Class 6

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf English Medium and Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 From Agriculture to Industry Notes Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 From Agriculture to Industry Notes Questions and Answers

Class 6 Social Science From Agriculture to Industry Notes Questions and Answers

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
List the findings of Nishan’s observations in their chronological order.

Answer:

• The making of weapons and tools
• The expansion of agriculture
• The exchange of commodities
• The sale of commodities

Question 2.
Write a note on the expansion of agriculture leading to the formation of cities using the given flowchart.

Answer:
When people started farming more, they grew extra food. This is called surplus production. They stored the extra food safely for future use. Later, people began to exchange their stored food and goods with others. This led to the start of fairs and markets, where many people came to buy and sell things. As these markets grew larger and more bustling, they gradually evolved into trading centers and eventually into cities. So, farming was the first step that helped in the growth of big cities.

Question 3.

List the economic activities shown in the above pictures under the following three categories.

Answer:

Primary Sector	Secondary Sector	Tertiary Sector
Mining	Industry	Health sector
Fishing	Construction	Communication
Agriculture	Production of electricity	Banking

Question 4.

Haven’t you read the autobiography of the rubber footwear?
Similarly, prepare an autobiography that includes the production stages of any other product you use and present in the class.
Answer:
Autobiography of a Cotton Shirt

From a soft, green cotton plant growing under the bright sun, my journey began. I was just a fluffy cotton ball when I was picked from the plant. I was cleaned and spun into fine thread. Then, I was taken to a weaving machine where I became cloth. I was dyed into a lovely blue color and sent to a tailor’s shop. With the snip of scissors and the hum of a sewing machine, I was stitched into a shirt. Buttons were added, and I was neatly packed. At the shop, I waited on the shelf, hoping to find my human friend. One day, a kind person chose me and took me home.

Now, I go everywhere with my owner to school, to the park, and even to parties. I feel happy to be a part of their life!

Question 5.
Identify other natural resources used in the production process, in addition to those shown in the pictures, and complete the list.

Answer:

• Petroleum
• Metals
• Minerals- Iron, copper, gold etc.
• Natural gas

Question 6.
Haven’t you met the people in various employment in your locality? Find out the characteristics of their employment.
Answer:
Different types of jobs – People are engaged in farming, shopkeeping, teaching, driving, construction, and office work.

• Regular and irregular work
• Skilled and unskilled work
• Self-employed and salaried
• Seasonal and permanent

Question 7.
Complete the given worksheet on production and factors of production.

Answer:

Uses physical and intellectual labour.	The labourer
The reward for capital in production process.	Interest
The factor of production that provides the necessary physical infrastructure for production.	Inputs
A person who takes the leadership in implementing a new business idea.	Entrepreneurs
In the production process, the factor in which rent is the reward.	Land

Question 8.
Make a list of the goods and services you have used in your home in the past w eek.
Answer:
Goods: Food, clothing, furniture, bag, phones, appliances and computer.
Services: Education, Healthcare, Transportation, Cleaning services.

Question 9.
Complete the worksheet below.

Answer:

Indicators	Yes	No
Legally stamped Maximum Retail Price (MRP) of the products is checked before purchasing.	✓
When purchasing food items, it is ensured that the expiry date is not over:	✓
The product had the quality claimed in the advertisements.	✓
Timely after-sales service is available for electronic items at home.	✓
The product purchased had the quality appropriate for its price.	✓

Question 10.
Prepare a poster as part of observing Consumer Day and display at class level and school level.
Answer:

From Agriculture to Industry Questions and Answers Extended Activities

Question 1.
Complete the concept map.

Answer:

The Surface: soil, forest, crops
Petroleum, Coal, Metals: Non-renewable resources
Air, Sunlight, wind: Renewable resources.

