Kerala Plus Two History Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two History Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers

Part – I

A. Answer any 4 Questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The place where Nana Sahib led the Revolt of 1857
a) Delhi
b) Awadh
c) Bihar
d) Kanpur
Answer:
d) Kanpur

Question 2.
The terracotta models of the polugh have been found at the Harappan site of
a) Kalibangan
b) Balakot
c) Banwali
d) Dholavira
Answer:
c) Banwali

Question 3.
The traces of canals were found at the Harappan site of
a) Shortugliai
b) Lothal
c) Chanhudaro
d) Cholistan
Answer:
a) Shortugliai

Question 4.
The remains of Millets are found from the Harappan site in
a) Rajasthan
b) Gujarat
c) Haryana
d) Punjab
Answer:
b) Gujarat

Question 5.
The leader of the Virashaiva tradition in Karnataka
a) Kabir
b) Ravidas
c) Basavanna
d) Mirabai
Answer:
c) Basavanna

Question 6.
Who among the following is associated with Sikh religion?
a) Guru Nanak
b) Sundarar
c) Appar
d) Sambandar
Answer:
a) Guru Nanak

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
Who wrote the book’Padmavat’?
a) Malik Muhammad Jayasi
b) Shaikh Nizamudin
c) AmirKhusaru
d) Andal
Answer:
a) Malik Muhammad Jayasi

Question 8.
Which of the following is associated with Shadinama?
a) Lullabies
b) Stories
c) Wedding Songs
d) Drama
Answer:
c) Wedding Songs

Question 9.
The first European power who came to the Kerala coast
a) The Dutch
b) The Portuguese
c) The English
d) The French
Answer:
b) The Portuguese

Question 10.
The Capital of the Perumal Kindom in Kerala:
a) Kochi
b) Kannur
c) Mahodayapuram
d) Travancore
Answer:
c) Mahodayapuram

Part  -II

A. Answer any questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Write any two elements that historians consider when they analyse text like Mahabharata.
Answer:
• Language
• Content
• Author
• Date

Question 12.
Define Khud-Kashta and Pahi-Kashta.
Answer:

• Khud Kashta – Resident cultivators of villages.
• Pahi Kashta – Non-resident cultivators.

Question 13.
Examine the conditions of women in the agrarian society during the Mugal period.
Answer:
Women sowed, weeded, threshed and winnowed the harvest – gendered segregation was not possible – biases related to women’s biological functions – artisanal tasks – amongst the landed gentry, women had the right to inherit property.

Question 14.
Write any two limitations of oral history.
Answer:
Lack of concreteness and the chronology – unique¬ness of personal experience – memory of the indi¬vidual.

Question 15.
Name any two Tlnais mentioned in the Sangam Po-ems.
Answer:
• Kurinchi
• Mullai
• Palai
• Marutham
• Neithal

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Differentiate Vaishnavism and Shaivism.
Answer:
Vaishavism – Worship of Vishnu
Shainism – Worship of Shiva

Question 17.
Write a short note on the A in-1 Akbari.
Answer:
Abul Fazl – Completed in 1598 – 3rd book of Akbar Nama – Ain gives detailed accounts of the organisation of the court, administration and army, the sources of revenue and the physical layout of the princess of Akbar’s empire and the literary, cul¬tural and religious traditions of the people -5 books.

Question 18.
Who were the Joredars?
Answer:
While many Zamindars were facing a crisis at the end of the 18t’h century, a group of rich peasants called jotedars were consolidating their position in the villages. They controlled local trade as well as money lending. The power of jotedars was more effective than that of Zamindars. They were located in the villages. Their rise inevitably weakened Zamiondari authority.

Part – III

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Link column ‘A’ with ‘B’.

