Kerala Plus One Sociology Question Paper March 2020 with Answers

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Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

Answer all questions from 1 to 8. Each carries 1 score. (8 × 1 = 8)

Question 1.
Pick out a feature of primary group from the given list.
a) Large group
b) Formal relation
c) Face-to-face association
d) Goal oriented
Answer:
c) Face-to-face association

Question 2.
An effort to compromise and co-exist despite conflict is called :
a) Accommodation
b) Co-operation
c) Competition
d) Conflict
Answer:
a) Accommodation

Question 3.
Identify the concept relatd to Durkheim’s vision of Sociology.
a) Division of labour
b) Alienation
c) Social action
d) Social fact
Answer:
c) Social action

Question 4.
Identify the item that connot be considered as a feature of culture.
a) Culture is a common understanding
b) Culture does not change
c) Culture is a way of life
d) Culture is shared
Answer:
b) Culture does not change

Question 5.
The process of using more than one method in a particular study is called
a) Micro method
b) Macro method
c) Interview method
d) Triangulation
Answer:
d) Triangulation

Question 6.
In India communal violence have led to the conversion of mixed community neighbour hoods into single community ones. Identify the concept to refer this process.
a) Ghettoisation
b) Gentrification
c) Gated community
d) Risk society
Answer:
b) Gentrification

Question 7.
Complete the diagram reflecting Karl Marx’s idea about alienation.

Answer:
Alienetion from others/each other

Question 8.
Complete the chart showing the features of modern states.

Answer:
Citizenship

Answer any 4 questions from 9 to 13 in 2 or 3 sentences each. Each carries 2 scores.(4 × 2 = 8)

Question 9.
Point out any two features of caste put forward by G.S. Ghurye.
Answer:

1. Segmental division
2. Hierarchial division
3. Restriction on social interaction
4. Different right and duties
5. Restrictions on the choice of occupation
6. Restrictions on marriage

Question 10.
Differentiate between gentrification and gated community.
Answer:

1. Gentrification
   • Coversion of lower class neighbourhoods in to a middle and upper class one.
2. Gated community
   • Affluent neighbourhoods separated from surrounding by walls and gates controlled entry and exit.

Question 11.
Differentiate between achieved status and ascribed status with an example each.
Answer:

1. Achieved status
   • By personal efforts. Eg. Lower Class/Caste student’ becomes a doctor/engineer etc.
2. A scribed status
   • By birth. Eg- Assumes involuntarly caste, age, race etc.

Question 12.
Point out any two situations that hinder objectivity in sociological research.
Answer:

1. Bias
2. Many versions of truth.
3. Multiple point of view.
4. Prejudices.

Question 13.
List any two features of modern forms of work.
Answer:

1. Industrial work
2. Mechanisation of agriculture
3. Division of labour
4. Factory production- change in the location of work.

Answer any 3 questions from 14 to 17. Each carries 3 scores. (3× 3 = 9)

Question 14.
What defines the scope of Sociology is not just what it studies but how it studies a chosen field. Substantiate.
Answer:

1. Sociology can focus its analysis on the interaction between individuals.
2. Sociology can also focus on national issues such as unemployment or caste conflict or the effects of state policies on forest rights of the tribal population or rural indebtedness
3. Sociology is a discipline with emancipatory nature. It can liberate students from the narrow feelings of colour, class, region, caste and religion.
4. Sociology helps students to adopt an objective out look about one is own society.
5. Sociology helps student to understand and available the social factors in the surronding environment.
6. It provides a vision on history and on insight into human life on earth.

Question 15.
Complete the table with suitable items from the bracket.
[Performing rituals at death, Internet chatting, Recognising the cartoon of a politician]

Cognitive Culture	Nonnative Culture	Material Culture

Answer:

Cognitive Culture	Nonnative Culture	Material Culture
Recogning the carbon of a politician.	performing rituals at death.	Internet chatting

Question 16.
’Jus as nature shapes society, society also shapes nature.’ Substantiate with example.
Answer:
The interdtion between the environment and society is shaped by social organisation. The soical orgnaization play an important role in shaping the relationship between the different social group and the environment. The social values and norms are reflected in the different relationship between environment and society.

