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SSLC Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Questions and Answers Pdf Nomenclature of Organic Compounds and Isomerism
SCERT Class 10 Chemistry Chapter 1 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds and Isomerism Notes Pdf
SSLC Chemistry Chapter 1 Questions and Answers – Let Us Assess
Question 1.
A chain having 6 carbon atoms is given below.
a) Complete the structure by adding hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom.
Answer:
b) Write the molecular formula of this compound.
Answer:
C6H14
c) How many carbon atoms are there in the main chain of this compound?
Answer:
5
d) Write its IUPAC name.
Answer:
3-Methy1 pentane
Question 2.
Write down the IUPAC names of the given compounds.
Answer:
a) 3-Methylhexane
b) Hex-2-ene
c) Hex-2-yne
d) Pentanoic acid
e) Butanal
f) Pentan-2-one
g) 2, 2-Dichlorobutane
h) Ethoxyethane
i) 2-Methylbut-2-ene
j) 3-Methylbut-1-yne
Question 3.
Write the structural formulae of the compounds given below.
a) 2, 3, 3-Trimethylhexane
b) Ethoxybutane
c) Butan-2-one
d) Pent-1-yne
e) Hexan-2-ol
f) 3-Bromoheptane
g) Pentanal
Answer:
Question 4.
The structural formulae and IUPAC names of certain compounds are given. Identify the wrong ones and correct them.
Answer:
i) 3-Methylhexane
ii) Correct
iii) Hex-2-yne
iv) 2, 2, 3-Trichloropentane
Question 5.
a) What type of isomerism do these compounds exhibit?
i) CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH3
ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
Answer:
Functional group isomers
b) Write the structural formula of the metamer of compound (i).
Answer:
The structural formula of the metamer of compound (i) is CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3.
Question 6.
The structural formulae of two compounds are given.
i) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO
ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CO – CH3
a) What is the IUPAC name of the first compound?
Answer:
(i) Pentanal
b) These two compounds are isomers. Why?
Answer:
Since both compounds have the same molecular formula (C5H10O) but different structural formulas, they are isomers.
c) What type of isomerism do these compounds exhibit?
Answer:
These compounds exhibit functional group isomerism.
d) Write the structural formula of the position isomer of the second compound.
Answer:
The structural formula of the position isomer of the second compound is CH3 – CH2 – CO – CH2 – CH3
Question 7.
Examine the compounds given below and identify the isomeric pairs. What type of isomerism is shown by each pair?
a) Methoxypropane
b) 2, 3-Dimethylbutane
c) Propan-1-ol
d) Ethoxyethane
e) Propan-2-ol
f) Hexane
Answer:
Isomeric Pair 1: Methoxypropane (a) and Ethoxyethane (d) exhibit Metamerism
Isomeric Pair 2: 2, 3-Dimethylbutane (b) and Hexane (f) exhibit chain isomerism.
Isomeric Pair 3: Propan-1-ol (c) and Propan-2-ol (e) exhibit position isomerism.
Chemistry Class 10 Chapter 1 Notes Kerala Syllabus Nomenclature of Organic Compounds and Isomerism
Question 1.
The structural formulae of two hydrocarbons are given below.
You are familiar with the formula of hydrocarbon I
a) How many carbon atoms are there in this chain?
Answer:
5
b) What is the word root of this carbon chain?
Answer:
Pent
c) Write the IUPAC name of this compound.
Answer:
Pentane
Analyse the structure formula of hydrocarbon I and hydrocarbon II
d) What is the molecular formula of these two hydrocarbons?
Answer:
C5H12
e) How do they differ in the structure of the carbon chain?
Answer:
Hydrocarbon I has a straight, unbranched carbon chain, while Hydrocarbon II has a branched carbon chain.
Have a look at the structural formula of another hydrocarbon with the same molecular formula.
Therefore, it is clear that carbon atoms can form branched compounds.
Question 2.
Which of these chains has the lowest number for the carbon atom carrying the branch?
Answer:
(I)
• The small branches attached to carbon atoms are called alkyl groups. An alkyl group is named by adding ‘yl’ to the word root of the corresponding alkane.
Name of alkyl group = Word root corresponding to the number of carbon atom/atoms in the branch + ‘yl’ |
Name of alkyl group | Structural formula |
Methyl | -CH3 |
Ethyl | -CH2 – CH3 |
Propyl | -CH2 – CH2 – CH3 |
• While writing the IUPAC name, a hyphen (-) is used to separate numerals and alphabets.