A	B
Paliyam Satyagraha	T.K. Madhavan
Kundara Proclamation	Rama Namby
Kurichiya Revolt	A.G. Velayudhan
Vaikom Satyagraha	Velu Thampi

Answer:

A	B
Paliyam Satyagraha	A.G. Velayudhan
Kundara Proclamation	Velu Thampi
Kurichiya Revolt	Rama Namby
Vaikom Satyagraha	T.K. Madhavan

Question 20.
Mark the following places on the outline map of an-cient India provided:
а) Lumbini
b) Samath
c) BodhGaya
d) Kusinagara
Answer:
a) Lumbini
b) Sarnath
c) Bodh Gaya
d) Kusinagara

Question 21.
Explain the features of Khanqahs and Silsilas.
Answer:

1. Khanqahs – Sufi hospices – controlled by a teaching master known as Shaikh, Pir or Murshid.
2. Silsilas – Sufi order – Literary means a chain signifying continuous link between master and disciple. It was through this channel that spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to devotees.

Question 22.
Bring out the features of the Mughal Capital cities.
Answer:

1. Delhi Agra
2. Fatehpur Sikri
3. Lahore
4. Shajahanabad

Question 23.
Why did the Santhals revolt against the British?
Rajmahal Hills – The hoe and the plough – paharias – settled agriculture expanded – In 1770s the British embarked on a brutal policy of extermination – Santhals were pouring into the area – Daipin-i-koh – Santhal settlements expanded rapidly – state levied heavy tax – money lenders – Santhal Revolt -1855¬56 – Sidhu.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
Write short note on Brahmi and Kharosthi script.
Answer:
Most scripts used to write modern Indian languages are derived from Brahmi, the script used in most Asokan inscriptions. James Princep was able to de¬cipher Asokan Brahmi in 1838. The Kharoshti script was used in inscriptions in the north west. Here,’finds of coins of Indo-Greek kings who ruled overthe area have facilitated matters. These coins contain the names of kings written in Greek and Kharoshti scripts.With prinsep identifying the languages of the Kharoshti inscriptions as prakrit, it became possible to read longer inscriptions as well.

Question 25.
How did travellers described the condition of women and slaves in Medieval India?
Answer:
Slaves were openly sold in markets, like any other commodity, and were regularly exchanged as gifts. There was considerable differentiation among slaves. Some female salves in the service of the-sultan were experts in music and dance. Female slaves were also employed by the Sultan to keep a watch on his nobles. While some women seemed to embrace Sati cheer¬fully, others were forced to die. However, women’s lives revolved around much else besides the prac¬tice of Sati. Their labour was crucial in both agricul¬tural and non-agricultural production. It seems un¬likely that women were confined to the private spaces of their homes.

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 26.
Briefly explain the following:
a) Asoka’s Dhamma
b) Limitations of inscriptional evidences
Answer:
a) Asoka tried to hold his empire together by propa gating Dhamma, the principles of which were simple and virtually universally applicable. This would ensure the well-being of people in this world and the next. Special officers, known as the Dhamma mahamattta, were appointed to spread the message of dhamma. He used the inscriptions to proclaim what he understood to be Dhamma. This included respect towards elders, generosity towards Brahmanas and those who renounced worldly life, treating slaves and servants kindly, and respect for religions and traditions other than one’s own.

b) Technical limitations: Letters are very fainly engraved, inscriptions may be damaged or letters missing.

1. It is not always easy to be sure about the exact meaning of the words used in inscriptions.
2. Not all inscriptions have been deciphered, published and translated.
3. Many more inscriptions have not survived the ravage of time.
4. Not everything that we may consider po-litically or economically significant was neces¬sarily recorded in inscriptions.

Question 27.
Prepare short note on the following:
a) Teachings of Buddhism
b) The structure of the Stupas
Answer:
a. Sutta Pitaka – The world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing. It is also soulless . (anatta) as these is nothing permanent or eternal in it. Sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence. It is by following the path of moderation between severe penance and self indulgence that human beings can rise above these wordly troubles. Social world is the creation of humans. Individual agency and righteous action are the means to escape from cycle of rebirth and attain nibbana.

b. Stupas are holy places. These are mounds where part of the mortal remains of Buddha or some things he used is buried. They have been made with bricks or stones. They have a lot of story value.

1. Even before the coming of Buddhism, the practice of making stupas was in existence. Later it became attached to Buddhism.
2. Since they are built over the remains of Buddha or the things he used, they are worshipped as a sign of Buddha and Buddhism.

