:

Answer:

Question 14.
Do new economic reforms lead to violation of social justice? Give your opinion.
Answer:
Yes, they do. Some new economic reforms can cause denial of justice. In the open market of free competition, rural industries and small scale producers and merchants can’t survive the competition from large scale monopolies. There are also situations in which ordinary people become slaves to the consumer culture. Because of the easy loans, common people are easily caught in the debt trap!

Question 15.
Complete the following:
Principles of Justice
a) Equal consideration to equals.
b) …………………….
c) …………………….
Answer:
Principles of Justice
a) Equal consideration to equals.
b) Proportionate justice
c) Recognizing special rights

Question 16.
Who propagated the Theory of Justice?
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 17.
Who wrote the book entitled “Theory of Justice”?
a) Aristotle
b) Plato
c) John Rawls
d) Rousseau
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 18.
In a society where there are class distinctions, there will be no
Answer:
Social justice

Question 19.
The principle of considering equals as equals is also called
Answer:
Numerical justice

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Equality

Equality Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Equality?
Answer:
Equality is the situation where everybody gets the same rights. Equality wants all persons to be equal before the law and everybody should be given the same kind of legal protection.

Question 2.
Why does equality matter?
Answer:
Equality means all persons are equal and they should be given equal opportunities, considerations, recognition, and wages. Man fought forages for the equality of people. The concept of Equality originated and grew as a protest against the gross inequalities found in the societies. Only if all persons in the society are given equal opportunities, full individual development will be possible.

Question 3.
Prepare a note on Equality of Opportunities.
Answer:
In the 16th article of the Indian Constitution, the principle of Equality of Opportunities is mentioned. It means equal opportunities should be given to citizens in government services, educational institutions, etc. without any discrimination. All citizens are also given the right to vote on the basis of universal adult franchise. They have the right to contest in the elections and hold public offices. In all these, there are equal opportunities

Question 4.
Prepare a chart showing different types of equality.
Answer:
Lord Bryce talks about 4 kinds of equality. They are Natural Equality, Civil Equality, Political Equality, and Social Equality. Modern thinkers have added another one as a fifth one – Economic Equality. It can be presented as follows.

Question 5.
Examine the relations between liberty and equality
Answer:
There is an inseparable relation between liberty and equality. Liberty and equality are like the two sides of a coin. Equality without liberty is meaningless. Here are their relations:
a. Somebody who takes the words in their bare meaning, he may argue that they are contradictory.
b. Full liberty will deny it to many people and thus destroy equality.
c. A certain amount of control on a person’s liberty comes in full equality.
d. The concept of full liberty and full equality can only be a myth.
e. It is in practical situations that liberty and equality are practiced. It is not in an imaginary situation. Only in a stable society, they can be practiced.
f. Liberty on a large scale will ensure that everybody gets it.
g. Equality on a large scale is inevitable for the continued existence of liberty.,
h. Therefore liberty and equality are complementary and not contradictory.

Question 6.
Explain Natural and Economic equalities.
Answer:
Equality is of different kinds. Two of them are Natural Equality and Economic equality. Natural equality is what Nature has given us as a gift. It is our natural right. The three natural equalities are: Freedom to live, freedom to have rights and, freedom to own property. Only in a society where there is economic equality, other forms of equality can have any meaningful existence.

The relation between Natural Equality and Economic equality is shown below: Natural Equality: This idea came up connecting it to natural law. It.saysthat nature created everyone equal. The spokespersons of natural equality say that inequalities are human creations and society should be freed from them. Natural Equality is a mere ideal. Even the concept that nature created all as equals itself is untrue.

Economic equality means the resources of the nation should be enjoyed equally by all. It talks about the eradication of poverty. Although complete equality is impossible, at least a person’s basic needs should be fulfilled. It does not want resources to be monopolized in a few hands. Everyone should have the right to work, to get reasonable wages and also rest. Ideologies like Socialism stress economic equality.

Question 7.
Examine the causes leading towards natural and social inequalities.
Answer:
Lack of circumstances in which a poor man can’t use his voting right properly.
Misuse of voting rights.
Poverty
Inability of the poor to hold high ranks and have authority.
Illiteracy
Unemployment
The rich taking control of the political parties.
Lack of honest media, both print and electronic
Casteism

Question 8.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 9.
Prepare a seminar report on three different types of equality such as political equality, economic equality and social equality.
Answer:
The Political Science students of Class XI of Kozhikode Government Higher Secondary School conducted a seminar on the topic “Three Different Types of Equality”. The students of the Class were divided into 3 groups and they discussed the relevant portions of the Text. The leaders of each group presented their views

a) Political Equality: To ensure political equality in a society, people should have the opportunities to take part in active politics. Only if they have the right to play their role in the affairs the nation, there will be political equality there. They should have following rights:
i) To participate in the election of the government.
ii) To contest in the elections.
iii) The right to hold public office.
iv) The right to creatively criticize the government through the print and electronic media and through speeches.
The right to criticize the government using any legal medium.
vi) The right to form political parties.

b) Economic Equality: The meaning of Economic Equality is that all citizens must be able to enjoy the nation’s resources equally. This is important for the eradication of poverty. To achieve Economic Equality, the following should be ensured:
i) Make circumstances so that all citizens can earn their livelihood.
ii) All citizens should have enough income to meet their needs.
iii) There should be no gross inequality in wealth in the society.
iv) There should be no economic exploitation of man by man.
The distribution of the means of production and wealth should be controlled, aiming at the welfare of all in the society.

c) Social Equality: This means that all in the society have equal social status. Nobody should have special rights. All should have opportunities to develop their personality. In short, nobody should be given any special consideration in name of caste, religion, race or riches. The Human Rights Declaration by the UN is good for ensuring social equality.

To ensure social equality, equal opportunities should be provided to all. There should no divisions on the basis of caste, religion, race, riches, and gender. There should be Rule of law which ensures that all are equal before the law. Casteism must be abolished completely. The government and the society should do all they can to uplift the marginalized communities and bring them into the mainstream society. Conclusion: After the presentation, a meaningful discussion followed. The teacher added more points. It was a good seminar.

