Plus Two

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Functions.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 3 Functions

Plus Two Computer Application Functions 1 Mark Important Questions

Question 1.
function is used to check whether a character is alphanumeric. (MAY-2016)
a) isdigit( )
b) inalnum( )
c) isupper( )
d) islower( )
Answer:
b) isalnum( );

Question 2.
char s₁ [10]=”hello”,s₂[10]; (MAY-2017)
strcpy (s₂, s₁);
cout<<s₂;
What will be the output?
Answer:
a) hello

Plus Two Computer Application Functions 2 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Consider the followjjig code: (MARCH-2016)
char S₁[ ] = “program”
char S2[ ] = “PROGRAM” int n;
n=strcmpi (S₁, S₂)
What is the value of n?
a) n=0
b) n=1
c) n>1
d) n<0
Answer:
a) n =0

Question 2.
Explain two stream functions for input operation for example. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Input functions: The input functions like get( )(to read a character from the keyboard) and getline( ) (to read a line of characters from the keyboard) is used with cin and dot(.) operator.

Question 3.
Explain how allocation of string takes place in memory. (MAY-2017)
Answer:
A string is automatically appended by a null character(‘\0’). The null character is treated as one character. charname[20];
Here we can store a name with character up to 19.

Question 4.
Explain gets( ) and puts ( ) functions (MAY-2017)
Answer:
gets( ) function is used to get a string from the key board including spaces.
puts( ) function is used to print a string on the screen. To use gets( ) and puts ( ) function the header file cstdio must be included.

Plus Two Computer Application Functions 3 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Explain any three stream function for I/O operation.(MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Stream functions for I/O operation are given below
1) get ( ):- To read a character from the key board
eg: cin.get(ch);

2) getline ( ):- To read a line of characters from the keyboard
eg: cin.getline(str, len);

3) put( ):- To print a characters on the screen
eg:cout.put(‘A’);

4) write ( ):- To print a line of characters on the screen
eg: cout.write (str, len);

Question 2.
Write a code to do the following: (MARCH-2016)
a) A function named largest accept two integer numbers and return the largest number.
b) Use this function to find the largest of two numbers.
Answer:
a) int largest (int a, int b)
{
if (a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
}

b) void main ( )
{
int x, y;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers”; cin>>x>>y;
cout<< “The largest among these is”
<< largest (x,y);
}

Question 3.
Explain any three string function with example. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
Functions in C++
Some functions that are already available in C++ are called pre-defined or built in functions.
In C++, we can create our own functions for a specific job or task, such functions are called user defined functions.
A C++ program must contain a main( ) function. A C++ program may contain many lines of statements(including so many functions) but the execution of the program starts and ends with main( ) function.
Predefined functions
To invoke a function that requires some data for performing the task, such data is called parameter or argument. Some functions return some value back to the called function.
String functions
To manipulate string in C++ a header file called string.h must be included.
a) strlen( )- to find the number of characters in a string(i.e. string length).
Syntax: strlen(string);
Eg- cout<<strlen(“Computer”); It prints 8.

b) strcpy( )- It is used to copy second string into first string.
Syntax: strcpy(string₁ ,string₂);
Eg. strcpy(str,”BVM HSS”); cout<<str; It prints BVM HSS.

c) strcat( )- It is used to concatenate second string into first one.
Syntax: strcat(string₁ ,string₂)
Eg. strcpy(str₁,’’Hello”); strcpy(str₂,” World”); strcat(str₁,str₂);
cout<<str₁; It displays the concatenated string “Hello World”

d) strcmp( )- it is used to compare two strings and returns an integer.
Syntax: strcmp (string₁ ,string₂)
if it is 0 both strings are equal.
if it is greater than 0(i.e. +ve) string₁ is greater than string₂
if it is less than 0(i.e. -ve) string₂ is greater than string₁
Eg.
include
#include using namespace std; int main()
{
char str1 [10],str2[10];
strcpy(str₁ ,”Kiran”);
strcpy(str₂,”Jobi”);
cout<<strcmp(str₁ ,str₂);
}
It returns a +ve integer.

e) strcmpi( )- It is same as strcmp( ) but it is not case sensitive. That means uppercase and lowercase are treated as same.
Eg. “ANDREA” and “Andrea” and “andrea” are the same.
# include
#include
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char str1 [10],str2[10];
strcpy(str₁,”Kiran”);
strcpy(str₂,”KIRAN”);
cout<<strcmpi(str₁ ,str₂);
}
It returns 0. That is both are same.

Question 4.
Write a function that accept 3 numbers of type float as argument and return the average of three numbers. Write program which use this function to find the average of three numbers using C++. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
# include
using namespace std;
float avg(float n₁, float n₂, float n₃)
{
return ((n₁ +n₂+n₃)/3);
}
int main( )
{
float x, y, z;
cout <<“Enter 3 nos”; cin>> x>>y>>z;
cout <<“the average is”<<avg(x,y,z);
}

Question 5.
“Initialized formal arguments are called default arguments.” Using this concept write the function prototype and definition of a user-defined function Sum() which accepts two or three integer numbers and returns their sum. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
#include
using namespace std;
int sum(int x=100,int y=50,int z=10)
{
retum(x+y+z);
}
int main( )
{
cout<<sum( )<<endl; cout<<sum(1)<<endl;
cout<<sum(1,2)<<endl;
cout<<sum(1,2,3)<<endl;
}

Question 6.
Write the output of the following code segment. (MARCH-2017)
char S₁[25]=” Computer”;
char S₂[15]=” Applications”;
strcat(S₁ ,S₂);
cout<<S₁;
Answer:
The output is “ComputerApplicatios”. That is the second string is concatenated to the first string.

Question 7.
Explain three string functions in C++. (MAY-2017)
Answer:
a) strlen( )- to find the number of characters in a string(i.e. string length).
Syntax: strlen(string);
Eg. cout<<strlen(“Computer”);
It prints 8.

b) strcpy( )- It is used to copy second string into first string.
Syntax: strcpy(string1, string2);
Eg. strcpy(str,”BVM HSS”);
cout<<str;
It prints BVM HSS.

c) strcat( )- It is used to concatenate second string into first one.
Syntax: strcat(string1,string2)
Eg. strcpy(str₁,’’Hello”);
strcpy(str₂,” World”);
strcat(str₁ ,str₂);
cout<<str₁;
It displays the concatenated string “Hello World”

Question 8.
Write a program using a function to interchange the value of two variables. (Use call by reference method for passing arguments.) (MAY-2017)
Answer:
#include
using namespace std;
void swap(int &x,int &y)
{
int temp; temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}
intmain()
{
intx=100,y=200;
cout<<“values before swap”<<endl;
cout<<“x=”<<x<<“,y=”<<y<<“\n”;
swap(x,y);
cout<<“values after swap”<<endl;
cout<<“x=”<<x<<“,y-‘<<y<<“\n”;

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Arrays.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 2 Arrays

Plus Two Computer Application Arrays 1 Mark Important Questions

Question 1.
Write C++ initialization statement to initialize an integer array name ‘MARK’ with the values 70,80,85,90. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
MARK[4] = {70,80,85,90};
MARK[ ] = {70,80,85,90};
MARK[0] = 70;
MARK[1] = 80;
MARK[2] = 85;
MARK[3] = 90;

Plus Two Computer Application Arrays 2 Mark Important Questions

Question 1.
How memory is allocated for a float array? (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Memory allocated for the float data type is 4.
Total byte = size of array *4
eg. float n[10];
Here total byte = 10*4
That means 40 bytes.

Question 2.
How can we initialize an integer array? Give an example. (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Array elements can be initialised at the time of declaration and values are included in braces,
eg: ing n[5]={10,20, 30,40, 50};

Question 3.
Answer any of the following questions 4(a) or 4(b). (MARCH-2016)
a) Define an array. Give an example of an integer array declaration.
b) Consider the following C++ code char text [20]; cin>>text;
If the input string is “Computer Programming”, what will be the output? Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) An array is a collection of elements with the same data type.
eg:- int n[100]; This is an array namely n. We can store 100 elements. The index of the first element is 0 and the last is 99.
b) The output is “Computer”. This is because of c in reads the characters up to space. That means space is the delimiter, The character after space is truncated.

Plus Two Computer Application Arrays 3 Mark Important Questions

Question 1.
Write a C++ program to input 10 numbers into an integer array and find the sum of numbers which are an exact multiple of 5. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n[10],i,sum=0;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
cout<<“Enter value for number”<<i+1
cin>>n[i];
if(n[i]%5==0)
sum+=n[i];
}
cout<<“The sum of numbers which are exact multiple of 5 is“<<sum;
V;
}

Plus Two Computer Application Arrays 5 Mark Important Questions

Question 1.
Write a C++ program to accept a string and count the number of words and vowels in that string. (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
(a) #include(iostream>
# include <cstdio>
# include<cctype>
using namespace std;
void main ()
{
int i, vowel =0, words=1; ,
charstr[80];
cout<< “Enter a string \n”;
gets (str);
for (i=0, str[i]! = ‘\0’; i++)
{
if (str [i] ==32) words ++;
’ switch (to lower(str[i]))
{
case ‘a’: case ‘e’: case ‘i’: case ‘O’: case ‘u’: vowel ++;
}
count<<“The number of words is” <<words; count<<“\n the number of vowels is”<<vowel;
}

Question 2.
Write a C++ program to accept N integer numbers and find the sum and average of even numbers. (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ()
{
float avg, sum = 0.0;
int N, i, no;
cout <<“Enter how many numbers”;
cin>>N;
for(i=0; i<N; i++)
{
cout<< “Enter number”<<i+1; cin >> no; if (no % 2 == 0) sum+=no;
}
avg=sum/N;
cout<< “The sum of even numbers is”<<sum; cout<<“\n the average of even numbers is” <<avg;
}

Question 3.
Answer any of the following questions 8(a) or 8(b). (MAY-2016)
a) Write a C++ program to accept a string and find the length of the string without using built in function. Use a character array to store the string.
b) Write a program to input ‘N’ numbers into an integer array and find the largest number in the array.
Answer:
a) # include <iostream>
# include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
charstr [80]; int i;
cout <<“Enter a string:”;
gets(str);
for(i=o;str[i]!= ‘\0’;i++)
cout <<“The length of the string is “<<i;
}
OR

b) # include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int N, no[50], i, largest = 0;
cout<< “Enter how many numbers”;
cin>>N;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
{
cout <<“Enter number”<<i+1;
cin>>no[i];
if (no[i]> largest)
largest = no[i];
}
cout <<“The largest number is” <<largest;
}

Question 4.
Write a C++ program to enter 10 numbers into an array and find the second largest element. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i,j,n[10],temp;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
cout<<“Enter a value for number”<<i+1 cin>>n[i];
}
for(i=0;i<9;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
if(n[i]<n[j])
{
temp=n[i];
n[i]=n[j];
n[j]=temp;
}
}
cout<<“The second largest number is “<<n[1];
}

Question 5.
Write a C++ program to convert all lowercase alphabets stored in a string to uppercase. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
charline[80];
int i;
puts(“Enter the string to convert”);
gets(line);
for(i=0;line[i]!=’\0′;i++)
if (line[i]>=97 && line[i]<=122)
line[i]=line[i] – 32;
puts(line);
}

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Maths Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Vector Algebra.

