Europe on the World Map Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 10

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Class 8 Social Science Chapter 10 Europe on the World Map Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science Europe on the World Map Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science Chapter 10 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Look at the world map and answer the following questions.

(a) Which continent is located to the east of Europe?
Answer:
Asia

(b) Which ocean is located to the west of Europe?
Answer:
Atlantic Ocean

(c) Which ocean is located to the north of Europe?
Answer:
Arctic Ocean

(d) Which sea is located to the south of Europe?
Answer:
Mediterranean Sea

Question 2.
Find the latitudinal and longitudinal extension of Europe w ith the help of an atlas.
Answer:
Latitude: Generally, it is taken to be 36°O’ north to 71° 11’ north latitude.
Longitude: 25° W to 65° E

Question 3.
Find the location of the Black Sea with the help of an atlas. Observe the political map of Europe and identify the major countries.
Answer:
The Black Sea is located:

• To the southeast of Europe
• Between Eastern Europe and Western Asia

It is bordered by:

• Ukraine (north)
• Russia (northeast)
• Georgia (east)
• Turkey (south)
• Bulgaria (west)
• Romania (west/northwest)

Question 4.
With the help of an atlas, identify and list the countries that belong to the Scandinavian region.
Answer:
The countries that belong to the Scandinavian region are Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. While Finland and Iceland are often associated with them, they are technically part of the broader Nordic countries group due to historical, cultural, and linguistic differences.

Question 5.
With the help of an atlas find out the country through which the Volga River flows.
Answer:

• The Volga flows from Valdai Hills in western Russia
• Passes through cities like Volgograd, Kazan, and Nizhny Novgorod
• Finally empties into the Caspian Sea

Question 6.
Find out which countries have plateaus that are part of the Central Uplands and write down them.
Answer:
France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg

Question 7.
Identify the Caucasus Mountains from the topographic map of Europe given below. The highest peak in Europe is indicated by a triangle (A). Find and write the name of this peak.

Answer:
The highest peak in Europe is indicated by a triangle (A) within the Caucasus Mountain Ranges on the map. The highest peak in Europe, indicated by the triangle (A) in the Caucasus Mountains, is Mount Elbrus.

Question 8.
Complete the chart below regarding the topography of Europe.
Answer:

Question 9.
Discuss and present in the class what changes will occur in your daily life if you have to live in conditions similar to the Arctic climate.
Hints: Diet, clothing, agriculture
Answer:
(Hints)
If I have to live in conditions similar to the Arctic climate, many changes will occur in my daily life. Since the Arctic is extremely cold and covered with snow for most of the year, I will have to eat more high-energy and fatty foods such as fish, meat, and soups to keep my body warm. Fresh vegetables and Suits will be limited because farming is difficult in such cold regions.

My clothing will also change completely. I will need to wear thick woollen jackets, fur-lined coats, gloves, boots, caps, and layers of thermal clothes to protect myself from freezing temperatures and icy winds. Regular cotton clothes will not be useful there.

There will be big changes in agriculture too. Because the land remains frozen and there is very little sunlight in winter, crops cannot be grown easily. People mostly depend on hunting, fishing, and food brought from other places.
Overall, living in the Arctic climate would require changes in my food, clothes, daily activities, and the way I adjust to the harsh cold environment.

Question 10.
Complete the given list based on the subarctic climate.
Answer:

Countries	Plants	Animals
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia	Pine, Cedar	Lynx, Ermine, Silver fox

Question 11.
Identify the countries that experience the Eastern European Climate, such as Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria using Marble software.
Answer:
Countries with Eastern European Climate

• Russia (Western part)
• Ukraine
• Romania
• Hungary
• Bulgaria
• Belarus
• Poland (Eastern region)
• Moldova
• Slovakia
• Czech Republic (parts)

Question 12.
Complete the given table by examining the climatic features of Europe

Answer:

Climatic Region	Features
Arctic climate	Very short, cold summers (around 10°C) and long, harsh winters. No sunlight for 5-6 months in winter.
Subarctic/Taiga Climate	Mild, short summers; very cold winters. Temperature stays below 0°C for 5-7 months.
Eastern European Climate	Winter temperature falls below 0°C. Light rainfall in summer.
Western European Climate	Severe winters, moderate heat. Rainfall throughout the year.
Mediterranean Climate	Hot, dry summers and cold, rainy winters. Found around the Mediterranean Sea – Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Croatia, etc.