Position number of branches + hyphen +name of alkyl group +word root+ suffix (ane) |
Question 3.
How to write the IUPAC name of the compound given below, based on these rules.
Answer:
Number of carbon atoms in the main chain: Five
Word root: Pent
Suffix: It is a saturated hydrocarbon (all single bonds), the suffix is “ane”.
Name of the branching alkyl group: Methyl group (-CH3)
Position of the branch: Methyl group is at position 2
IUPAC name: 2-Methylpentane
Question 4.
Complete the table
Answer:
Question 5.
How to write the IUPAC name of the compound given below, based on these rules.
Answer:
Number of carbon atoms in the chain: 7
Number of branches: 2
Name of branches: Methyl
Position of the first branch while numbering from left to right : 3
Position of the first branch while numbering from right to left: 2
Correct way of numbering: Right to left
Correct position number of the branches: 2, 5
IUPAC name: 2, 5-Dimethylheptane
Question 6.
Write the IUPAC name of this compound
Answer:
2, 4-Dimethylpentane
• The longest carbon chain is numbered from left to right or right to left. If the carbon atom containing the first branch gets the same position number when numbered from either side, then the numbering should be done in such a way that the carbon atom containing the second branch gets a lower position number.
Number of carbon atoms in the main chain: 6
Number of branches: 3
Names of branches: Methyl
Position number of the first branch while numbering from left to right: 2, 4, 5
Position number of the first branch while numbering from right to left: 2, 3, 5
When does the second branch get a lower position number? Put a ✓ mark against the correct option. While numbering from left to right:
While numbering from right to left ✓
Correct position number of the branches: 2, 3, 5
IUPAC name: 2, 3, 5-Trimethylhexane
• If a carbon atom has two identical branches, their position numbers should be repeated.
Number of carbon atoms in the main chain: 3
Number of branches: 2
Names of branches: Methyl
Position of the branches: 2, 2
IUPAC name: 2, 2-Dimethylpropane
Question 7.
How to write the structural formula of a compound if the IUPAC name is given?
Answer:
Step 1: Find the main chain
The last part of the name (like “-ane”, “-ene”, “-yne”) tells you the type of hydrocarbon, and the prefix before it (like “meth-“, “eth-“, “prop-“, “but-“, “pent-“, “hex-“, etc.) tells you the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain. Draw this chain of carbon atoms and connect them with single bonds if it ends in “-ane”.
Step 2: Identify the branches (substituents)
The parts of the name at the beginning, with numbers indicating their position (like “2-methyl-“, “3-ethyl-“), tell you what groups are attached to the main chain and at which carbon atom.
Step 3: Place the branches
Number the carbon atoms in the main chain. Then, attach the identified groups to the carbon atoms indicated by the numbers in the name. Remember that “methyl-” is -CH3, “ethyl-” is -CH2CH3, and so on.
Step 4: Add hydrogen atoms
Make sure each carbon atom has a total of four bonds. Add hydrogen atoms to the main chain and the branches as needed to satisfy this.
Example: Write the structural formula of 2,3-dimethylpentane.
a) How many carbon atoms are present in its main chain?
Answer:
5
b) Let us write the main chain.
Answer:
This is represented as: C – C – C – C – C
c) What are the branches?
Answer:
The prefix “2, 3-dimethyl-” indicates two methyl groups (CH3) as branches.
d) What are their position numbers?
Answer:
The numbers “2, 3-” tell us that one methyl group is attached to the second carbon atom of the main chain, and the other is attached to the third carbon atom.
e) Write the structural formula by attaching the branches to the main chain.
Answer:
f) Complete the structure by filling up all valencies of carbon atoms with hydrogen.
Answer:
Question 8.
Write the structural formula of the compound 2, 4-Dimethylheptane
Answer:
Question 9.
Complete the table given below.
Answer:
Question 10.
Which of these carbon atoms that have double bonds get the lowest position number?
Answer:
(I).
Question 11.
If so, what will be the IUPAC name of this compound?
Answer:
Total number of carbon atoms in this chain: 4
Word root: But
The correct position number of the carbon atom with having double bond : 1
Suffix: ene
IUPAC name: But-1-ene
Question 12.