Followers of Buddha built many stupas in different parts of India. The Buddhist Book “Asokavadana Sishta” says that Emperor Asoka sent the mortal remains of Buddha in all the important towns of his empire and ordered stupas to be built over them. By the 2nd century BC, many stupas were built. The most famous stupas are in Bharhut, Sanchi and Saranath.

Stupa is a Sanskrit word meaning a heap or mound. In the early times, stupas were in semi-circles. Later they were known as ‘anda’. Gradually, the structure of the stupas became complex. They now acquired circular and rectangular shapes. Overthe andas, they built some kind of balcony. It was called harmika which means ‘sreekovil’. It represents the abode of god. From harmika rose a flag-post, called ‘yashti’. Around this there were chhatris (umbrellas). Around ’ the mound, a stone wall was constructed separating it from the material world around. The early stupas in Sanchi and Bharhut were simple.

The gates and the fences were looking as if they were made of bamboos or wood. There were four entrance arches to the stupas. These arches were decorated with sculptures. The worshippers entered the stupa from the eastern archway and went round the mound, Later these v stupas were adorned with various sculptures and inscriptions. Such decorated stupas can be seen in Amaravati and Shahji-ki-dheri in Peshawar in Pakistan.

Question 28.
Write a brief note on the following:
a) TheMahanvami Dibba
b) The Gopurams and Mandapas
Answer:
a) Mahanavami dibba is situated in the Royal Centre of the Vijayanagara empire. It is a massive platform rising from a base about 11,000 sq.ft, to a heights of 40 ft. There is evidence to that it supported a wooden structure. The base of platform is covered with relief carvings.

Celebrations like Mahanavami are connected to Mahanavami Dibba. Mahanavami means the Great Ninth Day. This feast is known by different names in different regions. In North India it is ‘Dussehra’, in Bengal it is ‘Durga Pooja’ and in South India it is ‘Navaratri’. The Vijayanagara kings exhibited their glory and authority during this festival.

Mahanavami is celebrated with many rituala Idol worship, veneration to the royal horse, animal sacrifice etc. were part of the rituals. The celebrations are made more enjoyable through dance performances, wrestling, processions with adorned horses, elephants, chariots and soldiers. Nayakas and regional chiefs owing loyalty to the main King come with gifts for their king and his guests. All these rituals had their symbolic meanings. On the last day of the festival, a huge function was conducted in an open place. In that the King examines his army and also those of the Nayaks.On this occasion, the nayaks give tribute to the king. Along with the tribute, the nayaks also gave the king plenty of expensive gifts.

b) In the temple construction some new features appeared. The most important innovation was the construction of huge gate towers and halls. These were the symbols of royal authority. Therefore these towers were called ‘Rayagopuras’. They were very tall, like skyscrapers, and sometimes they were even bigger than the temple itself. They showed even from a far distance the presence of a temple. The Vijayanagara kings constructed halls and corridors with tall pillars. These corridors were made in such a way that they went round the main worshipping area. The halls had many pillars with inscriptions. The temples had extensive grounds on all the sides.

Question 29.
Analayse the rumours and prophesies existed during the period of the Revolt of 1857. Name any three leaders of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Rumours and prophecies: Rumours and predictions did play a big role in the 1857 Revolt. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the rumour about the new cartridges for the Enfield rifles. A rumour spread that these cartridges were smeared with cow and pig fat. This news spread among the North Indian sepoys like wildfire.

The origin of this rumour was laterfound out. Captain Wright, who was the Commander of the Rifle Instruction Depot, had reported an incident. In the 3rd week of January 1857, a khalasi from a lower caste asked a Brahmin sepoy to give him some water from his container of water. The sepoy refused to give him his container saying that touch by a lower caste would pollute the water. The angered Khalasi then told him that soon he would have to use cartridges smeared with cow and pig fat and then he would lose his caste.

We don’t know the truth of this story. Another rumour quickly followed. It said that the British government was deliberately panning to destroy the Hindu and Muslim faiths. The rumour that the bones of both cows and pigs were ground and mixed with the flour sold in the market. People then refused even to touch this flour.
There was also a feeling that the British were trying to covert Hindus and Muslims into Christianity. This increased the fear and anxiety of the followers of these religions.