Question 2.
Organise a seminar in class on the topic ‘Production and Factors of Production’. Collect data and present by forming into four groups: land, labour, capital, and organisation.
Answer:
(Hints)
Seminar: Production and Factors of Production
Topic: Production and its Factors
Groups: 4 – Land, Labour, Capital, Organisation
“Production means creating goods and services to satisfy human wants. It requires four main factors.” Group Work:

Group 1: Land

• Natural resources (soil, water, minerals, forests)
• Example: farming land, river for hydro power

Group 2: Labour

• Human effort (physical & mental work)
• Example: farmer, teacher, factory worker

Group 3: Capital

• Man-made resources used in production
• Example: machines, tools, buildings

Group 4: Organisation

• Entrepreneur who organises the other three and takes risk
• Example: business owner, manager

Question 3.
Organise an awareness class on ‘Consumer’s Rights’ on behalf of Social Science Club as part of observing National Consumer Day on 24th December.
Answer:
Speech on Consumer’s Rights
(For Social Science Club – National Consumer Day)
Good morning, everyone
Today, on the occasion of National Consumer Day, we have gathered here to create awareness about Consumer’s Rights. As consumers, we all buy goods and services every day. But do we know that we have certain rights to protect us from cheating and unfair practices?
Let me briefly tell you about these rights:

• The Right to Safety – to be protected from harmful products
• The Right to Information – to know the details about what we buy.
• The Right to Choose – to freely select what we need.
• The Right to be Heard – to file complaints if something goes wrong.
• The Right to Redressal – to get compensation for damage or loss.
• And the Right to Consumer Education – to learn about all these rights.

We should always check product details, bills, and quality before buying. If we face any problem, we must use our rights and complain to consumer forums. Let us all be alert and responsible consumers.
Thank, you.

Question 4.
Prepare a digital album by collecting images showing the inter-relationship among primary- secondary- tertiary sectors and display them in the class.
Answer:
(Hints)

From Agriculture to Industry Class 6 Notes Pdf

Std 6 Social Science From Agriculture to Industry Notes

• The practice of exchanging goods for other goods known as “Barter system.”
• Earlier the practice of exchange existed only locally. Later, it spread across regions.
• Gradually for the exchange of goods, coins made of copper, silver and gold were used as a medium of exchange.
• The activities that generate income are economic activities. These activities are made possible through the process of production. Economic activities in Primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector lead to the progress of the country.
• In the early days, it was food crops that were mostly cultivated. Gradually, raw materials needed for industrial development began to be cultivated.
• Agricultural sector and the industrial sector are interconnected.
• Production is the process of making goods and services needed for people.
• Production happens as a result of the action of several factors. The various elements that help the production are called factors of production. These are land, labour, capital, and organisation.
• We use goods and services to fulfill needs like food, shelter, clothing, health, education and entertainment.

INTRODUCTION

This chapter, “From agriculture to industry” helps us to understand about the interrelationship between different sectors of the economy. Goods and services are essential for improving people’s lives. They are produced using natural resources, human labour and technology. Factors such as production, surplus production, exchange systems, the impact of technology, and market growth influence economic progress. The inter-relationship among the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors makes the economy dynamic.

BEGINNING OF TRADE

• With the expansion of agriculture, production increased, which led to surplus production.
• People saved the surplus food items for future use. Eventually, they not only stored the food items but also handed it over to those in need.
• The practice of exchanging goods for other goods known as “Barter system.”
• Earlier this practice of exchange existed only locally. Later, it spread across regions.
• Gradually for the exchange of goods, coins made of copper, silver and gold were used as a medium of exchange. This led to the formation of new trade routes. The
• Handicrafts, textiles and spices were the main items of domestic trade. Later on, the exchange of goods also began with distant regions.
• Silk Route, which maintained the commercial relationship between the east and the west of Asia and between Asia, Europe and Africa, was an example of this.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY The activities that generate income are economic activities. These activities are made possible through the process of production. Economic activities in Primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector lead to the progress of the country.

The leaves are plucked from the tea plants. They are taken to the factory and are processed into tea powder. This tea powder is packed in pouches and transported by vehicles to shops near our homes. Such economic activities can be classified into three sectors based on their common characteristics.

CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

GROWTH OF INDUSTRIES

• In the early days, it was food crops that were mostly cultivated. Gradually, raw materials needed for industrial development began to be cultivated.
• This led to the expansion of agricultural crops such as cotton and jute. The industrial sector developed by using natural resources and raw materials obtained from agriculture.

• Agricultural sector and the industrial sector are interconnected.

The tertiary sector provides the services required for the primary and secondary sectors. Hence all these three sectors are interconnected. Production becomes possible as a result of economic activities that take place in all the three sectors.

PRODUCTION AND FACT0R5 OF PRODUCTION

• Production is the process of making goods and services needed for people.
• Production happens as a result of the action of several factors. The various elements that help the production are called factors of production.
• These are land, labour, capital, and organization.