The structural formula of another alkene with the molecular formula C4H8 is given below. Write its IUPAC name.
Answer:
Total number of carbon atoms in this chain: 4
Word root: But
The correct position number of the carbon atom having a double bond: 2
Suffix: ene
IUPAC name: But-2-ene
Now you are familiar with the structural formula of two compounds with the molecular formula C4H8.
Question 13.
How do they differ in their structures?
Answer:
The position of the double bond in the carbon chain is different.
Question 14.
Which of the following is the IUPAC name of this compound? Choose the correct one
CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH – CH3
(a) Pent-3-ene
(b) Pent-2-ene
Answer:
b
• In the nomenclature of hydrocarbons with triple bonds, the numbering should be done in such a way that the carbon atoms linked by the triple bond gets the lowest position number.
Word root + hyphen + position of triple bond + hyphen + suffix (yne) |
CH ≡ C – CH2 – CH3
Question 15.
What is the molecular formula of this compound?
Answer:
C4H6
Question 16.
To which category does this compound belong?
Answer:
This compound belongs to the category of alkynes.
Question 17.
Write the IUPAC name of the alkyne given below.
Answer:
The Total number of carbon atoms in this chain: 4
Word root: But
The correct position number of the carbon atom having a triple bond: 1
Suffix IUPAC name: But-1-yne
Question 18.
Write the structural formula of another alkyne with molecular formula C4H6
Answer:
Question 19.
Write the IUPAC name of this compound.
Answer:
The IUPAC name of this compound is But-2-yne.
Question 20.
How do these compounds (But-l-yne and But-2-yne) differ in their structures?
Answer:
The position of the triple bond in the carbon chain is different.
Question 21.
Complete the table below
Answer:
(a) Prop-1-ene
(b)
(c) Pent-2-yne
(d) Hept-3-yne
Question 22.
What are the constituent elements of the organic compounds discussed so far?
Answer:
Carbon and Hydrogen
Question 23.
Examine the structure and name of the organic compounds given
Answer:
The chemical and physical properties of methanol and chloromethane are entirely different from those of methane
- Methanol is a compound in which a hydrogen atom in methane is replaced by an -OH group.
- Chloromethane is a compound in which a hydrogen atom in methane is replaced by a -Cl atom.
Question 24.
Write the IUPAC name of this compound.
a) CH3 – OH
b) CH3 – CH2 – OH
Answer:
a) IUPAC name – Methanol
b) IUPAC name – Ethanol
Question 25.
Analyze the following structures given below.
a) What is the functional group in the two compounds?
Answer:
Alcohol (-OH)
b) What is the molecular formula of the two compounds?
Answer:
(i) C3H8O
(ii) C3H8O
c) What is the structural difference between them?
Answer:
The position of the functional group in both compounds is different.
Question 27.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound.
Answer:
IUPAC name: Propan-2-ol
Question 28.
Which of the following is the IUPAC name of the compound given below?
Answer:
(b) Pentan-2-ol
Question 29.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound.
Answer:
Number of Carbon atoms in this chain: 2
IUPAC name: Ethanoic acid
That is, Ethane – e + oic acid → Ethanoic acid
Question 30.
Complete the table below
Answer:
Compound | IUPAC Name |
H-COOH | Methanoic acid |
CH3 – COOH | Ethanoic acid |
CH3 – CH2 – COOH | Propanoic acid |
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH | Butanoic acid |
Question 31.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound.
Answer:
The Number of carbon atoms in this chain: 2
Name of the alkane having 2 carbon atoms: Ethane
IUPAC name: Ethanal
That is, Ethane – e + al → Ethanal
Question 32.
Complete the table below
Answer:
Compound | IUPAC name |
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO | Butanal |
CH3 – CH2 – CHO | Propanal |
CH3 – CH2– CH2 – CH2– CHO | Pentanal |
Question 33.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound.
Answer:
The Number of carbon atoms in this chain: 3
Name of alkane having 3 carbon atoms: Propane
IUPAC name: Propanone
That is, Propane – e + one → Propanone
- This compound is known by the name acetone.
- The position of the functional group must be considered while naming ketones with more than 3 carbon atoms.
Question 34.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound.
Answer:
Number of carbon atoms in the main chain: 5
Name of alkane with the same number of carbon atoms: Pentane .
