Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 to improve time management during exams.
Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2023
Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80
Answer any 9 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)
Question 1.
Name the sociologist who propounded the concept of sociological imagination.
(a) Auguste Comte
(b) C.W. Mills
(c) M.N. Sreenivas
(d)Durkheim
Answer:
(b) C.W. Mills
Question 2.
Fill In the blank :
Social Control
Answer:
Informal
Question 3.
_____ is the position of an individual in society.
(a) Role
(b) Status
(c) Party
(d) Value
Answer:
Status
Question 4.
Fill in blank :
Answer:
Citizenship
Question 5.
_______ wrote the book ‘Street Corner Society’ about street ‘gang’ in Italian American Slum.
(a) A.R. Desai
(b) Karl Marx
(c) William Foote White
(d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer:
William Foote White
Question 6.
Which among the following is an example of associative social process?
(a) Conflict
(b) Co-operation
(c) Competition
(d) Contestation
Answer:
Co-operation
Question 7.
“The protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism” is the book by
(a) M.N. Sreenivas
(b) D.P. Mukerji
(c) Max Weber
(d) Auguste Comte
Answer:
Max Weber
Question 8.
From the given item, which is not an environ-mental problem?
(a) Resource depletion
(b) Pollution
(c) Global warming
(d) Afforestation
Answer:
Afforestation
Question 9.
The concept of class struggle is associated with ______
(a) Max Weber
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Durkheim
(d) D.P. Mukerji
Answer:
Karl Marx
Question 10.
_____ is considered as father of institutionalised sociology in India.
(a) D.P. Mukerji
(b) G. S. Ghurye
(c) Sarachandra Roy
(d) Karl Marx
Answer:
G.S Ghurye
Answer all questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scorers.
Question 11.
What is Role Conflict?
Answer:
Role conflict refers to a situation where an individual is required to fulfill multiple roles in life simultaneously, but these roles may have conflicting demands or expectations. This can create tension, stress, and difficulty in balancing the responsibilities and expectations associated with each role, leading to challenges in meeting the requirements of all roles effectively.
Question 12.
Define Triangulation.
Answer:
Triangulation in sociological research refers to the practice of utilizing multiple methods to investigate a particular phenomenon or research question. By employing various data collection techniques, such as interviews, observations, and surveys, researchers can enhance the validity and reliability of their findings. Triangulation allows for a more comprehensive understanding of social phenomena by considering multiple perspectives and sources of information.
Question 13.
What you meant by Social Stratification?
Answer:
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical division of individuals or groups within a society based on various factors such as wealth, power, occupation, and social status. This arrangement creates distinct strata or layers, with some individuals or groups enjoying more privileges and resources while others experience greater disadvantage and inequality.
Question 14.
Briefly Explain the concept ‘Risk Society’.
Answer:
The concept of ‘risk society’ refers to a contemporary societal condition in which technological advancements and the production of complex products create risks that are difficult to fully comprehend or control. Events such as nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and industrial accidents like Bhopal exemplify the potential consequences of these risks. Risk society theory highlights the need for increased awareness, precautionary measures, and societal responses to manage and reduce the uncertainties and hazards associated with modern technological developments.
Question 15.
Write a short note on ‘Division of labour’.
Answer:
Division of labor refers to the process in which work is divided into a wide range of specialized occupations, with individuals focusing on specific tasks or roles within a larger system of production. This division allows for increased efficiency and productivity as individuals develop expertise in their respective areas.
On the other hand, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity are concepts introduced by Emile Durkheim to describe different types of social cohesion. Mechanical solidarity refers to a state of social unity based on shared values, beliefs, and norms in traditional societies, while organic solidarity refers to a form of social cohesion based on interdependence and specialization in modern, complex societies.
Answer any 3 questions from 16 to 19. Each carries 4 scorers. (3 × 4 = 12)
Question 16.
Write the difference between Commonsense Knowledge arid Sociological Imagination.
Answer:
Common sense knowledge refers to the everyday understanding and beliefs that individuals develop through their personal experiences, observations, and interactions. It is often based on intuition and personal opinions rather than systematic investigation or detailed analysis. Common sense knowledge tends to be influenced by cultural norms, personal biases, and subjective interpretations of the world.