Question 10.
Match column B & C with Column A.

A	B	C
Natural equality	Equal social status	All can enter common public places
Civil equality	Bom equal and free	Equality for all
Political equality	Equal opportunities to earn and save	Equal pay for equal work
Social equality	All have equal rights	All are equal before the law
Economic equality	Equal chances to get positions of power	Voting right

Answer:

A	B	C
Natural equality	Bom equal and free	Equality for all
Civil equality	All have equal rights	All are equal before the faw
Political equality	Equal chances to get positions of power	Voting right
Social’ equality	Equal social status	All can enter common public places
Economic equality	Equal opportunities to earn and save	Equal pay for equal work

Question 11.
What is the liberal position on equality?
Answer:
a) In a society, the efficient and just means of distributing resources and rewards is competition.
b) Nation should ensure that all are given minimum standard of life and equal opportunities.
c) There will be no inequality when competition is open and free.
d) Political, economic and social opportunities are not mutually connected.

Question 12.
Point out the Marxian position of equality.
Answer:
Marxists refuse to accept the concept of natural equality.

• Most of the social, economic and political inequalities existing in human relations today are historically created. They are therefore not natural.
• Since they are humanly created, they can be solved by human efforts.
• The origin of this inequality comes from the division between mental and physical efforts and from the division between primary producers and the owners of production.
• This division of labor led to the formation of two important classes. One class exploited the other.
• Therefore for the Marxists, the problem of the abolition of inequality is primarily the problem of the abolition of class dominance, exploitation and class distinction.
• Only in a society where there is no class distinction, can there be equality.
• The social control theory of such a society will be not “Each person according to his ability, but each person according to his needs.”

Question 13.
Prepare a chart showing how we can promote equality.
Answer:

Question 14.
“Political parties are controlled by the rich.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
Yes, I do. The fact that more than 100 members of the Indian Parliament are billionaires justifies this statement.

Question 15.
Match the following:

A	B	C
Lasky	Principles of Social and Political Theory	Civil,political, social,Natural equality
Barker	A Grammar of Politics	Political-Legal Equality
Lord Bryce	The Modem State	Political Economic Equality
Maclver	Modem Democracies	Legal and Social Equality

Answer:

A	B	C
Lasky	A Grammar of Politics	Political Economic Equality
Barker	Principles of Social and Political Theory	Legal and Social Equality
Lord Bryce	Modem Democracies	Civil, political, social, Natural equality
Maclver	The Modem State	Political-Legal Equality

Question 16.
Identify suitable examples for the following:
a) Equal rights
b) Equal opportunities
c) Favorable action
Answer:
a) Right to Vote
b) Opportunity for jobs
c) Reservation

Question 17.
What do you mean absolute equality?
Answer:
Absolute or complete equality is an impossible concept. Man, even by nature, is not equal in physical and mental abilities. There are differences among people in body structure, capabilities, attitudes, likings, etc.

Lasky felt that since people’s needs and capabilities are different, it is impossible to behave with them equally. The needs and capabilities of a mathematician are not the same as a brick-maker. Therefore it is not possible to see or consider them equally.

Question 18.
……….. is the idea that all persons are equal.
Answer:
Equality

Question 19.
From the following find out what constitutes equality:
a) Political equality
b) Social equality
c) Economic equality
d) All of these

Question 20.
It was in the ………… Revolution that the slogan “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” was raised.
Answer:
French

Question 21.
……….. inequality is the inequality that results from the differences in abilities and features that come by birth.
Answer:
Natural

Question 22.
What kind of equality is the right to vote?
Answer:
Political equality

You can Download Freedom Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 2 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Freedom

Freedom Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is freedom?
Answer:
Freedom is the circumstance needed for showing a person’s individuality. In other words, freedom is the lack of control. It is possible to define freedom as the most essential factor for the development of one’s personality.

Question 2.
What is meant by freedom? Is there any relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation?
Answer:
Freedom means providing an atmosphere where a person has opportunities to develop his individuality. It is when a person can take independent decisions and act independently we say there is freedom. A person should not be controlled by external forces. Freedom also means when persons are able to increase their capabilities and qualities. Society must provide an atmosphere where the Nation, Community, Groups, and individuals can develop properly. Only in a sovereign nation, individuals can get freedom. So for the freedom of individuals freedom of the nation is inevitable.

Question 3.
Prepare a chart showing different types of freedom.
Answer:

Question 4.
What is the difference between the positive and negative concepts of liberty?
Answer:
Freedom means free from all kinds of control. If this is put into practice, there will be jungle law which is might is right. The strong will dominate the weak and the strongest man will have to be revered by all in the society. Since this negative concept of freedom is not acceptable, the nation has to control freedom. The positive concept of freedom is the removal of obstacles. Negative freedom will lead the nation to an undesirable state. Positive freedom will help in the progress of the nation and the protection of the rights of all individuals.

Question 5.
What is meant by social constraints? Are constraints necessary for enjoying freedom?
Answer:
The members of a society where there are only very limited constraints, the individuals can develop their capacities to the fullest extent. Such a society will be called a free society. The constraints on liberty can be in the forms of external control or dominance. As a result of social evils like casteism also there can be controls for freedom. Serious economic inequality in the society can also bring in such controls.
Why does control become necessary?

• We can’t live in this world without some kind of control.
• There will be differences of opinion among people regarding ideas and concepts.
• There can be a hundred and one reasons for having differences in the society. These differences may lead into open confrontations. People may fight on the roads as they drive.
• There can be quarrels about parking space. There can be fights regarding house or land. There can be differences of opinion even about presenting a drama. Things like this can lead to conflicts, physical violence, and even murder.
• Therefore to settle arguments and control violence, every society needs some kind of control mechanism.
• An ideal society is the one in which people can retain their ideas and by making their own conditions live as they wish.

