National Movement and Kerala Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 8

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Class 8 Social Science Chapter 8 National Movement and Kerala Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science National Movement and Kerala Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science Chapter 8 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Discuss in class and prepare a note on the defensive measures adopted by Pazhassi against the British by ensuring the support of the locals, and the steps taken by the British against him.
Answer:
Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja organised strong resistance against the British with the help of the local people in Wayanad. He used the forest and hilly terrain to adopt guerrilla warfare tactics, making it difficult for the British to attack. The people of Wayanad supported him by providing shelter, food, and information. To crush his resistance, the British took several steps – they set up military camps at important places, built new roads to reach the interior areas, stopped the rice supply to Wayanad, and announced rewards for those who captured the rebels. Thomas Harvey Baber, the Sub-Collector of Thalassery, killed Pazhassi’s commanders and discovered his hideouts. Finally, Pazhassi Raja was killed bravely in an encounter at Mavilamthode in 1805.

Question 2.
What was the situation that prompted Paliath Achan and Velu Thampi Dalawa to fight together against the British? Discuss and present it in the class.
Answer:
Velu Thampi Dalawa, the Prime Minister of Travancore, and Paliath Achan, the Prime Minister of Kochi, were both angered by the growing interference of the British Resident, Macaulay, in their kingdoms’ internal affairs. Macaulay took control of Travancore’s administration, cancelled Velu Thainpi’s orders, and demanded immediate payment of tax arrears, which led to a conflict between him and Velu Thampi. In Kochi, Macaulay supported the enemies of Paliath Achan and interfered in state matters, which worsened relations there too. As both leaders realised that British control was destroying the independence of their kingdoms, they secretly joined hands and decided to fight together against British domination. Their united struggle became a symbol of courage and resistance against colonial rule.

Question 3.
‘ Examine the circumstances that led the tribal people of Wayanad to revolt and prepare a note.
Answer:
The tribal people of Wayanad, mainly the Kurichyar and Kurumbrar, revolted against the British due to their harsh and unjust policies. After these tribes supported Pazhassi Raja in his fight against the British, they were treated as enemies. The British seized their lands, stopped them from following their traditional farming methods, and forced them to pay taxes in money instead of goods, which created great hardship. Losing their land and freedom pushed them to rise in revolt. In 1812, under the leadership of Rama Nambi (Rama Mooppan), the Kurichyar started an armed rebellion. They captured important routes in Wayanad and attacked British troops at Sultan Bathery and Mananthavady with local support. Though the British later suppressed the rebellion, it showed the courage and determination of the tribal people to protect their land and rights.

Question 4.
Why did the farmers protest against the landlords and the British government? Prepare a note and present it to the class.
Answer:
The farmers of Malabar protested against the landlords and the British government because of their unjust and exploitative policies. After the British established control, they introduced high taxes and supported landlords who forced the farmers to pay large rents. Many fanners lost their land and were evicted when they could not pay these heavy taxes. The British also ignored the struggles of poor peasants and protected the interests of the rich landlords. This caused widespread poverty, suffering, and anger among the farmers. As a result, the peasants rose in protest against both the landlords and the British authorities. Most of these uprisings took place in South Malabar and were led mainly by Mappila farmers, and the British called them the ‘Mappila Riots.’ These revolts showed the farmers’ determination to resist exploitation and fight for justice.

Question 5.
Complete the table given below.
Answer:

Resistance	Area Where It Took Place	Situation
Pazhassi Revolt	Kottayam, Wayanad	British denial of tax collection rights and people’s support to Pazhassi.
Velu Thampi Revolt	Travancore	British intervention in internal affairs.
Paliath Achan’s Revolt	Kochi	British interference and support to his enemies.
Kurichyar Riot	Wayanad	Tax hike, eviction, and suppression of tribal rights.
Mappila Riots	South Malabar	Tax hike and eviction.

Question 6.
What are the social evils have you heard of?
Answer:

• Ban on ‘Panthibhojanam
• Child marriage
• Denial of education – Lower-caste people and women were not allowed to get education.
• Slavery – People from lower castes were treated as property and forced to work for landlords.
• Oppression of women – Women had very few rights and were often not treated equally in society.

Question 7.
Organise a seminar on ‘The role of the ideas of social reformers in the Kerala Renaissance.’
Answer:
(Hints)
The Role of the Ideas of Social Reformers in the Kerala Renaissance
1. Introduction: Begin the seminar by explaining the social conditions in Kerala before the Renaissance – caste discrimination, untouchability, denial of education, and inequality. Explain that Kerala Renaissance was a period of great social awakening that changed these unjust practices.