In contrast, sociological knowledge is derived from the scientific study of society and social phenomena. It involves the use of various research methods, empirical evidence, and theoretical frameworks to systematically understand, explain, and predict social behavior and patterns. Sociological knowledge provides a deeper understanding of social” issues, inequalities, and dynamics, going beyond surface-level explanations. It offers insights into the complex interplay of social factors such as class, race, gender, and institutions that contribute to social phenomena.
Question 17.
Write a short note on the following:
(a) Normative Culture
(b) Cognitive Culture
Answer:
(a) Normative culture is associated with the norms and values that guide behavior and define what is considered acceptable and appropriate within a particular society or culture. In Indian culture, there are several examples of normative practices and values. For instance, the concept of “respect for elders” is deeply ingrained, where younger generations are expected to show respect and obedience to older family members.
(b) Cognitive culture refers to the ways in which individuals in a particular culture perceive, interpret, and make sense of the world around them. In Indian culture, there are several examples that highlight cognitive processes and cultural influences. For instance, the practice of namaste, where irydividuals greet each other by bringing their palms together and bowing slightly, reflects a cultural understanding of respect and acknowledgment. Additionally, the use of storytelling and myths in Indian culture serves as a cognitive tool for transmitting knowledge, moral values, and cultural heritage.
Question 18.
Illustrate the following concepts :
(a) Power
(b) Authority
Answer:
(a) Power can be understood as the capacity or ability of an individual or group to influence or control others, often against their will or without their consent. For example, power can be seen in the relationship between a manager and employees within a workplace setting. The manager possesses the authority and control to make decisions, assign tasks, and enforce rules, which can compel employees to work in ways that they may not necessarily prefer or agree with.
(b) Authority can be defined as the legitimate or legal right to exercise power and make decisions. For example, authority can be found in the role of a judge in a courtroom. The judge, as a representative of the judicial system, possesses the authority to interpret and apply the law, make rulings, and enforce legal consequences. Their authority is derived from their position within the legal system, which grants them the power to make binding decisions and maintain order in the courtroom.
Question 19.
Explain the unique features of Welfare state identified by A.R. Desai
Answer:
19. A.R. Desai, the famous Indian sociologist, provides, a detailed critique of the modern capitalist state in his essay, “The myth of the welfare state”. After taking into consideration the definitions available in sociological literature, he identified and critiqued three unique features of a welfare state from a Marxist perspective: the positive state, the democratic state, and the mixed economy. The positive state refers to the role of the government in actively promoting the well-being and social welfare of its citizens. In a welfare state, the government takes responsibility for ensuring access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and social security. It aims to provide a safety net and address social inequalities through redistributive policies and social programs.
The democratic state refers to the principle that a welfare state operates within a democratic framework. It means that the government’s actions and policies are determined through democratic processes, including free and fair elections, citizen participation, and respect for individual rights and freedoms. In a welfare state, the government’s decisions are expected to align with the will and interests of the people it represents.
A mixed economy is another key feature of a welfare state. It entails a combination of private and public ownership of resources and means of production. In a welfare state, the government plays a significant role in regulating and intervening in the economy to ensure social welfare objectives are met. This includes measures such as progressive taxation, income redistribution, and government provision of public goods and services.
Together, these features distinguish a welfare state from other forms of governance and economic systems, A.R Desai put forth criteria against which the performance of the welfare state can be measured, by raising a few questions.
- Does the welfare state ensure freedom from poverty, social discrimination and security for all its citizens?
- Does welfare state remove inequalities of income through measures of redistribute income from the rich to the poor, and by preventing the concentration of wealth?
- Does welfare state transform the economy in such a way that the capitalist profit motive is made subservient to the real needs of the community?
- Does the welfare state ensure stable development free from the cycle of economic booms and depressions?
- Does it provide employment for all?
Answer any 3 questions from 20 to 23. Each carries 5 scorers. (3 × 5 = 15)
Question 20.