Kerala Plus Two Maths Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 10 Vector Algebra

Plus Two Maths Vector Algebra 3 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
(i) With help of a suitable figure for any three vectorsa,bandc show that \((\bar{a}+\bar{b})+\bar{c}=\bar{a}+(\vec{b}+\bar{c})\)
(ii) If \(\bar{a}\) = i – j + k and \(\bar{b}\) = 2i – 2j – k. What is the projection of a on b? (March – 2011)
Answer:
(i) Answered in previous years questions
No. 1(ii) (6 Mark question)
(ii) Projection of \(\bar{a} \text { on } \bar{b}=\frac{\bar{a} \cdot \bar{b}}{|\bar{b}|}=\frac{2+2-1}{\sqrt{4+4+1}}=1\)

Question 2.
(i) If \(\bar{a}\) = 3i – j – 5k and \(\bar{b}\) = i – 5j + 3k Show that \(\bar{a}\) + \(\bar{b}\) and a bare perpendicular.
(ii) Given the position vectors of three points as A(i – j + k); B(4i + 5j + 7k) C(3i + 3j + 5k)
(a)Find \(\bar{AB}\) and \(\bar{BC}\)
(b) Prove that A,B and C are collinear points. (March – 2011)
Answer:

Question 3.
(i) Write the unit vector in direction of i + 2j – 3k.
(ii) If \(\overline{P Q}\) = 31 + 2j — k and the coordinate of P are(1, -1,2) , find the coordinates of Q. (May – 2012)
Answer:

Question 4.
(a) The angle between the vectors \(\bar{a}\) and \(\bar{b}\) such that \(|\vec{a}|=|\bar{b}|=\sqrt{2}\)
\(\bar{a}\).\(\bar{b}\) = 1 is
\(\begin{array}{lll}
\text { (i) } \frac{\pi}{2} & \text { (ii) } \frac{\pi}{3} & \text { (iii) } \frac{\pi}{4} & \text { (iv) } 0
\end{array}\)
(b) Find the unit vector along \(\bar{a}-\bar{b}\) where \(\bar{a}\) = i + 3j – k and \(\bar{b}\) 3i + 2j + k (March -2016)
Answer:

Plus Two Maths Vector Algebra 4 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Consider the vectors \(\bar{a}\) = 21+ j – 2k and \(\bar{b}\) = 6i – 3j + 2k.
(i) Find \(\bar{a} \bar{b}\) and \(\bar{a} \times \bar{b}\).
(ii) Verity that \(|\bar{a} \times \bar{b}|=|\vec{a}|^{2}|\bar{b}|^{2}-(\bar{a} \cdot \bar{b})^{2}\) (March – 2012)
Answer:

Question 2.
(i) For any three vectors \(\bar{a}, \bar{b}, \bar{c}\), show that \(\bar{a} \times(\bar{b}+\bar{c})+\bar{b} \times(\bar{c}+\bar{a})+\bar{c} \times(\bar{a}+\bar{b})=0\)
(ii) Given A (1, 1, 1), B (1, 2, 3), C (2, 3, 1) are the vertices of MBCa triangle. Find the area of the ∆ABC (May – 2012)
Answer:

Question 3.
Consider A (2, 3, 4) , B (4, 3, 2) and C (5, 2, -1) be any three points
(i) Find the projection of \(\overline{B C}\) on \(\overline{A B}\)
(ii) Find the area of triangle ABC (March – 2013)
Answer:

Question 4.
(i) Find the angle between the vectors \(\bar{a}\) =3i + 4j + k and \(\bar{b}\) = 2i + 3j – k
(ii) The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are \(\bar{a}\) = 3i + λj + 4k and \(\bar{b}\) = i – λj + k
(a) Find \(\bar{a} \times \bar{b}\)
(b) If the area of the parallelogram is square units, find the value of A (May – 2013)
Answer:

Question 5.
Let \(\bar{a}\) = 2i – j + 2k and \(\bar{b}\) = 6i + 2j + 3k
(i) Find a unit vector in the direction of \(\bar{a}\) + \(\bar{b}\)
(ii) Find the angle between a and b (March – 2014)
Answer:

Question 6.
Consider the triangle ABC with vertices A(1, 1, 1) , B (1, 2, 3) and C (2, 3, 1)
(i) Find \(\overline{A B}\) and \(\overline{A C}\)
(ii) Find \(\overline{A B}\) x \(\overline{A C}\)
(iii) Hence find the area of the triangle (March – 2014)
Answer:

Question 7.
Consider the vectors \(\bar{a}\) = i – 7j + 7k; \(\bar{b}\) = 3i – 2j + 2k
(a) Find \(\bar{a b}\).
(b) Find the angle between \(\bar{a}\) and \(\bar{b}\).
(c) Find the area of parallelogram with adjacent sides \(\bar{a}\) and \(\bar{b}\). (May – 2014)
Answer:

Question 8.
(a) If the points A and B are (1, 2, -1) and (2, 1, -1) respectively, then is
(i) i + J
(ii) i – J
(iii) 2i + j – k
(iv) i + j + k
(b) Find the value of for which the vectors 2i – 4j + 5k, i – λj + k and 3i + 2j – 5k are coplanar.
(c) Find the angle between the vectors a = 2i + j – k and b = i – j + k (March – 2016)
Answer:

Question 9.
(i) \((\bar{a}-\bar{b}) \times(\bar{a}+\bar{b})\) is equaito
\(\begin{array}{lll}
\text { (a) } \bar{a} & \text { (b) }|\bar{a}|^{2}-|\bar{b}|^{2} & \text { (c) } \bar{a} \times \bar{b} \text { (d) } 2(\bar{a} \times \bar{b})
\end{array}\)

(ii) If \(\bar{a}\) and \(\bar{b}\) are any two vectors, then
\((\bar{a} \times \bar{b})^{2}=\left|\begin{array}{ll}
\bar{a} \cdot \bar{a} & \bar{a} \cdot \bar{b} \\
\bar{a} \cdot \bar{b} & \bar{b} \bar{b}
\end{array}\right|\)

(iii) Using vectors, show that the points A(1, 2, 7), B(2, 6, 3), C(3, 10, -i) are collinear. (May – 2016)
Answer:

Plus Two Maths Vector Algebra 6 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
(i) Find a vector in the direction of \(\bar{r}\) = 3E – 4j that has a magnitude of 9.
(ii) For any three vectors \(\bar{a,b}\) and \(\bar{c}\), and Prove that \((\bar{a}+\bar{b})+\bar{c}=\bar{a}+(\bar{b}+\bar{c})\).
(iii) Find a unit vector perpendicular to \(\bar{a}+\bar{b}\) and \(\bar{a}-\bar{b}\), where \(\bar{a}\) = i – 3j + 3k and \(\bar{b}\) and \(/bar{c}\) = 3E—3j+2k. (March – 2010)
Answer:
(i) Unit vector of magnitude 9

Question 2.
Let A(2, 3, 4), B(4, 3, 2) and C(5, 2, -1) be three points
(i) Find \(\overline{A B}\) and \(\overline{B C}\)
(ii) Find the projection of \(\overline{B C}\) on \(\overline{A B}\)
(iii) Fiñd the area of the triangle ABC. (May – 2010)
Answer:

Question 3.
ABCD s a parallelogram with A as the origin, \(\bar{b}\) and \(\bar{d}\) are the position vectors of B and D respectively.

(i) What is the position vector of C?
(ii) What is the angle between \(\bar{AB}\) and \(\bar{AD}\)?
(iii) If \(|\overrightarrow{A C}|=|\overrightarrow{B D}|\), show that ABCD is a rectangle. (May – 2011)
Answer:
(i) Since ABCD is a parallelogram with A as the

Question 4.
(a) If \(\bar{a}, \bar{b}, \bar{c}, \bar{d}\) respectively are the position vectors representing the vertices A,B,C,D of a parallelogram, then write \(/bar{d}\) in terms of \(\bar{a}, \bar{b}, \bar{c}\).
(b) Find the projection vector of \(/bar{b}\) = i + 2j + k along the vector \(/bar{a}\) = 21 – i – j + 2k. Also write \(/bar{b}\) as the sum of a vector along \(/bar{a}\) and a perpendicular to \(/bar{a}\).
(C) Find the area of a parallelogram for which the vectors 21 + j, 31 + j +4k are adjacent sides. (March – 2015)
Answer:

Question 5.
(a) Write the magnitude of a vector \(/bar{a}\) in terms of dot product.
(b) If \(\bar{a}, \bar{b}, \bar{a}+\bar{b}\) are unit vectors, then prove that the angle between \(/bar{a}\) and \(/bar{b}\) is \(\frac{2 \pi}{3}\)
(c) If 2i + j – 3k and mi + 3j – k are perpendicular to each other, then find ‘m’.
Also find the area of the rectangle having these two vectors as sides. (March – 2015)
Answer:

Question 6.
Consider the triangle ABC with vertices A(1, 2, 3), B(-1, 0, 4), C(0, 1, 2)
(a) Find \(\overline{A B}\) and \(\overline{A C}\)
(b) Find \(\angle A\)
(c) Find the area of triangle ABC. (May – 2015)
Answer:

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Review of C++ Programming.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 1 Review of C++ Programming

Plus Two Computer Application Review of C++ Programming 1 Mark Important Questions

Question 1.
_______ is an exit control loop. (MAY-2016)
a) for loop
b) while loop
c) do-while loop
d) break
Answer:
do-while loop

Question 2.
Which among the following is an Insertion Operator? (MARCH-2016)
a) <<
b) >>
c) <
d) >
Answer:
a) <<

Question 3.
Which among the following is equivalent to the statement series b=a, a = a +1? (MARCH-2017)
a) b + = a
b) b = a++
c) b = ++a
d) b + = a + b
Answer:
b) b = a++

Question 4.
A ______ statement in a loop force the termination of that loop. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
break

Question 5.
_______ operator is the arithmetic assignment operator. (MAY-2017)
a) >>
b) ==
c) +=
d) =
Answer:
c) +=

Plus Two Computer Application Review of C++ Programming 2 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
How does a ‘goto’ statement work? (MAY-2016)
Answer:
The execution of a program is sequential but we can change this sequential manner by using jump statements. The jump statements are
1) goto statement By using goto we can transfer the control anywhere in the program without any condition. The syntax is goto label;
Eg.
# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float a,b;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers”;
cin>>a>>b;
if(b==0)
goto end;
cout<<“The quotient is “<< a/b;
return 0;
end:
cout<<“Division by zero error”;
}

Question 2.
What are the main components of a looping statement? (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
The main components are initialization expression, test expression, update expression, and looping body
eg: for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
cout << i;

Question 3.
Identify the following C++ tokens. (MAY-2017)
a) “welcome”
b) int
c) >=
d) ++
Answer:
a) “welcome” String Literal
b) int-Keyword
c) >= Operator
d) ++-: Operator

Plus Two Computer Application Review of C++ Programming 3 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Explain switch statement with an example (MAY-2016)
Answer:
cin >> pcode;
switch (pcode)
{
case ‘C’:
cout <<“Computer”;
break;
case ‘M’:
cout << “Mobile Phone”;
break;
case ’L’:
cout << “Laptop”;
break;
default:
cout << “lnvalid code”;

Question 2.
Rewrite the following C++ code using ‘switch’ statement (MARCH-2017)
cin >> pcode;
if (pcode == ‘C’)
cout << “Computer”;
else if (pcode == ‘M’)
cout<<“Mobile Phone”;
else if(pcode == ‘L’)
cout<<“Laptop
else
cout<<“lnvalid code”;
Answer:
cin >> pcode;
switch(pcode)
{
case ‘C’:
cout << “Computer”;
break;
case ‘M’:
cout << “Mobile Phone”;
break;
case ’L’:
cout << “Laptop”;
break;
default:
cout << “lnvalid code”;

Question 3.
How do continue and break statements differ in a loop? Explain with an example. (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Break is used to terminate a loop. But continue is used for skipping (bypassing) a part of the code, eg: for (i=1, i<10; i++)
{
if (i%2==0) continue; cout<<i << “, “;
}
Here the output is 1,3, 5, 7, 9
eg: for (i=1; i<10; i++)
{
if (i% 2==0) break;
cout<<i<<“,”;
}
Here the output is 1, that is the loop is quit when i=2.

