A thorough understanding of Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Biology Notes Pdf Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Extra Questions and Answers can improve academic performance.
Kerala Syllabus Std 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Extra Questions and Answers
Question 1.
What is the term used for individuals born with reproductive organs that are neither fully mate nor female?
a) Transgender
b) Intersex
c) Gender Fluid
d) Non-binary
Answer:
b) Intersex
Question 2.
What is the phase of the menstrual cycle where the lining of the uterus sheds?
a) Follicular phase
b) Ovulation
c) Luteal phase
d) Menstrual phase
Answer:
d) Menstrual phase
Question 3.
What are some of the physical changes that occur during puberty in boys and girls?
Answer:
Physical changes during puberty vary between boys and girls.
In boys, they include:
- Growth spurt
- Voice deepening
- Facial and body hair growth
- Increased muscle mass
- Penis and testicle growth
- Sperm production
In girls, they include:
- Breast development
- Menstruation
- Pubic and underarm hair growth
- Widening of hips
- Increased body fat
- Vaginal discharge
Question 4.
Explain the process of fertilisation.
Answer:
Fertilisation is the fusion of a sperm and an egg. Sperm, deposited in the vagina, travel through the cervix and uterus to reach the fallopian tubes. If an egg is present in one of the tubes, a sperm may fertilise it. The fertilised egg, now called a zygote, begins to divide and develop.
Question 5.
How does a pregnancy test work?
Answer:
Pregnancy tests detect the presence of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) in urine or blood. HCG is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation. If HCG is detected, it indicates pregnancy.
Question 6.
What is ectopic pregnancy?
Answer:
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.
Question 7.
The mother should gain weight of ……………… kg every month after the initial three weeks of pregnancy.
Answer:
2 kg
Question 8.
At how many weeks is an ultrasound scan typically done to assess fetal development?
Answer:
Between 8-14 weeks
Question 9.
Match the following.
| Column I | Column II |
| a. Uterus | 1. Protects the fetus and provides cushioning |
| b. Amniotic fluid | 2. The muscular organ that carries the fetus |
| c. Placenta | 3. The opening that dilates during childbirth |
| d. Cervix | 4. Supports fetal development and nutrient transfer |
Answer:
| Column I | Column II |
| a. Uterus | 2. The muscular organ that carries the fetus |
| b. Amniotic fluid | 1. Protects the fetus and provides cushioning |
| c. Placenta | 4. Supports fetal development and nutrient transfer |
| d. Cervix | 3. The opening that dilates during childbirth |
Question 10.
Describe the process of normal delivery and the role of uterine contractions.
Answer:
Normal delivery begins when the mother goes into labour, usually between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy. During this time, the cervix slowly opens (dilates) to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal. The cervix needs to dilate to about 10 cm for the baby to move out.
Uterine contractions are key to the delivery process. These contractions start mild and get stronger and more frequent as labour progresses. They help push the baby down toward the birth canal, and when the contractions are strong enough, they signal the mother to start pushing.
Once the cervix is fully dilated, the mother pushes with the contractions to help the baby move out of the birth canal. After the baby is delivered, more contractions help push out the placenta, which completes the childbirth process.
Question 11.
What is colostrum?
Answer:
Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother after delivery.
Question 12.
Breast milk contains ………… that helps the baby fight against infections.
Answer:
Antibodies
Question 13.
Until what age is breast milk the only recommended food for infants?
Answer:
6 months
Question 14.
Analyze the role of breast milk in both physical and cognitive development in infants.
Answer:
Breast milk provides all the essential nutrients that infants need for healthy growth. It contains the right balance of proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which help babies gain weight, grow strong bones, and reach important physical milestones.
Breast milk is packed with antibodies that help protect infants from infections and illnesses. This protection lowers the chances of health problems like diarrhoea and respiratory infections, which can interfere with their growth and overall development.
Breastfeeding is linked to better brain development. Breast milk has important fatty acids, especially DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), that are crucial for brain health. Babies who are breastfed often perform better on tests later in life, showing improved thinking and learning abilities.
Breastfeeding helps create a strong emotional connection between the mother and baby. This bond is important for the infant’s social and emotional development, making them feel secure and loved. A nurturing environment during breastfeeding can positively influence a baby’s growth and development in many ways.
Question 15.
What are vaccines?
Answer:
Vaccines are injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays that enable the immune system to identify and resist dangerous pathogens.
Question 16.