Question 6.
Construct a table showing the merits and demerits of liberalism.
Answer:

Merits	Demerits
a) Upheld individual freedom.	a) Gave too much importance to individual freedom.
b) Took strong measures against Feudalism.	b) Developed close relationship with capitalism, ignoring its defects.
c) Supported natural rights.	c) The concept of natural rights is irrelevant.
d) Supported secularism, democracy, and reason (logic).	d) Ignored the society.
e) Defined the working of a nation. Exposed its shortcomings.	e) The idea that nation is an artificial creation is untrue. Did not see the merits of the nation.
f) Studied the dynamics of the markets.	f) Examined markets on the basis of only individual freedom.

Question 7.
Construct a flow chart showing the safeguards of liberty.
Answer:

Question 8.
Point out the various sources of constraints.
Answer:
a) Dominance
b) External controls
c) Social and Economic Inequalities

Question 9.
Does the State have any role in upholding the freedom of its citizens? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, there is. The control over the freedom of individuals can be in the form of external control or in the form of authority. These controls can be enforced by the use force. Or they can be brought through government laws. Ruling authorities will have the backing of the use of force. If the government is democratic, people can exercise some control over the rulers. That is why it is said that the most important means of protecting people’s freedom is democratic rule.

Question 10.
What do you mean by freedom of expression? Explain using examples.
Answer:
Freedom of expression means the ability to speak one’s opinion openly without any external pressure and without any fear of external intervention. For example, our ability to speak openly our opinion about the Lok Pal Bill.

Question 11.
Find the odd one out from the lists.
a) Right to vote, Right to Work, Right to Contest in Elections, Right to hold public office.
b) Right to Work, Right to rule, Right to Security, Right to sell things.
Answer:
a) Right to Work
b) Right to sell things.

Question 12.
Twelve different kinds of liberty are given below:
a. Right to Vote,
b. Right to Freedom of Expression,
c. Right to Work,
d. Right to Produce and Sell things,
e. Right to Religion,
f. Right to Contest in Elections,
g. Right to Get Adequate Wages,
h. Right to life,
i. Right to Hold Public Office,
j. Right to Criticise,
k. Right to Assemble,
I. Right to security.
Arrange the above rights under three headings :
i) Citizen Rights,
ii) Economic Rights and
iii) Political Rights.
Answer:

Citizen Rights	Economic Rights	Political Rights
Right to Freedom of Expression	Right to work	Right to Vote
Right to Religion	Right to produce and sell things	Right to Contest in Elections
Right to life	Right to get adequate wages	Right to hold public office
Right to assemble	Right to Security	Right to Criticise

Question 13.
What do you mean by Harm Principle?
Answer:
The Harm Principle was proposed by J.S. Mill in his famous book “On Liberty”. It says: “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.”

Question 14.
What is the relation between law and liberty?
Answer:
a. The relation between law and liberty is a controversial issue.
b. Some thinkers believe that law & liberty are ideas opposed to each other.
c. The more laws, the less freedom.
d. Enforcing law means curtailing freedom. In Ancient Greece, people with their wrong reasoning maintained this view.
e. The Laissez-faire theory prevalent in the 18th and centuries also held this view.
f. Anarchists tried to do away with government to ensure full freedom to individuals.
g. In opposition to this, law was considered as a condition for freedom.
h. Freedom is what we enjoy when we obey the law of the nation.
i. Excess of laws and harmful laws adversely affect freedom.

Question 15.
‘Liberty is not licensed’. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
1 agree. Liberty is not licensed to do anything one likes without any sort of control. Man is a social creature. When living in a society, some controls are necessary.

Question 16.
Name any four devices to protect liberty.
(Choose any four from the following)
Answer:
a. Democracy
b. Written down Fundamental Rights
c. Independent Judiciary
d. Rule of Law
e. Economic Equality
f. Decentralization of Power
g. Independent and Truthful Media
h. Party System
i. Political Education
j. Right to Equality
k. Constant Vigilance

Question 17.
What do you know about Swaraj? Summarise Gandhiji’s ideas about Swaraj.
Answer:
This is the Indian political concept regarding freedom. ‘Swa’ means self and ‘raj’ meaning rule. Swaraj is a combination of these two words. It means self-rule. However, Gandhiji’s concept of Swaraj had its own meaning. In his book ‘Hind Swaraj’ (1909), he has explained his concept of Swaraj. Gandhiji believed that swaraj means self-control. It is only when we learn to rule ourselves there will be Swaraj.

Swaraj is not mere freedom. It is the freedom to reclaim from institutions that destroy human virtues, a person’s self-esteem, his sense of responsibility and to ensure his fulfillment. Gandhiji believed that in the attainment of Swaraj a person’s individuality and its relations with the community and society play a crucial role.

Question 18.
Prepare a note on liberalism.
Answer:
Liberalism comes from the Latin word ‘liberalism which means a free man. Liberalism was a political theory that became popular in the 19th century and it considered freedom like oxygen to life. It gave great importance to personal freedom. Liberals supported a person’s right to hold fast to his opinions and beliefs and to express them freely.

Modern liberalism gives individual the primary place. This is what makes liberalism different from others. Liberals think that institutions like farrying, group or community do not have any existence of their own. They give greater importance to personal freedom than to values like Equality. They look at political power with suspicion and anxiety. J.S. Mill, T.H. Green and Mahadev Govind Ranade are the protagonists of modern liberalism.

Question 19.
Whose autobiography is “Long Walk to Freedom”?
Answer:
Nelson Mandela’s

Question 20.
Who introduced the ‘Harm’ Principle?
Answer:
John Stuart Mill

Question 21.
Two levels of liberty are ………. and …………
Answer:
Negative, Positive

Question 22.
Complete the table:

Author/Director	Book/Film
Deepa Mehta
Aubrey Menen
Salman Rushdie
Martin Scorsese
Pradeep Dalvi

Answer:

Author/Director	Book/ Film
Deepa Mehta	Water
Aubrey Menen	Ramayana Retold
Salman Rushdie	The Satanic Verses
Martin Scorsese	The Last Temptation of Christ
Pradeep Dalvi	Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy

You can Download Political Theory – An Introduction Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 1 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Political Theory: An Introduction

Political Theory: An Introduction Questions and Answers

Question 1
What is Politics?