Question 4.
Explain break and continue statements with examples. (MAY-2017)
Answer:
break statement:- It is used to skip over a part of the code i.e. we can premature exit from a loop such as while, do-while, for or switch, continue statement:- It bypasses one iteration of the loop.
break statement:- It is used to skip over a part of the code i.e. we can premature exit from a loop such as while, do-while, for, or switch.
Syntax:
while (expression)
if (condition) break;
}
Eg.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i=1;
while(i<10)
{
cout<<i<<endl;
if(i==5)
break;
i++;
}
}
The output is
1
2
3
4
5
continue statement: It bypasses one iteration of the loop.
Syntax:
while (expression)
{
if (condition) break;
}
Eg.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i=0;
while(i<10)
{
i++;
if(i==5) continue;
cout<<i<<endl;
}
}
The output is
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Maths Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Differential Equations.

Kerala Plus Two Maths Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 9 Differential Equations

Plus Two Maths Differential Equations 3 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Form a differential equation of the family of circles having a centre on y-axis and radius 3 units. (May -2013)
Answer:
The equation of the circle passing through the point (O,k)and radius 3 is of the form

Question 2.
Consider the Differential equation
\(\frac{d^{2} y}{d x^{2}}+y=0\)
(i) Write the order and degree.
(ii) Verify that y = a cos x + b sin x where a,b ∈ R is a solution of the given DE. (March – 2014)
Answer:
(i) Order = 2; Degree = I
(ii) Given; y = acosx + bsin x
y₁ = – asin x + bcos x
y₂ = – acos x – bsin x
We have; y₂ = – (a cos x + b sin x)
⇒ y₂ = -y ⇒ y₂ + y = 0

Plus Two Maths Differential Equations 4 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
If cosx\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + y sin x = tan² x is a DE then
(i) Find its order and degree.
(ii) Find its general solution. (May -2010)
Answer:

Question 2.
(i) Write the order and degree of the DE
\(\left[\frac{d y}{d x}\right]^{2}+\frac{d y}{d x}-\sin ^{2} y=0\)
(ii) Solve the \(\frac{d y}{d x}+2 y \tan x=\sin x\) (May-2011)
Answer:

Question 3.
(i) The general solution of the DE \(\frac{d y}{d x}=e^{x-y} \text { is }\)
(a) e^y + e^x = c
(b) e^y e^x = c
(c) e^-y + e^-x = c
(d) e^-y – e^x = c
(ii) Solve the DE \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{2 x y}{1+x^{2}}+x^{2}+2\) (March – 2013)
Answer:

Question 4.
(a) Consider the family of all circles having their centre at the point (1,2). Write the equation of the family. Write the corresponding differential equation.
(b) Write the integrating factor of the differential equation
\(\cos x \frac{d y}{d x}+y=\sin x, \quad 0 \leq x<\frac{\pi}{2}\) (March – 2015)
Answer:
(a) The equation of the circle ¡s

Question 5.
(a) Write the order and degree of the differential equations.
\(x y\left(\frac{d^{2} y}{d x^{2}}\right)^{2}+x\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^{3}-y \frac{d y}{d x}=0\)

(b) Find the general solution of the differential equation ylog ydx – xdy = 0
(c) Find the integrating factor of the differential equation \(x \frac{d y}{d x}-y=2 x^{2}\) (May -2015)
Answer:

Question 6.
(a) y = a cosx +b sin x is the solution of the differential equation

(b) Find the solution of the differential equation \(x \frac{d y}{d x}+2 y=x^{2}, \quad(x \neq 0)\) given that y = 0 when x=1. (March – 2016)
Answer:

Plus Two Maths Differential Equations 6 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
(i) Form the DE corresponding to the Function y = ae^x + be^2x
(ii) State the order and degree of the above DE.
(iii) Solve \(x \frac{d y}{d x}=x+y\) (March – 2009)
Answer:

Question 2.
(i) Form the DE corresponding to the function Xy = C²
(ii) Consider the DE (x² + y² ) dx = 2xydy
(a) Write the DE in the ton \(\frac{d y}{d x}=g\left[\frac{y}{x}\right]\)
(b) Solve the DE completely (May -2009, May -2013)
Answer:

Question 3.
(i) Equation of a circle touching the y-axis at origin is x² + y² – 2ax = 0. Find the DE of all such circles.
(ii) SolvetheDE \(\left(1+x^{2}\right) \frac{d y}{d x}+y=\tan ^{-1} x\) (March – 2010)
Answer:

Question 4.
(i) Solution of the DE y^‘ – y = 0 is y = ………….
(ii) Solve the DE \(\Rightarrow \frac{d y}{d x}+y \sec x=\tan x\)
(iii) Form the DE of the family of ellipse having foci on the x-axis and centre at the origin. (March-2011)
Answer:

Question 5.
Consider the DE \(x d y-y d x=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} d x\)
(i) Express it in the form \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = F(x, y)
(ii) Find the general solution. (March -2012; Edumate -2017)
Answer:

Question 6.
(i) Prove that the DE is (3xy + y²) dx + (x² + xy) dy = 0 a homogeneous DE of degree 0.
(ii) Solve the DE (3xy + y²) dx + (x² + xy) dy = 0 (May —2012, Edumate -2017)
Answer:

Question 7.
Consider the differential equation \(\frac{d y}{d x}-3 \cot x y=\sin 2 x\)
(a) Find its integrating factors.
(b) Fînd its solution, given that y = 2 When x = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\). (May-2014)
Answer:

Students can Download Chapter 5 Web Designing Using HTML Questions and Answers, Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Web Designing Using HTML

Plus Two Computer Application Web Designing Using HTML One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the tag to which the attribute frame is associated.
Answer:
<Table>
Frame attribute specifies the border lines around the table. Possible values are void, box, above, below, hsides, Hsides, Lhs, Rhs Eg. <Table Frame = “below”>

Question 2.
The tag used to create combo in HTML is______.
Answer:
<Select>

Question 3.
The option attribute is associated with_____<tag>
Answer:
<Select>

Question 4.
Consider the following. <FRAMESET Cols= “50 %,*”>
What will be the output of the above HTML statement?
Answer:
It divides browser window with frames of equal width in column wise.

Frame 1

Frame 2

Question 5.
Consider the following. <FRAMESET Rows= “50%,*”>
What will be the output of the above HTML statement?
Answer:
It divides browser window into two frames in row wise equally.

Frame 1

Frame 2

Question 6.
<Select> Tag create____in HTML.
Answer:
Combo box

Question 7.
The default align value for a table is_____.
(a) Left
(b) Right
(c) Center
(d) Justify
Answer:
(a) Left

Question 8.
A submit button can be created by_____tag.
(a) <SUBMIT>
(b) <INPUT>
(c) <SELECT>
(d) <ACTION>
Answer:
(b) <INPUT>

Question 9.
_____Tag enclosed the heading cells in a table.
(a) <TABLE>
(b) <TR>
(c) <TH>
(d) <TD>
Answer:
(c) <TH>

Question 10.
_____is an empty tag.
(a) <FRAME>
(b) <FORM>
(c) <FRAMESET
(d) <TABLE>
Answer:
(a) <FRAME>

Question 11.
Pick the odd one out. Justify your answer
(a) NOFRAME
(b) Body
(c) SRC
(d) HEAD
Answer:
(c) SRC. It is an attribute. All other are tags.

Question 12.
Name the tag which is used as an attribute to another tag?
Answer:
<Center>or<Frame>

Question 13.
The borderlines around a table is specified by_____Attribute.
(a) Frame
(b) cell border
(c) Background
(d) Border
Answer:
(b) Bonder

Question 14.
To change the background colour of a table, which attribute of <table>tag is used for this purpose.
Answer:
BGCOLOR – This attribute specifies the background colour of the table.
<TABLE BORDER=2 BGCOLOR= “Blue”>

Question 15.
Which tag is used to divide the window more than one?
Answer:
<Frameset>

Question 16.
____tag is used to pass information from web viewers to web server.
Answer:
<Form>

Question 17.
_____tag provides a label forthe form control.
Answer:
<Label>

Question 18.
A____has no <body> section.
Answer:
<Frameset> tag

Question 19.
A <frameset> tag no____tag.
Answer:
<Body> tag

Question 20.
Name the attribute used to merge two or more rows of a table in an HTML document.
Answer:
Rowspan.

Question 21.
In HTML_____tag is used to create a row in a table
Answer:
<TR>

Question 22.
The space between the border of the cell and its content can be adjusted by an attribute of the <TABLE> tag. Identify this attribute.
Answer:
Cell padding

Question 23.
Give the value of the frame attribute of <TABLE> tag to get the outer border only.
Answer:
box

Question 24.
Baiju wants to place a picture in a table cell. Which attribute of the < TD > tag will be used for this.
Answer:
Back ground.

Question 25.
_____tag forms the definition term in a definition list.
(a) <DD>
(b) <DT>
(c) <DL>
(d) <DR>
Answer:
(b) <DT>

Question 26.
Name the possible values of type attribute of UnOrdered list.
Answer:
tag <UL> can take values square, circle or disc.

