SSLC Geography Chapter 8 Important Questions Towards Sustainability

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Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Important Questions and Answers Towards Sustainability

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 8 Towards Sustainability Important Questions

Towards Sustainability Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following best defines a resource?
a) Anything that is man-made and used for trade
b) Anything that satisfies human needs, occurs naturally, is technologically feasible, and culturally acceptable
c) Anything found in nature without human use
d) Anything created only for industrial purposes
Answer:
b) Anything that satisfies human needs, occurs naturally, is technologically feasible, and culturally acceptable

Question 2.
Identify the examples of Natural resources from the following.
A. Air, Water
B. Electricity. Machines
C. Soil, Sunlight
D. Vehicles, Buildings

a) A and C are correct
b) A and D are correct
c) B and D are correct
d) A and B are correct
Answer:
a) A and C are correct

Question 3.
Arrange the table suitably.

A. Biotic Resources	i. Minerals, Air
B. Abiotic Resources	ii. Humans, Plants
C. Renewable Resources	iii. It is formed over millions of years and whose reserves decrease with use.
D. Non- renewable Resources	iv. It is considered sustainable as long as they are not overused.

a) A – iii, B – i, C – iv, D – ii
b) A – ii, B – i , C – iv, D – iii
c) A – iv , B – iii , C – ii, D – i
d) A – i, B – iv, C – ii, D – iii
Answer:
b) A – ii, B – i, C – iv, D – iii

Question 4.
Choose the correct answer by reading the given assertion and reason.
Assertion: Based on the origin, resources are classified into two types: Biotic and Abiotic Resources.
Reason: Humans, Plants, and animals are examples of abiotic resources.
a) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong
b) Both assertion and reason are correct
c) Both assertion and reason are wrong
d) Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct
Answer:
a) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong

Question 5.
Which of the following is not a basis for classifying resources?
a) Origin
b) Temperature
c) Renewability
d) Ownership
Answer:
b) Temperature

Question 6.
Define Stocks.
Answer:
Materials that can meet human needs but for which humans do not have the appropriate technology to utilize are called stocks.

Question 7.
What is natural resources?
Answer:
Natural resources are substances, objects, or forms of energy that are obtained from nature and are useful to humans.

Question 8.
Find the non-ferrous minerals from the following,
a) Iron
b) Manganese
c) Gold
d) Nickel
Answer:
c) Gold

Question 9.
Assertion (A): Coal is widely used for generating electricity in thermal power plants.
Reason (R): Coal is rich in carbon and is a major source of heat energy when burnt.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 10.
Assertion (A): Petroleum is called ‘black gold’.
Reason (R): Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid mixture that is very valuable and used for various purposes like fuel, medicines, and waterproofing.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 11.
Which of the following is correct for non- conventional resources?
A. These resources get depleted and exhausted with use.
B. Eco-friendly
C. Availability is limited
D. Available in plenty

a. A and C are correct
b. A and B are correct
c. B and C are correct
d. C and D are correct
Answer:
a. A and C are correct

Question 12.
Arrange the following suitably.

A. Natural Gas	i. Non-conventional resources
B. Bio energy	ii. Mineral
C. Coal	iii. Conventional resources
D. Aluminum	iv. Fossil Fuel

A. A – iv, B – ii, C – i, D – iii
B. A – i, B – ii, C – iv, D – iii
C. A – iii, B – i, C – iv, D – ii
D. A – ii, B – i, C – iv, D – iii
Answer:
C. A – iii, B – i, C – iv, D – ii

A. Natural Gas	iii. Conventional resources
B. Bio energy	i. Non-conventional resources
C. Coal	iv. Fossil Fuel
D. Aluminum	ii. Mineral

Question 13.
Based on their replenishment capacity or renewability, resources can be classified into two types. Which are they?
Answer:

1. Renewable Resources
2. Non-renewable Resources

Question 14.
Write examples for developed resources and Potential resources.
Answer:

1. Developed Resources: Coal mines, Petroleum wells, Irrigated agricultural land, etc.
2. Potential Resources: Rajasthan and Gujarat have a huge potential for generating energy from wind and solar power, but these sources are currently only marginally used for power generation.