Answer:
The word politics was first used by Aristotle, who is the Father of Political Science. The Greek ‘polis’ means related to city. It is from this word, ‘politics’ came. It actually means the ideas regarding the administration of the City-States of ancient Greece. In the modern period, politics is a political art.

Question .2
What do you mean political theory?

Answer:
Political theory or political vision is the ideas regarding the relations between men, the social creature, and the Nation. In Political Theory we learn the following:
a. Studies about Man.
b. Studies regarding administration and government.
c. Studies about political dynamics.
d. Studies about political philosophy.
e. Studies about International Relations.

Question .3
Who is the father of political science?

Answer:
Aristotle.

Question .4
Point out the advantages of studying Political Theory.

Answer:
There is much importance in the study of Political Theory. The knowledge about politics, which controls a person’s activities even before the start of his life to even after his death is inevitable. Its importance can be given thus:
a. Political theories give a philosophical base for the political activities.
b. Political theories help in placing administration (government), rule of law, dispensation of justice, etc. which are essential features of a nation, in a definite and organized framework.
c. They help in understanding and evaluating past experiences and historical events.
d. It is through political theories that technical terms are interpreted and they are given precision and clarity.
e. Political theories support the building of a political system beyond the consideration of time and terrain to ensure a creative political life.
f. Philosophy is the highest form of human thought and wisdom. Political theories are the essence of constant searches trying to elevate human life to an ideal level of perfection.
g. All the creative and practical human activities need two essential things: the support of moral values and a theoretical base. Political theories make these available.

Question .5
In Political theory, we study several things. Prepare a flow chart showing them.

Answer:

Question 6.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Theory.

Answer:
The word politics was first used by Aristotle, who is the Father of Political Science. The Greek ‘polis’ means related to city. It is from this word, ‘politics’ came. It actually means the ideas regarding the administration of the City-States of ancient Greece. In the modern period, politics is a political art. Political theory or political vision is the ideas regarding the relations between men, the social creature, and the Nation. In Political Theory we learn the following:
f. Studies about Man.
g. Studies regarding administration and government.
h. Studies about political dynamics,
i. Studies about political philosophy.
j. Studies about International Relations.

Question 7.
Prepare a note on the origin and growth of political theory.

Answer:
Origin and Growth of Political Theory: Plato records that discussions regarding Political theories were started by Socrates. Socrates made a start seeking the meaning of justice among the Athenian citizens. Plato’s search was continued by his disciple Aristotle. It is therefore said that political theory started in the Western world with Socrates and Plato. Thinkers from Aristotle to Marx have given significant contributions to the growth of political theory.
In political science the following areas have the most important places:
a. Political theory handles ideas and principles that formulate the Constitution, government and social life.
b. It examines the importance of ideas like Rule of Law, Division of Authority and Judicial Review.
c. It explains the meaning of freedom, equality, democracy, and secularism.

Question 8.
What do we study in political theory?

Answer:
We study the following in political theory:
a. Political theory handles ideas and principles that formulate the Constitution, government and social life.
b. It examines the importance of ideas like Rule of Law, Division of Authority and Judicial Review.
c. It explains the meaning of freedom, equality, democracy, and secularism.
d. It also discusses the origin of government, development, formation, activities, the relations between people and the government and people’s rights and responsibilities.

Question 9.
Every individual is directly or indirectly involved in the politics of a country. Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate.

Answer:
I agree. In our day-to-day lives, our activities are controlled by-laws made by the government. Giving taxes, obeying the law, etc. are fundamental things that each person has to do. We play our role in politics by voting in the election and through our Right to Expression.

Question 10.
Explain how political theory can be put into practice.

Answer:
Political theories are based on political concepts like liberty, equality, citizenship, justice, development, nationality and secularism. Government originated, is existing and its future working, etc. are for putting into practice these political theories. Democratic governments exist to ensure that there is liberty, equality, and fraternity in the society.

Question 11.
Why should we study political theory?

Answer:
The study of political theories is very important. They are essential for all kinds of people like political workers, bureaucrats who make policies, students of political theories, advocates and judges who interpret the Constitution and laws, public workers who expose exploitation and fight for new rights and the students who learn about political concepts. Firstly, all the students will have to choose a profession in the future. The knowledge about political theories is relevant to all professions.

All those who study mathematics will not become mathematicians or engineers. But, obviously, knowledge about mathematics is essential in our everyday lives. Secondly, students of today are also going to be adults with voting rights tomorrow. They will have to take decisions on many issues. Knowledge about political theories and institutions will help them to act responsibly. Thirdly, Political theories motivate them to examine our ideas and emotions regarding political matters. Fourthly, Political theories help them to think systematically about political concepts.

Question 12.
deals with things like Liberty, Equality, and Justice which are values of political life.

Answer:
Political theory

Question 13.
Who is the person that contributed greatly to the growth of political theory?
a) Socrates
b) Plato
c) Rousseau
d) All of the above

Answer:
All of the above persons

Question 14.
Who was the first person to argue that liberty was a fundamental right of all human beings?

Answer:
Rousseau

Question 15.
Who argued that equality is as important as liberty?

