Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2022 to improve time management during exams.
Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2022
Part – I
A. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 x 1 = 4)
Question 1.
The version of map which is already provided to each of us in childhood by the process of socialisation is called
Answer:
Commonsense Map
Question 2.
To overcome biased and incomplete knowledge about the society we have to looft at overselves through the eyes of others. This is termed as
Answer:
Self Reflexivity
Question 3.
The concept of dominant caste was coined by
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas
Question 4.
Keeping away individuals from full involvement in the society is called
Answer:
Social Exclusion
Question 5.
The term Harijan was put forward by
Answer:
Gandhiji
Question 6.
The process of selling shares of public sector com-panies by the government is called
Answer:
Disinvestment
B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)
Question 7.
______ is the American Sociologist who studied the relationship between personal troubles and social issues.
(Karl Marx, Max Weber, C.Wright Mills)
Answer:
C. Wright Mills
Question 8.
The social Reform Movement founded in Bengal. (Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Brahma Samaj)
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj
Question 9.
The first school for girls was started in Pune by
Answer:
Jyothiba Phule
Question 10.
An essay on the principles of population (1798) was written by
Answer:
Robert Thomas Malthus
Part – II
A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)
Question 11.
Define Demography dividend.
Answer:
If the number of the people working is more, it will be called Demography dividend.
Question 12.
Define Patrilocal family.
Answer:
If after marriage the couple stays in the husband’s home, it will be a patrilocal family. In such a family, the property goes from the father to the sons. In patrilocal families, the father of the family, or the eldest male there will be the authority.
Question 13.
Mention any 2 cultural changes brought about by colonialism.
Answer:
- Sankritization
- Modernization
Question 14.
Write a short note on circulation of labour.
Answer:
Agricultural labourers for getting work during the time of agriculture migrate to other villages temporarily and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.
Question 15.
What is corporate culture?
Answer:
Because of extraordinary organizational skills some business management families increase their production and profit. They develop good business relations with the customers. This is what is known as Corporate Culture. This increases the dedication of the workers and the cooperation of the consum ers. Such companies give much importance of company values and working style.
B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each caries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)
Question 16.
Write any 2 problems faced by Adivasi’s.
Answer:
- Poverty
- Lack of authority
Question 17.
What is social inequality?
Answer:
Social inequality is the situation in which there is inequality in the availability of social resources. and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.
Question 18.
Define Dominant caste.
Answer:
The caste that has a large number of people who own much wealth and has political power is called the Dominant Caste. For example, the Yadavas in Bihar and UP, the Vokkaligas in Karnataka and the Marathas in Maharashtra are Dominant Castes.
A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each caries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)
Question 19.
Differentiate between Social map and Geographical map.
Answer:
- Social Map:
- Shows the position of an individual in the society.
- By comparing one with the others in the society, a person can decide his position in the society.
- Geographical Map:
- Show the exact location of your region.
- Shows the nature of your region
Question 20.
Distinguish between Nuclear and Joint Family.
Answer:
Nuclearfamily is the smallest family. It is also called Elementary family. The members of a nuclearfamily are the parents and their children. It has members of two generations. Joint Family is the opposite of nuclear family. It is also called Extended family. This is of different kinds. In it, more than one couples and more than 2 generations live together. This can be some brothers and their families. It can be an old couple living with their children and grandchildren. Extended families are seen as a feature of Indian families. But it never was a strong family all over the country. It was confined to some groups and some regions. Extended family is still not a strong form of family.
Question 21.
Describe the disadvantages of Home based work.
Answer:
Women and children make beedi, joss-sticks, lace, brocades and hand-woven mats. Agents of large scale manufacturing companies make raw materials for making the above things to women and children at home and assign the work of making the products. When the work is competed the agents give them wages and take the products away.
To start making beedis, tendu leaves are collected from private agents or from the forest department. These leaves are given to the women and children. These leaves are made soft and then cut into the size for beedis. Then in this beedi leaf tobacco is filled and rolled and tied with a thread. These beedis are taken to the factory by the contractors and there they are packed and labelled.
The factory owners make huge profits but the wages the workers get are very little. Most of the beedi workers are women and girls who have dropped out of school. They don’t have the collective organizational power to fight for their rights.