The countries which followed the socialist values of justice and equality seized lands from large landlords and distributed it to the landlessfarmers. The religious values inspired certain communities to protect the groves and.species.
The capitalist, socialist and religious values played an important role in shaping the relationship between the environment and the society. The capitalist values have commodities the nature and turned it into a product for sale. The socialist values led to the redistribution of land. Social conditions have influenced the theories about environment and society.

Question 17.
Point out the key ideas related Max Weber’s ‘interpretative Sociology’.
Answer:
According to Webber social action is the subject matter of sociology. He agrued that the overall objective of sociology was to develop an interpretative understanding of social action. He asked that sociology should identify and understand the social action. He called it interpretative sociology. The central concern of the sociology was to understand social action Webber suggests two methods of enquiry to understand social action and to recover its meaning empathetic understanding and ideal type.

Empathetic understanding is method of recovering the meaning of an action. According to this method the sociologists put themselves in the place of the actor. This understanding is not based in ‘feeling for’ but ‘feeling with’ the empathetic understanding enables the sociologists to realize. The subjective meaning and motivations of social actors.
The ‘empathtic understanding’ enables the sociologist to faithfully record the subjective meaning and motivations of social actors.

Besides empathetic understanding Weber also suggested another sociological method called ‘Ideal type’.

1. An ideal type is a model of a social phenomenon that highlights its most significant characteristics.
2. Weber designed it as a conceptual tool to understand and analisereality.
3. Ideal types may exaggerate some features of social phenomenon. It may ignore or downplay others.
4. Ideal type is to be judged not by the accuracy or detailed a description it provides but by how helpful it is for analysis and understanding.

Answer any 3 questions from 18 to 21, each in a paragraph. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 18.
Briefly explain D.P. Mukerji’s ideas regarding tradition and change.
Answer:
According to D.P. the study about tradition should not be confined to the past only but of the past. It should also include the study about changes. Society is the central focus in India so, the first duty of indian sociology is to study about the social traditions of India. D.P. argued that Indian culture and society are not individualistic as in the western countries. The desires of an average Indian is determined by his siocio – cultural group. He **** from it so the Indian’s v social system is basically oriented number group self and D.P. believed that there were ‘ three principles’ of change recognised by Indian traditions. They are shruti, smriti and anubhava.

The last one, anubhava or personal experience is revolutionary idea, but in indian context, personal experience  intocollective experience. Anubhava or the collective experience of groups became the most important principle of change in the Indian society. The high traditions were in Smnti and Sruti. But they re challenged from time to time by the collective experience of groups and Bhaktl Movement’ ¡s an éxample for this D.P. argued that this was in the case of both the hindu and Muslim cultures in India. The Sufis in India stressed on love and experience rather than ** texts. This was important in bringing above charges. In India, experience and love (Anubhav and prern) are the agents of charge rather than discussive (Budhi vichar).

Question 19.
Classify the following into appropriate columns.
[Achievement based, fixed hierarchy, open, flexible, rigid, social mobility, ascribed, purity – pollution]
Answer:

Caste	class
Fixed Hierarchy	Achievement based
Rigid	Open
Ascribed	Flexible
Purity Pollution	Social mobiIi

Question 20.
Compare and contrast the views of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx about ‘Social Structure’.
Answer:
1. Social structure refers to the regularities or patterns inour social environment.

2. Social structure can be comparedto the structure of a building. The floor, walls and roof of abuilding together give it a shape or .

3. Social structure is formed by human actions and relationships. The repetition of human actions and relationships time spaceleads to the formation of social structure.

4. Social reproduction and social structure are closely related.

5. Social structure controls or limits the actions of individulas. Emile Durkheim and many other sociologists believe that the societies exert societies exert social control over the actions of their members. Durkheim argued that society has domination over the individuals. It has more ‘Firmness’ or ’Solidity’ than other structures. Social thinkers like Karl Marx also emphasise the constraints of social structure. At the same time, Marx gave stress to the creativity of humans to reproduce and change social structure. Marx argued that human beings make history, but not as they wish or choose.

Question 21.
‘In India families are gendered.’ Substantiate the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:

1. Patriarchial nature of family
2. Male preferences
3. Roleallotement
4. Women-low states
5. More investment for make child.

