Indian Economy Through Various Sectors Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

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Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 5 Indian Economy Through Various Sectors

Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Notes Question Answer Kerala Syllabus Indian Economy Through Various Sectors

Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Kerala Syllabus English Medium

Question 1.
Observe the picture given above. Categorise the economic activities given in the picture into their related sectors.

Answer:

• Agriculture
• Industry and Construction
• Service

Question 2.
Examine the following list of different economic activities and complete the illustration.

• Hotels and Restaurants
• Banking, Insurance
• Education
• Livestock rearing
• Agriculture and allied activities
• Real estate
• Construction works
• Health
• Industry
• Water supply
• Forestry

Answer:

Question 3.
Are we directly using all the products derived from the primary sector?
Answer:
No, we don’t directly use all the products from the primary sector. Many of these products, like raw crops, minerals, or crude oil, need to be processed or refined first. For example, wheat from farms is turned into flour, and crude oil is refined into fuel before we can use them.

Question 4.
Don’t we also use other products that are produced utilising the primary sector resources?
Answer:
Yes, we use many products made by processing resources from the primary sector. For instance, cotton is turned into dress, and milk from livestock is processed into cheese, wheat is processed into bread. The Industrial sector/ Secondary sector transforms these raw materials into finished products that we use every day.

Question 5.
How do the other two sectors help to raise the production of sugarcane in the primary sector?
Answer:

In order to increase the production of sugarcane
Receivables from the secondary sector	Receivables from the tertiary sector
Machinery Fertilizers Irrigation Infrastructure development Processing/ Package	Transportation Financial assistance Market Access Research/Education Communication tools

Question 6.
Analyse the picture and answer the following questions.

a. Which are the sectors helped by the primary sector? What are they? Name them.
b. What are the assistance received by the primary sector from the other sectors?
c. How are the Primary, Secondary and tertiary sectors mutually related?
Answer:
a. Extraction of natural resources, such as farming, fishing, mining, and forestry, is the primary sector’s responsibility. By supplying raw resources, this sector supports other sectors.

• Secondary Sector (Manufacturing): Uses raw materials from the primary sector to make products. For example, factories turn cotton into clothes or iron ore into steel.
• Tertiary Sector (Services): Depends on the primary sector for goods that are sold or transported.

b. The primary sector (farming, fishing, mining) gets help from other sectors:

From the Secondary Sector:

• Machines and Tools: Factories make tractors, harvesters, and other equipment that help farmers and miners do their work.
• Fertilisers and Chemicals: Factories produce fertilisers and pesticides that help crops grow better.

From the Tertiary Sector:

• Transport: Trucks and trains help to move products like crops or minerals to markets or factories.
• Banking: Banks give loans or insurance to help farmers and miners invest in their businesses.
• Marketing: Shops and services help farmers sell their products to people.

So, the primary sector gets tools, services, and support to work better and sell their products.

c. The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors all depend on each other. The primary sector (farming, mining, fishing) provides the basic raw materials like food, minerals, and other natural resources. The secondary sector (factories) takes these raw materials and turns them into products, like making bread from wheat or cars from steel.

The tertiary sector (services) helps by selling these products, transporting them, and offering support like banking and technology. Each sector relies on the others. Without raw materials, factories can’t make products, and without services, the products can’t be sold or delivered to people. Together, they keep the economy running.

Question 7.
How does GNP differ from GDP?
Answer:
GDP is the sum total of the money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country. Thus, GNP is the sum total of the money value of all final goods and services produced by the residents of a country within the domestic territory and abroad. The major difference between both is net income from abroad.

Question 8.
What is the significance of calculating NNP?
Answer:
NNP (Net National Product) is important because it shows the actual value of goods and services produced by a country after accounting for the wear and tear (depreciation) of assets like machinery, buildings, and equipment.

Question 9.
What will happen to Percapita income if the population of a country increases more than the national income?
Answer:
The Per Capita income will decrease, if the population of a country increases more than its national income. This is because per capita income is calculated by dividing the total national income by the total population.

Question 10.
What happens to the Percapita income when the income of only a small segment of population increases? Discuss the consequence of such a change and prepare a brief note.
Answer:
Enhanced Inequality: The wealth disparity may expand. While a small percentage of people might become extremely wealthy, the majority might continue to live in poverty. Dissatisfaction and societal tensions may result from this.

Limited Economic Growth: If most people don’t have more money, they won’t spend as much on goods and services. This can slow down overall economic growth, as businesses depend on customer spending.

Less Access to Services: When only a few people are earning more, there may be less investment in public services like education and healthcare, which can affect the overall well-being of the population.