Question 22.
Prepare a note on Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
The growth of the mass media has helped people to be self-sufficient, and to work for national development. The mass media helps people to be aware of the various programmes and policies of the government. It helps people to dislike social evils like uritouchability, child marriage, and various restrictions for widows. In the modern industrialised society, mass media helps in propagating scientific values and reasoning power among the people.
The two major mass media in independent India are: 1. Radio, 2. Television.
1. Radio: Radio broadcasting started in India in 1920 in Calcutta and Chennai under the auspices of some Broadcasting Clubs. In the 1940s “Ham Radio”, also called Amateur Radio, became very popular. During the Second World War, Radio was the main tool of propaganda for the Allied Forces in Asia. In 1947 India had only 6 radio stations. They were in the major cities. Only the urban dwellers that lived there had its benefit. Most of the programmes were news broadcasts, contemporary incidents and discussions. By the year 2000, some HOmillion homes were benefited by radio broadcasts. The broadcasts were in 24 languages and 146 dialects. 1/3 of . the listeners were from homes in villages.
2. Television: Television came to India in 1959. By 1976, in the States of India satellite television began broadcasting “Instructional Experiment” television programmes. In 1975 television stations under Doordarshan were operating in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Srinagar and Amritsar. In another year, Kolkata, Chennai, and Jalandhar joined this group of cities. TV channels then began to broadcast programmes specially meant for women, children and farmers.
Question 23.
Briefly explain Tribal Movement.
Answer:
Tribal Movement
Santhal, Ho, Oraon., Munda, etc. some of the major tribes in India. They have some common problems. But their differences are also big. In the Tribal areas of central India, many Tribal Movements have been formed. Most Tribal Movements are in the newly formed Jharkhand State. The Tribal Movements in the Jharkhand region are more than 100 years old. The leader who started the Tribal Movement was Birsa Munda. After his death, he became a godly figure for them. Throughout the Jharkhand region stories and songs about him were propagated. In Bihar it was the Christian missionaries who went into the Tribal Areas with literacy campaigns.
Educated Adivasis began to make researches regarding their history and the legends regarding them. They started collecting information about the Tribal traditions and cultural rituals. Using different means they spread the various facts and brought about a kind of common awareness among the Tribals.
Many Tribals were employed in government jobs. Then there developed a middle-class Tribal leadership. Then came the demand for an independent State. The Tribals hated the migrant traders and money-lenders who were called Dikus. Cruel dikus harmed the Tribals and took possession of their properties. They started dominating mining and industries there. They became large landowners. Then the Tribals were ousted from their own places. These problems helped the Adivasis to organise themselves into powerful groups and fight for their cause, finally gaining a State for themselves.
B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)
Question 24.
What is invisible hand who introduced the concept of Invisible hand?
Answer:
In the market, individuals have their own interests. When the individual interests in the market are protected it becomes favourable for the economic system. The economic system is then nurtured and the wealth of the society increases. This kind of development that is not visible, but is beneficial for individuals and indirectly good for the society is called the Invisible Hand. The concept of the Invisible Hand was put forward by Adam Smith. He talked about it in his famous book “Wealth of Nations”.
Question 25.
Describe caste system as a discriminatory system.
Answer:
Caste system as a discriminatory system. One¬sided and prejudicial behaviour to other groups and individuals is called discrimination. And when caste is made the reason for the discrimination it is caste discrimination. When a job js refused to someone just because of sex or community, there is discrimination. Discriminations are not often stated openly and publicly. To justify discriminations people look for various justifications. Because of one’s caste a person may be denied a certain job. But then the employer will say that he gave employment on the basis of merit.
Part – IV
A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)
Question 26.
Explain the concept of commoditization with ex-amples.
Answer:
Two important features of capitalist society are commoditization and consumption. As the capitalist system spread all the over world, markets began to appear in all spheres of human life. With this the process called commoditization also began. Commoditization happens when goods and services that were not sold in the market before become goods for sale. In this process, some things that are not goods are transformed into goods and are made part of the market system. A good example is drinking water. Drinking water was not something for sale in the past. When drinking water is bottled and sold in the market it becomes a commodity. Its commoditization takes place. In the same manner labour, skilled labour and expertise have been commoditised to be bought and sold.