Illustrate the following rules of marriage :
(a) Exogamy
(b) Endogamy
Answer:
(A) Exogamy: Exogamy is a rule of marriage that requires individuals to marry someone outside their own social group or community. This practice encourages individuals to form marital bonds with individuals from different social, cultural, or ethnic backgrounds. The purpose of exogamy is to promote social integration, prevent inbreeding, and foster alliances between different groups. For example, in many cultures, exogamous marriage rules might dictate that a person cannot marry someone from the same clan (clan exogamy), or village (village exogamy), but must instead seek a partner from another group. This rule helps to maintain social diversity and intergroup relations. For example, in North India, certain villages follow village exogamy. They marry off the women of their village to other remote villages. This system helps the married women to adapt to their husband’s home and life without the interference of their parents.
(B) Endogamy: Endogamy, in contrast to exogamy, is a rule of marriage that requires individuals to marry within their own social group or community. This practice encourages individuals to form marital alliances with individuals who share similar social, cultural, or religious backgrounds. The purpose of endogamy is to preserve social cohesion, maintain traditions, and reinforce sociaj boundaries. For example, caste-based endogamy is prevalent in certain societies, where individuals are expected to marry within their own caste. This rule serves to perpetuate social stratification and preserve caste-based traditions and customs. Endogamy can also be found in religious or ethnic communities that prioritize maintaining their distinct identity through marriage within the group.
Question 21.
Write any two types of interview and explain.
Answer:
An interview is basically a guided conversation between the researcher and the respondent. It is a widely applied method for sociological research. There are different styles of interviews: Structured and Unstructured. Structured Interview: A structured interview is a formal and standardized type of interview where the interviewer asks a set of pre-planned questions to the interviewee. This interview format follows a specific format and has a clear agenda.
Structured interviews are commonly-, used in job interviews, research interviews, and other formal settings where consistency and reliability are crucial. The questions are designed to gather specific information and assess the candidate’s qualifications, skills, and experiences. Structured interviews provide consistency in the interview process as all candidates are asked the same questions in the same order. This allows for easy comparison of responses and ensures fairness and objectivity in the evaluation.
Unstructured Interview: An unstructured interview is an informal and flexible type of interview where the conversation flows more naturally and spontaneously. In an unstructured interview, there is no fixed set of questions or a specific agenda. The interviewer engages in a more open-ended discussion with the interviewee, allowing for exploration of various topics and probing deeper into responses. This type of interview aims to uncover insights, perspectives, and personal experiences of the interviewee. Unstructured interviews are often used in qualitative research, journalistic interviews, and situations where the interviewer seeks a better understanding of the interviewee’s thoughts, opinions, and subjective experiences. The relaxed and conversational nature of unstructured interviews allows for a deeper exploration of the interviewee’s perspective.
Question 22.
Briefly explain how capitalism works in our society.
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system based on market competition and the pursuit of profit, in which the means of production or capital are privately owned by individuals or corporations. It operates in our society based on several key principles:
Expansion of Trade: Capitalism thrives on the expansion of trade, both domestically and internationally. It encourages the exchange of goods and services between individuals and entities, allowing for the flow of capital and the creation of markets. Through trade, capitalism promotes competition, innovation, and the efficient allocation of resources.
Division of Labour: Capitalism relies on the division of labour, where work is divided into specialized tasks. This division enables individuals to focus on specific skills and areas of expertise, leading to increased productivity and efficiency. It allows for the production of goods and services on a larger scale and promotes interdependence among individuals and organizations.
Specialization: Capitalism encourages specialization, where individuals or businesses concentrate their efforts on producing a specific good or service. Specialization enables greater proficiency, as individuals can develop expertise in their chosen field. This specialization, in turn, leads to increased productivity, higher-quality products, and cost- effective production processes.
Profit Motive: In capitalism, the profit motive is a central driving force. Businesses and individuals aim to generate profits by producing goods or providing services that are in demand. It fosters competition, as businesses strive to offer better products and services at competitive prices.
In summary, capitalism operates through the expansion of trade, division of labour, specialization, rising productivity, and the profit motive. These elements work together to foster economic growth, innovation, and the efficient allocation of resources. While capitalism has its benefits, it also raises questions regarding inequality, market failures, and the distribution of wealth. Different societies and governments may implement regulations and policies to address these concerns and strike a balance between economic growth and social welfare.