Role of leaders:
The revolt of 1857 broke out at Meerut. Then they rushed to Delhi and appeal to the old Mughal emperor to accept the leadership of the revolt. After that Bahahur shah took the leadership of the revolt in Delhi. In Kanpur, the revolt was led by Nana Sahib, the successor to Peshwa Baji Rao II. In Jhansi, the rani was forced by the popular pressure around her to assume the leadership of the uprising.

So was Kunwar Singh, a local zamindar in Arrah in Bihar. In Awadh, the British displaced the popular Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and annexed the state to British empire. So the people of Lucknow halied Birjisoadr, the young son of the Nawab, as their leader. Shah Mai mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh; Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singbhum ih Chotanagpur, became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Explain the following:
a) The rules of marriage in ancient India
b) The Varna System.
Answer:

1. Brahma Marriage – In this type, the adorned bride is given in marriage to a wise, gentlemanly bridegroom.
2. Prajapatya Marriage-Here the father gives his daughter in marriage without any dowry. This is an altered version of Brahma marriage.
3. Arsha Marriage – Here the father of the girl gives his daughter to the bridegroom from whom he gets a pair of bulls or cows.
4. Daiva Marriage – Here the bridegroom is a priest.
5. Asura Marriage – Here the bridegroom gives bride price to the father of the bride for getting the girl married to him.
6. Gandharva Marriage – This is love marriage in the traditional way.
7. Rakshasa Marriage – The bride is kidnapped from her house and then she is given to the bridegroom.
8. Paisacha Marriage – This was very rare. Here the man molests the girl and since she has lost her virginity she is fdrcejl to marry the molester.

B) The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras specify the kind of work the 4 classes have to do:

1. The Brahmins were to learn and teach Vedas, perform Yagas and give and receive alms.
2. The Kshatriyas were to fight in wars, protect people, ensure justice, learn Vedas, get Yagas done and give alms.
3. The Vaisyas were also to learn Vedas, get Yagas done and give alms. In addition, they were to practise agriculture, do trading, and keep sheep.
4. The Sudras were to do only one thing-serve the other 3 Classes.

Question 31.
Examine the importance of chronicles during the Mugal Period.
Answer:
As per the instructions from the Mughal Emperors, the palace historians kept a diary of the important happenings in the country. These are the Chronicles, t They talk about the achievements of the Mughal rulers. They also give chronologically the important ‘ events. Chronicles are an important source to study about the Mughal Capital and Mughal Empire.

1. One of the aims was to let the people know the policies of the state.
2. Another aim was to let the enemies of the country know that their efforts were bound to fail and they would be defeated.
3. A third aim was to leave the records of the Mughal rule to future generations.
   Akbar Nama, Badshah Nama, Humayun Nama, Babur Nama, Alamgir Nama etc. are some important Mughal chronicles.

Question 32.
Explain the following:
a) The Cabinet Mission
b) The Partition of India
Answer:
a) In March 1946 the British Cabinet sent a three- member mission to Delhi to examine the League’s demand and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India. These were the recommendations:

1. Formation of an Indian Union including the BritishProvinces and the native states. India should remain one.
2. Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communication should be handled by the Centre. Other matters may be administered by the Province and native states.
3. The existing Provinces would be grouped into A, B and C. In A group there will be Provinces with Hindu majority. In the B group, there will be Provinces of Muslim majority from the North West region. In Group C, Muslim Majority Provinces of the North East, including Assam, will be included.
4. A Constitution making Committee will be made. This Committee will be elected by the Provincial Assemblies.
5. Until the Constitution is prepared, an Ad-hoc government will be formed in the Centre. It will consist of leaders of different political parties.

Partition soon became inevitable. Most Congress leaders were against it. But they had to finally agree to it They knew that although it was undesirable it was inevitable. There were only two people who vehemently opposed partition – Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi (Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan).

b) Before the naked truth of communal politics the dream of a united India was broken. As the Muslim League insisted that it would not be satisfied with anything less than a partition, partition became a reality. The British did not show any sincerity in checking the Muslim League from its extreme demands. In fact the British were encouraging the League in their demand for a separate country. The Cabinet Mission schemes failed, and things became more complex.