Question 11.
Find out the Percapital income of our country and state.
Answer:
India’s per capital net national income, or NNI, was around 184 thousand rupees in the financial year 2024. The per capital income of Kerala in 2024 is estimated to be ₹ 2,81,001 (US 3,400).

Question 12.
Analyse the graph and answer the following questions.

a. In your opinion, which sector shows a continuous declining trend as per the above mentioned values of GVA for different periods (1982-83 to 2022-23).
b. Which sector shows a continuous increase in the share of GVA?
c. Analyse various sectors GVA share during this period and prepare a note.
Answer:
a. From 1982 to 2023 , the agricultural sector/ primary sector shows a declining trend. The agriculture sector had a contribution of 44 percent during 1982-1983, it reduced to 38 percent in 1992-1993, and it reduced to 17 percent during 2022-2023.

b. The service sector shows a continuous increasing trend in GVA.

c. There are mainly three sectors in the economy. Agriculture sector, Industrial sector and Service sector. As per the above data agriculture sector shows a declining trend as compared to 1982 to 2023. The share of the agricultural sector during 1982-1983 was around 44 percent, and it reduced to 38 percent during 1992-1993. It again reduced by 9 percent, and its share during 200223 was 29 percent. Its contribution during 2012-13 was 21 percent, and it was 17 percent during 2022-23. The industrial sector shows ups and downtrend from 1982 to 2023.

Its share in 19821983 was around 23 percent and the same in 1992-1993. It increased by 2 percent, and its share was 25 percent in 2002-2003. It was 29 percent in 2012-13, and it declined to 23 percent during 2022-2023. The service sector has shown a tremendous increase over the years. Its share was 33 percent in 1982-1983, and it increased by 39 percent during 1992-1993. It increased 7 percent and increased by 46 percent in 2002-2003. Again, it shows an increasing trend of 50 percent by 2012-2013 and 55 percent by 2022-2023.

Question 13.
Observe the graph given below and analyse the GSVA of Kerala and the contribution made by its different sectors.

a. What changes do you observe in GSVA while comparing the contribution of the primary sector from 2019-20 to 2022-23?
b. Which sector has made outstanding contribution in GSVA of Kerala during the period 2022-23?
c. What changes did you notice in the contribution of the secondary sector while analysing the graph?
d. Prepare an analytical note on the contribution of different sectors to Kerala’s GSVA.
Answer:
a. The contribution made by primary sector to GSVA was 8.97 percent during 2019-20, and its contribution was 10.11 percent during 2020-2021. It slightly declined to 9.39 percent during 2021-22 and again declined to 8.98 percent in 2022-2023.

b. The service sector has made an outstanding contribution to GSVA of Kerala during 2022-2023, with its share of about 62.62 percent.

c. While analysing the graph secondary sector shows an increasing trend in 2020-2021(29.43 percent) as compared to 2019-2020 (26.82 percent). But it shows a slight decline of 28 percent in 2021-2022, and in 2022-2023, it was around 28.4 percent.

d. The contribution made by the primary sector to GSVA was 8.97 percent during 2019-20, and its contribution was 10.11 percent during 2020-2021. It slightly declines to 9.39 percent during 2021-22 and again declines to 8.98 percent in 2022-2023. The service sector has made an outstanding contribution to GSVA of Kerala during 2022-2023, with its share of about 62.62 percent.

While analysing the graph secondary sector shows an increasing trend on 20202021 (29.43 percent) as compared to 2019-2020 ( 26.82 percent). But it shows a slight decline of 28 percent in 2021-2022, and in 2022-2023, it was around 28.4 percent.

Question 14.
The knowledge-based sector plays an important role in strengthening the tertiary sector. Evaluate the statement.
Answer:
The tertiary sector is heavily dependent on the knowledge-based sector, which encompasses sectors like finance, education, research, and information technology (services). This is due to the fact that the knowledge-based economy offers specialised knowledge, technology, and skills that enhance services in industries like banking, education, healthcare, and communication.

For instance, IT makes firms work more smoothly by managing data and developing software, while research aids in the creation of new goods and services. Consequently, the knowledge-based sector strengthens and advances the tertiary sector by increasing productivity, innovation, and overall service quality.