Correct position number of the functional group: 2
IUPAC Name: Pentan-2-one
Question 35.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound given below.
CH3 – CH2 – CO – CH2 – CH3
Answer:
Pentan-3-one.
Question 36.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound given below.
Answer:
Number of carbon atoms in the main chain: 3
Name of alkane with the same number of carbon atoms: Propane
Name of Halo Group: Chloro
Correct the position number of the carbon to which the halo group is attached: 1
IUPAC name: 1-Chloropropane
Question 37.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound given below.
Answer:
2, 2-Dibromobutane
Question 38.
Complete the table below.
Answer:
Question 39.
Complete the table below
Answer:
Compound | IUPAC Name |
CH3 – O – CH3 | Methoxymethane |
CH3 – CH2 – CH2– O -CH3 | Methpxypropane |
CH3– CH2– O – CH2-CH2 – CH3 | Ethoxypropane |
Question 40.
Complete the table below
Answer:
Functional Group | Name of functional group | Common name |
-OH | Hydroxyl | Alcohol |
-COOH | Carboxyl | Carboxylic acid |
-CHO | Aldehydic | Aldehyde |
-CO- | Keto | Ketone |
-O-R | Alkoxy | Ether |
-F, -Cl, -Br, -I | Halo | Halo compound |
Question 41.
Analyze the structure of the compound given below.
• Which category does this compound belong to? (Aliphatic / Alicyclic/Aromatic)
Answer:
Aromatic
• What is the name of this compound?
Answer:
Benzene
• Write the molecular formula of this compound.
Answer:
C6H6
Question 40.
The structural formulae of certain compounds are given below. Analyze them.
• Which of these compounds have the same molecular formula?
Answer:
(i), (iv) Molecular formula: C3H7Cl
• What is the functional group in each of these?
Answer:
(i), (iv) Functional group: Chloro (-Cl)
(ii), (iii)Functional group: Hydroxyl (-OH)
• Write the IUPAC names of these compounds.
Answer:
(i) 2-Chloropropane
(ii) Propan-1-ol
(iii) Ethanol
(iv) 1-Chloropropane
Question 41.
The structural formulae of two compounds are given below.
• Write the molecular formulae of these two compounds.
Answer:
(i) C4H10
(ii) C4H10
• What is the peculiarity in the molecular formulae?
Answer:
Same molecular formulae
• Write their IUPAC names.
Answer:
(i) Butane
(ii) 2 -Methy lpropane
• What are the peculiarities of these compounds?
Answer:
These are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Therefore, these are isomers.
• How do these compounds differ in their structures? Draw the structures of these compounds with the carbon atoms alone.
Answer:
Although the molecular formulae of these compounds are the same, the structures of the carbon chains are different. Such isomers are called chain isomers.
Question 42.
The structural formulae of two chain isomers of pentane C5H12 are given.
Write the structural formula of the third isomer.
Answer:
Question 43.
How many chain isomers are possible for the compound CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3? Write it down.
Answer:
Question 44.
The structural formulae of two familiar compounds are provided below. Analyse them.
• What is the functional group present in them?
Answer:
Hydroxyl (-OH)
• What is their molecular formula?
Answer:
C3H8O
• Write their IUPAC name.
Compound ——-(i)——–
Compound ——–(ii)——-
Answer:
(i) Propan-1-ol
(ii) Propan-2-ol
It is clear that their molecular formulae are the same, but the position numbers of their functional groups are different. Such isomers are known as position isomers.
Question 45.
Analyse the structural formulae of the two pairs of compounds given below.
Pair I
(i) CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2
(ii) CH3 – CH = CH – CH3
• What is the molecular formula for these compounds?
Answer:
C4H8
• Write their IUPAC names.
Compound ——–(i)——–
Compound ——(ii)——–
Answer:
(i) But-1-ene
(ii) But-2-ene
• What type of isomerism do they exhibit?
Answer:
Their molecular formulae are the same, but the position of the double bond differs. Hence, they exhibit position isomerism.
Pair II
(i) CH3– CH2– C ≡ CH
(ii) CH3– C ≡ C – CH3
• What is the molecular formula for these compounds?
Answer:
C4H6
• Write their IUPAC names.
Compound ——–(i)——–
Compound ——(ii)——–
Answer:
(i) But-1-yne
(ii) But-2-yne
• What type of isomerism do they exhibit?