Answer any 3 questions from 22 to 25. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 22.
Analyse the relationship between co-operation and division of labour.
Answer:
Cooperation is a basic social process. Cooperation human beings and society cannot survice.
Sociology does not accept the view that nature is and british. Sociologists like Emile Durkheim opposed the view that ‘hunger and thirst were the only passions of the primitive people”.

According to Durkheim the society exercises moderate influence over its members. It ‘ and eliminates their brutal actions for the struggle. Their cooperation does not emerge from their own united power, but from an external force.

The workers lose their content in world and control over the products of their labour. In other words, workers lose control over their own work. They lose control over the fruits of their labour marx used the term alienation to refer to this situation.

Question 23.
a) Pick out a social group from the following:
[Passengers waiting at a bus stop, people watching cinema in a theatre, friends playing football, people gathered in an accident area]
b) Point out any four criteria to differentiate a social group from others.
Answer:

1. A sense of belonging to the group.
2. Common interest
3. Common norms and values
4. Adefinitestructure.

Question 24.
Analyse the influence of religion on economic behaviour with the support of an example.
Answer:
1. Religion has a very close relationship with power and politics. For examble, religious movements for social change such as anti caste movements or movements against gender discrimination.

2. Religion is not just a matter of the Private belief of an individual. It also has a public character. It is this public character that connects religion with other social institutions.

3. Sociologists are interested in studying the relations between politics and religion.

4. Classical sociologists believed that religions would become less influential with the progress and modernization of society. It may also lead to the development of secular concepts. But the contemporary incidents show that strong influence of religion still exists at different levels of the society.

5. The approach of sociology towards the relationship between religion and socio-economic behaviour is demonstrated by Max Weber. Weber argues that Calvinism player an influential role in the emergence and growth of capitalism. The calvinsts belived that the world this created for the glory of God.

6. Religion is a major aspect of society. So religion cannot to studied as a separate entity. Social forces always influence religious institutons political denotes. Economic situations and gender norms will influence a political behaviour.

7. Women lastitute more than 50 percent of the world population. So these relationship religion is a major  of sociologies studies. Religion has inseparable relation with other aspects of society sociologists try to unravel these various interconnections.

Question 25.
Rearrange column ‘B’ and ‘C’ so as to match with column ‘A’.

A	B	C
G.S. Ghurve	Welfare State	Man in India
DP. Mukerji	Accidental Anthropologist	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism
A.R. Desai	Village Studies	Caste and Race in India
M.N. Srinivas	Tradition and Change	Argument with Louis Dumont
Sarat Chandra Rov	Caste and Race	Introduction to Indian Music

Answer:

A	B	C
G.S. Ghurve	Caste and Race	Caste and Race in India
DP. Mukerji	Tradition and Change	Introduction to Indian Music
A.R. Desai	Welfare State	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism
M.N. Srinivas	Village Studies	Argument with Louis Dumont
Sarat Chandra Rov	Accidental Anthropologist	Man in India

Answer any 2 questions from 26 to 28 each in 1 Vi pages. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 26.
Critically analyse Karl Marx’s theory of class and class struggle.
Answer:
According to marx, people should be classified into social groups on the basis of the production process. He opposed the method of classifying them on the basis of religion, language and nationality. He argued that people Occupying the same position in the production process will eentually from a class.

The formation of classes is a historial process. Different classes are formed relating with the mode of production in differentstages, conflits develop between different classes which result in struggles. Marx was an advocate of class struggle. He believed that class struggle was the major driving force of change in society. In the communist manifesto marx and Engels presented their views on class struggle in a clear and condde manner.

The class conflict between the two opposing classes they do not emerge automatically. The class for existence.
1. Karl Max also distinguishnes human life from animal life. Durkhlim pointed out altruism and solidarity as the basis feather of the human world.

2. This view of marx helps as understand how cooperation in human life is different from cooperation in animal life.

3. Humans adjust and accommodate to cooperate. They also charge society in hat process.

4. According to Marx, cooperation is not voluntary in a class society. He argued that the cooperation between different individuals is not voluntary in a productive system based on the division of labour conflicts occur only when they do not emerge automatically. The class conflicts occur only when they are subjectively conscious of their class interests and identities. They should also be conscious of their rivales interests and identifies.