The thinking of the Muslim League made the unity and security of the country very complex. It did not join the Congress Government. It also exhorted for a communal riot. Against this, the Hindu Mahasabha, RSS and Akali Dal joined together and moved against the Muslim League.There was a series of communal murders of lootings in India. The North-Western parts of India were immersed in blood and the government was helpless. The indifferent attitude of the British indirectly helpect the riots. A stage was reached when both Hindus and Muslims thought Partition was the only way out.

In this tense situation, the 77-year old Gandhiji came forward to establish peace between Hindus and Muslims. He decided to give up everything to maintain his principle of Ahimsa which he cherihed all his life. He stifl believed he could change the minds of people. From the village of Noakhali in East Bengal he travefled to the villages in Bihar. He also went to Calcutta and Delhi which witnessed large scale killings and looting. He tried to prevent the Hjndus and Muslims from killing one another. He tried to give confidence to the members of the minority communities.

The worst victims of the Partition were women. Many have written about the terrible experiences many women. Many of them were raped. Many were kidnapped and sold. They were forced to live a new life with strangers in a strange Iand Somehow many of them suffered indescñbable difficulties. But some adjusted with the new situation.

The governments of India and Pakistan did not bother to realise the complexities of human relations. Both governments decided to exchange women belonging to their respective countries – the Pakistani women in India had to go to Pakistan and Indian women in Pakistan had to come to India. Following this, a countrywide search was made to locate the women abducted from both sides. Those who were found were sent back to their countries. Nobody bothered to seek the opinion of the women involved in this exchange. Thus women were denied to take decisions about their own lives.

Part – V

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
Analyse.the features of the Harappan Civilization Hints:
• The Drainage System
• Domestic Architecture
• The Citadel
• Burial
Answer:
Mohenjo Daro is the most important site of the Harappan Culture. This was discovered after Harappa. It was from Mohenjo Daro that details regarding town planning, houses and seals of the Harappan Culture were got. This big city is situated in the Larkana District of Sind, on the shores of Sindhu River. The word Mohenjo Daro means the Mound of the Dead. The excavations made here brought to light the remains of a great city. The city was divided into two: The citadel and the Lower Town.

The Citadel (Fortress) is on a manmade platform. This is built on the western side of the city. This is the highest part of the city. There are two reasons for its height. Firstly, it is built on higher ground. Secondly, the buildings are put up on a platform made of earthen bricks. The fortress is protected with walls around it. Therefore it looks different from the Lower Town. In the fortress, there are tall buildings. They are public buildings. They were used for special public activities. The Warehouse and the Great Bath were the main structures in the fortress.

The Warehouse was the biggest building in Mohenjo Daro. The bottom part of the Warehouse is made of bricks. They still remain there. The upper part was built with wood. It got destroyed long ago. The Warehouse was used to store the left-over grain.

The most important structure ¡n the fortress (citadel) of Mohenjo Daro is the Great Bath. It is in rectangular shape. The pond is in the yard which is surrounded by corridors on all four sides. To get into the pond there are steps on the northern and southern sides.

The bottom of the pond is made watertight using bricks and lime paste. This prevents the water from seeping down and making the pond dry. There are rooms on 3 sides of the pond. There was a big well in one of the rooms. The water for the pond was brought from this 1I. There were provisions for filling the pond with water and to make the dirty water flow out Into drains. Historians think that the Great Bath had a religious importance. They think that this Great Bath was used for ritual baths.

The Great Bathshows the importance the Harappans gave to cleanliness. It alsoshows their engineering arid technical skills. The plight of Harappa was really bad. Although Harappa was the first site to be discovered, thieves took away all he bricks. This sad plight was noticed by Alexander Cunningham. He pointed out that a huge amount of bricks was taken away.

Thus most of the ancient buildings were lost. But Mohenjo Daro wasbetter protected. Most Harappan settlements had to parts a higher western part and a lower eastern part. The western part is called the citadel or fortress. It was protected by walls. But there are some differences in some places. In Lothal, the citadel had no walls around. But it was built very high.