Match the following vaccines with the diseases they prevent:
| Vaccines | Diseases |
| a. BCG | 1. Rotavirus |
| b. OPV | 2. Tuberculosis |
| c. RW | 3. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis |
| d. DPT | 4. Polio |
Answer:
| Vaccines | Diseases |
| a. BCG | 2. Tuberculosis |
| b. OPV | 4. Polio |
| c. RW | 1. Rotavirus |
| d. DPT | 3. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis |
Question 17.
List three main vaccines given at birth and the diseases they prevent.
Answer:
Vaccines given at birth and the diseases they prevent:
- Hepatitis B Vaccine: This vaccine protects against hepatitis B, a viral infection that can lead to serious liver disease.
- BCG Vaccine: The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine helps prevent tuberculosis (TB), a contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs.
- Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV): This vaccine protects against poliomyelitis (polio), a viral disease that can cause paralysis and other severe complications.
Question 18.
Define the following terms
a. POCSO Act
b. Infant Mortality Rates
c. Premature Birth
Answer:
a. POCSO Act: Legal framework to protect minors from sexual offenses
b. Infant Mortality Rate: Rate at which infants die within the first year of life
c. Premature Birth: Births occurring before 37 weeks of gestation
Question 19.
Name two risks associated with teenage pregnancy and briefly explain how they affect the mother and baby.
Answer:
The risks associated with teenage pregnancy:
- Teenage mothers are at a higher risk of experiencing health issues such as anaemia, high blood pressure, and complications during childbirth. These complications can lead to premature birth or low birth weight for the baby, increasing the risk of infant health problems and developmental delays.
- Teenage pregnancy often disrupts a young mother’s education, leading to lower educational attainment. This can result in limited job opportunities and financial instability for both the mother and the baby, making it difficult to provide adequate care and support for the child’s needs.
- Teenage mothers may face increased stress, anxiety, and depression due to the challenges of parenting at a young age. This can affect their emotional well-being and ability to care for their baby, potentially leading to difficulties in bonding and providing a supportive environment for the child.
Question 20.
What is vasectomy?
Answer:
Vasectomy is the surgical cutting and tying of vas deferens in males. It is a permanent mode of contraception.
Question 21.
Identify the word pair relationship and fill in the missing word.
a) Condoms : Prevent sperm entry :: Diaphragm : ……………….
b) Intrauterine Device : Prevent implantation :: Spermicides : ……………….
Answer:
a) prevent sperm from reaching the uterus
b) kills sperms near the cervix in the uterus
Question 22.
Match the following contraceptive methods with their descriptions:
| Column I | Column II |
| a. Vasectomy | 1. Device inserted to prevent implantation |
| b. Tubectomy | 2. Hormonal method that prevents ovulation |
| c. Intrauterine Device | 3. Surgical procedure for males to block sperm passage |
| d. Oral Contraceptive Pills | 4. Surgical procedure for females to block ovum passage |
Answer:
| Column I | Column II |
| a. Vasectomy | 3. Surgical procedure for males to block sperm passage |
| b. Tubectomy | 4. Surgical procedure for females to block ovum passage |
| c. Intrauterine Device | 1. Device inserted to prevent implantation |
| d. Oral Contraceptive Pills | 2. Hormonal method that prevents ovulation |
Question 23.
Explain how condoms serve a dual purpose in contraception and STI prevention
Answer:
Dual purpose of condoms in contraception and STI prevention:
- Condoms act as a physical barrier that prevents sperm from entering the uterus during intercourse, reducing the chances of fertilisation and thereby preventing pregnancy. When used correctly, condoms are an effective form of contraception.
- Condoms also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by blocking the exchange of bodily fluids such as semen, vaginal fluids, and blood, which can carry infections like HIV, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea.
- Condoms are widely available, affordable, and simple to use, making them an accessible option for individuals to protect themselves both from unwanted pregnancies and STIs.
Question 24.
Analyze the implications of population growth and the importance of contraceptive methods in promoting reproductive health and sustainable development.
Answer:
Implications of Population Growth and Importance of Contraceptive Methods:
- As the population grows, more people need food, water, housing, and healthcare. This can lead to shortages, making it harder for families to provide for their children, leading to poverty and overcrowding in schools and hospitals.
- Contraceptives allow families to plan and space out their children. This helps mothers recover between pregnancies and ensures they can focus on the health and well-being of their first child, giving them a better start in life.
- When families use contraceptives to plan pregnancies, the first child often benefits from more attention, better nutrition, and access to resources like education. Parents can devote more time and resources to raising their children and improving their quality of life.
- Using contraceptives helps reduce the pressure of overpopulation, allowing societies to grow at a steady pace. It also empowers women by giving them control over when to have children, allowing them to pursue education and career opportunities, which can improve the family’s overall quality of life.