5. The development of class consciousness is necessary for class conflict. Class consciousness is developed through political mobilization. It is only after the development of class consciousness that class conflicts occur.
According to Marx, economic process generally tend to generate class conflicts. It also depends on political and social conditions, class conflicts adminatein revolutions where conditionsbecome favourable.

Question 27.
Bring out the importance of Socialisation in the life of an individual and explain the role of any three agencies of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialisation is the most important process in the life of an individual. This is a process extending from the birth to the death of human beings. Socialisation can be defined as a process by which the helpless infant gradually become a self-aware, knowledgeable and skilled person in the ways of the culture into which she/he is born-socialisation makes human being a social being. Without socialisation an individual would not behave like a human being, socialisation is a learning process. It takes place step by step through the interaction with others. As the child grocess she/he learns the behaviour and values of the family and society.

Agencies of socialisation
A child is socialised by several agencies and institutions like family, school, peer group, neighbourhood, occupational group, social class, region and religion.

Family
The process of socialisation begins from family. While some children live in nuclear families with parents and siblings, some others live in extendedfamilies with several members. In nuclear families, parents my by the key socialising agents. But in extends families, major socialising agents are grandparents, uncles and cousins. The individual’s social position is determined by the family in to which he/ she is born.

Peergroups
Peer group is another socialising agency. Peer groups are friendships groups of children of a similar age. Usually children over four or five Spend a great time with friends of the same age.

1. The word ‘peer’ means ‘equal’. Friendly relations established between young children may be egalitarian.
2. Physically strong children of peer- groups may try to dominate others.
3. Yet there is a greater amount of friendship and give and take among the peers.
4. Parents often enforce codes of conduct upon their power. In contrast, children discover a different kind of interaction In peer groups.
5. Peer group relationships influence a person throughout his/her life.
6. It plays a major role in shaping individuals character,way of life, attitude and behaviour.

Mass Media
Mass media has become an integral part of our daily life. Today the electronic media like television is expanding, similary, the importance of print media is also increasing. The media can make the access to information move democratic. Electronic communication can reach a village which has no connective roads or literacy centres. Mass media like newspaper, magazines, radio, television etc. helps us to gather information. It influences over mentality and outlook.

Question 28.
Point out any three major environmental problems and prove that they are also social problems.
Answer:
The global society faces a large number of environmental problems which are raising serious threats to the very existence of the world. It importance and gravity varies from country to country and context to context. Resource depletion pollution global warming, genetically modified orgnisms, natural and man – made environmental disasters etc. are the major evironmental issues that are globally recognized.

Global warming
Global warming is caused by Green house gases.The emitted greenhouse gases such as Carbon dioxide methane etc. traps the sun’s heat. This leads to a small but significant rise in global temperatures.

1. Global warming affects the ecological balance. It creates uncertainties and fluctuations in climate across the world.
2. China and india are significant contributors to world carbon and green house gas emissions.

Genetically modified organisms
The technique of producing new characteries in species by importance the genes of one species in to another is called genti modification. 8 The long term effects of genetic modification on these who eat these foods. Agricultural companies can also use genetic modification of create sterile seeds. It wIll preventfa rmers from reusing then.

Natural and man – made environmental
1. In 1984, four thousand people died in Bhopal due to the leakage of a toxic gas from union carbide factory. This was a man-made environmental disaster.

2. The tsunami in 2004, which killed thousands of people, is an example for natural environmental disaster.

3. Many a time environmental problems change into social problems. In a sens, environmental problems are also social problems. Social status and power enable the people to protect themselves from the environmental crises most of the solutions they find to overcome these crises worsens the environmentes disparties. Some environmental problems are universal. It affects all social groups.

Question 29.
List out and analyse the role of different intellectual ideas and material issues in the making of Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology originated in western European by the middle of the 19th century. French Philosopher Auguste Comte is regarded as the father of sociology. He gave shape to a new science to study about society. This new science is initially called ‘Social physics’ and later ‘sociology’.

1. The Intellectual Ideas that went into the making of sociology. Intellectual ideas in Europe played a major role in the making of sociology. Major intellectual ideas that led to the origin of sociology.
2. Theories of evolution
3. French Revolution
4. Social surveys
5. Ideas of western thinkers
6. Englishment.