2. Objective of the Seminar:

• To understand the contributions of social reformers.
• To discuss how their ideas helped build an equal and modem Kerala.
• To learn the importance of social reform in bringing justice and equality.

3. Main Speakers

• Student 1: Sri Narayana Gum – Fought against caste system and promoted “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Man.”
• Student 2: Ayyankali -Worked for the rights and education of Dalits.
• Student 3: Chattampi Swamikal – Spoke against caste discrimination and promoted the idea of social equality.
• Student 4: Vakkom Moulavi – Led reforms among Muslims and promoted modem education.
• Student 5: Dr. Palpu – Worked with Narayana Gum for social justice and equality.

4. Discussion Points:

• How their ideas challenged social evils.
• The role of education in social reform.
• The impact of these movements on modem Kerala society.
• How their teachings remain relevant today.

5. Conclusion: Summarise that the Kerala Renaissance was a result of the tireless efforts of reformers who stood for human dignity, equality, and education. Their vision laid the foundation for the socially advanced Kerala we see today.

Question 8.
Prepare a note discussing the social situation that led to the struggle for the right to wear upper cloth.
Answer:
During the 19th century, Kerala society was strictly divided by caste, and people of lower castes faced severe discrimination in daily life. One example of this injustice was that Channar (Nadar) women of South Travancore were not allowed to wear upper cloth like the women of higher castes. This rule was meant to show their lower social status. When Channar women, with the support of Christian missionaries, began to wear upper cloth to protect their dignity, they were attacked and humiliated by upper-caste groups who tore off their clothes. This led to violent riots and protests in many parts of South Travancore. The situation reflected the deep inequality and lack of respect for human rights that existed at that time. Finally, after continuous struggle, on July 26, 1859, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a royal decree granting Channar women the right to wear upper cloth, marking a major victory against caste-based discrimination.

Question 9.
Prepare a newspaper report related to the Vaikom Satyagraha.
Answer:
(Hints)
The Vaikom Satyagraha: A Historic Struggle for Social Equality Vaikom, Travancore -1924
A powerful movement for social justice is taking place at Vaikom in Travancore. The Vaikom Satyagraha, which began in March 1924, is a peaceful protest against the ban that prevented people of lower castes from using the roads around the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple. Leaders like T.K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan, and K. P. Kesava Menon are guiding the struggle, while Mahatma Gandhi has also expressed his support for the movement. Protesters are courageously facing arrests and harassment by the police but continue their fight with great discipline and non-violence. The movement has gained widespread public attention and support from people across Kerala and India. After a long and determined struggle, the Travancore government has agreed to open three of the four temple roads to all castes. The Vaikom Satyagraha has become a symbol of equality and human dignity, inspiring future movements against caste discrimination in Kerala.

Question 10.
Organise a panel discussion on ‘Struggles for Civil Rights and their Achievements.’
Answer:
Panel Discussion: Struggles for Civil Rights and Their Achievements
Moderator: Today, we are discussing the important struggles that helped people in Kerala get equal rights and freedom.

Speaker 1 – Upper Cloth Agitation:
In old Travancore, Channar women were not allowed to wear upper cloth. When they started wearing it with the help of missionaries, upper-caste people attacked them. After many protests, in 1859, the Maharaja allowed them to wear upper cloth.

Speaker 2 – Vaikom Satyagraha:
In 1924, people of lower castes were not allowed to walk on the roads near the Vaikom temple. Leaders like T.K. Madhavan and K. Kelappan started a peaceful protest. With Gandhiji’s support, by 1925, three temple roads were opened to everyone.

Speaker 3 – Guruvayur Satyagraha:
In 1931, K. Kelappan and Mannath Padmanabhan led a protest asking that all Hindus be allowed into the Guruvayur temple. Many were beaten and arrested, but the movement helped people support temple entry for all castes.

Speaker 4 – Paliyam Satyagraha:
In 1947-48, people protested because lower castes were not allowed to walk,on the road near Paliath Achan’s house in Kochi. The movement, led by C. Kesavan, succeeded, and in 1948 all temples and roads were opened to everyone.
Moderator (Conclusion):

These struggles taught us the importance of equality, courage, and unity. They helped make Kerala a place where everyone enjoys civil rights and respect.

Question 11.
Complete the table given below.
Answer:

Struggles for Civil Rights	Situation
Upper Cloth Agitation	Ban on wearing clothes.
Vaikom Satyagraha	Ban on lower- caste people walking on temple roads.
Guruvayur Satyagraha	Ban on temple entry for lower- caste Hindus.
Paliyam Satyagraha	Ban on lower- caste people walking on Paliyam Road near Paliath Achan’s house.

