Human Resources for National Development Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

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Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 4 Human Resources for National Development

Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Notes Question Answer Kerala Syllabus Human Resources for National Development

Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Kerala Syllabus English Medium

Question 1.
Can you find out the factors used in paddy cultivation?
Answer:

• Farm field
• Seed
• Labour
• Equipments
• Water
• Fertilizers
• Soil

Question 2.
Arrange the above factors you have identified, in the table given below.

Answer:

Land	Labour	Capital	Entrepreneurship
Soil	Skilled	Machinery	Land
Water	Unskilled	Other Equipment	Capital
Farm field	Semi-skilled	Tools	Labour

Question 3.
What are the different purposes for which the paddy cultivated in the farmlands can be used by the producers?
Answer:

• For food
• For sale
• Animal feed
• Soil improvement
• Biogas production
• Seed production
• Export

Question 4.
Can goods be exchanged for goods in all cases?
Answer:
Exchanging goods for goods can work, but it’s not always easy. Both sides need to want what the other has, and there can be rules and practical issues to deal with. Sometimes, people trade indirectly or use money instead because it is more simple.

Question 5.
Write down the disadvantages of the Barter System.
Answer:

• Difficulty in determining the price of goods
• Lack of common measure of values
• Difficulty in storage of goods
• Lack of double coincidence of wants
• Inability to pay deferred payment

Question 6.
Based on the given picture, discuss the topic ‘Evolution of Money’ and prepare a note by adding more ideas.

Answer:
During the early phase of evolution of money, animal skins, agricultural products, and livestock were commonly used as currency. As metals became available, gold and other metals of various forms were used as currency followed by metal coins. Paper money became the preferred trade medium due to its convenience. As markets expanded and technology became more prevalent, money evolved into modern forms like plastic cards and computerised payments. Long ago, people exchanged goods directly, like trading a chicken for a sack of grain.

But this wasn’t always practical, especially if someone didn’t need what the other person had to offer. So, they started using items with principle value, like shells or precious metals, as a medium of exchange. These items were easier to carry and had value everyone agreed on. Eventually, society introduced coins made up of metals like gold and silver, which made trading easier. Today, we use digital forms of money like credit cards and digital currencies, making transactions faster and more convenient. So, from bartering chickens to swiping cards, money has come a long way, making trade smoother and more efficient.

Question 7.
Observe the pictures given below, who are the most productive producers and what factors helped them to do so. Write it down.
Answer:
Producers in the picture (b) produces more yield as compared to producers in the picture (a). This was mainly because of the reason that producers (b) were using capital-intensive technology for production, but producers (a) were using labourintensive technology during the production process.

Question 8.
Can the entire population of a country be considered as human resources?
Answer:
Every person in a country has something valuable to offer, like skills, knowledge, or talent. Whether they’re working, going to school, or taking care of their families, they’re all part of what makes a country strong and successful. So, in a way, yes, the entire population can be seen as a country’s “human resources” because everyone has something important to contribute.

Question 9.
Observe the Population Pyramid of India (Refer: topic 2: population pyramid) and try to answer the following questions.
a. In which age group do we have the most number of people?
b. Which age group do you fall into?
c. Which age group has the least number of people?
d. Find the ratio of men and women (sex ratio) in each age group.

Answer:
Producers in the picture (b) produces more yield as compared to producers in the picture (a). This was mainly because of the reason that producers (b) were using capital-intensive technology for production, but producers (a) were using labourintensive technology during the production process.

Question 8.
Can the entire population of a country be considered as human resources?
Answer:
Every person in a country has something valuable to offer, like skills, knowledge, or talent. Whether they’re working, going to school, or taking care of their families, they’re all part of what makes a country strong and successful. So, in a way, yes, the entire population can be seen as a country’s “human resources” because everyone has something important to contribute.

Question 9.
Observe the Population Pyramid of India (Refer: topic 2: population pyramid) and try to answer the following questions.
a. In which age group do we have the most number of people?
b. Which age group do you fall into?
c. Which age group has the least number of people?
d. Find the ratio of men and women (sex ratio) in each age group.
Answer:
a. The greatest number of people is in the age group of 10-14
b. I fall into the age group of 10-14 or 15-19
c. The least number of people is in the age group of above 80
d.

Question 10.
Which age group is likely to have more willingness and ability to work? Why?
Answer:
According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Report published by the Government of India in February 2023, the labour force of the country is the population of 15 years of age and above who are willing and able to work. If the number of people belonging to this age structure is high, it positively influences the income and growth of the economy.