Question 15.
Define Potential Resources and Developed Resources.
Answer:

1. Potential Resources are resources that are found in a region but are not yet fully utilised.
2. Developed Resources are resources whose quantity and quality have been surveyed, assessed, and adequate technology has been developed to utilise them efficiently.

Question 16.
Differentiate between Biotic Resources and Abiotic Resources.
Answer:

1. Biotic Resources: Anything that is part of the biosphere and can be utilised by humans is referred to as a biotic resource.
2. Abiotic Resources: Resources that are made of non-living matter are called abiotic resources.

Question 17.
Complete the table by writing the name of the country by the leading producer of the given Mineral.

Mineral	Leading producer (Country)
Copper	…………. (a) ……………
Iron	…………….(b) ……………..

Answer:
a. Chile
b. Carajas mine (Brazil)

Question 18.
Define the terms energy source and write some examples of energy source.
Answer:
Any substance that can produce heat, move objects, or generate electricity is called an energy source. A substance that releases energy through a chemical process is known as a fuel.
Eg; Solar energy, Coal, Hydel power, petroleum.

Question 19.
a) What is meant by fossil fuel?
b) List the major fossil fuel?
Answer:
a) Fossil fuels belong to the category of non-renewable resources, but they are very important sources of energy. Fossil fuels are formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals.

b) Coal, petroleum

Question 20.
Write the year in which following report were submitted.
a. Brundtland Commission report: …………………….
b. Earth Summit: ………………………
Answer:
a. 1987
b. 1992

Question 21.
Define the term Sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. We can move forward by engaging in activities that aim to achieve the objectives of sustainable development, protect the Earth, and conserve resources for a better tomorrow.

Question 22.
Write any three examples for Man-made Natural Resources.
Answer:

1. Electricity
2. Vehicles
3. Machines

Question 23.
Write a note on Non-metallic minerals with its example.
Answer:
Non-metallic minerals generally do not have the metallic luster that is typical of metals. They are mined for various industrial purposes. These minerals are used either in their natural state, as raw materials after purification, or in combination with other minerals. Gypsum, limestone, kaolin, and graphite are some of the major non-metallic minerals.

Question 24.
Explain the importance and occurrence of minerals. How are natural resources classified based on their distribution? Give examples.
Answer:
Minerals are naturally occurring substances with definite chemical and physical properties, and they play an important role in people’s welfare, scientific progress, and a country’s economic growth.

They are typically chemical compounds, and many metallic elements can be profitably extracted from mineral-rich rocks known as ores.

Based on distribution, natural resources are classified into:

• Ubiquitous resources – found everywhere (e.g. air, solar energy, water)
• Localised resources – found only in specific areas (e.g. metal ores, fossil fuels)

Question 25.
Why is petroleum called as ‘rock oil’?
Answer:
Petroleum

• It is not known exactly when humans first began using petroleum. In ancient times, people considered the fire produced from natural gas seeping through surface pores to be sacred and worshiped it.
• Asphalt was used to waterproof boats and to regulate indoor temperatures during cold seasons.
• In ancient Egypt, it was also used in pyramid construction and for preserving mummies.
• As it originates from rocks, this fuel is called petroleum, meaning ‘rock oil’.
• The naturally occurring, complex liquid mixture called petroleum is also etymologically referred to as ‘black gold’.

With the Industrial Revolution, petroleum gained importance as it became a primary fuel for machines, replacing coal. Since petroleum became available from the Middle East at very low cost, it has significantly changed human life. Today, petroleum, which remains the primary source of energy, has a profound influence on human life.

• Naturally occurring petroleum is usually black or brown in colour, though it can also appear green or yellow.
• Crude petroleum, a mixture of various components obtained from the Earth, is sent to a refinery to be converted into fuel.
• Petrol, jet fuel, lubricants (used to reduce friction), asphalt, and many other products are extracted from crude oil.
• Thousands of products, including paints, medicines, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and cosmetics, are produced from petroleum today.

All fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy sources – their reserves will diminish with use and eventually disappear from the Earth forever. Historical records indicate that coal was the first fossil fuel used in the world. It was commonly used as fuel in furnaces to extract metals from their ores. Petroleum began to be used for commercial purposes in the 19th century, and its usage has been rising ever since. Natural gas is another fossil fuel that is widely used today, especially in the domestic sector. If fossil fuels become scarce, all developmental activities will come to a standstill. The uncontrolled use of these non-renewable energy sources could lead to a major energy crisis in the future. It means we need to develop energy sources that can be regenerated. So we must rely bn non-conventional energy sources that are abundantly available and can last for a long time.

Question 26.
How is wind energy converted into electricity?
Answer:
The kinetic energy of the wind is used to produce electricity. The force of the wind spins the blades of a windmill, which is connected to a generator. As the windmill rotates, the generator produces electricity from the mechanical energy.

Question 27.
How is solar energy harnessed and used?
Answer:
The Sun is the primary source of energy, and various techniques are employed to convert solar rays into usable energy. Photovoltaic and solar thermal methods are the primary techniques for harnessing solar energy. The energy obtained is stored in photovoltaic cells and used for various purposes such as heating, lighting, and generating electricity.

Question 28.
Describe the distribution and importance of iron ore in the world.
Answer:
MINERAL RESOURCES

• Minerals are naturally occurring organic or inorganic substances with definite chemical and physical properties.
• They are chemical compounds in which atoms are arranged in a specific manner. Most minerals are
  formed by the combination of two or more elements, while only a few elements occur in their pure (elemental) state in nature.
• The welfare of the people, the development of science and technology, and the economic growth of a country depend, to some extent, on the availability of minerals.
  Natural resources are classified into two types based on their distribution: ubiquitous resources and localised resources. Ubiquitous resources are those found everywhere. Examples: air, solar energy, water etc. Localised resources are those found only in certain parts of the world. Examples: metal ores, fossil fuels, etc.

• The Earth is rich in rocks that contain many minerals with important metallic elements.
  Metallic elements can be extracted from these rocks at a relatively low cost. Ores are Earth materials from which one or more metals can be extracted profitably. A metal can be extracted from more than one type of ore. For example, iron can be extracted from minerals such as hematite and magnetite. Similarly, more than one metal can also be obtained from a single ore deposit. Our Earth is rich in a variety of metals.

The metals we commonly use and their important ores are given below:

When beneficial minerals found as natural occurrences in unusually high concentrations, they can be termed as mineral deposits.

Mineral Deposits
Iron

• Carajas Mine the largest iron ore mine in the world. This mine is located in Brazil, a country in South America.
• The largest reserves of iron ore are found in countries like Australia, Brazil, and Russia.
• India is also one of the major iron-producing countries in the world.
• Iron is a key component in the manufacturing of steel.
• About 98% of the iron ore mined worldwide is used to produce steel.
• Nearly 50 countries are involved in iron ore mining. Steel plays a crucial role in maintaining a strong industrial base.

Question 29.
Why is the conservation of natural resources important? Explain how it can be achieved.
Answer:
We depend on the Earth for all essential resources, but overuse due to population growth and high demand is depleting them rapidly. Natural resources are dwindling, and if this continues, future generations may face shortages. Conservation means protecting the Earth to maintain its self- regenerative capacity and using resources wisely without harming ecosystems or the global climate. To achieve this, we must develop renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy, while reducing the use of fossil fuels, which are limited and polluting.

Question 30.
Explain the uses and distribution of copper. Mention the importance of other useful metals.
Answer:
Early humans used copper for decoration and making tools and weapons. Today, copper is essential in the electrical industry, used for wires, motors, transformers, and generators. Chile is the world’s leading producer of copper, with major mines like Escondida and Collahuasi.
Other important metals include:

• Aluminium – used in wires, vehicles, aeroplanes, cans, and buildings.
• Manganese – important for metal processing and steel production.
• Lead – used in batteries and ceramics.
• Chromium – vital for making stainless steel.

Question 31.
Mention any four differences between conventional and non-conventional energy resources.
Answer:

Conventional (Non-renewable)	Non-Conventional (Renewable)
Limited supply, exhaustible	Available in abundance
Cause pollution	Eco-friendly, clean
Expensive to extract & maintain	Low maintenance cost
Examples: Coal, petroleum	Examples: Solar, wind, tidal

Question 32.
Explain geothermal energy and its importance as an alternative energy source.
Answer:

• Geothermal energy is produced from the heat inside the Earth.
• When magma erupts from the Earth’s interior, the released heat is stored and converted into electricity.
• Thermal energy can also be generated from hot water and steam that come out through geysers.
• It is a clean, renewable, and reliable source of energy, making it an important alternative to fossil fules.