Question 23.
Match the following
| A | B |
| Sarat Chandra Roy | The Social background of Indian Nationalism |
| G.S. Ghurye | Religion and Society among Coorgs of South India |
| D.P Mukerji | Caste and Race in India |
| M.N. Srinivas | Living Tradition |
| A.R. Desai | Man in India |
Answer:
| A | B |
| Sarat Chandra Roy | Man in India |
| G.S. Ghurye | Caste and Race in India |
| D.P Mukerji | Living Tradition |
| M.N. Srinivas | Religion and Society among Coorgs of South India |
| A.R. Desai | The Social Background of Indian Nationalism |
Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 27. Each carries 6 scorers. (3 × 6 = 18)
Question 24.
Write the difference between the following:
(a) History and Sociology
(b) Economics and Sociology
Answer:
(a) As we know, sociology is the science of society, and history is the record of past social events. Both disciplines belong to the family of social sciences. Sociology is comparatively the younger social science. Though there are similarities between the two subjects, there are also significant differences. Let us examine them:-
- Sociology is concerned with the present and in some extent with future, History studies the past.
- Sociologist borrow from historical sources for sociological analysis and vice-versa. The sociologists use the same record of the past.
- History studies concrete details while sociologists are more likely to study abstract details from concrete reality.
- While history studies about kings, wars, revolutions’ etc, sociology looks at social patterns, gender relations, customs and important institutions other than the acts of rulers, wars and monarchy.
(b) Economics is the study of production, and distribution of goods and services. It deals almost exclusively with economic relations and transactions, while sociology deals with the social relationships and transactions. The main differences between economics and sociology can be summarized asfollows:
- The classical economic approach dealt almost exclusively with the interrelations of pure economic variables: the relations of price, demand and supply; money flows; output and input ratios, and the like. The sociological approach looks at economic behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and interests.
- Traditional economics has been on a narrow understanding of ‘economic activity’, namely the allocation of scarce goods and services within a society. The sociological approach looks at economic behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and interests.
- Economics are precise in their terminology and exact in their measures. Sociology, however, uses generic concepts and terms.
- Economics provides technical solutions. Sociology though, does not provide such solutions. Instead, it encourages questioning and critical perspective.
Question 25.
Compare functionalist and conflict view on family.
Answer:
Family is a vital social institution and sociology tires to analyse it from different perspectives. The functionalist and conflict perspectives provide contrasting views on the role and dynamics of the family: Functionalist theory views the family as a fundamental social institution that serves essential functions in society. According to functionalists, the family plays a crucial role in satisfying the basic needs of its members, such as providing food, shelter, and emotional support. Additionally, the family contributes to the maintenance of social order by socializing individuals and instilling societal values, norms, and expectations.
Functionalist perspective emphasizes the importance of stability and consensus within families and society as a whole, with a focus on the positive functions the family performs. It argues that modern industrial societies function best if women look after family and men earn the family livelihood. However, this argument is questionable because it is gender unjust, also because women are an important workforce in the modern industrial society.
The conflict perspective, in contrast, analyzes the family through the lens of power dynamics, inequality, and social conflicts. Conflict theorists argue that the family is a site of social inequality and power struggles, particularly concerning gender, age, and authority. They highlight how the family can perpetuate and reproduce social inequalities, such as gender roles and patriarchy, by assigning unequal power and privileges based on gender. Conflict theorists also highlight intergenerational conflicts within families, such as the tension between parents and children over authority and control.
While the functionalist perspective emphasizes the stability and positive functions of the family, the conflict perspective emphasizes the underlying power dynamics and inequalities within family structures. Functionalist theory sees the family as a harmonious unit that contributes to societal cohesion, while conflict theory emphasizes the potential for conflict and inequality within family relationships.
It is important to note that these perspectives offer different ways of understanding the family, and neither view captures the full complexity and diversity of family structures and dynamics. Sociological analysis often incorporates multiple perspectives to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities and variations within families and their relationship to broader societal dynamics.
Question 26.
Explain any three Urban Problems.