Question 13.
With the help of an atlas, mark the areas of Europe that experience a Mediterranean climate on the given map.

Answer:

Question 14.
Prepare a note on how the topography and climate of countries like Norway, Sweden, and Finland influence population density.
Answer:
How Topography and Climate Affect Population in Norway, Sweden & Finland

• These countries are in Northern Europe, where the land is mostly mountains, forests, and lakes.
• Because of this rough land, it is hard to build houses, roads, or farms in many places.
• The climate is very cold, especially in the northern parts, with long winters and very little sunlight.
• Cold climate and difficult land make people avoid living in the northern and interior areas.
• Most people live in the southern parts of these countries, where the land is flatter, the weather is milder, and it is easier to grow food and find jobs.
• So, the population density is low in the north and higher in the south.

Question 15.
Complete the table of crops based on the farming methods in Europe.
Answer:

REGION	CROPS
Central and western Europe	Cereals and vegetables; livestock is also raised (Mixed farming)
Mediterranean region	Oranges, olives, grapes (Intensive farming in Mediterranean climate)
Steppes grasslands	Wheat, barley, com, oats (Extensive farming)

Question 16.
Look at the industrial map of Europe and find out which countries have the major industries given below and complete the table.


Answer:

INDUSTRIES	COUNTRIES
Iron	Germany Austria
Ship Building	Belgium, Netherlands and Croatia
Textiles	United Kingdom, Switzerland, Italy
Automobiles	England, Germany, France, and Sweden

Question 17.
Some of the major rivers in Europe are given below. Find out which cities are located on their banks and complete the table.

Answer:

RIVER	CITY
Thames	London
Tiber	Rome
Moskva	Moscow
Seine	Paris
Spree	Berlin ‘

Question 18.
Look at the atlas and find out which countries are neighbouring to Finland and complete the table.

Answer:

East	Russia
South	Estonia
North East	Norway
North	Sweden

Class 8 Europe on the World Map Questions and Answers Extended Activities

Question 1.
Mark the main topographical features on the outline map of Europe and display them in different colours in the class.
Answer:
(Hints)
When marking a physical (topographical) map of Europe, you should show the major mountain ranges, plains, rivers, plateaus, and seas. Use different colours for each feature to make the map neat and easy to understand.
1. Mountain Ranges (Use BROWN)

• Alps – Central Europe (France-Switzerland-Italy-Austria region)
• Pyrenees – Between Spain and France
• Carpathian Mountains – Central & Eastern Europe (Romania area)
• Ural Mountains – Boundary between Europe and Asia (Russia)

2. Plains (Use GREEN)
Great European Plain – Stretches from France through Germany, Poland to Russia

3. Plateaus (Use YELLOW)

• Central Uplands – Germany and surrounding areas
• Iberian Plateau – In Spain

4. Rivers (Use BLUE)

• Danube River – Flows through Central & Eastern Europe
• Rhine River – Flows through Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands
• Volga River In Russia (longest river in Europe)

5. Seas and Important Water Bodies (Use LIGHT BLUE)

• Mediterranean Sea – South of Europe
• North Sea – Between UK and Norway
• Black Sea – Southeast Europe ‘
• Baltic Sea – Near Sweden, Finland, and Poland

Question 2.
Collect pictures of the main flora and fauna of Europe and prepare a digital album.
Answer:
(Hints)

Question 3.
Prepare a project on ‘The influence of the topography and climate of Europe on the natural flora and fauna.’
Answer:
Project: Influence of Topography and Climate on the Flora and Fauna of Europe.
Europe has many different physical features like mountains, plains, plateaus and rivers. It also has different climates such as Mediterranean, temperate, continental and tundra.