Answer:
Their molecular formulae are the same, but the position of the triple bond in them is. different. Hence, they exhibit position isomerism.
Question 46.
After analysing the previous examples, it is clear that double bonds and triple bonds are also considered as functional groups.
• Write down the structural formulae of all the possible position isomers of the compound.
CH2– CH2– CH2– CH2– CH2– Cl
Answer:
(i) 2-Chloropentane
• Write the structural formula and IUPAC name of the position isomers of the compound pentan-2-one.
Answer:
Pentan-2-one: CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
Pentan-3-one: CH3 – CH2 – CO – CH2 – CH3
Question 47.
The structural formulae and IUPAC names of two compounds are given:
CH3-CH2-OH IUPAC name – Ethanol
CH3-O-CH3 IUPAC name – Methoxymethane
• What is the functional group present in each compound?
Compound ——–(i)——–
Compound ——(ii)——–
Answer:
(i)Hydroxyl (-OH)
(ii) Alkoxy
• Write their molecular formula
Answer:
(i) C2H6O
(ii) C2H6O
After analyzing the structural formulae of these two compounds, it is clear that they have the same molecular formula but different functional groups. Such isomers are called functional isomers.
Question 48.
The structural formulae and IUPAC names of two compounds are given:
(i) CH3 – CH2 – CHO
(ii) CH3 – CO – CH3
• What are the functional groups in them?
Compound ——–(i)——–
Compound ——(ii)——–
Answer:
(i) Aldehyde (-CHO)
(iii) Keto (-CO-)
• Write their molecular formula.
Answer:
(i) C3H6O
(ii) C3H6O
• What type of isomerism do they exhibit?
Answer:
Functional isomerism
• Write the structural formula and IUPAC name of the functional isomer of the compound CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO.
Answer:
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO (Butanal)
CH3 – CH2 – CO – CH3 (2-Butanone or Butan-2-one)
Question 49.
The structural formulae of two compounds are given:
(i) CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH3
(ii) CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
• Write the molecular formulae of these compounds.
Answer:
C4H10O
• What is peculiar about the alkyl groups on either side of the ether linkage (-O-) in compound (i)?
Answer:
Compound (i): The alkyl groups on either side of the ether linkage (-O-) are the same.
• What is peculiar about the alkyl groups on either side of the ether linkage (-O-) in compound (ii)?
Answer:
Compound (ii): The alkyl groups on either side of the ether linkage (-O-) are different.
In compound (i), the ether linkage (-O-) has the same alkyl groups on either side, whereas in compound (ii), the ether linkage (-O-) has different alkyl groups on either side. These types of isomers are called metamers.
Compounds have the same molecular formula, but different alkyl groups attached to either side of the functional group are called metamers.
Question 50.
Look at another example.
(i) CH3– CH2– CO – CH2– CH3
(ii) CH3– CO- CH2– CH2– CH3
• Write their molecular formula.
Answer:
C5H10O
• Write their IUPAC names.
Answer:
(i) 3-pentanone or Pentan-3-one
(ii) 2-pentanone or Pentan-2-one
Question 51.
Write the structural formulae and IUPAC names of any two metamers of the compound
CH3 – CH2– CH – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3.
Answer:
(i) CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2– CH2 – CH2 – CH3 (Methoxypentane)
(ii) CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2– CH2 – CH2 – CH3 (Ethoxybutane)
Question 52.
Examine the compounds given below and identify the isomeric pairs. Specify the type of isomerism exhibited by each pair.
i) CH3 – CH2– CH2 – CH2 – OH
ii) CH3 – CH2– CH2 – CH2 – CH3
iii) CH3 – CH2– CH2 – O – CH3
iv)
v) CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH3
vi)
Chain isomerism | |
Position isomerism | |
Functional isomerism | |
Metamerism |
Answer:
Std 10 Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes – Extended Activities
Question 1.
Make and display the ball and stick models of the following compounds.
a) 2, 2-Dimethylbutane
b) But-2-ene
c) Pent-1-yne
Answer:
Question 2.
The molecular formulae of two compounds are given below. Draw their structures.
a) C6H5-OH
b) C6H5-COOH
Answer:
a) C6H5-OH
Question 3.
Prepare and present a brief note on isomerism.