Question 27.
To create a list using Uppercase letters use_____?
Answer:
<OLType=”A”>

Question 28.
To create a list using Lower case letters use_____?
Answer:
<OLType=”a”>

Question 29.
To start a list from the count of 3 using______?
Answer:
<OL start=”3”>

Question 30.
Mr. Suresh wants to prepare a list of students with register number. But he wants to start numbering from 5? How can it be done using HTML?
Answer:
Ordered list is used for this <OL start = “5”>

Question 31.
Pick the wrong one from the statements given below:
(A) <OL>and <UL> have Type attribute
(B) Default numbering scheme in <OL> is 1,2, 3…
(C) In Definition List, <DD> tag is used to give definition of terms
(D) Start attribute of ordered list should always be set to 1
Answer:
(D) Start attribute of ordered list should always be set to 1

Question 32.
Which of the following is the correct way to create an email link?
(A) <A href= “abc@xyz”>
(B) <mail href= “abc@xyz”>
(C) <mail> “abc@xyz”>
(D) <A href= “mailto: abc@xyz”>
Answer:
(D) <A href= “mailto: abc@xyz”>

Question 33.
There are two web pages in the class project created by Mathew. The second page should appear in the browser when clicked at a particular text in the first page. What do you call this feature? Name the tag and attribute needed for creating such a feautre.
Answer:
This feature is called link
Tag used is <A> and attribute is HREF

Question 34.
Observe the table with two rows. Which of the following is used with TD tag to merge the cells C and D?

A	B
C	D

(A) Merge=colspan 2
(B) Rowspan= “2”.
(C) Colspan= “2”
(D) Merge=raw2
Answer:
(C) Colspan= “2”

Question 35.
Why do we use <NOFRAME> tag?
Answer:
<NOFRAME> tag is used to give a content when some browser that does not support frameset.

Question 36.
Which of the following tag is used to create a list box in a html Form?
(a) <SUBMIT>
(b) <INPUT>
(c) <SELECT>
(d) <ACTION>
Answer:
(c) <SELECT>

Question 37.
The tag used for creating a drop-down list in HTML is_____.
Answer:
<select> tag

Plus Two Computer Application Web Designing Using HTML Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Manju wants to display 3 web pages on the same screen horizontally. Which HTML statements can be used for this?
Answer:
<Frameset Rows=“33%, *, * ” >
<Frame SRC = Page1. html>
<Frame SRC = Page2. html>
<Frame SRC = Page3. html>
< / Frameset >

Question 2.
Adithya College of Engineering wants to Create their web site, in which the home page is to be designed as a combination of two Vertical panes.

1. Suggest suitable tags used for this.
2. Write the HTML statements to get this type of page.

Answer:
1. < Frame set > and < Frame > tags

2. < Frameset cols = “ 50%, * ” >
< Frame SRC = “ Page1. HTML ” >
< Frame SRC = “ Page2. HTML ” >
< / Frameset >

Question 3.
‘Kerala Communication channel’ conduct a TV program based on Education policies of Kerala Govt. They want to take the feed back from the viewers through their website.

1. While creating this site, which type of tag is used to accept multiple line of text from the viewers.
2. Name any two attributes of this tag.

Answer:

1. < TEXTAREA>
2. Cols, rows, name

Question 4.
Distinguish between cellspacing and cellpadding attribute of <Table> tag.
Answer:

1. Cellspacing: it specifies the space between two table cells.
2. Cellpadding: It specifies the space between cell border and content.

Question 5.
Match the following

Group A	Group B
<TABLE>	HREF
<HTML>	DIR
<IMG>	BORDER
<A>	SRC
	TYPE

Answer:

Group A	Group B
<TABLE>	BORDER
<HTML>	DIR
<IMG>	SRC
<A>	HREF

Question 6.
Differentiate <frame> and <frameset> tags.
Answer:
The <frameset> tag defines the frame sections and the <frame> tag specifies the pages to be loaded in each frame
<FRAMESET> tag And <FRAME>tag
Attributes of <FRAMESET>

• Rows: Used to divide screen in row wise
• Cols: Used to divide screen in column wise
• Attributes of <FRAME>
• SRC: Specifies name of web page to be loaded in Frame
• Scrolling: Enables the webpage displayed to be scrolled

Eg. <FRAMESETCols= “50%,*”>
<FRAME SRC= “page1.html>
<FRAME SRC= “page2.htmr>
</FRAMESET>

Question 7.
How can you merge cells in a table?
Answer:
By using attributes Colspan or Rowspan

1. Colspan : It is used to span or to stretch a cell over a number of columns.
   Eg: <TD Colspan=3> spans the cell over three columns
2. Rowspan: It is used to span or to stretch a cell over a number of rows.
   Eg: <TD Rowspan=3> spans the cell over three rows.

Question 8.
Raju created a web page as follows:

But he is unable to view any tabular format in the web page, when it is displayed in the browser. Find the reason for it and correct the same.
Answer:
Without “Border” attribute it never shows tabular form, Border attribute is missing.
<TABLE BORDER=3>

Question 9.
Name the possible values of type attribute of Ordered list.
Answer:
The tag <OL> can take Values as follows

1. type = 1 for 1, 2, 3,….
2. type = i for i, ii, iii,….
3. type = I for I, II, III,…..
4. type = a for a, b, c,…
5. type = A for A, B, C,……

Question 10.
Predict the output of the following HTML segment.
<OL Type = “1 ” start = “5”>
<Li> Chocolate</Li>
<Li> Milk </Li>
<Li> Coffee</Li>
</OL>
Answer:
5. Chocolate
6. Milk
7. Coffee

Question 11.
Compare the use of Type attribute in Ordered and Unordered list in HTML?
Answer:
1. Unordered List (<UL>): Items are displayed with square, circle or disc in front.
Eg: <UL TYPE=” circle”>

2. Ordered List (<OL>): Items are displayed with the following type values.
Type = 1 for 1, 2, 3,…….
Type = i for i, ii, iii,…..
Type = I for I, ll, III,…..
Type = a for a, b, c,…..
Type = A for A, B, C,…..
Eg: <OL TYPE=”A”>

Question 12.
Differentiate internal linking and external linking with examples.
Answer:

1. External Linking -: Used to connect two different web pages
   Eg:<A href = “School. html’> School</A>
2. Internal linking: Internal links are given to a sec¬tion in the same document.
   <A href =“#top”>Goto Top </A>
   <A href = “#bottom>Goto Bottom </A>

Question 13.
While moving the mouse pointer over a web page, the mouse pointer changes its shape to hand icon symbol.

1. Give reason for this change in mouse pointer.
2. Name the tag and attributes used for it.

Answer:

1. It is a hyper link
2. <A> tag, href attribute.

Question 14.
HTML has facility to provide external and internal hyperlinks.

1. Which tag is used to include a hyper link?
2. Explain two attributes needed for creating internal hyperlink.

Answer:

1. <A>
2. name, href

Question 15.
Match the following.

EMBED	href
OL	loop
A	start
BGSOUND	hidden

Answer:
EMBED-hidden, OL-start, A-href, BGSOUND- loop

Question 16.
Categorize the following tags into containertags and empty tags,
<A>, <FRAME>, <FRAMESET>, <INPUT>
Answer:

1. Empty tags:
   <FRAME>& <INPUT>
2. Container tags:
   <FRAMESET> & <A>

Question 17.
The <FORM> tag is used to accept data and communicate with a server program.

1. Name any two attributes of FORM tag.
2. How will you create a “SUBMIT” button and a “RESET” button within the FORM tag?

Answer:

1. Action, Method
2. <INPUT Type=“submit”>
   <INPUT Type=“reset”>

Question 18.
Aliya wants to display three webpages (A.htm, B.htm, C.htm) on the same screen horizontally at the ratio 20%, 40%, 40%. Write the HTML code for the same.
Answer:
<FRAMESET ROWS=”20%,40%,40%”>
<FRAME Src= “A.htm”>
<FRAME Src= “B.htm”>
<FRAME Src= “C.htm”>
</FRAMESET >

Question 19.
Distinguish Cellspacing and Cellpadding attributes of<TABLE> tag.
Answer:

• Cell spacing: Specifies space between table cells
• Cell padding: Specifies space between cell border and content.

Plus Two Computer Application Web Designing Using HTML Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Point out the difference between relative and absolute URL.
Answer:
URL means uniform Resource Locator.
Two type of URL
1. Relative URL: Here we explicitly give the web site address
Eg: <Ahref=http://www.hscap,kerala.gov.in>

2. Absolute URL: Here we implicitly give the web site address. The path is not specified here.
Eg: Consider the web pages index.html and school.html saved in the folder C:\BVM.The file indexs.html contains the following.

<A href-’school.htmr’>. Here we did not specify the full path of the file school.html. But this implicitly points to the file stored in C:\BVM.

Question 2.
Name the tag which is used to play the music in background while the webpage is being viewed.
Answer:

Question 3.
Differentiate <FRAME>, <FRAMESET> and <NOFRAME>tags.
Answer:

1. <FRAMESET> tag is used to divide the window more than one pane. It has no body section.
2. <FRAME>. It specifies the pages within a frameset.
3. <NOFRAME>. <NOFRAME> tag is used to give a content when some browser that does not support frameset.

Question 4.
In a web page, user needs to enter the address of persons. Name the tag used for this. List and explain any two main attributes of it.
Answer:
<TEXTAREA>. This is used to enter multiple lines in a. Text Box of a web page. Main attributes are:

• Rows: Specifies the height of text area control, ie. The number of Lines the Text Area should have
• Cols: Specifies width ie number of characters per line. Name: Gives a variable name to the Text Area control. Eg: <TEXTAREA Name=”Address” Cols=20 Rows=5>

Question 5.
Consider the following table.

Batch	Boys	Girls
Science	25	26
Commerce	20	30

Write the HTML code for the above.
Answer:

Question 6.
Name the tag which permits a user to add more than one web page in a single window. List any attributes of it with explanation.
Answer:
<FRAMESET> tag and <FRAME>tag
Attributes of <FRAMESET>

• Rows: Used to divide screen in rowwise
• Cols: Used to divide screen in column wise
• Attributes of <FRAME>
• SRC: Specifies name of web page to be loaded in Frame
• NAME: Gives a name for the frame.

Eg. <FRAMESET Rows= “50%,*”>
<FRAME SRC= “page1.htm”>
<FRAME SRC= “page2.htm”>
</FRAMESET>

Question 7.
In VB, a Programmer can use Option Button, Text Box, Combo box, etc. to accept inputs from the user. Butin HTML<INPUT> tag is used for creating all the above controls. Which attributes of the <INPUT> tag is used for this? List and explain the possible values of it.
Answer:
The ‘type’ attribute of <INPUT> tag is used to create different control. The main values of type attribute is given below.
1. Text: Creates a single line Text Box.
Eg. <INPUT Type= “Text”>

2. Password: creates a password box in which characters are displayed by symbols like asterisk(*)
Eg. <INPUT Type= “Passwords”>

3. Check Box: Creates a check box.
Eg. <INPUT Type= “Check Box”>

4. Radio: Creates option button (Radio Button)
Eg.<INPUT Type= “Radio” Name-‘sex”Value= “M”>Male

5. Reset: Creates re^et button. It is used to clear all the data entered
Eg. <INPUT Type= “Reset”>

6. Submit: Creates a submit Button. When click on it data entered in the form will sent to web server. Eg. <INPUT Type = “Submit”>

Question 8.
Write the HTML code for the following.

Answer:

Question 9.
Write the HTML Code for the following.