These differences affect the plants and animals found in each region.
1. Influence of Topography Mountains: Very cold, steep slopes

• Plants: pine, fir
• Animals: snow fox, mountain goat
• Plains: Flat land, fertile soil
• Plants: oak, beech, grasslands
• Animals: deer, bison, wolves Plateaus: Moderate climate
• Plants: shrubs, mixed forests
• Animals: wild boar, fox

2. Influence of Climate Mediterranean Climate (South Europe)

• Hot, dry summers
• Plants: olive, lavender
• Animals: goats, rabbits Temperate Climate (West & Central Europe)
• Mild climate
• Plants: deciduous forests
• Animals: deer, bear, fox Tundra Climate (North Europe)
• Very cold
• Plants: moss, lichen
• Animals: reindeer, Arctic fox

Conclusion: Topography and climate together decide which plants and animals can live in Europe.

Question 4.
Prepare a brochure of the main tourist attractions of Europe.
Answer:

Europe on the World Map Class 8 Notes Pdf

Std 8 Social Science Europe on the World Map Notes

• Europe is the sixth largest continent. While the other six continents are separate landmasses, Europe is seen as a western extension of Asia.
• The vast landmass that includes Asia and Europe is called Eurasia.
• The Ural Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea to the east separate Europe from Asia.
• The high hills found in the North Western regions of Europe and the Scandinavian Plateau spread across Norway, Sweden, and Finland are the speciality of the North Western Highlands.
• The North European Plains are located south of the North Western Highlands. It is also known as the Great European Plain.
• The Volga is the longest river in Europe.
• The Central Uplands are located to the south of the North European Plain.
• The Alpine Mountain System is a series of fold mountains with parallel ranges located south of the Central Uplands.
• Europe is the only continent in the world without desert.
• Antarctica is considered a cold desert.
• Arctic parts of Europe experience a tundra climate.
• The Taiga climate is experienced in the subarctic regions that lie south of the tundra region.
• The Western European Climate is characterised by severe winter, moderate heat, and rainfall throughout the year.
• A major reason for the population growth in Europe is immigration.
• Regional diversity exists in agriculture, intensive farming, extensive farming, and mixed farming are mostly
• practised depending on the availability of land and population density.
• Europe is a hub of diverse cultures, beliefs, and celebrations.
• Arctic and subarctic climates are generally experienced in Finland.
• Two-thirds of Finland is forested. Low quality coal (peat) is mainly found in Finland, which has relatively a few natural resources.

Introduction
This chapter, “Europe on the world map”, introduces Europe as a small but important continent located in the Northern Hemisphere. It has a variety of geographical features, such as high mountain ranges like the Alps, wide plains, green plateaus, and major rivers, including the Rhine and Danube. These landforms influence Europe’s climate, which includes Mediterranean, temperate, continental, and tundra types. Because of these climates, Europe has a variety of natural vegetation such as coniferous forests, deciduous forests, and grasslands along with wildlife such as deer, bears, bison, and reindeer. The society and people of Europe enjoy a high standard of living and follow different languages, customs, and traditions. The continent is also famous for its festivals and cultural centres, as well as museums, theatres, and historical monuments. The climate affects the social life of Europeans by influencing their food, clothing, houses, and occupations. Through these features, the chapter helps us understand Europe’s geography, culture, and way of life.

EUROPE

• Europe is the sixth largest continent. While the other six continents are separate landmasses, Europe is seen as a western extension of Asia.
• The vast landmass that includes Asia and Europe is called Eurasia. Europe was considered as the centre of the world by the Greek and the Roman scholars.
• Europe was recorded as a continent on world maps made by the Greeks and the Romans 2000 years ago. That is why Europe has been considered as a continent since ancient times.
• The area of Europe is approximately 1,03,55,000 square kilometres. This is only 7% of the world’s area.

Location Of Europe

• Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
• The Ural Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea to the east separate Europe from Asia

The largest country in Europe is Russia. Only 25% of Russia’s land area is in Europe. The rest is in Asia. Europe includes the Russian region west of the Ural Mountains. This region’is known as European Russia. Nearly 75% of the Russian population lives in European Russia. The largest cities of Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg, are also located in European Russia. Other large European countries include Ukraine, France, Spain, and Sweden.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Europe has a diverse topography. The topography of Europe can be classified as follows:

• North Western Highlands
• Central Uplands
• North European Plains
• Alpine Mountain system

North Western Highlands

• The high hills found in the North Western regions of Europe and the Scandinavian Plateau spread across Norway, Sweden, and Finland are the speciality of the North Western Highlands.
• Scandinavia is a popular destination for travellers with its snow-capped mountains, glaciers, fast-flowing rivers, beautiful forests, and lakes. Round-topped and gently sloping hills, formed as a result of long¬term glaciation and weathering, are found in many places.
• Fjords, which are found on the Scandinavian coast, are another feature of this region.