Question 27.
Evaluate the social consequences of Green Revolu-tion.
Answer:
Social Consequences of the Green Revolution in India:
- Only middle class and big landowners were benefited by the Green Revolution.
- The peasants who used to take fields on lease for cultivation could not get fields.
- People who did manual labour in the fields did not have work.
- As the peasants got money as their wages, their condition became pathetic.
- The commercialization of agriculture and the monoculture system caused a reduction in the prices of the crops causing financial crunch to the farmers.
- It helped in increasing regional inequality.
Question 28.
Explain any 2 structural changes brought about by colpnialism in India.
Answer:
The two structural changes brought by colonialism in India were:
- Industrialization
- Urbanization
1. Industrialization:
The number of rapid and drastic changes industrialization brought in the industrial sector is collectively known as Industrialization. Use of machines and the use of water vapour and electricity are the specialties of industrialization.
2. Urbanization:
Urbanization means the large scale migration of people from rural areas to urban centres. Industrialization and urbanization are mutually interrelated processes. In the modern industrialised societies, people work in factories, offices or shops. Farmers are very few. In areas around industries people live in large numbers and so the density is great. Into the areas close to the industries, people migrate for getting jobs, greater living facilities and education.
Mumbai, Madras and Kolkata which were the administrative centres and had many industries became large cities. Old manufacturing centres like Surat and Masulipatnam were industrialised. Because of the British industrialization, the cottage industries in India were ruined. As a result of industrialization, new social relations and social groups came up. The structure of the Indian society changed. Large cities like Mumbai and Madras had much influence on the Indian economic system. These cities exported raw materials at cheap rates and imported new products into India.
Mumbai exported cotton.
- Kolkota exported jute to Dundee.
- Madras exported sugar, indigo, cotton, dyes etc.
Question 29.
Explain the power and responsibilities of Gramapanchayath.
Answer:
Powers and Responsibilities of Grama Panchayats: According to the provisions of the Constitution, all State governments are to share their authorities and responsibilities with the Panchayats.
- The responsibilities of the Panchayats are the following:
- Make plans schemes for economic development.
- Encourage to enlarge social justice schemes.
- Collect, taxes, tolls and fees in a proper way.
- Give necessary financial help to the local administrative authorities to carry out their responsibilities.
- Taking care cerrjeteries and cremation grounds, keeping statistics of births and deaths, maternity centres child welfare centres, family welfare schemes, farmers’ welfare, etc. should be responsibility of the panchayats.
- Local roads, wells, public ponds, schools, construction of buildings for public undertakings are the responsibility of the elected representatives. They should give leadership to projects like IRDP and ICDS.
- Activities to bring out social welfare:
- Building cemeteries, cremation grounds, and maintaining them.
- Register births and deaths.
- Establish maternity centres and child welfare centres.
- Maintain the local roads. Do things related, Cattle rearing and agricultural work.
- Give publicity to family planning programmes.
- Development Activities:
- Construct roads, public buildings and wells and maintain them.
- Encourage cottage industries and maintain small irrigation projects.
- Make sure that the schemes like IRDP, ICDST are implemented properly.
The main sources of income for the Panchayats are property tax, professional tax, motor vehicle tax, land
cess and revenue. District panchayats used to give some concessions on these. The expenditure account should be exhibited publicly in the panchayat office. Because of this the people at the ground level can also have access to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. In some States there are Nyaya Panchayats, which handle small civil and criminal cases. They can also impose fines. Issues related giving and taking are dealt with here.
B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 x 6 = 12)
Question 30.
Match the following.
| A | B |
| Raja Ram Mohan Roy | Stree-Purush Tulana |
| Tarabai Shinde | Harijan |
| Jyotiba Phule | Brahmo Samaj |
| Kaka Kalelkar | Satyasodak Samaj |
| Gandhiji | Muslim Social Reformer |
| Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan | Backward Class Commission |
Answer:
| A | B |
| Raja Ram Mohan Roy | Brahmo Samaj |
| Tarabai Shinde | Stree-Purush Tulana |
| Jyotiba Phule | Satyasodak Samaj |
| Kaka Kalelkar | Backward Class Commission |
| Gandhiji | Harijan |
| Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan | Muslim Social Reformer |
Question 31.