Question 12.
What were the action programmes of the Civil Disobedience Movement in Malabar? Discuss and prepare a note.
Answer:
In Malabar, the Civil Disobedience Movement included various programmes to oppose British rule. People refused to pay taxes and boycotted foreign clothes and goods. Many public meetings and processions were organised to spread the message of independence. Students, farmers, and workers participated actively. Volunteers made salt in defiance of the salt law, showing their unity with Gandhiji’s call for freedom. Many leaders and participants were arrested, but the people of Malabar continued their struggle with courage and determination. These actions made the movement strong and helped to spread national awakening in the region.

Question 13.
Prepare a note discussing how the Malabar Rebellion became an important event in the Indian freedom struggle.
Answer:
The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 was an important event in the Indian freedom struggle. It began as part of the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements started by Mahatma Gandhi. In Malabar, these movements joined with the local tenant farmers’ struggles against the British and the landlords: The rebellion soon spread to areas like Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani. Many poor farmers and tribal people took part, showing their anger against injustice and foreign mle. Although the British suppressed the rebellion with force, it revealed the deep discontent of the people and their willingness to fight for freedom. The Malabar Rebellion inspired later struggles and became a symbol of resistance against both colonial rule and social oppression.

Question 14.
Create a flip album including the popular protests and important events that took place in Malabar, Kochi and Travancore as part of the national movement.
Answer:
(Hints)
Malabar
Malabar Rebellion (1921)

• Anti-British and anti-landlord uprising.
• Led by Mappila peasants in Eranad, Valluvanad. and Ponnani.
• Showed people’s courage against British oppression.
  Add: Photo of freedom fighters or Malabar map.

Kochi
Paliyam Satyagraha (1947-48)

• Protest against untouchability and road restrictions near Paliath Achan’s residence.
• Led by C. Kesavan and other leaders.
• Resulted in temples being opened to all castes in 1948.
  Add: Image of protesters or Kochi temple.

Travancore
Upper Cloth Agitation (1859)

• Channar women fought for the right to wear upper cloth.
• Faced attacks from upper-caste people.
• Maharaja of Travancore granted them the right on 26 July 1859.
  Add: Drawing of Channar women.

Question 15.
Organise a seminar on ‘National Movement and Participation of Women in Kerala.’
Answer:
National Movement and Participation of Women in Kerala
Introduction: The freedom struggle in Kerala saw active participation from women who fought bravely against British rule. Their courage and contributions inspired many to join the national movement.

Main Points to Discuss:
Women Freedom Fighters:

• V. Kuttimalu Amma – Led processions and faced imprisonment during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Accamma Cherian – Known as the “Jhansi Rani of Travancore,” she led protests against the British government.
• Parvathi Nenmenimangalam – Participated in the Vaikom and Guruvayur Satyagrahas.
• Annie Mascarene – Played a key role in the Travancore State Congress and later became a Member of Parliament.

Role in Protests and Movements:

• Women joined picketing, boycotts, and public demonstrations.
• They spread awareness and motivated others to join the struggle.
• Many women were jailed but remained determined.

Conclusion: Women in Kerala played a heroic role in India’s freedom struggle. Their bravery, leadership, and sacrifice remain an inspiration for generations.

Question 16.
Prepare a script for a digital presentation, including the activities of the Aikya Kerala Movement, with the aim of a state for the Malayalam speakers and the formation of the state of Kerala.
Answer:
(Hints)
Title: Aikya Kerala Movement and the Formation of Kerala

Slide 1 – Introduction:
Before 1956, Malayalam-speaking people lived in Travancore, Cochin, and Malabar. They wanted one state for all Malayalis.

Slide 2 -Aikya Kerala Movement:
The Aikya Kerala Movement started to unite all Malayalam-speaking regions. Leaders, writers, and> reformers supported this idea.

Slide 3 – Main Activities:
Meetings, articles, and cultural programmes were organised to spread the message of “One Kerala.”

Slide 4 – Important Leaders:
K. Kelappan, K. P. Kesava Menon, Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, and T. K. Madhavan worked actively for this cause.

Slide 5 – Formation of Kerala:
On November 1, 1956, Travancore, Cochin, and Malabar were merged to form Kerala, with Thiruvananthapuram as the capital.

Slide 6 – Conclusion:
The Aikya Kerala Movement united Malayalis and created a strong identity for Kerala — truly “God’s Own Country.”