Fjords
‘IT-shaped valleys are valleys formed in a ‘U’ shape by the process of glacial erosion. Fjords are glacial valleys formed in this way on the coasts of high latitudes. Planktons grow abundantly in fjords where warm and cold-water currents meet. These areas are rich in fish as they come to feed on the planktons. Therefore, the Scandinavian region is famous for fishing.

North European Plains

• The North European Plains are located south of the North Western Highlands. It is also known as the Great European Plain.
• This plain extends from the Ural Mountains in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The plain has a fairly flat topography with small hills here and there.
• The North European Plain, which is very suitable for agriculture, was formed as a result of glacial deposits and by the alluvium deposits of the major rivers of Europe, the Volga, the Don, and the Dnieper.
• The Volga is the longest river in Europe. The steppes are the most widespread grassland in the North European Plain.

Glaciation And Weathering
Glaciers are moving mass of ice. As a result of their movement, different landforms are created and the
surface is changed. This process is called glaciation. Weathering is the physical, chemical, or biological
decomposition or disintegration of rocks on the Earth’s surface.

Central Uplands

• The Central Uplands are located to the south of the North European Plain.
• This area of land, filled with small hills, valleys, and plateaus, stretches from Ireland in the west to Russia in the east. The Rhine and Rhone rivers enrich this area with water.
• The different landforms that make up the Central Uplands are listed below:

Major Landforms Of The Cenj Rral Uplands

MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE CENJ	RURAL UPLANDS
Landforms	Country
Rhine Valley, Vosges Mountains, Jura Mountains, Central Massif Plateau	France
Ardennes Mountains	Belgium
Black Forest Mountains, Harz Mountains	Germany
Maseta Plateau	Spain
Bohemian Plateau	Czech Republic

Alpine Mountain System

• The Alpine Mountain System is a series of fold mountains with parallel ranges located south of the Central Uplands.
• These mountain ranges extend from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Caspian Sea in the east. The main Alpine Mountain ranges are the Alps, the Caucasus, and the Carpathians.
• Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains is the highest peak in Europe.

FOLD MOUNTAINS:
The lithosphere, the outermost layer of the Earth composed of the crust, and the upper part of the mantle, is generally solid. The lithosphere is made up of irregularly shaped plates. These plates are several thousand kilometers wide and have an average thickness of 100 kilometres. Fold Mountains are mountains formed by the folding of rock layers at plate boundaries where plates collide with each other. Example: The Himalayas.

CLIMATE, NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

• The general climate of Europe is characterised by mild summers and relatively severe winters. However, there is regional variation in climate.
• Latitude, topography, and the closeness of the ocean influence the climate. High latitude and the influence of mountains cause dry winter climate in the north and east.
• The influence of the ocean in the south and west leads to a moderate climate.
• Europe is the only continent in the world without desert. Most of Europe receives different forms of precipitation, such as rain and snow.
• Any area that does not receive more than 25 centimetres of annual rainfall is considered a desert. Antarctica, which is covered in snow all year round, is also a desert. Antarctica is considered a cold desert.

PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is the process by which water particles are released from clouds through continuous condensation and fall to the ground in solid, liquid form. The various forms of precipitation are rain, snow, sleet, and hailstones.

Arctic/Tundra Climate

• Arctic parts of Europe experience a tundra climate. The Arctic/Tundra climate is characterised by short, cold summers and long, harsh winters.
• While summer temperature rises to 10°C, winter temperatures drop from -25°C to -40°C.
• There is no sunlight here for 5 to 6 months in winter.

Long nights, harsh winters, and precipitation in the form of ice prevent the growth of plants. Due to this, only shrubs, lichens, and mosses that can withstand the cold generally grow in this climate. The lack of vegetation in the tundra climate also affects the animal life here. Only a few animals such as wolf, reindeer, polar bear, and Arctic hare with thick fur that can survive the cold, can be seen here.