Answer:
Urban society is defined as the way of life among city and town inhabitants and how they all interact with each other. Urbanization involves the creation of social institutions and how they interact with their environment. Sociologists are very much concerned about the various aspects of urban social life including analysis of urban social problems.
Following are some of the urban social problems:-
Slums: Slums are areas within urban settings characterized by poor housing conditions, inadequate access to basic services, and a lack of infrastructure. Slums often arise due to rapid urbanization, migration, and poverty. They typically lack proper sanitation facilities, reliable electricity, clean water, and adequate housing. Slums can contribute to various social problems including health issues, crime, and limited access to education and employment opportunities.
Housing Problems: Housing problems in urban areas arise when there is a shortage of affordable and adequate housing options for the population. This can result from factors such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and limited urban planning. Housing problems include high housing costs, inadequate housing quality, homelessness, and informal settlements. These issues can lead to overcrowding, substandard living conditions, and housing insecurity for many individuals and families. More than 2 lakh people in urban India sleep without a shelter over their heads at night.
Water Scarcity: Water scarcity in urban areas refers to a situation where the demand for water exceeds the available supply. Urbanization, population growth, inadequate infrastructure, and inefficient water management contribute to water scarcity. Water scarcity can lead to water rationing, limited access to clean drinking water, and sanitation problems. It poses significant challenges to public health, hygiene, and overall quality of life in urban communities.
Environmental Pollution: Urban areas often face various forms of environmental pollution, including air pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution. Industrial activities, vehicular emissions, improper waste disposal, and lack of environmental regulations contribute to pollution in cities. Environmental pollution can have detrimental effects on public health, leading to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other health issues. It also impacts ecosystems, reduces the quality of living environments, and contributes to climate change.
Density of Population: The density of population in urban areas refers to the concentration of people within a given area. High population density is a characteristic of many cities and can lead to various challenges. These include strain on infrastructure and public services, increased competition for resources, traffic congestion, and limited open spaces. High population density can also affect the quality of life, as it may result in noise, lovercrowding, and a reduced sense of community.
Crime: Urban areas often experience higher crime rates compared to rural areas due to factors such as socioeconomic inequalities, poverty, unemployment, and social disorganization. Urban crime includes various types of offenses, such as theft, robbery, assault, and drug-related crimes. Factors such as limited economic opportunities, social alienation, and the presence of marginalized communities can contribute to the prevalence of crime in urban areas. Addressing urban crime requires comprehensive strategies that focus on improving socioeconomic conditions, enhancing community safety, and promoting social inclusion.
These urban problems highlight the complex challenges faced by cities and the need for effective urban planning, infrastructure development, social policies, and environmental management to create sustainable and livable urban environments.
Question 27.
Write any three features of Bureaucracy and explain it.
Answer:
Max Weber, a leading German sociologist, describes bureaucracy as a system of power where leaders exercise control over others. It is a system of discipline. As a public institution, bureaucracy restrict the power of the officials in regard to their responsibilities and did not provide absolute power to them. According to Max Weber”s theory Features of bureaucracy include:
1. Functioning of officials – Within bureaucracy officials have ‘official jurisdiction ‘governed by official rules, laws and administrative regulations. Only qualified hands may appoint as ‘officials’ and they should perform the assigned duties without fail.
2. Hierarchical Ordering of Positions: Bureaucracies are characterized by a hierarchical structure in which positions are arranged in a clear chain of command. Each position has a designated level of authority and responsibility. Higher-level positions have authority over lower-level positions, and decisions flow from top to bottom. This hierarchical ordering ensures a clear distribution of power and accountability within the organization.
3. Reliance on Written Documents: Bureaucracies heavily rely on written documents, rules, and procedures to ensure consistency, efficiency, and transparency in decision-making. Written documents serve as a means of communication, record-keeping, and establishing standard operating* procedures. They provide a foundation for uniformity in how tasks are performed, how information is shared, and how decisions are made within the organization.
4. Office Management: Bureaucracies emphasize the importance of structured office management. This includes
5. Conduct in Office: Bureaucratic organizations have established codes of conduct and professional behavior that govern how individuals interact within the office environment. These codes emphasize professionalism, adherence to rules and regulations, and the avoidance of personal biases or favoritism. Conduct in the office reflects the principles of neutrality, fairness, and impartiality that are important in bureaucratic settings. Employees are expected to maintain a certain level of decorum and professionalism while carrying out their duties.