Answer:
Structural Isomers: These isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms. This category includes:
- Chain Isomers: Differ in the arrangement of the carbon skeleton (straight chain vs. branched chain).
- Position Isomers: Differ in the position of a functional group or a substituent on the carbon chain.
- Functional Group Isomers have different functional groups.
- Metamers: They have the same functional group, but different alkyl groups attached to it.
Question 4.
A student assigned the name 2-Ethyl-3-methylpentane to an organic compound.
a) Write the structural formula of the compound and verify if the name given is correct.
Answer:
The given name is incorrect
a) If incorrect, write the correct name of the compound.
Answer:
3, 4-Dimethylhexane
b) Write the molecular formula of the compound.
Answer:
C8H18
d) Record the structural formulae of all the possible isomers of the compound in your science diary, along with their IUPAC names. Mention the type of isomerism they exhibit.
Answer:
Chain isomers are structural isomers that share a molecular formula but have different carbon chain arrangements.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds and Isomerism Class 10 Notes
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds and Isomerism Notes Pdf
- Hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and hydrogen.
- Nomenclature of Alkanes with one branch:
- Identify the longest continuous carbon chain as the main chain.
- Number the main chain to give the branch the lowest possible number.
- Name the alkyl branch (methyl, ethyl, etc.).
- Combine the position number, branch name, and main chain name.
- Nomenclature of Alkanes with more than one branch:
- Number the chain to give branches the lowest possible numbers.
- Use prefixes (di-, tri-, tetra-) for multiple identical branches.
- Separate position numbers with commas.
- If the first branch has the same number from either side, the number to give the second branch is the lowest number.
- If a carbon has two identical branches, repeat its position number.
- IUPAC Name from Structural Formula:
- Find the main chain.
- Identify the branches.
- Place the branches on the main chain.
- Add hydrogen atoms to complete valencies.
- Nomenclature of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- Alkenes and Alkynes: These contain double or triple bonds, respectively.
- Number the carbon chain to give the double or triple bond the lowest possible number.
- Use the suffix “-ene” for alkenes (double bonds) and “-yne” for alkynes (triple bonds).
- Indicate the position of the double or triple bond in the name.
- Functional groups are specific atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule that determine its characteristic chemical properties.
Examples of functional groups:- Hydroxyl (-OH): Alcohols
- Carboxyl (-COOH): Carboxylic acids
- Aldehyde (-CHO): Aldehydes
- Keto (-CO-): Ketones
- Halo (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I): Halo compounds
- Alkoxy (-O-R): Ethers
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Functional Groups:
- Alcohols: Replace “-e” of the corresponding alkane with “-ol”.
- Carboxylic acids: Replace “-e” of the corresponding alkane with “-oic acid”.
- Aldehydes: Replace “-e” of the corresponding alkane with “-al”.
- Ketones: Replace “-e” of the corresponding alkane with “-one”
- Halo compounds: The haloalkane is named by numbering the carbon chain and indicating the position of the halogen atom.
- Ethers: Named as alkoxy alkanes. The longer alkyl group is the alkane, and the shorter is the alkoxy group.
- Aromatic compounds are cyclic (ring-shaped) compounds with unique stability and properties due to their electronic structure. The benzene ring is a key feature. Examples: Benzene (C6H6), Phenol (C6H5 – OH), Benzoic acid (C6H5-COOH).
- Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements, leading to different properties.
- Type of isomerism
- Chain Isomerism: Different carbon chain arrangements.
- Position Isomerism: Different positions of a functional group.
- Functional Group Isomerism: Different functional groups.
- Metamerism: Different alkyl groups around the same functional group.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous substances used in various fields of daily life are contributions of organic chemistry. The reason for the large number of carbon compounds is due to the unique characteristics of the carbon atom: tetravalency, the ability to form single, double, and triple bonds, and catenation. In addition to this, carbon can form chains and rings. Due to the large number and complex structures of organic compounds, their nomenclature is done according to the guidelines by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). In this unit, we will learn more about the nomenclature of alkanes with one branch, the nomenclature of alkanes with more than one branch, the nomenclature of unsaturated hydrocarbons, functional groups, aromatic compounds, and isomerism.
Hydrocarbons:
- They are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- Carbon atoms in hydrocarbons can form chains.
- Carbon atoms in hydrocarbons can also form rings.