Subarctic/Taiga Climate

• The Taiga climate is experienced in the subarctic regions that lie south of the tundra region.
  Although the short summers are mild and warm, winters are as harsh as those in the Arctic climate.
• Temperature is below 0°C for five to seven months of the year.
• Precipitation in the taiga climate is generally in the form of snow. The main vegetation of the taiga climate, is evergreen forests with coniferous trees. The main trees are pine and cedar. Lynx, ermine, and silver fox are the prominent animals in the region.

Eastern European Climate

• The eastern parts of Europe experience severe summers and extreme winters. This climate is known as the Eastern European Climate.
• Winter temperature often drops below 0°C. Light rain fall is common in summer.
• Due to the scanty rainfall and intense heat, large trees do not grow in areas experiencing this climate.
• The steppes experience the Eastern European Climate. The animals that are mainly found are antelope, wolf, and horse.

Western European Climate

• The Western European Climate is characterised by severe winter, moderate heat, and rainfall throughout the year.
• The Western European Climate is experienced in the northwestern European countries of Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, southern Norway, Denmark, western France, and northern Spain.
• The presence of the Atlantic Ocean influences the climate here.
• The Western European Climate is suitable for plant growth. Deciduous trees with strong wood and broad leaves are found here. Examples of these are beech, elm, oak, birch, and ash. Animals like squirrel, fox, hare, deer, and wolf are also found here.

Mediterranean Climate

• Mediterranean climate is the climate experienced in the regions around the Mediterranean Sea.
  Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and southern France experience Mediterranean climate.
• Mediterranean climate is characterised by hot, dry summers and cold, rainy winters.
  This is a climate where trees and shrubs grow well. Rosemary, lavender, olive, pine, orange, grape, and fig are the main plants. Rare species of animals such, as the Iberian lynx, Barbary macaque, Mouflon goat, Spanish imperial eagle, nuthatch are found in the Mediterranean region.

VITICULTURE
Grape cultivation in the Mediterranean region is very famous. Grape cultivation which is scientifically practiced, is called viticulture. Along with this, winemaking is also an important economic activity here.

SOCIETY AND PEOPLE
It is believed that humans migrated to many parts of the world from Africa. The human race, which arrived in Europe between 40000 and 50000 years ago, later spoke a variety of languages and followed different cultures. Overseas voyages and explorations paved way for the social, economic, political and linguistic developments of Europe.

Population:

• It is the sixth largest in size, Europe is the third most populous continent, behind Asia and Africa. . Russia is the most populous European country.
• Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy are the countries behind Russia in terms of population

The population is not the same in all parts of Europe. The population is higher in the countries in the west, south, and east of the continent. Due to the geographical characteristics, the population and population density in the Scandinavian countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Finland are very low. The majority of the population in these countries lives in the coastal cities in the South.

• Due to the influence of different topography, culture, and immigration, different languages are spoken in Europe.
• Russian language is spoken by most of the people in Europe. In addition to this, German, French, Italian, English, and Spanish are also widely spoken.
• A major reason for the population growth in Europe is immigration. A large number of people from Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia migrate to the European Union countries.

Europe is one of the most developed regions in the world. The excellent climate, abundant natural resources, and technology make Europe industrially and agriculturally rich. This is one of the main reasons for immigration to Europe.

European Union: Initiated in 1957 by six countries – Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands – the European Union was formed in 1993. The union, which began with the aim of economic unity and an internal market between countries, later focused on social, cultural, and political areas. The European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012 for its contribution to peace, reconciliation, democracy, and human rights.

Agriculture
Regional diversity exists in agriculture, intensive farming, extensive farming, and mixed farming

INTENSIVE FARMING	EXTENSIVE FARMING	MIXED FARMING
A farming method that increases production using advanced technology in densely populated areas.	A mechanised grain farming method that is carried out on a commercial basis over very large areas of land.	A method of raising livestock along with crops.
Cultivated in countries with a Mediterranean climate.	This type of fanning is practised in the steppes of northern Europe.	This type of farming is mainly found in central and western Eu­rope.
Oranges, olives, and grapes are mainly cultivated.	The main crop is wheat. Cereals such as barley, com, and oats are also grown	In addition to the production of cereals and vegetables, livestock are also raised.