Question 15.
Based on the following questions, examine the below graph which explains occupational structures in various sectors of the economy. Record your findings.
a. Which sector comprises the largest volume of labourers during the period 1991 to 2019-20?
b. What are the changes that can be noted in the occupational structure of secondary and tertiary sectors during this period?
c. Analyse the graph and prepare a brief note on employment structures of the various sectors in Indian economy.
Answer:
a. The largest volume of labourers was in primary sector. It was 66.8 percent in 1991 and 43.5 percent in 2019-2020.

b. The occupational structure of the secondary and tertiary sectors shows an increasing trend from 1991 to 2019-2020.

c. According to the graph shown above, the primary sector has the highest percentage of labourers from 1991 to 2019-20. But its percentage was declining compared with 1991. It was 66.8 percent in 1991, which reduced to 43.5 percent in 2019-20. The secondary sector shows an increasing trend in a number of labourers, from 12.7 percent in 1991 to 24.19 percent in 2019-2020. The tertiary sector also shows an increasing trend. It was 20.5 percent in 1991, which increased to 32.36 percentage during 2019-2020. Both the secondary and tertiary sector shows an increasing trend, but still the percentage is less than the primary sector.

Question 16.
Complete the table by finding more features of organised and Unorganised sectors.
Answer:

Organised Sector	Unorganised sector
Registered employment sector	Unregistered employment sector
Permanent jobs ensured	No assurance of permanent job
Comparatively high salary	Comparatively low salary
Job security	Lack of job security
Terms of employment are regular	No formal work arrangement
Have regulated work schedule	No regulated work schedule

Indian Economy Through Various Sectors Class 9 Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare a chart containing various examples of interdependence among primary, secondary and tertiary sectors which are seen around you. Present it in the class.
Answer:

Primary Sector	Secondary Sector	Tertiary Sector	Interdependence
Fishing	Fish Canning Factory	Grocery Stores (Sell canned fish)	Fishermen supply raw fish (Primary), factories can them (Secondary), and stores sell the product (Tertiary).
Dairy Farming (Milk Production)	Dairy Processing (Milk to butter, cheese)	Supermarkets (Sell dairy products)	Dairy farms provide milk (Primary),processing plants make’ dairy products (Secondary),and supermarkets sell them (Tertiary).

Question 2.
Find out the goods that can be used as final goods and intermediate goods at the same time. Prepare a list.
Answer:

Goods	Final Goods	Intermediate Goods
Flour	Purchased by households for making food at home	Used by bakeries or food processing industries to make bread, pasta, etc
Vegetables	Bought by consumers to cook meals at home	Used by restaurants or food processors in making dishes or packaged foods

Question 3.
List out the problems faced by the Unorganised sector workers in your area and suggest some remedial measures.
Answer:
Problems Faced by Unorganised Sector Workers:

• Lack of Job Security: Workers in the Unorganised sector do not have permanent employment, leading to uncertainty and irregular income.
• Low Wages: They often earn below the minimum wage or are paid on a daily or partial basis, leading to financial instability.
• Lack of Social Security Benefits: No access to healthcare, retirement benefits (like pensions), or insurance, making them vulnerable to illness, injury, and old age.
• Poor Working Conditions: Workers may face unsafe and unhealthy working environments with little regulation or oversight.

Remedial Measures

• Implementation of Minimum Wage Laws.
• Access to Social Security Schemes.
• Conduct educational programs to inform workers of their rights and available legal protections against exploitation.

Question 4.
Conduct a discussion on how a growth in the Unorganised sector confers various benefits on the economy and present the report of the same.
Answer:
(Based on the following hints, conduct a discussion)
Employment Generation: The unorganised sector provides jobs to millions of people, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. This helps to reduce unemployment and underemployment, allowing more individuals to earn a livelihood.

Flexibility and Adaptability: Businesses in the unorganised sector can quickly adapt to changes in demand. This flexibility allows them to respond to local needs and preferences effectively, which can boost economic activity.

Support for the Formal Sector: Many unorganised sector businesses supply goods and services to larger, formal companies. This interlinking supports the formal sector’s operations and growth.

Entrepreneurship and Innovation: The unorganised sector fosters entrepreneurship, allowing individuals to start small businesses. This can lead to innovation, as entrepreneurs often find creative solutions to meet local market demands.

Question 5.
Find out and prepare notes on policies and programmes that are implemented by the statecentral governments to minimise the inequalities that exist in health, education, and, employment sectors.
Answer:
Health Sector

• Ayushman Bharat: A flagship health initiative providing health insurance coverage to lowincome families, ensuring access to secondary and tertiary healthcare.
• National Health Mission (NHM): Aims to provide accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare, especially to vulnerable populations. It focuses on strengthening healthcare infrastructure and services.

Education

• Right to Education Act (RTE): Guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years, ensuring access to education for all, especially marginalised groups.
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Provides free lunches to school children in government and government-aided schools, improving nutrition and encouraging school attendance.