- Hydrocarbons can have different types of carbon-carbon bonds:
- Single bonds (alkanes)
- Double bonds (alkenes)
- Triple bonds (alkynes)
The properties of hydrocarbons vary depending on their structure and the types of bonds.
Nomenclature of alkanes with one branch and more than one branch :
- Deals with naming alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) that have a single side group or “branch” attached to the main carbon chain.
- Involves identifying the longest continuous carbon chain as the “main chain.”
- Numbering the carbon atoms in the main chain to give the branch the lowest possible number.
- Naming the alkyl branch (e.g., methyl, ethyl).
- Combining the position number of the branch, the branch name, and the main chain name to form the IUPAC name
- Using prefixes like “di-“, “tri”, etc., to indicate multiple instances of the same branch.
- Numbering the chain to give the branches the lowest possible numbers.
Nomenclature of unsaturated hydrocarbons:
- Focuses on naming hydrocarbons that contain double or triple bonds (alkenes and alkynes).
- Numbering the carbon chain to give the double or triple bond the lowest possible number.
- Use the suffix ”-ene” for double bonds and “-yne” for triple bonds.
- Indicating the position of the double or triple bond in the name.
Functional groups:
- These are specific atoms or groups of atoms within a molecule that give it characteristic chemical properties.
- Some of the functional groups are the Hydroxyl group (-OH), Carboxyl group (-COOH) , Aldehyde group (-CHO), Keto group (-CO-),Halo group (-F,-Cl,-Br,-I),Alkoxy group(-O-R)
Aromatic compounds:
• These are a special class of cyclic (ring-shaped) compounds, often with a specific type of bonding that gives them unique stability and properties.
Isomerism:
- This refers to the phenomenon where molecules have the same molecular formula (same atoms) but different structural arrangements.
- Chain isomerism, Position isomerism, Functional isomerism, and Metamerism are different types of isomerism.
IUPAC RULES OF NOMENCLATURE
The structural formula of a hydrocarbon with one branch is given below.
Certain IUPAC rules are to be followed while naming such branched hydrocarbons.
- The longest chain (with the maximum number of carbon atoms) should be considered as the main chain, and the remaining carbon atoms are treated as branches.
- The position of the branches can be found by numbering carbon atoms in the main chain. It can be numbered either from the right or from the left of the chain.
- The numbering of the carbon atoms in the chain should be done in such a way that the carbon atom carrying the branch gets the lowest number.
Example:
See the two ways in which the carbon chain is numbered.
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES WITH MORE THAN ONE BRANCH
• If the same type of branch is present more than once, as per the rule, the numbering should be done either from left to right or from right to left so as to get the lowest number for the branch coming first in the longest chain.
Example:
Correct way of numbering: Left to right
Position number of the first branch: 2
Correct position number of the branches: 2, 4
• When there are multiple branches, the carbon atoms should be numbered in such a way that the sum of the position numbers of the branches is the lowest possible.
Example:
The methyl groups are at positions 3 and 4. The sum of the positions is 3 + 4 = 7.
The methyl groups are at positions 2 and 3. The sum of the positions is 2 + 3 = 5.
Since the sum of the positions is lower (5 vs. 7) when numbering from left to right, this is the correct way to number the chain. Therefore, the IUPAC name is 2,3-dimethylpentane.
• If the same branch appears more than once in a carbon chain, the number of branches is to be indicated using prefixes like di (two), tri (three), tetra (four), etc. Position numbers should be separated by commas.
NOMENCLATURE OF UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
• In the nomenclature of hydrocarbons with double bonds, the numbering should be done in such a way that the carbon atoms linked by the double bond gets the lowest position number.
Word root + hyphen + position of double bond + hyphen + suffix |
The structural formula of an alkene with molecular formula C4H8 is given below.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
An atom or a group of atoms bonded to carbon in an organic compound determines the distinctive chemical and physical properties of that compound. This atom or group of atoms is called a functional group.
There are compounds in which carbon atoms are bonded to atoms or groups of atoms other than hydrogen. It is referred to as a functional group.
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUP
HYDROXYL GROUP (-OH)
The presence of the -OH group in the carbon chain is responsible for the characteristic properties of methanol. The aliphatic hydrocarbons in which the -OH group is attached as a functional group are called alcohols. According to the IUPAC method, the alcohols are named by replacing ‘e’ in the name of the corresponding alkane with ‘ol’.