Class 8 National Movement and Kerala Questions and Answers Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare a project on the topic ‘Role of local resistance in fostering national consciousness.’
Answer:
Project: Role of Local Resistance in Fostering National Consciousness
Introduction: Before India became independent, many local struggles took place across the country. These local revolts, though small in scale, played a major role in awakening people’s awareness about foreign domination and the need for unity.

Local Resistance Movements

• Paika Rebellion (1817) – In Odisha, the Paikas revolted against the British due to unfair land policies and loss of traditional rights.
• Vellore Mutiny (1806) – One of the earliest soldier revolts in Tamil Nadu, it showed the growing resentment among Indian soldiers against British control.
• Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) – The Santhal tribes of Jharkhand rose against British exploitation and oppressive landlords.
• Malabar Rebellion (1921) – Peasants in Malabar (Kerala) revolted against the British and local landlords, combining religious and nationalist sentiments.
• Velu Thampi’s Revolt (1809) – The Diwan of Travancore fought against British interference in local administration.

Impact on National Consciousness

• These uprisings inspired later freedom movements.
• They revealed the cruelty of colonial rule and united people from different regions.
• They created heroes who became symbols of resistance.
• Local struggles helped develop the idea of a shared national identity and the dream of independence.

Conclusion: The local resistance movements laid the foundation for India’s national movement. Though they began as regional protests, their spirit of courage and defiance inspired the entire nation to fight for freedom.

Question 2.
Prepare a short biographical book based on the lives of the reformers who worked for social renaissance in Kerala in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Make it attractive by including pictures and messages.
Answer:
(Hints)
1. Sree Narayana Guru (1856-1928)

• Preached equality: “One caste, one religion, one God for mankind.”
• Built temples open to all and promoted education.

2. Chattampi Swamikal (1853-1924)

• Opposed caste system and superstitions.
• Promoted women’s education and social freedom.

3. Ayyankali (1863-1941)

• Worked for Dalit rights and education.
• Fought for the right to walk on public roads and attend schools.

4. Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi (1873-1932)

• Spread modem education among Muslims.
• Published Swadeshabhimani newspaper for social awareness.

5. Pandit Karuppan (1885-1938)

• Known as Lincoln of Kerala.
• Worked for the upliftment of backward communities.

Question 3.
Find out more struggles for civil rights in Kerala and prepare inquiry note.
Answer:
Inquiry Note: Struggles for Civil Rights in Kerala
Topic: Struggles for Civil Rights in Kerala Period: 19th – 20th Century
Objective: To understand the major movements in Kerala that aimed to secure equality, justice, and basic rights for all sections of society.

Main Civil Rights Struggles
Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-25)

• Aim: To secure the right for all castes to use the roads around the Vaikom temple.
• Leaders: T.K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan, and supported by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Result: Marked a major victory against untouchability.

Temple Entry Proclamation (1936)

• Issued by: Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma of Travancore.
• Impact: Allowed all castes to enter Hindu temples – a big step toward social equality.

Guruvayur Satyagraha (1931-32)

• Aim: To allow entry of all Hindus into the Guruvayur temple.
• Leaders: K. Kelappan, A.K. Gopalan.
• Outcome: Strengthened the temple entry movement and equality reforms.

Ayyankali’s Movements

• Aim: To gain educational and public rights for Dalits.
• Action: Started schools for lower castes; organised protests for road and school entry.

Conclusion: These struggles helped Kerala move towards a just and equal society, ensuring civil rights and human dignity for all people, regardless of caste or community.

Question 4.
Prepare a digital magazine including the Aikya Kerala Movement and the formation of the Kerala state.
Answer:
(Hints)
“The Birth of Kerala – From Unity to Statehood”
1. Introduction: Before 1956, Kerala was divided into Travancore, Cochin, and Malabar regions. The idea of uniting all Malayalam-speaking people led to the Aikya Kerala Movement, which finally resulted in the formation of the state of Kerala.

2. The Aikya Kerala Movement

• Meaning: “Aikya” means unity — it was a movement to unite all Malayalis under one state.
• Started: In the early 20th century.
• Leaders: K. Kelappan, EMS Namboodiripad, K.P. Kesava Menon, and others.