These features of bureaucracy help to create a structured and organized work environment that promotes efficiency, consistency, and accountability. However, bureaucracies can also face challenges such as slow decision-making, rigid adherence to rules, and a potential for bureaucratic red tape. Striking a balance between maintaining the benefits of bureaucracy and addressing its limitations is crucial for effective organizational functioning.
Answer any 2 questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scorers. (2 × 8 = 16)
Question 28.
Narrate different types of Social Group.
Answer:
A social group refers to two or more individuals who share a common social identification, and who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category. A social group will act on some shared interest and accept some common norms and will have a definable structure. According to the pattern of interaction among the members of the groups and the structure, the groups can be classified under different titles.
Types of social groups can be described as follows:
1. Quasi Group: A quasi group refers to a collection of individuals who share a common characteristic or interest but lack formal structure or organization. They may come together temporarily, such as a group of people waiting at a bus stop or attendees at a concert. Quasi groups have a minimal sense of group identity and usually do not have established roles, norms, or long-lasting relationships. A crowd in a bus stand or public place is an example for quasi group,
2. Primary Group: A primary group is a small, intimate, and enduring social group characterized by close personal relationships, frequent face-to-face interactions, and a strong sense of belonging. Examples include families, close friends, or tight-knit communities. Primary groups play a fundamental role in shaping individuals’ socialization, emotional support, and personal identity.
3. Secondary Group: A secondary group is a larger and more impersonal social group that is usually task-oriented and focused on achieving specific goals or objectives. Secondary groups are often characterized by formal roles and relationships, limited emotional intimacy, and a temporary nature. Examples include workplace teams, academic study groups, or professional associations.
4. In-Group: An in-group refers to a social group with which an individual identifies and feels a sense of belonging. It is often characterized by a shared identity, values, beliefs, and social norms. In-groups foster a sense of loyalty, solidarity, and social cohesion among their members. Examples include sports teams, religious communities, or cultural groups.
5. Out-Group: An out-group is a social group to which an individual does not belong or with which they do not identify. Out-groups are often seen as different or “other” in comparison to the in-group, and this distinction can lead to the development of stereotypes, prejudices, or even conflicts between groups.
6. Peer Group: A peer group refers to a social group composed of individuals who are similar in age, social status, and shared interests. Peer groups are crucial during adolescence and play a significant role in socialization, iderttity formation, and the development of social skills. Examples of peer groups include classmates, friends from extracurricular activities, or online communities.
7. Reference Group: A reference group is a social group that an individual uses as a standard for evaluating their own attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors. Reference groups provide individuals with a basis for comparison and may influence their aspirations, self-esteem, and decision¬making. They can be formal or informal and may include role models, celebrities, or professional associations.
8. Association: An association refers to a formal organization or group formed for a specific purpose, such as professional associations, clubs, or charitable organizations. Associations typically have defined structures, rules, and goals and provide opportunities for individuals to come together, collaborate, and pursue common interests or objectives.
In general, Society refers to a complex network of social relationships, institutions, and systems that form a broader social unit. Society involves various social groups, including families, communities, organizations, and institutions, and it functions through the establishment of norms, laws, and social structures that govern interactions and behavior within the society.
These different types of social groups highlight the diversity of human interactions, relationships, and social structures, each with its own unique characteristics, functions, and significance in shaping individuals and societies.
Question 29.
(a) Define Socialisation
(b) Explain different agencies of Socialisation .
Answer:
(a) Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of their society or culture. It is a lifelong process that begins at birth and continues throughout one’s life. Socialization occurs primarily through interactions with family, peers, educational institutions, media, and other socializing agents.
During socialization, individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to participate effectively in their social groups and society. It involves learning the cultural practices, language, social roles, and expectations that shape social behavior. Through socialization, individuals develop a sense of self-identity, personal values, and a shared, understanding of societal norms. It helps individuals understand social hierarchies, group dynamics, and the accepted ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving in their particular social context.