The Lower Town was just belowthe citadel. This was also protected by walls. People lived here. Here we can see good examples of’domestic architecture. The houses were made of bricks. The houses were ordered in the Grid System. The houses were built along both sides of the road, with adequate space between houses. Thé doors and windows were opened to face the central yard. It is believed that the yard was used for cooking and also weaving.

The houses did not have doors and windows that faced the street. All the houses had bathrooms. They were paved with bricks. The drainage system was excellent. Houses were different in size. There were single room and double room houses. There were also houses with more than two storeys. To get to the top stories there were staircases. Big houses had wells. It was dug in a room in such a way that even outsiders could draw water from it. Experts estimate that Mohenjo Daro had some 700 wells.

Houses were built on raised platforms. The settlements were l planned. The bncks were made to certain specifications. The same kind of bricks were used in most constructions. The drainage system in the Harappan cities was excellent. The drain of each house was linked to the drainage canal outside. The drainage canals were covered with bricks or sheets of rock. In some places they covered the drainage canals with limestone slabs. It was possible to clean the canals by removing the top cdverings.

There were manholes in the public drainage. It is believed that the drainage was made first and thon came the houses. The drainage syste shows the engineering skill of the Harappan people. It shows they had a town administration. It also shows how much importance they gave to hygiene and health. The drainage system was not limited to big dtles. Even the settlements in places like Lothal had drainages.

Burials: The burial system existed in Harappa is the most important factor that helps us to find out the social differences existed in Harappa. At burials in Harappa soes the dead were generally laid in pits. Sometimes, these were differences in the way the burial pit was made. The variations can be considered as an indication of social differences.

Question 34.
Describe the travel experiences of I bn Battutaof medeival Indian Society. Areas to be considered:
a) An early globe-trotter
b) The Coconut and the paan
c) Description of Indian cities
Answer:
lbn Battuta was born in Tangier in Morocco. He belonged to one of the most respectable and educated families in Tangier. He considered experience gained through travels to be a more important source of knowledge than books. So he loved travelling, and went to far-off places, exploring new worlds and peopes.

lbnBath.a reached’Sind in 1333. He had heard about Muhammed bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of Delhi. He was attracted by the reputation of the Sultan and a gen erous patron of arts and letters. So he went to Delhi. The Sultan was impressed by his scholarship, and appointed him the qazior judge of Delhi. He remained in that position for several years. He returned to Morocco in 1347.

lbn Battuta’s book of travels called Rihia, Written in Arabic provides extremely rich and interesting de
tails about the soaal and cultural life in the fourte,century He carefully recorded his observations about
new customers, peoples, beliefs values, etc.

lbn Battuta stated that Indian cities had exciting opportunities for those who had the necessary, drive, resources and skills. They were densely populated and prosperous. Most of the cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets with a wide variety of goods. He described Delhi as a vast city with a great population, the largest city in India, Another big city in India was Daulatabad. The bazars re not only places of economic transactions but also the hub of social and cultural activities. Most bazars had a mosque and a temple. Some of them had spaces for public performances by dancers.

musician’s and singers. lbn Battuta found Indian ag riculture very productive because of the fertility of the soil, which allowed farmers to cultivate two crops a year. He also noted that the subcontinent was well integrated with inter-Asian network of trade and com merce. Indian goods had great demand in both West Asia and South East Asia.

The postal system in India surprised Ibn Battuta. This helped the merchants to send their goods to distant places and also to repay their debts. The postal sys tem was effiaent. From Sindh ittookonlyafewdays forgoodsto reach Delhi. The news sent by the spies would reach the Sultan in just five days. ome of the best examples of ibn Battuta’s strate gies of representation are evident in the ways n which he described the coconut and the paan, two kinds of plant produce that were completely unfamiliar to his audience.