Objectives:

• To unite Malayalam-speaking regions.
• To promote cultural and linguistic identity.
• To demand administrative efficiency and social development.
  (Add picture: map showing Travancore, Cochin, Malabar)

3. Formation of Kerala State

• Date: November 1, 1956
• Event: The State Reorganisation Act merged Travancore-Cochin with Malabar.
• First Chief Minister: E. M. S. Namboodiripad.
• Significance: Marked the realization of the Aikya Kerala dream.
  (Add picture: First Kerala Assembly or EMS Namboodiripad)

4. Achievements After Formation

• Development in education and health.
• Growth of Malayalam literature and media.
• Strong sense of unity and cultural pride among Malayalis.

5. Conclusion: The Aikya Kerala Movement was not just about redrawing boundaries – it was about unity, identity, and progress. The formation of Kerala on 1 November 1956 remains a proud milestone in our history.

National Movement and Kerala Class 8 Notes Pdf

Std 8 Social Science National Movement and Kerala Notes

• Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja was a member of the Kottayam royal family in Northern Malabar.
• Thomas Harvey Baber, who came as the Sub-Collector of Thalassery, killed the commanders who were the strength of Pazhassi, and found out his military bases, forcing Pazhassi into a more defensive position.
• Velu Thampi was the Dalawa, or Prime Minister of Balarama Varma Maharaja, who ruled Travancore.
• The Prime Minister of Kochi, Paliath Achan, also faced problems with Macaulay.
• On 11 January 1809, Velu Thampi issued the “Kundara Proclamation” at Kundara in Travancore.
• Paliath Achan had opposed the interference of the British Resident Macaulay in the internal affairs of Kochi.
• The Kurichyar and Kurumbrar are tribal groups in Wayanad.
• The Kurichyar rebellion began in 1812.
• The equality and equity that we see today were not seen in the social life of that time. It was a society where superstitions and customs were widespread.
• A person’s social status was determined by the caste in which he was bom.
• Social reformers are those who fought against irrational customs.
• The women of the Channar community of South Travancore did not have the right to wear upper cloth like the women who were considered to be the upper caste.
• On July 26, 1859, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a decree removing restrictions on Channar women to wear upper cloth.
• The Guruvayur Satyagraha began on 1 November 1931 with the formation of a committee under the leadership of K. Kelappan and Mannath Padmanabhan.
• The Paliyam Satyagraha of 1947-48 was another protest in Kerala for the abolition of untouchability.
• The Malabar Rebellion was an anti-British and anti-landlord movement in Malabar.
• The Quit India Movement, which began across India on August 9, 1942.
• The 1932 ‘Nivarthanam’ or Abstention Movement was a powerful political agitation that took place in Travancore.
• In 1934, Congress workers who were interested in socialist ideas, met at Kozhikode under the presidency of K. Kelappan.
• On 1 July 1949, Travancore and Kochi merged to form Thiru-Kochi, an important step towards creating the Kerala state.

Introduction
This chapter “National Movement and Kerala” explains how Kerala took part in India’s national movement and how people fought for freedom and equality. It begins with “The Trumpet Sounds for the Preparation of War,” which describes the early signs of resistance against British rule. We learn about “The Dalawa Who Raised the Proclamation” and his brave actions, and the “Kurichyar Rebellion,” a heroic fight for justice. The chapter also discusses social reform movements that worked to end caste discrimination and the struggles for civil rights that brought equality to all. The flame of protest and national consciousness spread across Kerala, leading to the growth of political groups like the Congress Socialist Party. Finally, the chapter ends with the formation of the state of Kerala, marking the success of unity and progress.

THE TRUMPET SOUNDS FOR THE PREPARATION OF WAR

• Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja was a member of the Kottayam royal family in Northern Malabar.
• In the early days, he helped the British in Malabar against the Mysore rulers. In return, an agreement was made that Pazhassi would be given the power to collect taxes in the Kottayam area.
• However, the situation changed when Malabar came under the control of the English East India Company through the Treaty of Srirangapatnam.
• The British handed over the power to collect taxes in Kottayam to Pazhassi’s uncle, the Kurumbranadu king Veera Varma, who was loyal to them. Protesting against this neglect, Pazhassi Raja appealed to the people not to pay taxes to the new rulers. This led to the conflict between Pazhassi and the British.

Defensive strategies Pazhassi adopted against the English East India Company:

The British realised that it would not be easy to defeat Pazhassi, who had put up a strong defence with the support of the people in Wayanad, which was full of forests and ravines. They took various measures against him.

• Military camps set up at strategic places
• New roads were built
• Rice supply to Wayanad was cut off
• A reward was announced for those who nab the participants in the rebellion

Thomas Harvey Baber, who came as the Sub-Collector of Thalassery, killed the commanders who were the strength of Pazhassi, and found out his military bases, forcing Pazhassi into a more defensive position. He attained a valiant death in an encounter with the Company’s army at Mavilamthode in Wayanad on November 30, 1805.