Describe any 2 Social reforms Movements.
Answer:
1. The Chipko Movement:
This is an environmental movement that began in the hilly regions of the Himalayan valley. It was the result of a mingling of ideology and interests. In his book “The Unquiet Woods”, Ramachandra Guha says the villagers came together protect the oak trees near their village.
Thousands of people came forward to protect the oak trees and the rhododendron forest. Government contractor came with arms to fell the trees. But the women and children held their hands and embraced the trees, not allowing the workers to cut them. The village women used to collect their firewood and hay from the forest.
- The government had expected a huge amount . of profit by selling the trees to contractors.
- Here the clash was between the economic system of survival and the economic system of profit.
- The interest of the capitalists is behind the to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. moves of the government.
- For the villagers the forest is their wealth.
- The forest is their means of livelihood.
- It is the forest that gives them firewood, hay and some other necessities of life.
- The economic system for existence was becoming valueless in front of the economic system of profit.
The Chipko Movement highlighted the problem ecological balance. Deforestation is an ecological problem. Because of deforestation, there are floods and landslides. The Chipko Movement began to seriously discuss the economic system, environmental knowledge, and political representation. The officers who live in the plains to not know anything about the importance of forests. They were often different from the villagers and sometimes even their enemies.
2. Brahmo Samaj:
The founder of Brahmo Samaj, Rajaram Mohan Roy, had already started his activities against the system of Sati. Borrowing western logical thoughts, he wanted to make changes in the Indian traditions and Hindu beliefs. Even widows of the higher caste Hindus had to immolate themselves in the funeral pyre of their husbands. It was this cruel system known as Sati. In 1860, in the curriculum of Bombay University there was the book “Analogy of Religion” by Bishop Joseph Butler. Influenced by this book, Mahadeva Govinda Ranade also became a leader of social reforms in India.
Question 32.
Describe the roll of Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the first Prime Minister of independent India exhorted the media to be the watchdog of the society. Media was expected to propagate the principle of self-reliance and national development among the people. In the early stages of her independence, India gave greater importance to development. Media was seen as a means of letting people know of the various development plans and activities of the government.
Media encouraged people to fight against evil practices like untouchability, child marriage and bans on widows, and against superstitions like black magic, faith treatment and so on. The nation’s main aim was the make the people think logically and scientifically and build the nation into a prosperous one. The government wanted to use the media for this. Films Division of India made newsreels and documentaries which were shown in all cinema theatres before the start of the film. Thus the media helped in letting the people know of the development plans and activities of the government.
Question 33.
(a) Explain the Theory of Demographic Transition.
(b) Compare Theory of Demographic Transition with Malthusian Theory of Population.
(c) Find the position of Indian Society in the Demographic transition stage.
Answer:
a) Theory of Demographic Transition: This theory suggests that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:
Stage I : In this stage, in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward death rate and birth rate is less. The difference between them is also less.
In the first and third stage, the population growth is slow. But in stage two there is high growth of population. The reasons for that can e explained thus. Because of better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement, death rate is considerably reduced. In societies which were experiencing severe poverty and high death rate, in the times of prosperity when their longevity increased, they needed time to change their reproduction style.
At the end of the 19th century and he beginning of the 20th, we sawthis phenomenon in Western Europe. Such thing also happened in less developed countries. To bring a balance between reduced death rate and birth rate they struggled. This happened in India also. Death was reduced and birth rate could not be brought to that level.
The steady increase in agricultural crops showed that the Malthusian theory was wrong. There were many reasons for this growth.
- Use of seeds with high productivity
- Beneficial use of manure and insecticides.
- Better harvesting machines.
b) Thomas Robert Malthus put forward the theory that the population growth depends on human needs like food, shelter and clothes. So people are destined to live in poverty. The population increase takes place overcoming agricultural products. Population grows in geometric progression 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 …….. But the agricultural grow in arithmetic progression 2,4, 6,8,10, …….