Answer:

Question 10.
Name the attributes in HTML, which can present in more than one tag.
Answer:
The attributes are

1. Border: It can act in <Table> and in <Frameset> Tag.
2. Bgcolor: It can act in <Table> and in <Body>tag.
3. Type: It can act in <OL> and in <lnput>tag.

Question 11.
What are the main attributes of the <Form> tag?
Answer:
1. Method:
It determines the method of submission of form data to the server. Get and Post are the two form submission methods. Post method is used to pass large volume of data. Also post method is more secure as data entered is not visible during submission. The get method is faster and is used to send lesser volume of data and it is not secure.

2. Action:
The URL of the server side program to process the form data is specified by the Action attribute.
Eg: <Form Action=”http://www.scert.com/asp/ process.asp”>

Question 12.
What are the difference between get method and post method ?
Answer:

Post Method	Get Method
•   It is used to pass large volume of data •   The data is nof visible during submission •   It is slower. •   It is secure.	•   It is used to pass lesser volume of data •   The data is visible during submission •   It is faster •   It is not secure

Question 13.
Lena wants to create a web page, to select the dis¬trict name from a combo. By default the combo box contain the district Trichur. Help her to do so.
Answer:

Question 14.
Ram creates a web page to record the sex of a student. But he has made a mistake that the student can select both male and female choices at a time. What is the reason for the same. Help him to correct the mistake.
Answer:
To record sex of student radio buttons are used. Usually, radio buttons are provided as a group from which exactly one can be selected at a time by giving the same name for both radio buttons. But here Ram did not give same name for both buttons. Therefore the mistake. The correct code is as follows,

Question 15.
Explain the attributes of <Frameset> Tag.
Answer:

1. Cols: It determines the dimension of vertical frames(Columns) in the frameset page.
   Eg: <FramesetCols=”50%,*”> creates two vertical frames with equal width.
2. Rows: It determines the dimension of horizontal frames(Rows) in the frameset page.
   Eg: <Frameset Rows=”50%,*”> creates two horizontal frames with equal height.
3. Border: It specifies the thickness of the border for the frames.
4. Bordercolor: It specifies the colour for the frame border.

Question 16.
Explain the attributes of <Frame tag>
Answer:

1. Src: It specifie the URL of the document to be loaded in the frame.
2. Scrolling: It indicates scroll bar is to be shown in the frame or not, values are yes, no or auto
3. Noresize: It stops the resizing of the frame, no value is to be assigned.
4. Margin width and Marginheight: It sets the horizontal and vertical margins, values are in pixels.
5. Name: It gives a name for the frame.
6. Target: It specifies the target frame.

Question 17.
Mr. Sonet visited a website that contains two frames. He tries to resize the first frame by mouse. But he failed to do so. What is the reason behind? Explain?
Answer:
This is because the web designer used Noresize attribute of frame tag while he design the page. Noresize attribute stops the resizing of the frame, no value is to be assigned.
Eg: <frame src=”page1 .html” noresize>

Question 18.
We know that an HTML document contains two sections head and body section. While designing a web page as follows what will happen?


Answer:
There is no output because a <frameset> tag has no body tag. It is very important. So the correct code is as follows,

Question 19.
Create a web page as follows to display a list contains items.

Answer:
To create a list box set the size property of <Select> tag to more than 1.

Question 20.
In VB there are separate controls to create List Box and Combo Box. But in HTML these controls can be created by using a single tag.

1. Name the tag used for this? (1)
2. Which attribute is used for this and how? (2)

Answer:
1. < SELECT >

2. Size attribute
< SELECT Size = 1 > gives combo box
< SELECT Size = 3> gives a list box

Question 21.
Write HTML code for creating the following webpage using tag.

Answer:

Question 22.
Write the HTML code for creating the following webpage using List tag.

	COMPUTER TERMS
CPU	Central Processing Unit
ALU	Arithmetic and Logic Unit
WWW	World Wide Web

Answer:

Question 23.
What will be the output of the following?

Answer:
The output is as follows. E.COMPUTER, F.BIOLOGY.

Question 24.
Find the errors from the following and correct it.

1. <ULtype=”A”start=5>
2. <IMG src=”picture.jpg” size=100>
3. <HTML>
   <HEAD><TITLE></HEAD></TITLE> <BODY>This is a sample web page</BODY>

Answer:

1. UL has only specified types and has no start attribute
2. IMG has no size attribute, use height or width attribute
3. <HTML>
   <HEAD><TITLE></TITLE></HEAD> <BODY>This is a sample web page</BODY> </HTML>.

Question 25.
Your brother requested you to prepare a list of best friends, from your class using HTML.

1. Which type of list you will prefer?
2. Write HTML code to create such a list of 4 students.

Answer:
1. Ordered List<OL> Can be used.

2.

Question 26.
Ravi wants to display the name of 6 subjects as a list by using Upper case Roman Numerals. Help him to do so.
Answer:
<OLType= “I”>
<LI>English
<LI> Sanskrit
<LI>Business studies
<LI>Accountancy
<LI>Economics
<LI>Computer Applications
</OL>

Question 27.
Your class selected you as the group leader of Group V. In your group there are 5 students with Roll No. 20 to 24. Prepare a list using appropriate tag in HTML.
Answer:

Question 28.
Write HTML code to get the following output.

Answer:

Question 29.
Write HTML code to get the following table as output.

Answer:

Question 30.
Write the tags to define the following:

1. Text Box
2. Submit Button
3. Reset Button
4. Radio Button

Answer:

1. .<inputtype=”text” name=”txtname”>
2. .<input type=”Submit” value=”Send”>
3. .<input type=”Reset” value=”Clear”>
4. .<input type=”Radio” name=”Sex” value= “Male”>Male
   <input type=”Radio” name=”Sex” value=” Female”>Female

Plus Two Computer Application Web Designing Using HTML Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write an HTML code to create a web page with 3 frames as shown below:

Answer:
Step 1: Take a notepad, type the following and save it as main.html on Desktop.

Step 2: Take another notepad, type the following and save it as page1.html on Desktop.

Step 3: Take another notepad, type the following and save it as page 2.html on Desktop.

step 4: Take another notepad, type the following and save it asframe.html on Desktop.

Step 5. Finally run the frame.html file.

Question 2.
Explain any three attributes of <FORM>tag.
Answer:
1. Action: Here we give the name of program (including the path) stored in the Web server.

2. Method: There are 2 types of methods get and post.

Get method	Post method
1. Faster	1. Slower
2. To send small volume of data	2. To send large volume of data
3. Less secure	3. More secure
4. Data visible during submission	4. Data not visible during submission

3. Target: Specifies the target window for displaying the result. Values are given below.

• _blank-Opens in a new window
• _self-Opens in the same frame
• _parent – Opens in the parent frameset
• _top- Opens in the main browser window
• name – Opens in the window with the specified name.

Question 3.
Explain the attributes of <Table> tag?

OR

Name any six attributes of <table> tag that determine the general layout of table.
Answer:

1. Border: It specifies the thickness of the border lines around the table.
2. Bordercolor: It specifies the colour for border lines
3. Align: It specifies the table alignment, the values can be left, right or center
4. Bgcolor: It specifies the back ground colour for the table.
5. Cellspacing : It specifies the space between two table cells
6. Cellpadding: It specifies the space between cell border and content
7. Cols: It specifies the number of columns
8. Width: It determines the table width
9. Frame: It specifies the border lines around the table, values are void, border, box, above, below,…

Question 4.
Explain the attributes of <TH> and <TD>?
Answer:

1. Align: It specifies the horizontal alignment of the content, the values can be left, right, center and justify.
2. Valign: It specifies the vertical alignment of the content, the values can be top, middle, Bottom, and baseline.
3. Bgcolor: It specifies the back ground colour for the cell.
4. Colspan: It is used to span or to stretch a cell over a number of columns.
   Eg: <TD Colspan=3> spans the cell over three columns
5. Rowspan: It is used to span or to stretch a cell over a number of rows.
   Eg: <TD Rowspan=3> spans the cell over three rows.

Question 5.
Create an HTML page as shown below using lists.
The recipe for preparation

1. The ingredients
   • 100g flour
   • 10g sugar
   • 1 cup water
   • 2 egg
   • Salt and pepper
2. The procedure
   A. Mix dry ingredients thoroughly
   B. Pour in wet ingredients
   C. Mix for 10 mts
   D. Bake for 1 hr at 100 degree C temperature

Answer:

Question 6.
Create HTML code for the following output.

1. Flowers
   • Jasmine
   • Rose
   • Lily
2. Vegetables
   • Beetroot
   • Cabbage
   • Cucumber
3. Fruits
   i. Apple
   ii. Orange
   iii. Pineapple

Answer:

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Maths Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Relations and Functions.

Kerala Plus Two Maths Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions

Plus Two Maths Relations and Functions 3 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
Consider the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, and B = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25} and a function ƒ : A → B defined by f(1) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 9, f(4) = 16 and f(5) = 25
(i) Show that f is one-to-one
(ii) Show that f is onto.
(iii) Does ƒ^-1 exists? Explain (May – 2013)
Answer:
(i) ƒ = {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16), (5,25)}
Every element in A is mapped to different elements in B. Therefore one-to-one.
(ii) R (ƒ) = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25} = B. Therefore onto.
(iii) Since f is one-to-one and onto function, ƒ^-1 exists.
ƒ^-1 = {(1,1), (4,2), (9,3), (16,4), (25,5)}

Question 2.
a) When a relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive
b) Show that ƒ : [-1, 1] → R given by \(f(x)=\frac{x}{x+2}\) is one-one (May – 2015)
Answer:

Question 3.
a) The function ƒ :N → N given by ƒ(x) = 2x
i) one-one and onto
ii) one-one and not onto
iii) not one-one and not onto
iv) onto but not one-one
b) Find goƒ(x), if ƒ(x) = 8x³ and g(x) = x^1/2
c) Let * be an operation such that a*b= LCM of a and b defined on the set A = {1,2,3,4,5}. Is * a binary operation? Justify your answer. (March-2016)
Answer:
a) ii) one-one and not onto
b) Answered in previous years questions No. 2(ii) (6 Mark question)
c) LCM of 2 and 3 is 6 ∉ A, therefore not a binary operation.

Plus Two Maths Relations and Functions 4 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
(i) ƒ : {1,2,3,4} → {5} defined by ƒ = {(1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5)} Does the function is invertible?
(ii)
(iii) Let A = Nx N, N-set of natural numbers and * 1be a binary operation on A defined by (a,b) * (c,d) = (ac—bd,ud +bc). Show that* is commutative on A. (March -2011)
Answer:
(i) Inverse does not exists because fis not one-one.

Hence cummutative.

Question 2.
Let N be the set of Natural numbers. Consider the function ƒ: N → N defined by ƒ(x) = x + l, x ∈ N
(i) Prove that f is not onto
(ii) \(If g(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}x-1, & x>1 \\ 1, & x=1\end{array}\right. then find g o f\)
(iii) Check whether goƒ is an onto function. (May 2011)
Answer:

(iii) Since f is not onto goƒ is also not onto.