Question 35.
Examine how Mahatma Gandhi transformed Indian National Movement into a mass movement.
Hints:
a) The Non-Cooperation Movement
b) Salt Satyagraha
c) Quit India Movement

Answer:
In January 1915, Gandhiji returned to his homeland. His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University.In 1916, Gandhiji was approached by a peasants from Champaran, who toldJiim about the harsh treatment of peasants by British indgo planters. Gandhiji was to spend much of 1917 in Champaran, seeking to obtain for the peasants had the freedom to cultivate The crops of their choice. In 1918, he was involved in two campaigns in his home state of Gujarat. First, he intervened the labour dispute in Ahmedabad demanding better working conditions for the textile mill workers. Then he joined the peasants in Kheda in asking the state for the remission of taxes following the failure of harvest.

During the great war of 1914-18 the British had instituted censorship of the press and permitted deten¬tion without trial. It had been passed on the recommendation of a committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlett. So it is known as Rowlatt Act.

Gandhiji called for a country wide campaign against the Rowlatt Act. The protest were particularly intense in the Punjab. Gandhiji proceeded to the Punjab. But oh the way he was detained. The situation in the province grew progressively more tense, reaching a bloody climax in Amritsar in April 1919. A British brigadier ordered his troops to open fire on a nationalist meeting. More than four hundred people were killed. This incident is known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

To broaden the straggle Gandhiji had joined hands with the Khilafat movement. It started to restore the caliphate a symbol of pan Islamism. The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first strong moment of Gandhi against the British. It was part of Gandhi’s concept of non-violence.

The Non-Cooperation Movement had three aims:
• Find a solution to the Punjab problem.
• Solve the Khilafat issue.
• Gain swaraj.

The exhortations of Gandhiji had great effect. Students boycotted government institutions. Thousands of workers in cities and towns went on strike. Official records show that in 1921 there were 396 strikes involving 6 lakh workers. 7 lakh working days were lost. In the Non-Cooperation Movement, women and farmers took active part.

The Chauri-Chaura incident was big jolt to the Movement Gandhi was forced to stop the Movement. Violence in Chauri-Chaura occurred when police fired at a procession of farmers. The enraged farmers attacked the Chauri-Chaura police station and burnt it. 22 policemen were killed. This shocked Gandhiji. He realized that people were not yet ready to fight using non-violence. On 22 February 1922, he decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He said that no provocation would justify the killing of the 22 policemen.

Gandhi planned a new way of struggle against the British. This was the Civil Disobedience Movement. He said he would start it by breaking the Salt Law. Salt Law was one of the laws that Indians hated most. Gandhi’s move to breach the salt law was a strategic one. He knew by this he could make the people fight against the government.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards ocean. He reached the destination three weeks later, making fistful of salt as he did and there making himself a criminal in the eyes of the law. Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were conducted in other parts of India. Across large parts of India peasants breached the hated colonial forest laws. In some towns, factory workers went on strike shile lawyers boycotted British courts and students refuse to attend government run-education institutions. Nearly 6000 Indians in-cluding Gandhiji were arrested.

The British government continued a series of Round Table Conferences in London. The first Round Table Conference was held in 1930. Gandhiji or any promi-nent Congress leaders did not participate in the con-ference. Gandhiji was released from jail in 1931 and the following month had several meetings with the victory. This led to the Gandhi Irwin Pact, by the terms of which disobedience movements.

After the failure of Cripps Mission, Gandhiji decided to start his third phase of struggle against British rule. This is known as Quit India Movement. It started in August 1942. The immediate cause of this Move-ment was the failure of the Cripps Mission. Gandhi demanded that the British should leave India peace-fully and in a timely manner. Congress accepted that idea. On 8 August 1942, Congress met at Bombay and passed a resolution asking the British to quit India. The resolution made it clear that to make the British go away, a struggle would be organized un-der Gandhi. This struggle is known as Quit India Movement. Gandhi asked the people to come into the open with the slogan ‘Do or Die’.

a) It was a popular movement. Thousands of ordinary people came with their support. Youths were ready to quit colleges and go to jail.
b) It showed the willingness of the people to suffer for freedom and to go to any extent to achieve freedom.
c) it made the British realize that their days were numbered. It forced them to negotiate the transfer of power.
d) It brought world’s attention to the Indian struggle for freedom.