Fishing
Fishing is a major occupation in the countries of Norway, Denmark, and Poland, which are bordered by the North Sea, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. Cod, herring, salmon, halibut, and sea trout are abundant in these areas.

Great Fisher Bank
The Great Fisher Bank and Dogger Bank, on the coast of Denmark and Norway, are the most abundant fishing areas in Europe. In addition to these, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the inland lakes support a thriving fishing industry.

Industry
The Industrial Revolution led Europe to development. Europe’s iron and steel industry, textile industry, and manufacturing sector gained world attention.
Automobile Manufacturing Industry in Europe: European countries are at the forefront of vehicle manufacturing. Many companies that built fighter planes, trucks, and tankers for their country’s military during the world wars later turned to the automotive sector. Audi, Ferrari, Bugatti, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Rolls-Royce, Scania, Volvo, and Porsche are all European automobile companies that have admirers all over the world.

FESTIVALS AND CULTURAL CENTRES

• Europe is a hub of diverse cultures, beliefs, and celebrations. Europe’s diverse Christmas and New ‘ Year celebrations, Germany’s Oktoberfest, Spain’s La Tomatina, Bullfighting, the Netherlands’ King’s Day Carnival, and the Venice Carnival are some of the notable festivals.
• Famous landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and London Bridge, as well as cities that are famous for art, culture, and history, are major tourist attractions in Europe. Important Cities
• Paris: Paris is the most visited tourist place in Europe every year. Located on the banks of the Seine River, Paris is the capital of France. The Eiffel Tower and the Louvre Museum attract tourists to this city.
• London: Located on the banks of the Thames River, London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom.
• Berlin: Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany. This city is located on the banks of the Spree River.
• Moscow: Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is the largest city in Europe, located on the banks of the Moskva River.
• Rome: Rome, the capital of Italy, is located on the banks of the Tiber River. Many monuments of the Roman Empire and Christianity are located here. The Colosseum in Rome is one of the ancient wonders of the world. In addition to these, Madrid, Athens, Amsterdam, Vienna, Barcelona, Lisbon, and Dublin are other major cities in Europe.

Land of a Thousand lakes

• The northern European country of Finland is often referred to as the Land of a Thousand Lakes.
  Although it is often referred to as the Land of a Thousand Lakes, Finland is actually home to more than 100,000 lakes, numerous rivers, and vast wetlands.
• The Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland lie to the south of Finland, and the Gulf of Bothnia lies to the southwest. The landscape, climate, and culture here attract many tourists.

CLIMATE AND SOCIAL LIFE

• Arctic and subarctic climates are generally experienced in Finland. Extreme cold and snowfall make life difficult for people in the northern parts of Finland. For this reason, the major populated areas are adjacent to the sea.
• One fifth of the Finnish population, called Finns, live in the capital, Helsinki. Many of the world’s major population areas are located in coastal areas. The reason for this includes: Easy Transportation and trade, Availability of food, Economic opportunities and favourable climate.
• Two-thirds of Finland is forested. Low quality coal (peat) is mainly found In Finland, which has relatively a few natural resources.

Due to the harsh winters, energy consumption is very high. The country’s main source of energy is hydroelectricity. However, winter hinders electricity generation. Severe winters and constant snowfall hinder construction work and transportation, and increase construction costs.

Land Of Happiness

• Finland topped the United Nations World Happiness Index in 2024. This is the seventh consecutive time that Finland has achieved this feat.
• Countries such as Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland which experience Scandinavian topography and Arctic climate, are all in the top ten of the World Happiness Index, behind Finland.
• In addition, these countries also ranked highly on the Human Development Index prepared by the United Nations to assess the development of countries in the world. Many countries with favourable climate, topography, and natural resources are behind Finland in the happiness index. The will and hard work of the Finnish people to overcome adverse climate and topography and leap towards development can be set as an example to the world.

How Is The Happiness Index Prepared?
The happiness index is prepared based on six factors: Per Capita Income, social support, healthy life. expectancy, freedom, generosity, and corruption.