Question 3.
(i) Give a relation on a set A = {1,2,3,4} which is reflexive , symmetric and not transitive.
(ii) Show that ƒ : [-1,1] → R given by \(f(x)=\frac{x}{x+2}\) is one-one.
(iii) Let ‘*’ be a binary operation on Q⁺ defined by a*b = \(a * b=\frac{a b}{6}\) ’.Find the inverse of 9 with respect to ’ * ’. (March -2012)
Answer:
(i) Given A = {1,2,3,4}
R = {(1,1)(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1)}

Question 4.
(i) *:R x R → Ris given by a * b = 3a2 – b
Find the value of 2 * 3. Is ‘*’ commutative? Justify your answer.
(ii) ƒ :R → R is defined by ƒ(x) = x² – 3x + 2 Find ƒoƒ (x) and ƒoƒ. (May 2012)
Answer:

Question 5.
(i) Consider ƒ : R → R given by ƒ(x) = 5x + 2
(a) Show that f is one-one.
(b) Is f invertible? Justify your answer.

(ii) Let * be a binary operation on N defined by a * b = HCF of a and b
(a) Is * commutative?
(b) Is * associative? (March-2013)
Answer:
(i) (a) Let x₁, x₂, ∈ R
ƒ(x₁) = ƒ(x₂) ⇒ 5x₁ + 2 = 5x₂ + 2
⇒ 5x₂ = 5x₂ ⇒ x₁ = x₂
Therefore fis one-one.

(b) Yes.
Let y e range of ƒ
⇒ ƒ(x) = y ⇒ 5x + 2 = y
\(\Rightarrow x=\frac{y-2}{5} \in R\)
Therefore corresponding to every y ∈ R there existsa real number \(\frac{y-2}{5}\) Therefore f is onto.
Hence bijective, so invertible.

(ii) (a) Yes.
a * b = HCF (a,b) = HCF (b,a) = b * a
Hence commutative.

(b) Yes.
a * (b * c) = a* HF(b,c) = HCF(a,b,c)
(a*b) * c =HCF(a,b) * c HCF(a,b,c)
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c
Hence associative.

Question 6.
(a) Let f: R → R be given by ƒ (x) = \(\frac{2 x+1}{3}\) find ƒoƒ and show that f is invertible.
(b) Find the identity element of the binary operation * on N defined by a * b = ab². (May 2014)
Answer:

Therefore f is onto.
Hence f is bijective and invertible.

(b) let ‘e’ be the identity element, then

Since e is not unique, this operation has no identity element.

Question 7.
a) What is the minimum number of pairs to form a non-zero reflexive relation on a set of n elements?
b) On the set R of real numbers, S is a relation defined as S = {(x,y)/X∈R, y ∈ R, x + y = xy}. Find a ∈ R such that ‘a’ is never the first element of an ordered pair in S. Also find b ∈ R such that ‘b’ is never the second element of an ordered pair in S.
c) Consider the function \(f(x)=\frac{3 x+4}{x-2}, x \neq 2\) Find a function on a suitable domain such that goƒ(x) = x = ƒog(x). (March 2015)
Answer:

Question 8.
(i) If ƒ: R → R and g: R → R defined by ƒ(x) = x² and g(x) = x + 1, then goƒ (x) is
(a) (x + 1)²
(b) x³ + l
(c) x² + l
(d) x + l

(ii) Consider the function ƒ: N → N, given by ƒ(x) = x³. Show that the function ‘ƒ’ is injective but not surjective.
(iii) The given table shows an operation on A = {p,q}

*	p	P
P	P	P
p	P	p

(a) Is * a binary operation?
(b) * commutative? Give reason. (May 2016)
Answer:
(i) (C) x² + 1
(ii) ƒ : N → N , given by ƒ(x) = x³
for x,y ∈ N ⇒ ƒ(x) = ƒ(y)
x³ = y³ ⇒ x = y

There fore f is injective.
Now 2 ∈ N, but there does not exists any element x in domain N such that ƒ(x) = x³ = 2 their fore f is not surjective.

(iii) (a) Yes
(b) No, because p*q = q; q*p = p
⇒ p*q ≠ q*p

Question 9.
(i) Let R be a relation defined on A{1,2,3} by R = {(13),(3,1),(2,2)} is
(a) Reflexive
(b) Symmetric
(C) Transitive
(d) Reflexive but not transitive.
(ii) Find fog and gof if ƒ(x) = |x+1| and g(x) = 2x – 1
(iii) Let * be a binary operation defined on N x N by (a,b) * (c,d.) = (a + c, b + d)
Find the identity element for * if it exists. (March – 2017)
Answer:
(i) (b) Symmetric

(ii) ƒog(x) = |g(x) + 1| = |2x – 1 + 1| = |2x|
goƒ(x) = 2 ƒ(x) – 1 = 2 |x + 1| – 1

(iii) Let e =(e₁, e₂) be the identity element of the operation in ? N x N then, (a,b)*(e₁, e₂) = (a + e₁, b + e₂) ≠ (a,b) Since, e₁ ≠ 0, e₂ ≠ 0

Therefore identity element does not existš.

Question 10.
(i) If R = {(x,y) : x, y ∈ Z, x – y ∈ Z}, then the relation R is
(a) Reflexive but not transitive
(b) Reflexive but not symmetric
(C) Symmetric but not transitive
(d) An equivalence relation.

(ii) Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers by a*b = 2a + b. Find 2 * (3 * 4) and (2 * 3) * 4.
(iii) Let ƒ : R → R, g : R → R be two one-one funçtions. Check whether gof is one-one or not. (May- 2017)
Answer:
(i) (d) An equivalance relation.
(ii) 2* (3 * 4) = 2 * 10 = 14
(2 * 3)* 4 = 7 * 4 = 18
(iii) ƒ : R → R, g : R → R
Let x₁, x₂, ∈ R
goƒ(x₁) = g(ƒ(x₁)) = g(ƒ(x₂)) = g(ƒ(x₂))
⇒ x₁ = x₂

Plus Two Maths Relations and Functions 6 Marks Important Questions

Question 1.
(i) (a) A function ƒ : X → Y is onto if range of ƒ = ………….
(b) Let ƒ : {1, 3, 4} {3, 4, 5} and
g: {3, 4, 5} → {6, 8, 10} be functions defined by
ƒ (1) = 3, ƒ (3) = 4, ƒ (4) = 5;
g (3) = 6, g(4) = 8, g(5) = 8 ,then (goƒ) (3) = …………..

(ii) Let Q be the set of Rational numbers and ‘*’ be the binary operation on Q defined by \(a * b=\frac{a b}{4}\) for all a,b in Q
(a) What is the identity element of ‘ * ’on Q?
(b) Find the inverse element of * ’ on Q.
(c) Show that a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c, ∀a,b,c ∈ Q.
Answer:

Question 2.
(i) Let R be the relation on the set N of natural numbers given by
R = {(a,b): a – b > 2, b>3}
Choose the correct answer
(a) (4, 1) ∈ R
(b) (5, 8) ∈ R
(c) (8, 7) ∈ R
(d) (10, 6) ∈ R

(ii) If ƒ(x) = 8x³ and g(x) = x^1/3, findg(ƒ(x)) and ƒ(g(x))
(iii) Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers defined by a*b = \(\frac{a}{b}\). Check whether * is commutative and associative? (March – 2014, May – 2015, March – 2016)
Answre:

Question 3.
Let \(f(x)=\frac{x-1}{x-3}, x \neq 3\) and \(g(x)=\frac{x-3}{x-1}, x \neq 1\) be two functions defined on R.

(i) Find ƒog(x), x ≠ 0
(ii) Find ƒ^-1 (x) and g^-1 (x), x ≠ 1
(iii) Find (goƒ)^-1 (x) (May-2010)
Answer:

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 11 Trends and Issues in ICT.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 11 Trends and Issues in ICT

Mobile Computing
The drawbacks of Desk computers are, it is heavy and power consumption rate is high and it is not portable(not mobile).
The advancements in computing technology, lightweight and low power consumption have led to the developments of more computing power in handheld devices like laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

Nowadays instead of desktops, lightweight and low power consumption devices are used because they are cheap and common. Moreover people are able to connect to others through the internet even when they are in motion.

Mobile Communication
The term ‘mobile’ help people to change their lifestyles and become the backbone of society. Mobile communication networks do not require any physical connection.

Generations in mobile communication
The mobile phone was introduced in the year 1946. Early-stage it was expensive and limited services hence its growth was very slow. To solve this problem, cellular communication concept was developed in 1960’s at Bell Lab. 1990’s onwards cellular technology became a common standard in our country.
The various generations in mobile communication are
a) First Generation networks(1G):
It was developed around 1980, based on analog. system and only voice transmission were allowed.

b) Second Generation networks (2G):
This is the next-generation network that was allowed voice and data transmission. Picture message and MMS(Multimedia Messaging Service) was introduced. GSM and CDMA standards were introduced by 2G.

i) Global System for Mobile(GSM):
It is the most successful standard. It uses narrowband TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), allows simultaneous calls on the same frequency range of 900 MHz to 1800 MHz. The network is identified using the SIM(Subscriber Identity Module).

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services): It is a packet-oriented mobile data service on the 2G on GSM. GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI) GPRS usage is typically charged based on the volume of data transferred. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed.

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): It is three times faster than GPRS. It is used for voice communication as well as an internet connection.

ii) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA):
It is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple access, which is where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies To permit this to be achieved without undue interference between the users and provide better security.

c) Third Generation networks (3G):
It allows a high data transfer rate for mobile devices and offers high-speed wireless broadband services combining voice and data. To enjoy this service 3G enabled mobile towers and handsets required.

d) Fourth Generation networks (4G): It is also called Long Term Evolution(LTE) and also offers ultra-broadband Internet facility such as high quality streaming video. It also offers good quality image and videos than TV.

e) Fifth Generation networks (5G): This is the next-generation network and expected to come into practice in 2020. It is more faster and cost-effective than the other four generations. More connections can be provided and more energy efficient.

Mobile communication services

a) Short Message Service(SMS): It allows transferring short text messages containing up to 160 characters between mobile phones. The sent message reaches a Short Message Service Center(SMSC), that allows ‘store and forward’ systems. It uses the protocol SS7 (Signaling System No7). The first SMS message ‘Merry Christmas’ was sent on 03/12/1992 from a PC to a mobile phone on the Vodafone GSM network in the UK.

b) Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): It allows sending Multi-Media(text, picture, audio, and video file) content using mobile phones. It is an extension of SMS.

c) Global Positioning System(GPS): It is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It is used for vehicle navigation, aircraft navigation, ship navigation, oil exploration, Fishing, etc. GPS receivers are now integrated with mobile phones.

d) Smart Cards: A smart card is a plastic card with a computer chip or memory that stores and transacts data. A smart card (may be like your ATM card) reader used to store and transmit data. The advantages are it is secure, intelligent and convenient.
The smart card technology is used in SIM for GSM phones. A SIM card is used as identification proof.