SRIRANGAPATNAM TREATY
This is a treaty signed on 18 March 1792 between Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, and the English East India Company, following the defeat of Mysore in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. According to the treaty, the British received the regions of Malabar and Coorg, which were under Tipu’s control.

THE DALAWA WHO RAISED THE PROCLAMATION

• Velu Thampi was the Dalawa, or Prime Minister of Balarama Varma Maharaja, who ruled Travancore.
• In 1805, through an agreement signed between the English East India Company and the King of Travancore marked the end of the political freedom of Travancore.
• The British Resident Macaulay took control of the administration of Travancore.
• He cancelled the orders issued by Velu Thampi, the Dalawa (Prime Minister) of Travancore.
• Macaulay demanded immediate payment of tax arrears to the British company.
• This led to a conflict between Velu Thampi and the British.
• The Prime Minister of Kochi, Paliath Achan, also faced problems with Macaulay’
• Velu Thampi and Paliath Achan made a secret agreement to fight against the British.
• The joint forces of Travancore and Kochi attacked Macaulay’s camp in Kochi, but Macaulay escaped.
• On 11 January 1809, Velu Thampi issued the “Kundara Proclamation” at Kundara in Travancore.
• In this proclamation, he called on the people to fight against British rule.
• The Kundara Proclamation became a symbol of the people’s resistance against the British.

KUNDARA PROCLAMATION
Through this proclamation, Velu Thampi, the Dalawa of Travancore called upon the royalists and patriots to take up arms and prepare for a fight against the British who claimed to be protecting Travancore, but in reality, they were plundering our land and if they continued, the kingdom would be destroved.

Kochi And Paliath Achan
Paliath Achan had opposed the interference of the British Resident Macaulay in the internal affairs of Kochi. Besides, Macaulay gave shelter to an enemy of Paliath Achan which worsened the situation. Then Paliath Achan joined hands with Velu Thampi and launched a struggle against the British. Although he strongly resisted the British, he was eventually exiled to Madras by them.

Paliath Achan: The heads of the Nair family called Paliyam in the Kochi kingdom were called Paliath Achan. The Paliath Achans held the position of being the Chief of Ministers or the Prime Minister of the Kochi kingdom.

KURICHYAR REBELLION: A HEROIC STORY OF RESISTANCE

• The Kurichyar and Kurumbrar are tribal groups in Wayanad.
• The British considered them enemies after they supported Pazhassi in this rebellion.

Measures the British took against the Kurichyar and Kurumbrar:

• The tribal people’s tracts of land were seized
• They were not allowed to continue their traditional methods of farming
• The British demanded money instead of goods as tax

The Kurichyar rebellion began in 1812. The tribal people fought against the British by taking control of the routes to Wayanad and by gaining local support. Rama Nambi or Rama Mooppan was their leader. They directly attacked the British army stationed at Sultan Bathery and Mananthavady. But the British suppressed the Kurichyar rebellion by bringing in more soldiers from other places.

Peasant Discontent – Leads to Rebellion
A series of rebellions broke out in various parts of Malabar in the nineteenth century. William Logan, the Malabar District Collector, recorded in his investigation report that the British government’s tax policies, exploitation and eviction of landlords were the causes of these riots. There was protest and violence by farmers against the exploitative landlords and the British government. Since most of the participants were Mappila farmers of South Malabar, the British authorities and imperial historians referred to these uprisings as the ‘Mappila riots.’,

SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS

• The equality and equity that we see today were not seen in the social life of that time. It was a society where superstitions and customs were widespread.
• A person’s social status was determined by the caste in which he was born.
• As part of caste discrimination, many social evils such as untouchabilitv, unapproachability and travel bans existed in Kerala.
• Social reformers are those who fought against such irrational customs. The spread of modem education and the Renaissance thought supported their activities. Our land has given birth to many social reformers.

Social Reformers And Their Main Activities

STRUGGLES FOR CIVIL LIBERTY

Upper Cloth Agitation

• The women of the Channar community of South Travancore did not have the right to wear upper cloth like the women who were considered to be the upper caste.
• The Channar women, who appeared in public places wearing upper cloth with the support of Christian missionaries, were attacked by those who were considered to be the upper caste and their upper cloth was tom off.
• Subsequently, riots broke out in many places in Southern Travancore.
• On July 26, 1859, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a decree removing restrictions on Channar women to wear upper cloth.