Answer:
Marx

Students can Download Chapter 7 Transport in Plants Questions and Answers, Plus One Botany Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations

Kerala Plus One Botany Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Transport in Plants

Plus One Botany Transport in Plants One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following statements does not apply to reverse osmosis?
(a) it is used for water purification.
(b) In this technique, a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to the system
(c) It is a passive process
(d) It is an active process
Answer:
(c) It is a passive process

Question 2.
Which one of the following will not directly affect transpiration?
(a) Light
(b) wind speed
(c) temperature
(d) chlorophyll content of leaves
Answer:
(d) chlorophyll content of leaves

Question 3.
The lower surface of leaf will have a number of stomata in a
(a) isobilateral leaf
(b) dorsiventral leaf
(c) both a and b
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) dorsiventral leaf

Question 4.
The form of sugar transported through phloem is
(a) Fructose
(b) Sucrose
(c) glucose
(d) ribose
Answer:
(b) sucrose

Question 5.
The process of guttation takes place
(a) when the root pressure is high and the rate of transpiration is low
(b) when the root pressure is low and the rate of transpiration is high
(c) when the root pressure equals the rate of transpiration
(d) when the root pressure, as well as rate of transpiration, are high.
Answer:
(a) when the root pressure is high and the rate of transpiration is low

Question 6.
Which of the following is an example of imbibition
(a) uptake of water by root hair
(b) exchange of gases in stomata
(c) swelling of seed when putting in the soil
(d) opening of stomata
Answer:
(c) swelling of seed when putting in the soil

Question 7.
What will happen to a plant cell when kept in hypotonic solution?
Answer:
Cell become turgid

Question 8.
How are protoplasm of adjacent cells connected to each other?
Answer:
Plasmodesmata

Question 9.
Name the process in which water drops ooze out from margins of leaves.
Answer:
Guttation

Question 10.
The C4 plants are twice as efficient as C3 plants in terms of fixing C02 but lose only as much water as C3 plants for the same amount of C02 fixed.
Answer:
Half

Question 11.
Plants could be grown in a nutrient solution in the complete absence of soil. Name the technique.
Answer:
Hydroponics

Question 12.
Name the hormone which signals the closure of stomata during severe drought or severe solar radiation.
Answer:
Abscisic acid (ABA)

Question 13.
Name the physical phenomena associated with the first step of seed germination.
Answer:
Imbibition

Question 14.
What causes the leaves of grasses to roll in dry weather?
Answer:
Presence of bulliform cells or motor cells

Question 15.
The diagram below shows the cells placed in hypertonic solution and hypotonic solution. If the diagram ‘B’ is ‘turgid’ what will be diagram ‘A’?

Answer:
A – Flaccid

Question 16.
The excess of one element may inhibit the uptake of another element. What is this effect called?
Answer:
Toxicity of micronutrients

Question 17.
Name the type of obligatory association found in pinus seeds that promote germination.
Answer:
Mycorrhiza

Question 18.
A plant cell when kept in a certain solution got plasmolysed. What was the nature of this solution?
Answer:
Hypertonic solution

Question 19.
Why turgidity of the cell essential for plants?
Answer:
It helps to maintain plant organs in normal shape

Question 20.
Absorption of water from the soil by dry seeds increases the, thus helping seedlings to come out of the soil.
Answer:
Pressure

Question 21.
A flowering plant is planted in an earthen pot and irrigated. Urea is added to make the plant grow faster, but after some time the plant dies. Give reason.
Answer:
It is due to exosmosis.

Question. 22
Identify a type of molecular movement which is highly selective and requires special membrane proteins, but does not require energy.
Answer:
Facilitated diffusion

Question 23.
Smaller, lipid-soluble molecules diffuse faster through cell membrane, but the movement of hydrophilic substances are facilitated by certain biomolecules. Name it.
Answer:
Protein

Question. 24
The bending of wooden doors during rainy reasons is due to physiological phenomenon. Name it.
Answer:
Imbibition

Plus One Botany Transport in Plants Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give below is a diagram, where hypotonic solution is separated by a semipermeable membrane from a hypertonic solution and kept for a few hours.

 

 

1. In which direction will the solvent move? From X to Y or Y to X.
2. Name the process of movement of the solvent.

Answer:

1. X to Y
2. Osmosis

Question 2.
Differences between the following.
Diffusion and Osmosis
Answer:
1. Diffusion:
It is the movement of solute from the region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration.

2. Osmosis:
It is the movement of solvent from the region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration through semipermiable membrane

Question 3.
Differences between Guttation and transpiration
Answer:
1. Guttation:
Loss of water in the form of water droplets from the margin of leaves through hydathode.
2. Transpiration:
It is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the surface of leaves through stomata.

Question 4.
Both the xylem and phloem are tubular structures. One is unidirectional and the other is bi-directional. Comment on it.
Answer:
Phloem is bidirectional in order to transport prepared food from leaves to different parts of the plant and translocates stored food from downward to upward for the growth of buds.

Question 5.
Ramu while observing the root nodules of pea plant, noticed the pink colour. Sita said that it is due to the presence of a substance. Can you name the substance and write its role.
Answer:
Leg hemoglobin. It is an 02 scavenger. It create anaerobic condition for enzyme Nitrogenase during N2 Fixation

Question 6.
Match the following :

Column A	Column B
1) Imbibition 2)  Exosmosis 3) Diffusion 4) Transpiration	a) Leaves b) Perfumes c) Dried grapes d)  Pickles

Answer:

Column A	Column B
1) Imbibition 2)  Exosmosis 3) Diffusion 4) Transpiration	Dried grapes Pickles Perfumes Leaves

Question 7.
Water is absorbed by the root hairs, It can move deeper into root layers by two distinct pathways.

1. Write the name of the pathways.
2. Which substance controls water transport in the endodermal region?

Answer:

1. Apoplast pathway & Symplast pathway
2. Suberin

Question 8.
“Root pressure is inadequate to lift the water molecules in taller plants like Eucalyptus”.

1. Which theory is successfully explaining the Ascent of sap in plants like Eucalyptus?
2. Who proposed this theory?

Answer:

1. Transpiration pull – cohesion tension theory
2. Dixon & Jolly

Question 9.
Fresh mangoes can survive fora prolonged period of time when they are placed in highly concentrated salt solution. Some physiological changes take place in the cell. Comment on the changes.
Answer:

• Exosmosis.
• Bacteria can not survive in hypertonic solutions.

Question 10.
Pure Honey checks the growth of microorganisms. Justify based on your knowledge in osmosis.
Answer:
Pure honey is hypertonic .bacterial cells shrink and die due to plasmolysis.

Question 11.
A fesh mango pieces is placed in water containing high concentration of sodium chloride.
Exosmosis, Plasmolysis, Deplasmolysis, Imbibition

1. Select and write down the appropriate terms given above to represent the sequence of events leading to shrinking.
2. What is plasmolysis?