Employment Sector Initiatives

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): To provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household.
• Skill India Mission: To train youth in various skills to enhance employability.

Std 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Kerala Syllabus Extra Question Answer

Question 1.
“There is interdependence between primary sector and secondary sector”. Do you agree with this statement? Elucidate.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with this statement. Interdependence between the various sectors is essential for ensuring economic growth.
For example, Fishermen supply raw fish (Primary), factories can supply them (Secondary), and stores sell the product (Tertiary).

Question 2.
Given below are some economic activities. Classify them into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
(Hotels and restaurants, education, forestry, industry, banking and insurance, construction works, farming, fishing, and electricity)
Answer:

Primary Sector	Secondary Sector	Tertiary Sector
Forestry	Industry	Education
Farming	Construction works	Hotels and restaurants
Fishing	Electricity	Banking and insurance

Question 3.
Why secondary sector is called as Industrial sector?
Answer:
This sector includes the economic activities related to industry and manufacturing. It involves the processing of raw materials from the primary sector into finished products. Since the secondary sector gives more importance to the industries, it is also called the Industrial sector.

Question 4.
Draw a diagram that shows the interdependence among various sectors.
Answer:

Question 5.
How can a balanced growth strategy be developed that promotes all three sectors of the economy?
Answer:
A balanced growth strategy focuses on developing the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors together for stable and inclusive economic progress. This includes modernising agriculture, boosting manufacturing through better infrastructure and skills, and expanding services like IT, healthcare, and education. Linking these sectors, such as through agro-processing, helps them to support each other. The government plays a key role by investing in infrastructure, providing financial support, and ensuring sustainable practices so all sectors grow together and contribute to long-term development.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks.
a. NSO was formed in …………….
b. ……………. is the process of allocating produced goods and services.
c. An economy Prospers when we boost up……………..
Answer:
a. 2019
b. Distribution
c. Production, Distribution and Consumption

Question 7.
Define national income.
Answer:
The national income is the sum total of the money value of all final goods and services produced in an accounting year. In India, the financial year commences from 1st April and closes on 31st March.

Question 8.
State True or false.
a. NNP=GNP-Depreciation
b. By expenditure method, we can calculate GNI
c. By income method, we can calculate GNI
d. GNP = GDP+ Income from abroad
Answer:
a. True
b. False, by expenditure method, we can calculate GNE
c. True
d. True

Question 9.
How expenditure method is different from income method?
Answer:
Through expenditure method, national income is calculated by adding together all the expenses incurred in the purchase of goods and services to carry out various economic activities. In Economics, investment is also considered as an expenditure. This is in addition to the expenditure for the purchase of goods and services.
The total expenditure of the economy includes government expenditure as well as net export value besides consumption expenditure and investment expenditure. Therefore, National Income (NI)=C+I+G+(X-M)

C= Consumption expenditure, I= Investment expenditure, G= Government expenditure, X-M= Net export where.(X) denotes the country’s Export and (M) denotes the country’s Import. By expenditure method, we are able to calculate the Gross National Expenditure (GNE). By using the income method, we can calculate GNI.

Question 10.
Arun argued that the service sector has been the highest contributor to GDP in recent years. Elucidate your opinion with reasons.
Ans:
I agree with Arun’s opinion. For the past few years service sector has shown tremendous growth and contributed more share to GDP as compared to other two sectors. The reasons are:

• Programmes implemented for the development of the health and education sector
• The growth of the banking and insurance sector facilitates the country’s trade and commerce
• Growth of transport and communication sector

Question 11.
Define the terms given below.
a. Tax
b. Subsidy
Answer:
a. Tax: Tax is a compulsory payment made by the public to the government to enable the latter to meet the expenses of public interest, like welfare measures and developmental activities.
b. Subsidy: Subsidy is the financial support or assistance provided by the government on goods. and services to individuals or institutions on the basis of socio-economic policies.

Question 12.
Match the following table A with B.

A	B
Product method	NI= C+I+G+(X-M)
Income method	NI=X1+X2+X3+X4……….. Xn
Expenditure method	NI= r+W+i+P

Answer:

A	B
Product method	NI= X1+X2+X3+X4……….. Xn
Income method	NI= r+W+i+P
Expenditure method	NI= C+I+G+(X-M)

Question 13.
What defines the Economic Territory of a country?
Answer:
Economic territory includes:

• Air space, territorial waters.
• The embassies and high commissions are situated in other countries.
• Zones where a country has exclusive rights, a part of the sea where it has the right to fish and collect fuel and minerals from the seabed.
• Free zones of offshore enterprises under the control of customs.