Vaikom Satyagraha

• The Vaikom Satyagraha was a major struggle for the freedom of travelling that took place in Kerala when the national movement was gaining strength.
• The people who were considered inferior were not allowed to walk on the approach roads of Vaikom temple. The satyagraha began on March 30, 1924, in protest against this discrimination. This satyagraha was led by T. K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan, K. P. Kesava Menon and others.
• The Vaikom Satyagraha, which attracted national attention, ended with the mediation of Mahatma Gandhi. On November 23, 1925, all the roads on all three sides of the temple (except two lanes leading to the Eastern Gate) were opened to all Hindus.

Guruvayursatyagraha

• The Guruvayur Satyagraha was a movement that demanded all sections of Hindus be allowed to enter the Guruvayur temple.
• The Satyagraha began on 1 November 1931 with the formation of a committee under the leadership of K. Kelappan and Mannath Padmanabhan.
• When the protest intensified, the authorities were forced to close the temple for approximately a month. The volunteer captains of the movement, A. K. Gopalan and P. Krishna Pillai, were brutally beaten by opponents of the Satyagraha.
• When K. Kelappan began a ‘fast unto death’ in front of the temple, many people came from different places to support it. Finally, the fast was ended on the instructions of Gandhiji.
• When the Congress held a plebiscite in Ponnani taluk to ascertain public opinion about the temple entry,
  the majority of the people supported it. ‘
• In this way, the Guruvayur Satyagraha helped to create a favourable atmosphere for the entry of all sections of Hindus to the temple.

SAVARNA JATHA
To express solidarity with the Vaikom Satyagraha, a procession was organised from Vaikom to Thiruvananthapuram under the leadership of Mannath Padmanabhan. This is known as the ‘Savama Jatha.’

Pali Yam Satyagraha

• The Paliyam Satyagraha of 1947-48 was another protest in Kerala for the abolition of untouchability.
• The marginalised sections of the people were prohibited from walking on the road in front of the residence of Paliath Achan at Chennamangalam in Kochi.
• The Palyiam Satyagraha was organised by political parties and community organisations in protest against this injustice.
• The government responded with arrests and torture to suppress the satyagraha led by C. Kesavan and others.
• In 1948, when all the temples in Kochi were opened to everyone regardless of caste, restrictions on walking along Paliyam Road were lifted.

MIRACLE OF MODERN TIMES
On November 12, 1936, Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the ruler of Travancore, issued the Temple Entry Proclamation. Through this, the temples of Travancore were opened to all sections of Hindus. Gandhiji described this proclamation as a ‘miracle of modem times.’

THE FLAME OF PROTEST OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
Malabar
The national movement was more active in Malabar than in other parts of Kerala. The formation of the Malabar District Congress Committee and the activities of the Home Rule League propelled the national movement forward. The Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements received strong support throughout Malabar.

• As part of the struggle, people boycotted foreign-made goods, courts, schools and other government institutions. The strike witnessed active participation of women and students.
• The prominent leaders during the time were C. Kunhirama Menon, K. Kelappan, U. Gopala Menon, K. P. Kesava Menon, Muhammed Abdur Rahiman Sahib, E. Moidu Moulavi and Moyarath Sankaran.
• When the Salt Satyagraha gathered momentum all over India under the leadership of Gandhiji as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement, its impact was also felt in Kerala.
• The centre of the Salt Satyagraha in Kerala was Payyannur in Malabar.
• The satyagraha was led by K. Kelappan.

Satyagrahis from various parts of Kerala reached the Payyannur beach and participated. Also, under the leadership of Muhammad Abdur Rahman, the Satyagrahis violated the law and made salt on the beach at Kozhikode. The people who gathered there had to suffer the brutal thrashings of the police. The boycott of foreign clothes, picketing of liquor shops and the Khadi campaign were all part of the struggle.

Malabar Rebellion

• The Malabar Rebellion was an anti-British and anti-landlord movement in Malabar.
• It began when the tenant movement joined with the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.
• The rebellion took place in 1921 and spread to Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani taluks.
• Many people, including landlords, officials, and peasants, lost their lives during the rebellion.
• The British used the Malabar Special Police and the army to stop the revolt.
• Leaders: Ali Musliyar, Variyankunnath Kunjahammed Haji, and M. P. Narayana Menon.

THIRURANGADI, POOKOTTOOR PANDIKKAD CLASHES
The British police attempted to arrest Vadakke Veetil Muhammad, the secretary of the Khilafat Committee in Pookottoor, on charges of theft. This led to clashes between the British police and the people, first in Tirurangadi and later in Pookottoor and Pandikkad. These were the major incidents that took place during the Malabar Rebellion.