Question 11.
Write down the forms of human capital you are familiar with.
Answer:

• Farmers
• Teachers
• Scientists
• Healthcare professionals
• Engineers
• Artisans

Question 12.
How can we strengthen the human capital?
Answer:

• Provide better health facilities
• Enable large-scale investment in education
• Emphasise skill development
• Create an employee-friendly work environment
• Support social and emotional development
• Provide financial support
• Promote training
• Investment in education

Question 13.
Observe the picture below and understand how education leads to the progress of the country. Discuss and note down the ideas.

Answer:
Through education, people can use modern technology effectively, acquire better jobs, earn more income, and thereby become an asset for the growth of the country. Through education, it is also possible to create a society with a high sense of values. Development of human resources into human capital requires massive investment in the public, cooperative and private sectors.

This funding allows for the implementation of educational policies and the development of innovative projects in the education sector. This is crucial for economic growth and development. Thus, education increases the ability, which leads to technological knowledge and skill development. This helps a person to find better jobs, which leads to better income. When a person is experiencing better time, it indicates it will improve their standard of living, which leads to national development.

Question 14.
How does declining health affect individual and national development?
Answer:

• Decrease productivity
• Slows down production
• Increases healthcare expenditure
• It hinders educational attainment
• It decreases labour force participation
• It increases social inequality and exclusion

Question 15.
What are the health care measures to be taken to increase the productivity of human resources? Give your suggestions.
Answer:

• Strengthen immune systems
• Give importance to hygiene
• Ensure adequate availability of nutritious foods
• Provide better medical facilities
• Promote regular exercise, balanced nutrition and stress management
• Establishment of workplace wellness programs
• Provide comprehensive health insurance coverage

Question 16.
Find out the various healthcare activities in your locality and prepare a note.
Answer:
In our locality, there are several healthcare activities aimed at keeping everyone healthy and well. These include regular health check-up camps organised by local hospitals and clinics, where people can get basic health screenings like blood pressure, blood sugar, and BMI checks for free or at a low cost.

Additionally, there are awareness programs conducted in schools and community centres about the importance of hygiene, nutrition, and exercise for maintaining good health. Vaccination is also common, ensuring that children and adults are protected against preventable diseases. These activities help to promote a healthier community and ensure that everyone has access to essential healthcare services.

Question 17.
Observe the picture given below and discuss how the causes and consequences of poverty are related.

Answer:
Poverty is a complex issue. It creates challenges for individuals and families. When people don’t have enough money to meet their basic needs, it is because of things like lack of job opportunities, low wages, or limited access to education and healthcare. These factors are all connected and can hold each other, creating a cycle of poverty that’s hard to break. For instance, when families struggle financially, they may not be able to afford to send their children to school, which can limit their future

Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP), Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Swarna Jayanthi Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).

Wage Employment Programmes, National Food for Work Programme, Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP). In 2005 Indian Parliament passed the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. The act guaranteed 100 days wages employment to every rural household. NREGP is now been renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP).

Food Security Programmes: Public Distribution System, Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), Mid-day meal scheme.

earning potential and create a cycle of poverty. Poverty creates a cycle where people can’t improve their situation because they lack resources. Breaking this cycle is crucial for developing human potential, and that means finding ways to boost people’s abilities and opportunities.

Question 18.
Collect information and make notes on various poverty alleviation programmes and policies implemented by Central and State Governments.
Answer:

• Growth-oriented approach: The growth oriented approach assumes that the economic growth of the economy will reduce the magnitude of poverty. It is based on the expectation that the effects of economic growth led to a rapid increase in gross domestic product, and per capita income would spread to poor sections of society.
• Creation of assets and employment to generate income Expanding self-employment and wage employment programmes are being considered as the major ways of addressing poverty.
• Self Employment Programmes, Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY
• Social security programmes:Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana, Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, Janasree Bima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana.

Question 19.
How does unemployment affect our lives?
Answer:

• The most immediate effect of unemployment is financial difficulties.
• Unemployment can lead to social isolation and feelings of loneliness.
• Unemployment has negative effects on physical health as well.
• Extended periods of unemployment can hinder career advancement and personal development.
• High levels of unemployment can have broader social and economic implications for communities.

Question 20.
Collect information related to unemployment from a few households in your neighbourhood. What type of unemployment is most prevalent? Discuss and write down the causes and solutions.
Answer:
Types of unemployment: The various types of unemployment are cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment, etc.