Alkane – e + ol → Alkanol
Methane – e + ol → Methanol
IUPAC nomenclature of alcohol:
According to IUPAC rules, the following points need to be considered.
- The carbon chain containing the -OH group should be considered as the main chain.
- The carbon atoms should be numbered in such a way that the carbon to which the functional group is attached gets the lowest position number.
- Replace ’e’ of the corresponding alkane with ‘ol and indicate the position number of the -OH group before “ol”
Alkane – e + hyphen + position number of -OH group + hyphen + ol |
Question 1.
Write the IUPAC name of the compound.
Answer:
The total number of carbon atoms in this chain: 3
The name of the alkane with 3 carbon atoms: Propane
The correct position number of the carbon containing the – OH group: 1
IUPAC name: Propan- l-ol
CARBOXYL GROUP
Compounds containing the – COOH functional group are known as carboxylic acids.
According to IUPAC rules, the following points need to be considered.
- Consider the total number of carbon atoms in the main chain, including the one in the carboxyl group.
- The last letter ‘e’ of the corresponding alkane is replaced with ‘oic acid’ to get the name of the acid.
Alkane – e + oic acid → Alkanoic acid
E.g. Methane – e + oic acid → Methanoic acid
ALDEHYDE GROUP
Compounds with the – CHO functional group are called aldehydes.
According to IUPAC rules, the following points need to be considered.
- Consider the total number of carbon atoms in the main chain, including the one in the aldehyde group.
- The last letter ‘e’ in the name of the corresponding alkane is replaced with ‘-al’ to get the name of the aldehyde.
Alkane – e + al → Alkanal
Eg. Methane – e + al → Methanal
KETO GROUP
Ketones are compounds with (-CO-) as the functional group.
According to IUPAC rules, the following points need to be considered.
- Consider the total number of carbon atoms in the main chain, including the one in the Keto group.
- The last letter ‘e’ in the name of the corresponding alkane is replaced with ‘one’ to get the name of the aldehyde.
Alkane – e + one → Alkanone
HALO GROUP (-F, -Cl, -BR, -I)
- The compounds formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon are replaced with an equal number of halogen atoms are called halo compounds.
- There are organic compounds with functional groups such as fluoro (-F), chloro (Cl), bromo (-Br) and iodo (-1).
- The IUPAC nomenclature of halo compounds with more than two carbon atoms in the main chain is given below.
Position of the halo group +hyphen + name of the halo group + name of the alkane |
ALKOXY GROUP (-O-R)
- Ethers are compounds containing an alkoxy group. ‘R’ denotes an alkyl group.
- Ethers are named alkoxy alkanes.
- In ethers, the -O- group is called the ether linkage. Of the alkyl groups on either side of the ether linkage (-O-), the longer alkyl group is considered as an alkane and the shorter as an alkoxy group.
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Aromatic compounds are a special group of cyclic (ring-shaped) chemical compounds, primarily made of carbon and hydrogen, that have a unique stability and reactivity due to their electronic structure. The presence of the benzene ring is a key feature of these compounds.
Phenol is the compound obtained when a hydrogen atom in benzene is replaced with an -OH group. Similarly, when a hydrogen atom is replaced with a -COOH group, the resulting compound is benzoic acid.
The structures of these compounds are given below.
ISOMERISM
The presence of different functional groups contributes to the vast number and diversity of organic compounds.
Compounds having the same molecular formula and different chemical and physical properties are called isomers. This phenomenon is called isomerism. The structural formulae of these compounds are different.
Organic compounds show different types of isomerism based on the difference in structures.
- Chain isomerism
- Position isomerism
- Functional isomerism
- Metamerism
CHAIN ISOMERISM
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the structures of the carbon chain are called chain isomers. This phenomenon is known as chain isomerism.
POSITION ISOMERISM
When two compounds have the same molecular formula and the same functional group but differ in the position of the functional group, they are called position isomers, and this phenomenon is known as
position isomerism.
FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM
When compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups, they are known as functional isomers, and this phenomenon is called functional isomerism.
METAMERISM
The isomerism exhibited by compounds with the same molecular formula but different alkyl groups on either side of the bivalent functional group (group having valency 2, eg, (-O-, -CO-) is known as metamerism.