The embassies and high commissions owned by foreign countries in India are not included in our economic territory.

Question 14.
Answer the following.
a. Define GVA.
b. Write the formula for calculating GVA.
c. Define intermediate consumption.
Answer:
a. Gross Value Added is the sum total of the value of goods and services produced in an economy. Gross value added is calculated by subtracting value of intermediate consumption from gross product value.
b. Gross Value Added (G V A)= Gross Product Value – Value of intermediate consumption
c. Intermediate consumption indicates the consumption of raw materials used to produce goods or services.

Question 15.
Given below are some economic indicators. Derive the equations of the following terms:
a. GDP
b. NNP
c. GVA
Answer:
a. GDP = GVA + (Product tax- Product Subsidy)
b. NNP = GNP- Depreciation Cost
c. GVA = Gross Product value – Value of intermediate Consumption

Question 16.
Distinguish between final goods and intermediate goods.
Answer:
Final goods are those that can be consumed directly. A product that is used as a raw material to produce another product is known as intermediate goods.

Question 17.
How has India’s information and communication technology (ICT) sector contributed to its economy?
Answer:
India’s ICT sector has grown significantly, providing software and related services at an international level. This expansion has opened up new opportunities for the younger population, positioning India as a key player in the global technology and knowledge-based economy. It also contributes to overall economic progress and the enhancement of social welfare.

Question 18.
The knowledge-based sector effectively utilises knowledge and technology for economic growth. Elucidate.
Answer:
The knowledge-based sector drives economic growth by using knowledge and advanced technologies, leading to more efficient production and innovative solutions. Technology enables businesses to offer high-value services and products, which enhance competitiveness and increase contributions to the economy, especially in the service sector.

Question 19.
Given below are some common features of organised and unorganised sector. Classify them into a table.
(Registered employment sector, comparatively low salary, job security, permanent job ensured, no regulated work schedule, unregistered employment sector)
Answer:

Organised sector	Unorganised sector
Registered employment sector	Comparatively low salary
Job security	No regulated work schedule
Permanent job ensured	Unregistered employment sector

Question 20.
Explain the following.
a. Organised sector
b. Unorganised sector
c. Gig platform worker
Answer:
a. The enterprises under the Organised sector were under a proper legal authority.
b. The enterprises under the Unorganised sector are neither under any proper legal system nor do they keep any proper accounts.
c. Code on Social Security 2020 defines a gig platform worker as ‘a worker who works outside the conventional employer-employee relationship and earns money from it.’

Question 21.
“Importance was given to different sectors during different stages of economic growth.” Identify the statement. Explain.
Answer:
During the different phases of economic growth, there happens a change in the relative importance, of different sectors. This is referred to as Structural transformation. It implies a change in the contribution made by different sectors and their employment opportunities.

Question 22.
As compared to Akhil, Vickey’s job is less secure, and his salary is comparatively low.
a. Identify the job type mentioned above.
b. What are the major problems faced by employees in this sector?
Answer:
a. Unorganised sector
b. The workers of the Unorganised sector face many problems like unsafe workplaces, long working hours and low wages. This hinders the transformation of such employees into excellent human capital.

Question 23.
What is the major role of Technopark and Infopark in the modern economy?
Answer:
Now a days knowledge-based sector effectively utilises knowledge and technology to attain economic growth. Today, the modern technology and ICT possibilities have elevated the nation into a knowledge economy. Now a days, knowledge-based services, as part of the tertiary sector, have momentum. The government has given priority to the development of knowledge-based sectors. The Technopark and Infopark established by the government of Kerala are the best examples of this.

Question 24.
a. Which sector has the highest volume of labourers?
b. Does the volume of labourers increase in the service sector? Explain.
Answer:
a. Primary sector has the highest volume of labourers.
b. The number of labourers in sector during 1991 was around 20 percent, and it increased by 12 percent and reached around 32 percent in 2019-20. Thus, it shows an increasing trend.

Question 25.
Write a note on important laws that protect the employees of unorganised sector.
Answer:
The Unorganised worker’s social security Act- 2008
This law empowers the central and state governments to implement various policies to ensure healthcare of Unorganised workers, maternity benefits, old age protection, education, housing and various social security benefits.

The code on social security 2020
The Code on Social Security 2020 was formed in 2020 by giving importance to the measures that ensure the social security of employees under organised and unorganised sectors. This law confers various benefits to the self-employed, housekeepers, daily wage workers, workers from other states, and gig platform workers.