Answer:

1. Exosmosis – Plasmolysis
2. The withdrawal of the protoplast from the cell wall due to exosmosis.

Question 12.
Ψ_w =Ψ_s + Ψ_p

1. Expand the equation.
2. Why solute potential is always negative?

Answer:
1.

• Ψ_w – Water potential
• Ψ_s – Solute potential,
• Ψ_p – pressure potential

2. Since adding solute reduces water potential, it is always negative.

Question 13.
Observe the given figure showing the pathways of water movement in the plant body and answer the questions.

1. Identify A and B pathways.
2. In which of the above pathways does water move beyond endodermis?

Answer:

1. A – Apoplast pathway
   B – Symplast pathway
2. Apoplast pathway

Question 14.
Apoplast and symplast pathways are the two distinct pathways of water to move deeper into the root layers. Which is the only pathway through which water can enter the vascular cylinder and why?
Answer:
Symplast – Because endodermal wall is suberised.

Question 15.
When a freshly collected Spirogyra filament is kept in 10% potassium nitrate solution, it is observed that the protoplasm shrinks in size:

1. What is this phenomenon called?
2. What will happen if the filament is replaced in distilled water?

Answer:

1. This phenomenon is called plasmolysis. (The shrinkage of protoplast from the cell wall under the influence of a strong solution/ hypertonic solution is called plasmolysis.

2. If filaments are replaced in water the protoplast starts swelling. It comes in contact with cell wall and cell regains its original size.
The swelling up of plasmolyzed protoplast under the influence of a weak solution or water is called deplasmolysis.

Question 16.
1. In an experiment, Deepa put a piece of raw mango in 0.5M salt solution and another piece in 1M salt solution. Which mango piece will get plasmolyzed fast?
2. Water potential of solution A is -0.3 bar and that of solution B is -0.1 bar. If solution A is separated from solution B by a semi-permeable membrane water molecules will flow from to
Answer:

1. Mango piece put in 1 M salt solution get plasmolysed rapidly than. 0.5M solution.
2. B (-1.1) to A (-0.3)

Question 17.
An unavoidable waste mechanism is found in higher plants during high temperature.

1. Name the process.
2. Why is it said so?

Answer:

1. Transpiration
2. It has merits and demerits. Since water and minerals are absorbed and translocated to distant sites by this process but 99% of water absorbed is transpired out.

Question 18.
Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of 20 m height, the tip receives water within two hours. Which is the most important physiological phenomenon responsible for the upward movement of water is
Answer:
Transpirational pull.

Question 19.
Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, in which water diffuses across the cell membrane. What are the factors influence rate and direction of osmosis?
Answer:
Pressure and concentration gradient.

Question 20.
When a tea bag is placed in a cup of water, which phenomenon is observed? Explain the phenomenon.
Answer:
Diffusion. It is the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Question 21.
Phloem transport is bidirectional while xylem transport is unidirectional. Give a reason?
Answer:
Phloem transport is bidirectional because prepared food materials translocated to storage regions. These storage food materials are again transported to growing regions for the growth of buds. So, through phloem downward and upward transport takes place. Xylem transport is unidirectional because water and minerals are absorbed and conducted upwards.

Question 22.
Write the suitable term in each pair

1. apoplast: through cell wall; ………: through cytoplasm
2. endosmosis: turgid; exosmosis: ………..
3. ………..: unidirectional; phloem transport: bidirectional
4. Mg : macroelement: …………: microelement

Answer:

1. Symplast
2. Flaccid
3. Xylem
4. Mn

Question 23.
‘Ψ_w = Ψ_s + Ψ_p Expand the equation
Answer:

• Ψ_w = Water potential is the sum of
• Ψ_s = Solute potential solute potential
• Ψ_p = pressure potential and pressure potential.

Question 24.
Bacteria cannot live in highly salted pickle. Why?
Answer:
The bacterial cell undergoes plasmolysis in saltwater. This results shrinking of protoplast. Hence, Bacteria cannot live in saltwater.

Question 25.
Observe the following diagram showing the movement of water in plant cells. Identify 1 & 2.

Answer:

1. Apoplastic pathway
2. Sym plastic pathway

Question 26.
A few Pieces of potato were weighed and kept in saltwater overnight. In the morning they are weighed again.

1. What will be the change in weight?
2. Name the process responsible for the change.

Answer:

1. The weight of potato is decreased.
2. Exosmosis results the loss of water from the potato, it leads to plasmolysis.

Question 27.
Before eating Grapes, it is advised to wash them well by keeping them in water for some time to wash off the pesticides on them. However, it is more advisable to keep the Grapes in saltwater than in fresh water to make them safer for consumption. Suggest an explanation for this.
Answer:
The grapes put in saltwater are safer for consumption because poisonous chemicals present in grapes are come out by the process of exosmosis.

Question 28.
The cytoplasm in a plant cell is surrounded by both cell wall and cell membrane. The specificity of transport of substances are mostly across the cell membrane. Give reason.
Answer:
The cell wall is freely permeable to water and substances in solutions but membrane is selectively permeable.

Question 29.
In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for sometime then wilt and ultimately die. What does it indicate?
Answer:
Girdling removes phloem and hence phloem transport is blocked.

Question 30.
Movement of substances in xylem is unidirectional while in phloem it is bidirectional. Why?
Answer:
Xylem conducts”Water and minerals in upward direction only but phloem conducts food in downward direction and in spring season stored food is again transported to upward for bud growth. Hence movement of substances in xylem is unidirectional while in phloem it is bidirectional.

Question 31.
Plants absorb water from the soil through root hairs by two pathways?

1. Name the pathways
2. Explain any one of them

Answer:

1. Apoplastic pathway and symplastic pathway
2. In apoplastic pathway, water transport takes place through the nonliving part of the cell (cell wall).

Question 32.
What is the water potential of pure water at atmospheric pressure? What happens to it when solutes are added to it?
Answer:
Zero, Water potential is decreased and comes to more negative values.