The theory ofevolution is one of major intellectual ideas that helped the making of sociology. Theories ofevolution existed even before Darwin.

1. Pre-moderp Societies such as hunting and gathering societies, pastrol and agrarian societies agrarian and non industrial socities.
2. Moden societies such as industrial societies.
3. Darwins theory of evolution greatly influenced the early sociologist thought. His ideas of organic evolution totally transformed sociology.
4. Based on Darwin’s ideas, society was often compard with living organisms. There are different stages in the life of a biological organism.
5. Thinks of the early modern era believed that progress in knowlege promised the solution for all social ills. For example, Auguste comte, the founder of sociology, believed that sociology would contribute to the welfare of humanity.
6. French Revolution of 1789 marked the beginning of many changes in the society. The Slogan ‘liberty, equality, Fraternity’ isa grat contribution of French Revolution to the human society, it altered the feudal social structure and introduces.

Question 30.
Critically analyse participant observation as a method of Sociological research.
Answer:
Participant observation is based on field work. Field work in values a long period of iteraction with the subjects of research.

1. Sociological field work does not necessarily involve living with thejnembers of the community. Socilogist spends most of his time the members of the community. Sociological field work is not confined to a fixed form.
2. In Indian sociology, field work methods are used in village studies. In the 1950s many Indian and foreign anthropologists and sociologits began working on village life and society. They considered villages as the equivalent of the tribal comunity studied by early anthropologists.
3. Village was a bounded community. It was small enough to be studied by a sigl person. Sociologist could know almost everyone in the village and observed their life.
4. In village studies, field work of the sociolgist received much importance.
5. Field work allows the correction of initial imperssions. oftens, initial impression may be mistaken or biased.
6. Field work permits the resarcher to understand changes in the subject of interest. It Is also helpful to see the impact of different situations or contexts.
7. Field work helps to avoid many of the errors or biases in surveys, questionnaires or short term observation.
   Limitations of social research participant
   observation
8. Field work involves a very long period of intensive research/moreover, a researcher has to do the whole work alone. Naturally field work can cover only a very small part of the world generally a single village or small community.
9. The researches has observed in a small village or community during field work may not to applicable to larger villages, areas or community.
10. Another workers of field work is that we are not sure whether the result of work is the voice of the people being studied or that of the researches.
11. Another disadvantage of field work is its one sided relationship. The former study observable behaviour and the Latter study non – observable meaings, values and interpretations.

Modern sociologists face entirely different problems when compared to anthropologies who conduct studies on primitve tribes. Sociologist deals with people who are literate. At least a few of them would definitely read his research reports.

Question 31.
Analyse the processes that help to ensure Social order and Social change in rural societies.
Answer:
The conditions in villages and different from cities and towns. The nature of social order and social change in village is also different. Village are smal in size. So there is more personal relationships. The members of a village know almost an other members. They recognise each other by sight.

1. The social structure of villages follows a traditional pattern. The traditional social institutions like caste and religion are stronger here. Theefore, Change is slower in villages tha in towns.

2. There are also other reasons for the slow change in villages. The subordinate sections of rural society have less chance for expressing their views and interests. It is difficult for people to express their because of the lack of anonymity and distnace in the village.

3. The dominant sections are very powerful in villages. They control most awareness of ’ employment and all kinds of resources. So the poor have to depend on the dominant sestions. They have no other sources of employment or support. As the village population is small, it is very difficult to gather large numbers

4. The charges in agriculture and agrarian social relations have made deep impact or rural societies.

5. Measures like land reform have an immediate impact on village societies. Land reforms are introduced in India soon after independence. It look away proprietary rights from absentee landlords and gave them to the groups who actually handled the land and its agriculture. Most of the groups belonged to intermediate castes. Some of than will not actually cultivates.

6. The changes in the technology of agriculture also have a large and immediate impact on rural society.

7. The introduction of new machineries for tiling the soil, sowing the seeds and harvesting reduced the demand for labour. It thus changed the bargaining power of different social groups like landlords and labourers.

8. The technological and economic changes do not directly affect labour demand. But it can change the economic power of different groups and thus initiate a chain of changes. Sudden fluctuations in agricultural prices, droughts and floods affect the rural society adversely.