Question 33.
Explain how the excessive use of non-renewable resources affects the environment and economy.
Answer:

• Overuse of non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum causes air, water, and soil pollution.
• It leads to climate change and the depletion of natural reserves.
• Extraction and transport are expensive, increasing economic burden.
• Their scarcity can lead to energy crises, affecting industries, transport, and daily life.
• Therefore, using renewable sources ensures sustainability and economic stability.

Question 34.
Describe coal and explain its formation, characteristics, and major uses.
Answer:
Coal

• Coal is generally the rock formations that originate from plant remains and has a high carbon content. These are carbon-rich sedimentary deposits found in black or brown colour.
• Coal is used as a fuel in metallurgy (the process of extracting metals from their ores and refining them for use).
• It is also used as a chemical raw material in the manufacturing of waxes, ointments, medicines, pesticides, and dyes.
• Coal is a major source of energy for thermal power generation.

Question 35.
Explain the various renewable energy sources and their uses.
Answer:
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

Question 36.
How can resources be classified on the basis of their ownership?
Answer:
RESOURCES BASED ON OWNERSHIP
Resources can also be classified into different types based on their ownership.

Question 37.
How metals can be classified as Metallic and Non- metallic minerals.
Answer:
MINERAL RESOURCES

• Minerals are naturally occurring organic or inorganic substances with definite chemical and physical properties.
• They are chemical compounds in which atoms are arranged in a specific manner. Most minerals are
  formed by the combination of two or more elements, while only a few elements occur in their pure (elemental) state in nature.
• The welfare of the people, the development of science and technology, and the economic growth of a country depend, to some extent, on the availability of minerals.
  Natural resources are classified into two types based on their distribution: ubiquitous resources and localised resources. Ubiquitous resources are those found everywhere. Examples: air, solar energy, water etc. Localised resources are those found only in certain parts of the world. Examples: metal ores, fossil fuels, etc.

• The Earth is rich in rocks that contain many minerals with important metallic elements.
  Metallic elements can be extracted from these rocks at a relatively low cost. Ores are Earth materials from which one or more metals can be extracted profitably. A metal can be extracted from more than one type of ore. For example, iron can be extracted from minerals such as hematite and magnetite. Similarly, more than one metal can also be obtained from a single ore deposit. Our Earth is rich in a variety of metals.

The metals we commonly use and their important ores are given below:

When beneficial minerals found as natural occurrences in unusually high concentrations, they can be termed as mineral deposits.
Mineral Deposits
Iron

• Carajas Mine the largest iron ore mine in the world. This mine is located in Brazil, a country in South America.
• The largest reserves of iron ore are found in countries like Australia, Brazil, and Russia.
• India is also one of the major iron-producing countries in the world.
• Iron is a key component in the manufacturing of steel.
• About 98% of the iron ore mined worldwide is used to produce steel.
• Nearly 50 countries are involved in iron ore mining. Steel plays a crucial role in maintaining a strong industrial base.

Copper

• Copper was often found in a relatively pure state in nature; it was easy to extract and use.
• Early humans used copper for decorative purposes and for making tools and weapons.
• Today, copper has become an indispensable metal in the electrical industry, as it is used in making wires, electric motors, transformers, and generators.
• Chile is the world’s leading producer of copper.

In addition to iron and copper, there are many other metals that are very useful to humans. Aluminium is used for making electrical wires, motor vehicles, airplanes, cans, and buildings. Manganese is indispensable in metal processing and steel production. Lead is used in making batteries and ceramic products. Chromium is important for the production of stainless steel.

Non-metallic minerals: It is generally do not have the metallic luster that is typical of metals. They are mined for various industrial purposes. These minerals are used either in their natural state, as raw materials after purification, or in combination with other minerals. Gypsum, limestone, kaolin, and graphite are some of the major non-metallic minerals.