LAND

• Water, air, sunlight, soil, mined minerals and so on are referred to as land in production process.
• The natural resources from the Earth’s surface, atmosphere, and interior are used for production.

LABOUR

• The use of man power of workers in the production process is called labour.
• Workers become part of the production process using their physical and intellectual capabilities.
• Those who get rewarded for their work are considered as labourers.

CAPITAL

• The production process of any product requires capital.
• Capital refers to the wealth and resources used to produce goods and services.
• Factories, buildings, machineries, raw materials, vehicles, computers, and wages for workers are all part of capital.

Forms of Capital: Capital takes many forms, such as financial capital (money, investment), human capital (skill, knowledge), physical capital (machinery, infrastructure), and natural capital (resources, environment).

ORGANISATION

• It is the co-ordination of factors of production such as land, labour and capital.
• Those who work for this are known as organisers / entrepreneurs.
• Forming a new business idea, raising the necessary capital, and implementing that idea are part of organisation.
• When the factors of production work together, production takes place and products are made. Factors of production such as land, labour, capital, and organisation require reward

Factors of production	Reward
Land	Rent
Labour	Wages
Capital	Interest
Organisation	Profit

FROM PRODUCER TO CONSUMER

• We use goods and services to fulfil needs like food, shelter, clothing, health, education and entertainment.

Consumption is the act of buying and using goods and services to meet human needs. A consumer is a person who buys and uses any goods or services for a price or on an agreement to pay for it.

• Rights consumer check while buying goods and services are following:
  • Quality
  • After-sale service
  • Credibility
  • Accuracy in measurement and weighing
• If the rights are denied to the consumer, one can approach the concerned government departments and consumer courts.
• Consumer Disputes Redressal Courts exist at district, state and national levels.
• Strict laws and consumer education are needed to prevent consumers from being exploited.
• The Consumer Protection Act came into force in India in 1986.

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf English Medium and Class 6 Social Science Chapter 4 From the Globe to the Map Notes Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 4 From the Globe to the Map Notes Questions and Answers

Class 6 Social Science From the Globe to the Map Notes Questions and Answers

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 4 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Observe the globe and complete the table.

Answer:

Question 2.
Observe the figure below and identify the inclination of the earth’s axis.

Answer:
The inclination of the Earth’s axis is 231/2° from the perpendicular to the orbital plane. This is also known as the axial tilt or obliquity of the ecliptic.

Question 3.
Observe the figure below and complete the table of important lines of latitude


Answer:

Important lines of latitude	Measure in degrees
Equator	0°
Tropic of Cancer	231/2° North
Tropic of Capricorn	231/2° South
Artie Circle	661/2° North
Antarctic Circle	661/2° South

Question 4.

Observe the above figures. Haven’t you noticed how the important lines of longitude are specifically marked? Examine the globe and identify these lines. What are their peculiarities?
Answer:
We can see two important lines of longitude in the pictures:
Prime Meridian (0° Longitude) – shown on the left globe (Fig 4.6).

• It passes through Greenwich in England.
• It divides the Earth into the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.
• It is called the starting point of longitude.

International Date Line (180° Longitude) – shown on the right globe (Fig 4.7).

• It is opposite the Prime Meridian, at 180°.
• It is a zig-zag line over the Pacific Ocean.
• When you cross it, the date changes by one day.

Peculiarities:

• Prime Meridian is straight and at 0°.
• International Date Line is at 180° and not straight because it avoids land areas.

Question 5.
Observe the given figure.

Identify Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. With the help of a globe, identify the position of the following countries in their respective hemispheres and write them against each country.
Answer:

• India: Eastern Hemisphere
• United States of America: Western Hemisphere
• Brazil: Western Hemisphere
• Indonesia: Eastern Hemisphere

Question 6.
Observe the picture. Identify the location of India with reference to the latitudinal and longitudinal lines and list them.

Answer:

Location of India
Latitude	From 8° North	To 38° North
Longitude	From 68° East	To 98° East

Question 7.
Complete the concept map that includes the characteristics of Map Projections.

Answer:

Question 8.
List the various day-to-day instances in which we use GIS.
Answer:

• Finding routes on Google Maps.
• Tracking delivery of online orders.
• Locating nearby hospitals, ATMs, or restaurants.
• Monitoring weather forecasts and cyclones.
• Managing city traffic through navigation apps.