Question 33.
Transport of hydrophilic substances through cell membrane is difficult. Do you agree ? Give reason.
Answer:
Yes, because the cell membrane contains lipids.

Question 34.
What is meant loading and unloading of phloem?
Answer:
The entering of sugar into sieve tube is called loading and movement of sugar out of sieve tube into storage tissues is called unloading.

Question 35.
Root pressure theory is not adequate for explaining water movement up a long day plant. Why?
Answer:
It is used for explaining water movement up in herbaceous plants but in long plants, it is explained by the transpiration pull theory.

Question 36.
Why is energy required to develop root pressure?
Answer:
Every activity requires energy. Root pressure develops due to activity of living cells of the root.

Question 37.
What happens when a pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure is applied to pure water or a solution?
Answer:
When a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is applied to pure water or a solution, its water potential is increased.

Question 38.
How is mycoorrhizal association helpful in absorption of water and mineral in plants?
Answer:
Mycorrhizal association help in water and mineral absorption. Fungal hyphae have a very large surface area that absorbs mineral ions and water from a much larger volume of soil.

Question 39.
Give an example for obligate mycorrhizal asociation.
Answer:
Mycorrhizal association is found in pinus seeds i.e Pinus seeds do not germinate and establish without mycorrhiza.

Question 40.
Downhill and uphill movement are used in transport of molecules through membrane.

1. Which is the above process that requires energy?
2. Which is the above process not dependent on concentration gradient. Why?

Answer:

1. uphill transport is active transport requires energy.
2. Downhill transport, because molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration.

Question 41.
Two pathways of water movement into the deeper layers of root ie; from epidermis to xylem vessels

1. Name the two pathways
2. Which is the substance present in the endodermis block one pathway?

Answer:

1. Apoplastic pathway and symplastic pathway
2. suberin in casperian strips

Question 42.
In plants translocation of photosynthates occur in 2 ways but water and mineral transport in one way.

1. Which is the two way suggested?
2. Name the conducting channel for both.

Answer:
1. Food translocated from leaves to storage regions called downward transport. During spring season food again transported upward for bud growth. So such type of transport is bidirectional.

2. Food transported through phloem and water and mineral transported through the xylem.

Question 43.
In plants stomata opens during day time and close during night time.
How is decreasing water potential of guard cell affect the opening and closing of stomata?
Answer:
If decreasing the water potential of guard cell, water enters into guard cell from the subsidiary and it becomes turgid, stomata open.

Plus One Botany Transport in Plants Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Water is transient in plants. Less than 1% of water reaching the leaves is used in photosynthesis and plant growth’’. What is the fate of remaining percentage of water? Specify the phenomenon? Give its significance in plants?
Answer:
99% of water absorbed is lost through transpiration.

1. It provides cooling effect to leaves and other organs.
2. It promotes mineral absorption.
3. It helps to maintain the shape and structure of plants by keeping up its turgidity.

Question 2.
What are the factors responsible for ascent of xylem sap in plants?
Answer:

• Cohesion: The mutual attraction between water molecules
• Adhesion: The attraction of molecules to polar surface e g., the surface of tracheary elements
• Surface Tension: The water molecules are attracted to each other in liquid phase more than to water in gas phase.

All these properties provide water high tensile strength (an ability to resist a pulling force) as well as high capillarity (ability to rise in a thin tube).
In plants, capillarity is aided by the small diameter of both tracheids and vessels.

Question 3.
The solution taken in the beaker have lower solute concentration than thistle funel, osmosis starts and continues

1. What will hapen if more solute is added in the thistle funel ?
2. Which is the solution mentioned above have higher water potential?
3. Which is the method possible to change flow of solvent molecules?

Answer:

1. Diffusion takes place faster
2. solution was taken in the beaker
3. apply greater pressure than atmospheric pressure in solution of thistle funel.

Question 4.
Look at the following figure in which two chambers, A and B, containing solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Answer the following questions.

1. Solution of which chamber has a lower water potential
2. In which direction will osmosis occur?
3. Which solution has a higher solute potential?
4. If one chamber has a Ψ of -2000KPa and the other -1000 KPa, which is the chamber that has the higher Ψ?

Answer:

1. Solution in B chamber has lower water potential.
2. Osmosis occurs from a to b.
3. A solution has higher solute potential.
4. The chamber having -ve 1000K Pa has the higher psi

Question 5.
Identify the following.

1. Stress hormone
2. The shrinking of protoplasm due to continuous exosmosis
3. The positive pressure develops within the xylem of roots due to the absorption of water and minerals.

Answer:

1. Abscisic acid
2. Plasmolysis
3. Root pressure

Plus One Botany Transport in Plants NCERT Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion?
Answer:

• Factors affecting the rate of diffusion:
• Gradient of Concentration
• Permeability of membrane
• Temperature
• Pressure

Question 2.
What are porins? What role do they play in diffusion?
Answer:
The porins are proteins that form huge pores in the outer membranes of the plastids, mitochondria and some bacteria allowing molecules up to the size of small proteins to pass through. Thus porins faciliate diffusion.

Question 3.
Decribe the role played by protein pumps during active transport in plants.
Answer:
Active transport uses energy to pump molecules against a concentration gradient. Active transport is carried out by membrane – proteins.

Question 4.
Explain why pure water has maximum water potential?
Answer:
Water molecules possess kinetic energy. In liquid and gaseous form they are in random motion that is both rapid and constant. The greater the concentration of water in a system, the greater is its kinetic energy or ‘water potential’.

Hence, it is obvious that pure water will have the greatest water potential if two systems containing water are in contact, random movement of water molecules will result in net movement of water molecules from the system with higher energy to the one with lower energy. Thus water will move from the system containing water at higher water potential to having low wate potential.

This process of movement of substances down a gradient of free energy is called diffusion. Water. potential is denoted by the Greek symbol Psi and is expressed in pressure units such as pascals(Pa). By convention, the water potential of pure water at standard temperatures, which is not under any pressure, is taken to be zero.