Causes of unemployment:

• Economic recession
• Technological advancement
• Globalization
• Mismatched skills

Solutions to unemployment:

• Investment in Education and Training
• Promotion of Entrepreneurship
• Infrastructure Development
• Labor Market Policies
• Support for Displaced Workers

By using these hints, collect information from the neighbourhood

Human Resources for National Development Class 9 Extended Activities

Question 1.
‘A change in the productivity of the factors of production can increase the total output’. Based on this statement, find out various ways to make factors of production like land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship more productive.
Answer:

• Investment in Technology and Infrastructure: Upgrading machinery, adopting advanced technologies, and improving infrastructure can enhance the productivity of labour and capital.
• Education and Training: Providing education and training programs to workers can improve their skills and knowledge, making them more efficient in their tasks.
• Research and Development (R&D): Investing in R&D activities can lead to the development of new techniques, processes, and products, which can increase the productivity of labour and capital.
• Efficient Resource Allocation: Proper allocation of resources, including land, labour, and capital, to their most productive uses, can optimise output.
• Incentive Structures: Implementing incentive structures such as performance-based pay and profit-sharing can motivate workers and entrepreneurs to increase their productivity.

Question 2.
Collect information on the educational policies implemented by India since. Independence to modernise the education sector of the country. Prepare and present a seminar paper on it.
Answer:
Title: Educational Policies in India:
Journey Towards Modernisation Introduction: Education is the comerstone of socioeconomic development and national progress. Since gaining independence in 1947, India has implemented various educational policies aimed at modernising and reforming its education sector to meet the evolving needs of society.

The First FiveYear Plan (1951-1956): The first significant initiative in post-independence India was the implementation of the First Five-Year Plan. It emphasises the need for universal primary education and the expansion of educational infrastructure.

The Kothari Commission (1964-1966): The Kothari Commission Report of 1964 emphasised the importance of education in fostering national integration, democracy, and economic

development. It recommended the adoption of a national education system, universal primary education, and expansion of secondary and higher education. The report laid the foundation for subsequent educational policies.

National Policy on Education (NPE) 1968: The NPE 1968 aimed at promoting social justice and equality through education. It focused on reducing disparities in educational access and improving the quality of education.

New Education Policy (NEP) 1986: It emphasised the expansion of educational opportunities, improvement in quality, and promotion of excellence. Key features included the introduction of a 10+2+3 system of education, emphasis on teacher training, and promotion of adult education.

Right to Education (RTE) Act 2009: The RTE Act 2009 was a landmark legislation that made elementary education as a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14 years.

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The recently introduced NEP 2020 is a comprehensive reform initiative aimed at transforming the education sector. NEP 2020 aims to make India a global knowledge superpower.
Conclusion: India has made significant steps in modernising its education sector since independence through various policy interventions.

Question 3.
Collect information about the various schemes initiated by the state government to improve general education.
Answer:

• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): SSA is a flagship program initiated by the Government of India to achieve universal elementary education in a time-bound manner.
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS): The MidDay Meal Scheme aims to improve the nutritional status of school children and encourage school attendance.
• Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA): RMSA is a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at enhancing access to secondary education and improving its quality.
• Scholarship Schemes: State governments offer various scholarship schemes to support students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
• Infrastructure Development Projects: State governments undertake infrastructure development.
  projects to improve the physical infrastructure of schools, including classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and sanitation facilities.

Question 4.
Collect information and prepare a note on the various schemes implemented by the central and state governments in the health sector.
Answer:
Note on Health Schemes by Central and State Governments
Central Government Schemes:

Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY): PMJAY, also known as Ayushman Bharat, is a flagship health insurance scheme aimed at providing financial protection to over 50 crore vulnerable individuals.

National Health Mission (NHM): NHM is one of the largest public health programs globally, launched with the aim of providing accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare to rural and urban populations.

Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA): PMSMA is a maternity benefit program launched to ensure comprehensive and quality prenatal care to pregnant women. Under this scheme, pregnant women receive free check-ups and diagnostic services on the 9 th of every month at designated healthcare facilities.

State Government Schemes:

• Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme (CMCHIS):
  Implemented by various state governments, CMCHIS aims to provide financial protection to vulnerable families by offering cashless healthcare services for specified ailments. The scheme covers hospitalisation expenses, including surgeries and treatments, up to a certain limit.
• Mukhyamantri Amrutum Yojana (MAY): MAY is a health insurance scheme launched by several states to provide free medical treatment to poor and vulnerable families. This scheme covers a range of medical services, including surgeries, hospitalisation, and follow-up care up to a predefined limit.
• State Health Assurance Mission (SHAM): Some states have launched SHAM to improve access to quality healthcare services for all residents.SHAM aims to strengthen healthcare infrastructure, provide free essential medicines, and promote preventive healthcare measures at the community level.

Conclusion: Central and state governments in India have implemented a range of health schemes. to address the diverse healthcare needs of the population. These schemes focus on providing financial protection, improving access to healthcare services, and promoting preventive and promotive healthcare measures.