Question 25.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using hormonal contraceptive methods compared to barrier methods.
Answer:
Hormonal contraceptive methods, such as pills, patches, and injections, are highly effective in preventing pregnancy, often exceeding 99 % effectiveness when used correctly. They can also help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce menstrual cramps. However, they may cause side effects like weight gain, mood changes, and an increased risk of blood clots, and they do not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
In contrast, barrier methods like condoms protect against both pregnancy and STIs, making them a safer choice for sexually active individuals. They do not involve hormones so that users can avoid potential hormonal side effects. However, barrier methods are generally less effective than hormonal methods, with a typical use effectiveness of around 85%, and they require consistent use, which can lead to decreased effectiveness if not used correctly.
Question 26
Expand PCOS.
Answer:
PCOS – Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Question 27.
Give reasons for male infertility
Answer:
Defects in sperm production, decrease in number of sperms and sperm motility are some reasons for male infertility.
Question 28.
Match the following
| Column I | Column II |
| a. Decrease in sperm motility | Female |
| b. Blockage in the fallopian tube | Both |
| c. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Male |
| d. Drug abuse |
Answer:
| Column I | Column II |
| a. Decrease in sperm motility | Male |
| b. Blockage in the fallopian tube | Female |
| c. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Female |
| d. Drug abuse | Both |
Question 29.
a) Discuss the treatment options available for infertility, highlighting Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and In-vitro Fertilization (IVF)
b) Explain the methods used to diagnose infertility in couples.
Answer:
a) Treatment options for infertility:
- Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) consists of various medical procedures used to treat infertility. It includes techniques like IVF, artificial insemination, and others that help increase the chances of conception by manipulating eggs, sperm, or embryos.
- In-vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a specific type of ART where eggs are retrieved from a woman’s ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory. Once embryos develop, one or more are transferred back into the woman’s uterus. This method is often used when other fertility treatments have failed or when there are specific fertility issues, offering a higher chance of pregnancy for couples struggling with infertility.
b) Hormones and semen tests in the laboratory, ultrasound scanning and genetic tests can diagnose the cause of infertility.
Question 30.
………… virus is responsible for AIDS.
Answer:
HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Question 31.
Vaccines are available against ……….. and ……….. infections.
Answer:
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Hepatitis B
Question 32.
How can using condoms help in preventing STIs?
Answer:
Condoms act as a physical barrier, preventing direct contact between sexual organs, fluids, and mucous membranes, which reduces the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They prevent the exchange of bodily fluids like semen, vaginal fluids, and blood, which are common carriers of infections like HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and others.
Question 33.
Differentiate between Chlamydia and Syphilis based on their causative organisms.
Answer:
Bacteria is the causative organism of both diseases, Chlamydia and syphilis. Chlamydia trachomatis cause chlamydia and syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum.
Question 34.
Explain the transmission methods of HIV. Include both sexual and non-sexual modes.
Answer:
Transmission methods of HIV
- Sexual Transmission: HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person. The virus present in sexual fluids can enter the body through mucous membranes.
- Blood Transmission: Non-sexual transmission occurs when HIV-infected blood enters the bloodstream of another person. This can happen through sharing contaminated needles (in drug use), blood transfusions with infected blood, or during medical procedures using non-sterile equipment.
- Mother-to-Child Transmission: HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
Question 35.
Discuss how HPV infection is linked to cervical cancer. What screening tests are used to detect this risk?
Answer:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that can infect the cervix. Certain types of HPV, are linked to the development of cervical cancer. When these high-risk HPV types infect cervical cells, they can cause changes that may lead to cancer if not detected and treated early. Pap smear test and HPV test helps in early detection of infection.
Question 36.
Fertilisation is ……….. in frogs.
Answer:
External
Question 37.
Embryo of mammals develops inside ………..
Answer:
Mothers’s body
Question 38.
Discuss the advantages of internal fertilisation in mammals over external fertilisation in fish and amphibians.
Answer:
Advantages of internal fertilisation in mammals over external fertilisation in fish and amphibians:
- In internal fertilisation, the sperm and egg are protected within the female’s body, reducing the risk of predation or environmental hazards, unlike in external fertilisation, where gametes are exposed to external conditions.
- Internal fertilisation ensures that the sperm reaches the egg directly, increasing the chances of successful fertilisation. In external fertilisation, gametes are dispersed in water, leading to lower chances of successful union.
- In mammals, the embryo develops within the mother’s body, providing a stable environment with optimal temperature, nutrition, and protection from predators, while in external fertilisation, eggs and embryos are often left vulnerable in aquatic environments?