Mobile operating system: It is an OS used in hand held devices such as smart phone, tablet, etc. It manages the hardware, multimedia functions, Internet connectivity,etc. Popular OSs are Android from Google, iOS from Apple, BlackBerry OS from BlackBerry and Windows Phone from Microsoft.

Android OS: It is a Linux-based OS for Touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablets.lt was developed by Android Inc. founded in Palo Alto, California in 2003 by Andy Rubin and his friends. In 2005, Google acquired this. A team led by Rubin devel¬oped a mobile device platform powered by the Linux Kernel. The interface of Android OS is based on touch inputs like swiping, tapping, pinching in, and out to manipulate on-screen objects. In 2007 onwards this OS is used in many mobile phones and tablets. An¬droid SDK(Software Development Kit) is available to create applications(apps) like Google Maps, FB, What’s App,etc. It is of open-source nature and many Apps are available for free download from the Android Play Store hence increase the popularity. Different Android Versions are shown below:

Version – Code name
4.4 – KitKat
4.1 – Jelly Bean
4.0.3 – Ice Cream Sandwich
3.1 – Honeycomb
2.3 – Gingerbread
2.2 – Froyo
2.0 – Eclair
1.6 – Donut
1.5 – Cupcake

ICT in business: Drastic developments in ICT have changed the shopping habits of people. Earlier people shops traditionally. But nowadays people buy products and services online. A study reveals that online shopping habits of people are increased. Aftersale service is also good, delivery of the products is prompt and safe. The status of the product can be tracked easily hence increase the confidence level of the online customers.

Social networks and big data analytics: Earlier before buying a product people may consult two or three shop keepers or local friends and take decisions. But nowadays before taking decisions, people search shopping sites, social network groups(Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, etc), web portals, etc. for the best prices. Almost all online sites have product comparison menus. By this, we can compare the price, features, etc. Earlier a product is created and customers are forced to buy. But today customer is the King of the market, so products are created for the choices of the customers.

So companies gathering information about the customers from various sources such as social media like Internet forums, social blogs, Microblogs, etc. The volume of such data is very large and considered big data in business. With the help of an s/w analysis this big data and generate a report that contains all the information such as choices, taste, needs, status etc of a customer.

Business logistics: It is the management of the flow(transportation) of resources such as food, consumer goods, services, animals etc in a business between the point of origin(source) and the point of consumption (destination) in order to meet the needs of companies and customers. Business logistics consists of many more complexities. The effective use of hardware and software reduces the complexities faced in Business logistics.

For this the hardware used is RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) tag and the reader. It is like the bar code. The RFID tag contains all the details of a product and it consists of a combination of a transmitter and a receiver. The data stored in the RFID tag can be accessed by a special reader and to read the data no need for an RFID tag and reader in a line of site instead both are within a range.

This tag is used in Vehicles as a prepaid tag and makes the payments easier in Toll booths. Similarly, it is useful to take the Census of wild animals also.

Information Security: The most valuable to a company(An enterprise ora Bank, etc) is their data base hence it must be protected from accidental or unauthorised access by unauthorised persons

Intellectual Property Right: Some people spend lots of money, time body, and mental power to create some products such as a classical movie, album, artistic work, discoveries, invention, software, etc. These types of Intellectual properties must be protected from unauthorized access by law. This is called Intellectual Property right(IPR).
Paris convention held in 1883 protects Industrial Property
Berne Convention held in 1886 protects Literary and Artistic work.
World Intellectual Property Organisation(WIPO) in 1960, Guided by the United Nations(UN) ensures/protects the rights of creators or owners and rewarded for their creation.

A person or an organization can register their Intellectual property such as creations, trademarks, designs, etc.

Intellectual property is divided into two categories

1. Industrial Property
2. Copyright

1) Industrial property: It ensures the protection of industrial inventions, designs, Agricultural products etc from unauthorized copying or creation or use. In India, this is done by the Controller of Patents Designs and Trademarks.

Patents: A person or organization that invented a product or creation can be protected from unauthorized copying or creation without the permission of the creator by law. This right is called Patent. In India, the validity of the right is up to 20 years. After this anybody can use it freely.

Trademark: This is a unique, simple and memorable sign to promote a brand and hence increase the business and goodwill of a company. It must be registered. The period of registration is for 10 years and can be renewed. The registered trademark under Controller General of Patents Design and Trademarks cannot use or^opy by anybody else.

Industrial designs: A product or article is designed so beautifully to attract customers. This type of design is called industrial design. This is a prototype and used as a model for large scale production.

Geographical indications: Some products are well known by the place of its origin. Kozhikkodan Halwa, Marayoor Sharkkara (Jaggery), Thirupathi Ladoo, etc are examples.

B) Copyright: The trademark is ©, copyright is the property right that arises automatically when a person creates a new work on his own, and by Law, it prevents the others from the unauthorized or intentional copying of this without the permission of the creator for 60 years after the death of the author.

Infringement (Violation): Unauthorized copying or use of Intellectual property rights such as Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks are called intellectual property Infringement(violation). It is a punishable offense.

Patent Infringement: It prevents others from unauthorized or intentional copying or use of Patent without the permission of the creator.

Piracy: It is the unauthorized copying, distribution, and use of a creation without the permission of the creator. It is against the copy right act and hence the person committed deserves the punishment.

Trademark Infringement: It prevents others from unauthorized or intentional copying or use of Trademark without the permission of the creator.

Copy right Infringement: It prevents others from unauthorized or intentional copying or use of Copy right without the permission of the creator.

Cyberspace: Earlier Traditional communication services such as postal service(Snail mail) are used for communication. It is a low speed and not reliable service. In order to increase the speed Telegram Services were used. Its speed was high but it has lot of limitations and expensive too. Later telephones were used for voice communication. Nowadays telephone systems and computer systems are integrated and create a virtual(un real) environment. This is called cyberspace. The result of this integration is that tremendous speed and it is very cheap. The various departments of Govt, are providing speed, reliable and convenient online service hence increase productivity. Online shopping, Online banking, Online debate, Online Auction etc. are the various services offered by the Internet.

Through this one can transfer funds from our account to another account, hence one can pay bills such as telephone, electricity, purchase tickets(Flight, Train, Cinema, etc). As much as CyberSpace helps us that much as it gives us troubles.

Cyber Crimes: Just like normal crimes (theft, trespassing private area, destroy, etc,) Cybercrimes (Virus, Trojan Horse, Phishing, Denial of Service, Pornography etc) also increased significantly. Due to cybercrime, the victims lose money, reputation,etc and some of them commit suicide.

A) Cybercrimes against individuals
i) Identity theft: The various information such as personal details(name, Date of Birth, Address, Phone number etc), Credit / Debit Card details(Cand number, PIN, Expiry Date, CW, etc), Bank details, etc. are the identity of a person. Stealing this information by acting as the authorized person without the permission of a person is called Identity theft. The misuse of this information is a punishable offence.

ii) Harassment: Commenting badly about a particular person’s gender, colour, race, religion, nationality, in Social Media is considered as harassment. This is done with the help of the Internet is called Cyberstalking (Nuisance). This is a kind of torturing and it may lead to spoiling friendship, career, self-image and confidence. Sometimes may lead to a big tragedy of a whole family or a group of persons.

iii) Impersonation and cheating: Fake accounts are created in Social media and act as the original one for the purpose of cheating or misleading others. Eg: Fake accounts in Social Medias (Facebook, Twitter, etc), fake SMS, fake emails etc.

iv) Violation of privacy: Trespassing into another person’s life and try to spoil life. It is a punishable offense. A hidden camera is used to capture the video or picture and blackmailing them.

v) Dissemination of obscene material: With the help of hidden camera capture unwanted video or picture. Distribute or publish these obscene clips on the Internet without the consent of the victims may mislead people specifically the younger ones.

B) Cybercrimes against property: Stealing credit card details, hacking passwords of social media accounts or mail account or Net banking, uploading the latest movies etc, are considered as cyber crimes against property.

i) Credit card fraud: Stealing the details such as credit card number, company name, expiry date, CVV number, password etc. and use these details to make payment for purchasing goods or transfer funds also.
ii) Intellectual property theft: The violation of Intellectual Property Right of Copyright, Trademark, Patent, etc. In the film industry crores of investment are needed to create a movie. Intellectual Property thieves upload the movies on the Releasing day itself. Hence the revenue from the theatres is less significant and undergoes huge loss. (Eg: Premam, Bahubali, etc)
Copying a person’s creation and present as a new creation is called plagiarism. This can be identified as some tools(programs) available in the Internet

iii) Internet time theft: This is deals with the misuse of WiFi Internet facilities. If it is not protected by a good password there is a chance of misuse of our devices (Modem/Router) to access the Internet without our consent by unauthorized persons. Hence our money and volume of data(Package) will lose and we may face the consequences if others make any crimes.

C) Cybercrimes against the government: The cyber crimes against Govt, websites is increased significantly. For example in 2015 the website of the Registration Department of Kerala is hacked and destroys data from 2012 onwards.

i) Cyber terrorism: It deals with attacks against very sensitive computer networks like computer-controlled atomic energy power plants, air traffic controls, Gas line controls, telecom, Metro rail controls, Satellites, etc.. This is a very serious matter and may lead to a huge loss (money and life of citizens). So Govt is very conscious and give tight security mechanism for their services.

ii) Website defacement: It means to spoil or hacking websites and posting bad comments about the Govt.

iii) Attacks against e-governance websites: Its main target is a Web server. Due to this attack, the Web server/ computer forced to restart and this results in refusal of service to the genuine users. If we want to access a website first you have to type the web site address in the URL and press the Enter key, the browser requests that page from the webserver. Dos attacks send a huge number of requests to the webserver until it collapses due to the load and stop functioning.

Cyberethics
Guidelines for using computers over the internet

• Emails may contain Viruses so do not open any unwanted emails
• Download files from reputed sources(sites)
• Avoid clicking on pop-up Advt.
• Most of the Viruses spread due to the use of USB drives so use cautiously.
• Use a firewall on your computer
• Use anti-virus and update regularly
• Use spam blocking software
• Take backups in regular time intervals
• Use strong passwords, i.e a mixture of characters (a-z & A-Z), numbers, and special characters.
• Do not use bad or rude language in social media and emails.
• Untick ‘Remember Me’ before login.

CyberLaws: It ensures the use of computers and the Internet by people safely and legally. It consists of rules and regulations like the Indian Penal Code(IPC) to stop crimes and for the smooth functions of Cyberworld. Two Acts are IT Act 2000 and IT Act Amended in 2008

Information Technology Act 2000(amended in 2008)
IT Act 2000 controls the use of Computer(client), Server, Computer Networks, data, and Information in Electronic format and provides the legal infrastructure for E-commerce, in India.

This is developed to promote the IT industry, control e-commerce also ensures the smooth functioning of E-Governance and it prevents cyber crimes.

The person who violates this will be prosecuted. In India, the IT bill introduced in the May 2000 Parliament Session and it is known as the Information Technology Act 2000. Some exclusions and inclusions are introduced in December 2008

Cyber Forensics: Critical evidence of a particular crime is available in electronic format with the help of computer forensics. It helps to identify the criminal with help of blood, skin, or hair samples collected from the crime site?: DNA, polygraph, fingerprints are other effective tools to identify the accused person is the criminal or not.