Quit India Movement
The Quit India Movement, which began across India on August 9,1942, resulted in the arrest of prominent leaders, including Gandhiji. As a result, it became a violent movement unlike other Gandhian movements. The people of Kerala-including women and students-actively participated in the movement in Malabar, Kochi and Travancore regions. The Keezhariyur bomb case is a-major incident that took place as part of this.

Kochi
Since the establishment of the British sovereignty in Kochi, which was a princely state, there had been popular protests against it. The initial protests were aimed at establishing good governance. Later, protests began to gain political rights.

Electricity Strike: The Diwan of Kochi, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, decided to hand over the electricity supply of Thrissur to a private company. In 1936, there was a popular uprising against the decision. Although the government suppressed the protest, this strike helped mobilise people to the forefront of protest.

Kochi Rajya Praja Mandal: An organisation named Kochi Rajya Praja Mandal was formed in 1941 with the aim of achieving responsible government. Ikkanda Warrier, Panampilly Govinda Menon and V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan led the activities of the Praja Mandal. It was decided to hold a nationwide protest to achieve responsible government and 29 July 1946 was observed as “Responsible Government Day.” Later, the Praja Mandal merged with the Indian National Congress. Ikkanda Warrier became the Prime Minister, and the first Congress ministry came to power in Kochi.

Travancore
The Malayali Memorial and the Ezhava Memorial were the early movements that awakened the political consciousness of the people in Travancore.

Malayali Memorial	Ezhaoa Memorial
Demand for adequate representation of people of Travancore in government jobs in Travancore On 1 January 1891, a petition signed by the people was submitted to the Maharaja, stating this demand Leadership – G. P. Pillai	Demand for adequate representation of Ezhava community in government service On 3 September 1896, a petition signed by members of the Ezhava community was submitted to the Maharaja. Leadership – Dr. P. Palpu

Abstention Movement

• The 1932 ‘Nivarthanam’ or Abstention Movement was a powerful political agitation that took place in Travancore.
• The Christian, Muslim, and Ezhava communities formed a political committee and led the movement jointly. They demanded proportional representation in government jobs and in the Legislative Assembly.
• C. Kesavan, N. V. Joseph and P. K. Kunju led the movement. The activities for responsible government in Travancore were carried out under the auspices of the Travancore State Congress. Pattom Thanu Pillai was the first president of the Travancore State Congress.
• They organised the agitation through petitions and direct-action protests.

THE CONGRESS SOCIALIST PARTY

• In 1934, Congress workers who were interested in socialist ideas, met at Kozhikode under the presidency of K. Kelappan. They decided to form a ‘Congress Socialist Party’ within the Indian National Congress.
• P. Krishna Pillai, E. M. Sankaran Namboothiripad and A. K. Gopalan led this faction.
• Several peasant struggles took place in Kerala under the leadership of the Congress Socialist Party. When the national movement gained strength in India through protests such as Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience, women in Kerala actively participated in the struggles. Embracing Gandhiji’s message, women were active in salt production, boycotting foreign clothes, and weaving and wearing khadi clothes. During the struggle period, there was also notable participation of women in the activities of eradicating untouchability and uplifting Harijans. Many women were imprisoned as part of the struggles. During this period A. V. Kuttimalu Amma and Ammu Swaminathan in Malabar and Akkamma Cheriyan and Annie Mascarene in Travancore led the national movement.

FORMATION OF THE STATE

• In 1921, the All Kerala Provincial Conference was held at Ottapalam with representatives from Malabar, Kochi, and Travancore.
• In 1928, the Payyannur Congress Conference led by Jawaharlal Nehru demanded a separate Kerala state in the future.
• After this, a committee was formed to work for Aikya Kerala (United Kerala).
• Aikya Kerala conventions were held in various places.
• On 1 July 1949, Travancore and Kochi merged to form Thiru-Kochi, an important step towards creating Kerala state.
• After the independence of India, the Fazal Ali Commission was formed to reorganise the states of India based on language. As per the recommendations of the commission, the state of Kerala came into existence on 1 November 1956 by merging Malabar and Thiru-Kochi. The taluks of Thovala, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam and Vilavancode, which were part of Travancore, were added to the Madras State (present-day Tamil Nadu). The taluk of Kasaragod, which was part of south Karnataka, was added to Kerala.
• The general election in Kerala was held in February and March 1957, and on 5 April, the first ministry under the leadership of E. M. S. Namboodiripad assumed power in Kerala.