Therefore he only way to prosperity is population control. Only by adopting things like postpone marriages, maintaining celibacy, etc. population can be controlled. But nature uses controls like famine and contagious diseases, etc. to reduce population. The theory of Malthus was later known as Malthusian theory of population, But the economic expert that came later proved that through economic prosperity population growth can be controlled. Theory of Demographic Transition is better for . India. Based onttietechnological progress, birth and death rates, and population growth, this is better for India.
c) According to the Theory of Demographic Transition, India is in the second stage.
Question 34.
(a) Define Globalisation.
(b) Explain different dimensions of Globalisation.
Answer:
a) Globalization means mutual interdependence of people, regions and countries indifferent ways. Social and economic relations have become global. Economic powers are a big factor in globalization. Rapid and intensive growth in technology is also an important factor here. Globalization includes economic, social, technological and cultural changes.
b) 1. Economic dimensions Globalization
2. Globalization and culture
1. Economic dimensions Globalization:
Globalization had made social and cultural relations global. This helped in the development of some economic plans. In 1991 the Indian Government decided to restructure the economy. This change is known as liberalization.
- Through this, some strict controls in trade and commerce were removed.
- Because of certain decisions India made after 1991, the doors of Indian economic were opened to world economic system.
- The new policy was directly opposed to the policy of strict control in the economic sector by the earlier governments.
- Many laws had been passed with the intention of protecting trade; industry and the economic system.\
Liberalization of the economic system means removing the controls imposed on foreign countries in doing trade and financial dealings with India. These actions of the government were called economic reforms. From July 1991, there have been a series of reforms in the sectors of trade, foreign investment, technological development, financial institutions and public sector. The calculation was that by liking the Indian market with the foreign markets, India will be benefited.
Liberalization also means taking loans from the international financial institutions like the IMF. Such loans are given subject to certain conditions.
- To get these loans the government is forced to implement some economic policies.
- For that, the government has to reduce its expenditure in social sectors like health and education.
- In all these matters WTO and IMF put forward strict conditions.
From July 1991, in our agricultural and industrial sectors, trade and technology there has been foreign investment. Many economic reform^ were made. Our relation with the global economic system was expected to be beneficial for us. By assuring that we will implement economic reforms we have taken a lot of loan from IMF. As a result, the government expenditure in health, education “and social security had to be seriously reduced.
2. Globalization and culture:
We have been maintaining an open door policy to different cultural influences. That made our culture rich. There is a fear now whether the recent cultural changes will ruin our regional cultural identity, we never thought of remaining like the frog in the well. If one spends the entire life in a well, he will never know what is happening outside the well. Then with a narrow mind he will start looking at everything else with suspicion. Such people do not exchange news and views with others.
Against the narrow vision ours was a traditionally broad vision. We could talk openly on subjects like wealth, politics, religions, language and arts. The hot debates that were started in the 19th century by social reformers and nationalists are still continuing in our present generation.
Question 35.
(a) Name the Sociologist who coined the term Sanskritisation.
(b) Critically Evaluate Sanskritisation as a process of cultural change.
Answer:
a) M.N. Srinivas.
b) Sanskritization: It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. When the lower castes imitate the rituals, conventions, beliefs, ideas and life style of the upper cases, there is Sanskritization. In those areas where the castes are not Sanskritised, the influence of the majority castes was very high. This can be called Desanskritization. In the process of Sanskritization,, there are regional differences. For example, in Punjab, culturally the influence of Sanskrit was not strong. Until the end of the 19lh century Persian influence was very strong.
In India following the rituals and conventions of the upper castes is not an easy thing for the lower castes. If the lower castes showed the courage to follow the rituals and conventions of the higher castes, they would be punished. Sanskritization approves the rituals and conventions of the upper castes. An example for this can be found in adopting the ‘dowry system’ instead of paying bride price.
The tasks the Dalits did were considered undignified. This was different from the ideas adopted during the industrialization period. The discrimination based on the work one did was intolerable. As a result of the land reforms, the middle castes became rich as they got the right of the land they were using. They became rich very fast. Because their number was large, they also got political authority. Thus the middle castes could a big role in the politics of the country.