Std 9 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Kerala Syllabus Extra Question Answer

Question 1.
Remuneration from labour is called-
Answer:
Wage

Question 2.
Discuss the role of economic resources in the production process.
Answer:
Economic resources play a crucial role in the production process by contributing to the creation of goods and services. Each type of resource has a specific function:

• Land provides raw materials and space for production.
• Labor performs the necessary tasks to transform raw materials into finished products.
• Capital facilitates production by providing tools, machinery, and infrastructure.
• Entrepreneurship combines the other factors of production, organises resources, and takes risks to create value and bring products to market

Question 3.
Write down the importance of health in human capital formation.
Answer:

• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of physical, mental and social wellbeing.
• People with poor health cannot contribute effectively to the progress of the country unless they receive adequate consideration and healthcare.
• Healthcare plays a fundamental role in human resource development by influencing people’s productivity and by increasing the quality of life.

Question 4.
How can governments address the challenges of human capital formation?
Answer:
Governments can address the challenges of human capital formation through various measures such as:

• Investing in education and healthcare infrastructure.
• Implementing policies to improve access to quality education and healthcare services.
• Providing financial incentives and scholarships to encourage skill development and training.
• Promoting gender equality and ensuring equal access to education and employment opportunities.
• Implementing measures to retain skilled individuals and prevent brain drain, such as offering competitive salaries and creating conducive work environments.

Question 5.
Explain how education helps in the development of a country.
Answer:
Education helps in the development in the following ways:

• Improves the skills of individuals
• Helps to secure better job and income

Question 6.
Make a table showing the major factors of production and its remunerations.
Answer:

Factors of production	Remuneration
Land	Rent
Labour	Wage
Capital	Interest
Entrepreneurship	Profit

Question 7.
Write a note on challenges of human capital formation.
Answer:
The major challenges of human capital formation are Poverty and unemployment. Poverty, which means not having enough money for even our basic necessities, is the main hurdle in building human potential. Low income pushes people into poverty, making it hard for them to afford things like education and healthcare.

Poverty creates a cycle where people can’t improve their situation because they lack resources. Breaking this cycle is crucial for developing human potential, and that means finding ways to boost people’s abilities and opportunities. Central and state governments have been formulating and implementing various schemes, policies and laws periodically to free people from the clutches of poverty.

Unemployment is a condition in which a healthy and capable person who is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate cannot findwork. There are various types of unemployment in the country. The important ones are given below.

• Open unemployment, or willing to work but unemployed.
• Structural unemployment, or job loss due to the introduction of new technology.
• Seasonal unemployment, or employment during a particular season and remaining unemployed during the rest of the time.
• Disguised unemployment or a condition where more than the number of labourers required are employed in the production process without any change in total output.

Question 8.
The exchange of goods for goods is called ……………..
Answer:
Barter

Question 9.
What are the major factors of production?
Answer:
Inputs used for the production of commodities are called factors of production.

Question 10.
Explain the evolution of money.
Answer:
Evolution of Money: During the early phases of money’s evolution, animal skins, agricultural products, and livestock were commonly used as currency. As metals became available, gold and other metals of various forms were used as currency, followed by metal coins. Paper money became the preferred trade medium due to its convenience. As markets expanded and technology became more prevalent, money evolved into modern forms like plastic cards and computerised payments.

• Money acts as a common medium of exchange.
• Money is the basic unit of all economic activities.

Question 11.
What are the major drawbacks of barter system?
Answer:

• Lack of common measure of values
• Difficulty in storage of goods.
• Lack of double coincidence of wants
• Difficulty in determining the price of goods

Question 12.
Explain the major remunerations from the factors of production.
Answer:

Factors of production	Remuneration
Land	Rent
Labour	Wage
Capital	Interest
Entrepreneurship	Profit

Question 13.
What is meant by Human resources?
Answer:
The term ‘Human Resources’ denotes people who can work and can be used in the production process.

Question 14.
…………… is the critical component in determining the quality of human resources.
Answer:
Productivity

Question 15.
What is meant by productivity?
Answer:
Productivity is the critical component in determining the quality of human resources.
The phrase ‘Human Resources’ refers to individuals who can contribute to the manufacturing process. Productivity is a key factor in determining the quality of human resources. Productivity is the ability of each factor of production to produce goods and services. People of a country are one of the factors that provide the human resources of that country. The main factors influencing human resources are the size, composition, and skills of the population.

Question 16.
What are the major factors influencing human resources?
Answer:
Size, Composition and skills of the population are the major factors influencing human resources.