From the Globe to the Map Questions and Answers Extended Activities

Question 1.
Complete the table by finding the latitudinal and longitudinal locations of the following countries, just like India’s latitudinal and longitudinal location was identified, using the globe, atlas and world map.

Answer:

Country	Latitude	Longitude
1. Japan	From: 30°43’N To: 45°33’N	From: 122°56’E To: 145°49’E
2. Sri Lanka	From: 5°55’N To: 9°51’N	From: 79°41’E To: 81°53’E
3. Australia	From: 10°41’S To: 43°39’S	From: 113°09’E To: 153°39’E

Question 2.
Mark the hemispheres to which these countries belong with the help of a globe, atlas and world map. Brazil, Norway, Canada, Indonesia, South Africa, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Angola

Answer:

Countries belonging to the northern hemisphere	Countries belonging to the Southern hemisphere	Countries that spread across both hemisphere
Norway	South Africa	Brazil
Canada	Argentina	indonesia
Saudi Arabia	Angola	Kenya

Question 3.
Complete the worksheet given below.

Answer:

The largest circle of latitude	Equator
The hemisphere that is situated to the north of the equator.	Northern Elemisphere
The hemisphere that is situated south of the equator.	Southern Hemisphere
Imaginary lines that are drawn connecting the North and South poles with the Earth’s centre as a reference.	Lines of Longitude
0° longitudinal line	Prime Meridian
180° longitudinal line	International Date Line

From the Globe to the Map Class 6 Notes Pdf

Std 6 Social Science From the Globe to the Map Notes

• Our earth which is rich with atmosphere, water and favourable climate is the only celestial body in the universe which is found to sustain life.
• The images of the earth captured from the space show us a clear picture of the shape of the earth.
• The earth has a unique shape which is slightly flattened at the poles and slightly bulged in the middle. This shape of the earth is known as Geoid.
• The 90° latitude in the north is called the North Pole, and the 90° latitude in the south is called the South Pole.
• The imaginary lines drawn on the surface of the Earth connecting the North Pole and the South Pole with reference to Earth’s centre are called the Lines of Longitude.
• The 0° line of longitude is called the Prime Meridian. Since this line passes through Greenwich near London, this line is also called Greenwich Meridian.
• The longitudinal line drawn opposite to 0° longitudinal line is the 180° longitudinal line. Based on this the International Date Line has been drawn.
• The International Date Line is not a straight line.
• Based on the Prime Meridian, the Earth can be divided into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. The longitudinal lines to the east of the Prime Meridian are called Eastern longitudes, and those to the West are called the Western longitudes.
• A map is a depiction of the features of earth’s surface on a flat surface.
• Based on the shape of the developable surface, map projections can be categorised into three:
  • Cylindrical projection
  • Zenithal Projection
  • Conical Projection

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, “From the globe to the Map,” we try to identify the exact location, direction and altitude from sea level of all natural and man-made geographical features. Geographical analysis and map reading are essential. Different maps that illustrate various water resources, forests, agricultural lands, arid regions, villages, towns, and transport and communication facilities are being used widely in modem times. The changes that happen when the geographical features of the earth represented on a globe are transferred to a flat surface are now familiar, isn’t it. Proper map reading is essential when we use maps in our daily lives.

LINES OF LATITUDE – PARALLELS OF LATITUDES

• Our earth which is rich with atmosphere, water and favourable climate is the only celestial • body in the universe which is found to sustain life.
• The images of the earth captured from the space show us a clear picture of the shape of the earth.
• The earth has a unique shape which is slightly flattened at the poles and slightly bulged in the middle. This shape of the earth is known as Geoid.
• The globe is the true model of the earth. It is used to understand geographical features on the surface of the earth and to determine the location.

• The latitudinal circles gradually decrease in size and end at 90° points in the north and 90° points in the south.
• The 90° latitude in the north is called the North Pole, and the 90° latitude in the south is called the South Pole.

If a straight line is imagined through the centre of the earth connecting the poles, that is the Earth’s axis. The Earth rotates on this imaginary axis. The axis is inclined at an angle of 231/2° from the perpendicular to the orbital plane.

LINES OF LONGITUDES (MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDE)

• The imaginary lines drawn on the surface of the Earth connecting the North Pole and the South Pole with reference to Earth’s centre are called the Lines of Longitude.
• Imagine that longitudinal lines are drawn at 1° interval connecting both poles. Then we can draw 360 longitudinal lines.