(b) Socialization is facilitated by various agencies, each playing a distinct role in shaping individuals’ attitudes, behaviors. and social identities. The key agencies of socialization include:
1. Family: The family is the primary agent of socialization. It is where children first learn social norms, values, and behaviors. Family members transmit cultural practices, language, and beliefs, providing emotional support and socializing children into their gender roles. Families shape individuals’ core values and provide a foundation for social interaction and identity development.
2. School: Schools are formal institutions specifically designed for education and socialization. They play a vital role in socializing children and adolescents beyond the family sphere. In schools, individuals learn academic knowledge, social skills, and ijultural expectations. Schools also foster the development of interpersonal relationships, teach discipline, and expose students to societal values and norms.
3. Peer Group: Peer groups consist of individuals of similar age, social status, and interests. Peers have a significant influence during adolescence and beyond. Peer groups provide opportunities for social interaction, acceptance, and identity exploration. They influence individuals’ fashion choices, language, attitudes, and behaviors, often challenging or reinforcing societal norms established by other socializing agents.
4. Mass Media: Mass media, including television, radio, internet, and print media, is a powerful socializing agent. It plays a crucial role in shaping individuals’ values, beliefs, and behaviors by disseminating information, promoting cultural norms, and providing entertainment. Mass media influences public opinion, social trends, and cultural practices, contributing to the formation of societal attitudes and individual identities.
5. Other Socializing Agencies: Religion, workplace, and other social institutions also contribute to socialization. Religion provides moral guidance, spiritual beliefs, and a sense of community. It helps individuals develop a moral compass and fosters cultural identity and social cohesion. The workplace introduces individuals to professional norms, work ethics, and organizational cultures. Other socializing agencies, such as community organizations, government institutions, and cultural groups, also shape individuals’ socialization experiences.
These agencies of socialization work in conjunction to shape individuals’ social identity, values, beliefs, and behaviors. They contribute to the transmission of societal norms, cultural heritage, and social cohesion. However, it’s important to note that socialization is a complex and dynamic process influenced by multiple factors, and individuals may experience different socializing agents to varying degrees throughout their lives.
Question 30.
Describe different reasons of Social Change.
Answer:
Social change is driven by various factors that interact and influence each other. Some of the key reasons for social change include:
1. Environment: Physical and climatic conditions can be catalysts for social change. Natural disasters, climate change, or ecological shifts can necessitate adjustments in human behavior, resource allocation, and societal structures. Environmental factors can lead to changes in agricultural practices, migration patterns, urbanization, and the development of new technologies to address environmental challenges.
2. Technology: Technological advancements have a profound impact on society and drive social change. Innovations in communication, transportation, iTianu- facturing, and information technology revolutionize the way people live, work, and interact. Technological progress can create new industries, transform labor markets, reshape social relationships, and redefine cultural practices.
3. Economy: Economic factors play a crucial role in shaping social change. Changes in economic systems, such as shifts from agricultural to industrial or from industrial to knowledge-based economies, have profound societal implications. Economic factors influence income distribution, | social class structure, labor practices, consumer behavior, and access to resources. Economic inequality, globalization, market forces, and
economic crises also contribute to social change.
4. Political: Political factors, including changes in governance, policies, and power dynamics, drive social change. Political revolutions, social movements, and shifts in political ideologies can reshape social structures and institutions. Changes in political systems, government policies, laws, and regulations can impact individual rights, social justice, and the distribution of power and resources.
5. Cultural: Cultural factors encompass beliefs, values, norms, traditions, and symbolic systems that guide human behavior and social interactions. Cultural change occurs through processes such as globalization, cultural diffusion, migration, intercultural exchange, and generational shifts. Changing cultural norms and values can influence social roles, family structures, gender relations, and societal attitudes toward issues like race, sexuality, and religion.
It is important to note that these factors often interact and influence each other. Social change is a complex and dynamic process shaped by multiple inter connected factors. Changes in one aspect of society often have ripple effects, triggering adaptations and transformations in other areas. Additionally, the pace and extent of social change can vary across societies and historical periods, leading to diverŠe outcomes and impacts on different social groups.