Info mania: Right information at the right time is considered the key to success. The information must be gathered, stored, managed, and processed well. Infomania is excessive desire(infatuation) for acquiring knowledge from various modem sources like the Internet, Email, Social media, Instant Message applications (WhatsApp), and Smart Phones. Due to this, the person may neglect daily routines such as family, friends, food, sleep, etc. hence they get tired. They give first preference to the Internet than others. They create their own Cyber World and no interaction with the surroundings and the family.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 10 Enterprise Resource Planning.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 10 Enterprise Resource Planning

The goal(aim) of the management of an enterprise(Proprietor of a Company or a Venture or an organization) is to handle the resources in a good manner and .make good profit. The resources include the employees, customers, raw materials, finished goods machinery etc… Hence an enterprise handles large amount of data(DataBase) such as employee data, customer data, raw material purchase, sales data, financial data etc. The size of data to be handle is large and hence the complexity is also high. To solve this problem .organizations use ERP packages

Overview of an enterprise
Let us consider a production unit in an enterprise. The activities involved are planning, purchasing raw material, production, storing finished goods(warehouse), sales, finance etc. These activities are performed by different departments and theirduties are interlinked. Altogether the resources are classified into four M’s, That is Man, Material, Money and Machine.

Concepts of Enterprise Resource Planning
An enterprise(organization) is considered as a system(A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together to achieve an objective, according to a plan. Human body is an example for System). All the departments of an enterprise are connected to a centralized data base. ERP consists of single database and a collection of programs to handle the database hence handle the enterprise efficiently and hence enhance the productivity.

Functional units of ERP
Different modules are given below:
Financial Module: It is the core. This is used to generate financial report such as balance sheet, general ledger, trial balances, financial statements etc.

Manufacturing Module: It provides information for the production and capable to change the methods in the manufacturing sector.

Production planning Module: This module ensures the effective use of resources and helps the enterprise to enhance productivity hence increase profit.

HR (Human Resource) Module: This model ensures the effective use of Human resources and Human capital.

Inventory control Module: This model is useful to maintain the appropriate level of stock(includes raw material, work in progress and finished goods)

Purchasing Module: This module is useful to make available the required raw materials in good condition and in the right time and price.

Marketing Module: It is used for handle the orders of customers.

Sales and distribution Module: The existence of a company is based on the income from sales. This module will help to handle the sales enquiries, order placement ans scheduling, dispatching and invoicing.

Quality (Ql & QC) management module: The quality of a product or service is very much important to a company.This module helps to maintain the quality of the product. Quality planning, inspection and control are the main activities involved in this module.

Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)
In this world, tight competition is based on price, quality, wide variety of selection and quick service. To increase the business and hence increase the profit of a Business firm various activities are involved. IT and Re-engineering play major roles to increase productivity.

In general, BPR is a series of activities such as rethinking and redesign the business process to enhance the enterprise’s performance such as reducing the cost(expenses), improve the quality, prompt, and speed(time-bound) service.

BPR enhances the productivity and profit of an enterprise.

A business process consists of three elements

1. Input – Supply data for processing
2. Processing – Series of activities to convert the input into output
3. Outcome – After processing, we will get the result as output.

The connection between ERP and BPR
ERP and BPR will not make much change if they are stand-alone. To improve the efficiency of an enterprise integrate both ERP and BPR because they are the two sides of a coin. For better results conducting BPR before implementing ERP, will help an enterprise to avoid unnecessary modules from the software.

Implementation of ERP
Wonderful changes are shown if you select and implement the correct ERP. Right ERP implemented at the right time will enhance the productivity and profit of an enterprise.

The different phases of ERP implementation are given below
Pre-evaluation screening: Many ERP packages are available in the markets. At most care should be taken before implementing an ERP. Select a few from the available ERP packages.

Package selection: The selection of the right ERP to our enterprise is a laborious task and it needs huge investment. Various factors should be kept in mind before you purchase an ERP that should meet our complete needs.

Project planning: Good planning is essential to implement an ERP. From the beginning to the end activities are depicted in this phase.

Gap analysis: A cent percent(100%) problem-solving ERP is not available in the market. Most of them solve a maximum of 70% to 80% problems. The rest (30% to 20%) of the problems and their solutions are mentioned here.

Business Process Reengineering: In general BPR is the series of activities such as rethinking and redesign of the business process to enhance the enterprise’s performance such as reducing the cost(expense), improve the quality, prompt and speed(time-bound) service.
BPR enhances the productivity and profit of an enterprise

Installation and configuration: In this phase the new system are installing, before implementing the whole system a miniature of the actual system is going to be implemented as a test dose. Then check the reactions if it is good it is the time to install the whole system completely.

Implementation team training: In this phase the company trains its employees to implement and run the system.

Testing: This phase is very important. It determines whether the system produces proper result. Errors in design and logic are identified.

Going live: Here a change over is taken place to new system from old system. It is not an easy process without the support and service from the ERP vendors.

End-user training: This phase will start familiarising the users with the procedures to be used in the new system. It is very important.

Post-implementation: Once the system is implemented maintenance and review begin. In this phase repairing or correct previously ill-defined problems and upgrade or adjust the performance according to the company needs.

ERP solution providers / ERP packages
The selection of right ERP is a difficult task. Many ERP packages are available in the market. Most of them are too expensive and cannot afford by small enterprises. The reason behind the expensiveness is that the ERP companies investing huge amount of time, money and effort in the research and development of ERP packages.

Popular ERP packages are given below
Oracle
American based company famous in database(Oracle 9i-SQL) packages situated in Redwood shores, California.
ERP package is a solution for finance and accounting problems. Their other products are

1. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
2. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Software

SAP
SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products for data processing.
It is a German MNC in Walldorf and founded in 1972. Earlier they developed ERP packages for large MNC. But nowadays they developed for small scale industries also.

The other software products they developed are

1. Customer Relationship Management(CRM)
2. Supply Chain Management(SCM)
3. Product Life cycle Management(PLM)

Odoo
Formerly known as OpenERP.
It is an open-source code ERP. Unlike other companies, their source code is available and can be modified as and when the need arises.

Microsoft Dynamics

• American MNC in Redmond, Washington
• ERP for midsized companies.
• This ERP is more user friendly
• Another s/w is Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Tally ERP
Indian company situated in Bangalore.
This ERP provides a total solution for accounting, inventory and Payroll.

Benefits and risks of ERP
ERP packages have a lot of advantages as well as many drawbacks also.

Benefits of ERP system

1. Improved resource utilization: Resources such as Men, Money, Material, and Machine are utilized maximum hence increase productivity and profit.

2. Better customer satisfaction: Without spending more money and time all the customer’s needs are considered well. Because the customer is the king of the market. Nowadays a customer can track the status of an order by using the docket number through the Internet.

3. Provides accurate information: Right information at the right time will help the company to plan and manage future cunningly. A company can increase or reduce production based upon the right information hence increase productivity and profit.

4. Decision-making capability: Right information at the right time will help the company to make good decisions.

5. Increased flexibility: A good ERP will help the company to adopt good things as well as avoid bad things rapidly. It denotes flexibility.

6. Information integrity: A good ERP integrates various departments into a single unit. Hence reduce the redundancy, inconsistency, etc.

Risks of ERP implementation

1. High cost: Very huge investment is required to purchase and configure an ERP. Moreover, it requires up gradation or replacement of hardware(Man, computer, or machine) is an additional investment. So small-scale enterprises cannot afford this.

2. Time consuming: The full-fledged implementation of the ERP package needs one or two years. That is highly time-consuming.

3. Requirement of additional trained staff: The existing staff may not capable to work with ERP. To overcome this give proper training to them otherwise appoint trained and experienced employees to cop up.

4. Operational and maintenance issues: The first major problem is that the resistance from the existing employees. To overcome this give awareness to the existing employees. The second problem is that the ERP package is a cyclic process-oriented package. It is a continuous process and should be maintained well otherwise the correct output will not available.

ERP and related technologies
It is an all in one system. It integrates various functions such as raw material purchase, production planning, marketing, financial etc, into a single application.

Product Life Cycle Management (PLM): It manages the entire life cycle of a product. PLM consists of programs to increase the quality and reduce the price by the efficient use of resources.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM): As we know the customer is the king of the market. The existence of a company mainly the customers. CRM consists of programs to enhance the customer’s relationship with the company.

Management Information System (MIS): Management is the decision and policymakers. Good management can make a good decision and that will help to do the business well. A good relationship between Management and employees is a key to success. MIS will collect relevant data from inside and outside of a company. Based on this information produce reports and take appropriate decisions.

Supply Chain Management (SCM): This is deals with moving raw materials from suppliers to the company as well as finished goods from the company to customers. The activities include are inventory(raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods) management, warehouse management, transportation management, etc.

Decision Support System (DSS): It is a computer-based system that takes inputs as business data and after processing it produces good decisions as output that will make the business easier.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 9 Structured Query Language.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 9 Structured Query Language

SQL – Structured Query Language developed at IBM’s San Jose Research Lab.

The result of the compilation of DDL statements is a set of tables, which are stored in a special file called a data dictionary.

Creating a database in Mysql
CREATE DATABASE <database_name>;
Eg: mysql>CREATE DATABASE BVM;

Opening a database
USE command used to use a database
USE <database_name>;
Eg: mysql>USE BVM;

SHOW command is used to list entire database in our system.
mysql>SHOW DATABASES;

Data Types

1. Char – It is used to store fixed number of characters. It is declared as char(size).

2. Varchar – It is used to store characters but it uses only enough memory.

3. Dec or Decimal – It is used to store numbers with decimal point. It is declared as Dec (size, scale). We can store a total of size number of digits.

4. Int or Integer – It is used to store numbers with¬out decimal point. It is declared as int. It has no argument. Eg: age int.

5. Smallint – Used to store small integers.

6. Date – It is used to store date. The format is yyyy-mm-dd.
Eg: ‘1977-05-28’.

7. Time – It is used to store time. The format is

DDL commands (3 commands)

• Create table
• Avertable
• Drop table

DML commands (4 commands)

• Select
• Insert
• Delete
• Update

DCL (Data Control Language) commands

• Grant
• Revoke

Rules for naming tables and columns

• The name may contain alphabets(A-Z, a-z), digits(0-9), underscore(_) and dollar ($) symbol
• The name must contain at least one character.
• Special characters cannot be used except _ and $
• Cannot be a keyword
• The name must be unique.

Constraints are used to ensure database integrity.

• Not Null
• Unique
• Primary key
• Default
• Auto_increment

Order By – Used to sort rows either in ascending (asc) or descending (desc) order.

Aggregate functions

• Sum() – find the total of a column.
• Avg() – find the average of 3 column.
• Min() – find the smallest value of a column.
• Max() – find the largest value of the column.
• Count() – find the number of values in a column.

Group by clause is used to group the rows. Having clause is used with Group By to give conditions.