Question 5.
What happens when a pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure is applied to pure water or a solution?
Answer:
Under constant temerature the volume of liquid varies inversely to pressure. Moreover, if greater pressure is applied then it will change the state of the matter from liquid to soild at a given temperature. Any liquid will abide by these laws.

Question 6.
Discuss the factors responsible for ascent of xylem sap in plants.
Answer:
The transpiration driven ascent of xylem sap depends mainly on the following physical properties of water:

• Cohesion – the mutual attraction between water molecules.
• Adhesion – the attraction of water molecules to polar surfaces (such as the surface of tracheary elements).
• Surface Tension – water molecules are attracted to each other in the liquid phase more than to water in the gas phase.

These properties give water high tensile strength, i.e., an ability to resist a pulling force, and high capillarity, I ‘.e., the ability to rise in thin tubes. In plants capillarity is aided by the small diameter of the tracheary elements – the tracheids and vessel elements.

Plus One Botany Transport in Plants Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Closure of stomata due to water stress is brought about by
(A) Auxin
(B) Ethylene
(C) Abscisic acid
(D) Cytokinin
Answer:
(C) Abscisic acid

Question 2.
The most common type of transpiration is
(A) Stomatal
(B) Cuticular
(C) Lenticular
(D) Foliar
Answer:
(A) Stomatal

Question 3.
All the following include osmosis except
(A) Passage of water from root hair to adjacent cells
(B) Passage of water from lower xylem to upper xylem
(C) Passage of water from xylem vessel to mesophyll cell
(D) The entry of water into root hair from soil solution
Answer:
(B) Passage of water from lower xylem to upper xylem

Question 4.
Stomatal opening and closure are due to
(A) Presence of gases inside leaves
(B) Gene action
(C) Pressure offered by guard cells
(D) Pressure offered by subsidiary cells
Answer:
(C) Pressure offered by guard cells

Question 5.
Translocation of sugars is correlated by
(A) Boron
(B) Iron
(C) Molybdenum
(E) Calcium
Answer:
(A) Boron

Question 6.
Identify the wrong statement of the following
(A) Root pressure is a positive pressure that develops in the xylem sap of the root of some plants.
(B) Water molecules remain attached to one another by a strong mutual force called cohesion force
(C) Guttation is frequently seen in herbaceous plants growing under the conditions of low soil moisture and low atmospheric humidity
(D) In monocot leaves, guard cells remain dumbbell-shaped and their cell walls are thickened only in the middle
Answer:
(C) Guttation is frequently seen in herbaceous plants growing under the conditions of low soil moisture and low atmospheric humidity

Question 7.
In which of the following plants, will there be no transpiration?
(A) Plants living in deserts
(B) Plants growing in hilly regions
(C) Aquatic submerged plants
(D) Aquatic plants with floating leaves
Answer:
(C) Aquatic submerged plants

Question 8.
When a cell is placed in hypertonic solution
(A) Exosmois occurs and the cell becomes turgid
(B) Endosmosis occurs and the cell becomes turgid
(C) Exosmosis occurs and the cell becomes plasmolysed
(D) Endosmosis occurs and the cell becomes plasmolysed
Answer:
(C) Exosmosis occurs and the cell becomes plasmolysed

Question 9.
The thin film of water covering soil particles and held strongly by attractive forces is called
(A) Hygroscopic water
(B) Runaway water
(C) Gravitational water
(D) Capillary water
Answer:
(A) Hygroscopic water

Question 10.
Plants die when over-fertilized because of the fertilizer
(A) Damages the wall of delicate root hairs
(B) Blocks absorption of nitrogenous ions
(C) Causes dehydration of plants by exosmosis
(D) Upsets soil environment by poisoning
Answer:
(C) Causes dehydration of plants by exosmosis

Question 11.
Movement of individual molecules of substance from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration is called
(A) Osmosis
(B) Turgor pressure
(C) Diffusion
(D) Osmotic potential
Answer:
(A) Osmosis

Question 12.
The proteins that form large pores in the outer membranes of the plastids, mitochondria, etc are
(A) Porins
(B) Aquaporins
(C) Symporins
(D) Both A & B
Answer:
(A) Porins

Question 13.
Transport of molecules across the membrane in the same direction is
(A) Antiport
(B) Symport
(C) Permeability
(D) Uniport
Answer:
(B) Symport

Question 14.
Rate of osmosis depends on
(A) Diffusion
(B) Pressure gradient
(C) Concentration gradient
(D) BothB&C
Answer:
(D) BothB&C

Question 15.
One of the following is selectively permeable
(A) Tonoplast
(B) Suberised cell wall
(C) Copperferrocyanide membrane
(D) Cellulosic cell wall
Answer:
(A) Tonoplast

Question 16.
What will happen if a flaccid cell is placed in hypotonic solution?
(A) Plasmolysis
(B) Exosmosis
(C) Endosmosis
(D) None of these
Answer:
(C) Endosmosis

Question 17.
Pressure that occurs in a cell due to osmotic diffusion of water inside is called
(A) Osmotic pressure
(B) Turgor pressure
(C) Water pressure
(D) Diffusion pressure
Answer:
(A) Osmotic pressure

Question 18.
Movement of water through the cell wall without crossing any membrane is
(A) Apoplastic
(B) Symplastic
(C) Tonoplastic
(D) Cytoplastic
Answer:
(A) Apoplastic

Question 19.
Cytoplasmic strands that connects two neighbouring cells through
(A) Pits
(B) Semipermiable membrane
(C) Plasmodesmata
(D) Root hair
Answer:
(C) Plasmodesmata

Question 20.
Guttation occurs in leaves through
(A) Stomata
(B) Epithelium
(C) Hydathode
(D) Leaf margin
Answer:
(C) Hydathode

Question 21.
Dry seeds swells when they are placed in water due to
(A) Imbibition
(B) Plasmolysis
(C) Diffusion
(D) Osmosis
Answer:
(A) Imbibition

Question 22.
Transpiration in plants helps to
(A) The supply of water for photosynthesis
(B) Maintains cells turgidity
(C) Transport minerals from the soil to all parts of the plant
(D) All the above
Answer:
(D) All the above