Question 17.
What is meant by population structure of a country?
Answer:
The population structure of a country consists of people belonging to different age groups. It is not the size of the population but its quality that determines human resource

Question 18.
Define human capital.
Answer:
Human capital is the economic value of human resources.

Question 19.
What are the major sources of human capital formation?
Answer:

• Human capital is the economic value of human resources.
• Human capital formation is the additions made over periods of time to the stock of human capital.
• Factors influencing human capital formation include education, healthcare, job training, migration and access to information.

Question 20.
Explain the role of education in human capital formation.
Answer:

• Through education, people can use modern technology effectively, acquire better jobs, earn more income, and thereby become an asset for the growth of the country.
• Through education, it is also possible to create a society with a high sense of values.
• Through education, péople can use modern technology effectively, acquire better jobs, earn more income, and thereby become an asset for the growth of the country.
• Through education, it is also possible to create a society with a high sense of values.

Question 21.
How health fosters human capital formation.
Answer:

• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of physical, mental and social . well-being.
• People with poor health cannot contribute effectively to the progress of the country unless they receive adequate consideration and healthcare.
• Healthcare plays a fundamental role in human resource development by influencing people’s productivity and increasing the quality of life.
• Healthcare centers are functioning in public, private and cooperative sectors. Health c̣are activities are being carried out efficiently in the public sector with a focus on public welfare.
• Government investments in the health sector strengthen human capital formation.

Question 22.
Describe the role of job training and access to information in human capital formation.
Answer:

Job Training

• Certain jobs require skill development training. Professional skills are gained by doctors, engineers, and teachers through appropriate training courses.
• Acquiring job training can help to increase productivity, thus enabling higher output.
• Job training will bring human capital formation to its peak.

Access To Information

• Services in various sectors such as education, health and employment give push to human capital formation.
• Access to information needs to be fostered to help people gather information about the services provided.

Question 23.
Explain the causes of poverty.
Answer:
Types of unemployment: The various types of unemployment are cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment, etc.

Causes of unemployment:

• Economic recession
• Technological advancement
• Globalization
• Mismatched skills

Solutions to unemployment:

• Investment in Education and Training
• Promotion of Entrepreneurship
• Infrastructure Development
• Labor Market Policies
• Support for Displaced Workers

By using these hints, collect information from the neighbourhood

Question 24.
Define poverty.
Answer:

• Poverty is the state of not being able to meet even our basic needs.
• It is the low income that pushes people into poverty. Due to low income, people are unable to meet even their basic needs like education and health, further leading to poverty.
  Poverty, which means not having enough money for even our basic necessities, is the main hurdle in building human potential. Low income pushes people into poverty, making it hard for them to afford things like education and healthcare. Poverty creates a cycle where people can’t improve their situation because they lack resources.
  Breaking this cycle is crucial for developing human potential, and that means finding ways to boost people’s abilities and opportunities. Central and state governments have been formulating and implementing various schemes, policies and laws periodically to free people from the clutches of poverty.

Question 25.
Define Unemployment
Answer:
Unemployment is a condition in which a healthy and capable person who is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate cannot find work. There are various types of unemployment in the country. The important ones are given below:

• Open unemployment: willing to work but unemployed.
• Structural unemployment: job loss due to the introduction of new technology.
• Seasonal unemployment: employment during a particular season and remaining unemployed during the rest of the time.
• Disguised unemployment: a condition where more than the number of labourers required are employed in the production process without any change in total output.

Question 26.
What are the major challenges of human capital formation?
Answer:
The major challenges of human capital formation are:

• Poverty
• Unemployment

Poverty

• Poverty is the state of not being able to meet even our basic needs.
• It is the low income that pushes people into poverty. Due to low income, people are unable to meet even their basic needs like education and health, further leading to poverty.
  Poverty, which means not having enough money for even our basic necessities, is the main hurdle in building human potential. Low income pushes people into poverty, making it hard for them to afford things like education and healthcare. Poverty creates a cycle where people can’t improve their situation because they lack resources.
  Breaking this cycle is crucial for developing human potential, and that means finding ways to boost people’s abilities and opportunities. Central and state governments have been formulating and implementing various schemes, policies and laws periodically to free people from the clutches of poverty.

Unemployment

Unemployment is a condition in which a healthy and capable person who is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate cannot find work. There are various types of unemployment in the country. The important ones are given below:

• Open unemployment: willing to work but unemployed.
• Structural unemployment: job loss due to the introduction of new technology.
• Seasonal unemployment: employment during a particular season and remaining unemployed during the rest of the time.
• Disguised unemployment: a condition where more than the number of labourers required are employed in the production process without any change in total output.