• The 0° line of longitude is called the Prime Meridian.
• Since this line passes through Greenwich near London, this line is also called Greenwich Meridian.
• The longitudinal line drawn opposite to 0° longitudinal line is the 180° longitudinal line. Based on this the International Date Line has been drawn.
• The International Date Line is not a straight line.
• The exact location of a place, a region or an object on the earth is determined based on the latitudinal and longitudinal lines.

Based on the Prime Meridian, the Earth can be divided into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. The longitudinal lines to the east of the Prime Meridian are called Eastern longitudes, and those to the West are called the Western longitudes.

MAP PROJECTIONS

• It is the network of the lines of latitude and longitude that helped us to determine the location of
  India on earth.
• This network of latitudes and longitudes provides the framework for map making (Cartography).
• A map is a depiction of the features of earth’s surface on a flat surface.
• Though the surface of the earth is curved, the map has to be made on a flat surface. Drawing the features of spherical surface on a flat surface is a major challenge in Cartography.

Map projection is the method by which the network of the lines of latitude and longitude (Graticule) is scientifically transferred to any flat surface. The traditional method of map projections is drawing the lines of latitude and longitude, and other geographical features on a flat surface by placing a light source inside a transparent globe.

The map of any region on earth can be constructed by copying the network of the latitudinal and longitudinal lines. This is made possible by using surfaces of various shapes. By changing the position of the surface and the source of light, different types of map projections can be prepared. Based on the shape of the developable surface, map projections can be categorised into three:

• Cylindrical projection
• Zenithal Projection
• Conical Projection

CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

• A source of light is placed inside a transparent globe.
• A cylinder-shaped surface is placed covering the globe.
• The network of lines of latitude and longitude is transferred to the cylindrical surface covering the globe. This is called a Cylindrical Projection.
• This map projection can be used for the exact mapping of equatorial regions.

ZENITHAL PROJECTION

• A source of light is kept at the centre of a transparent globe and a flat surface is kept on the top. The network of the lines of latitude and longitude is projected onto the flat surface when the source of light is lit.
• In this way, the network of the lines of latitude and longitude is prepared using. Zenithal Projection.

CONICAL PROJECTION

• The method of projection by which the network of latitudinal and longitudinal lines are transferred to a conical surface is called the Conical Projection.
• The shadow of latitudinal and longitudinal lines is projected to a conical surface to make the map.
• This map projection is used more to make the maps of mid-latitude regions.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

• It is the method of collecting, analysing and storing geographic information and presenting it in the form of maps, graphs and tables whenever needed. Maps are also used as one of the primary sources of information in the GIS.
• With the help of computers, maps are converted to digital forms by fixing the latitudinal and longitudinal positions.
• Data is collected from this digital map as the base map and is used for different purposes. This technology can be used in various fields such as cartography, resource conservation, disaster management, tourism, transportation and communication.

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 Through the Continents Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Through the Continents Extra Questions and Answers Class 6 Social Science Chapter 7 Kerala Syllabus

Through the Continents Class 6 Important Questions

Question 1.
Asia is the largest continent on Earth. It comprises almost one third of the land area of the Earth.
a) Explain the Geographical features of Asia
b) Which mountain range separates Europe and Asia?
Answer:
a)

• The Himalaya mountains where the highest peak in the world, Mount Everest is situated, is in Asia.
• Karakoram Range, Hindu Kush Range,Pamir Mountains, Tian Shan Mountains, Altai Mountains etc are the other mountains in Asia.
• In addition to mountains, deserts, plains and plateaus are also geographical features of Asia.
• Many rivers flow through this continent. Yangtze is the longest river in Asia.

b) The Ural mountain ranges

Question 2.
Asia is the continent with the highest population in the world.
a) Explain the Human life of Asia.
b) Describe the climatic differences in the various regions of Asia.
Answer:
a) Asia is the continent with the highest population in the world. 60% of the world population resides in Asia. Most of the Asians depend on agriculture for living. Asia is the largest producer of paddy in the world. It is the meeting place of various cultures, languages and religions. There are bustling cities like Tokyo and Mumbai as well as villages with very low population in Asia.

b) As the northern part of Asia is lying close to the polar region, it experiences extreme cold. The eastern part experiences moderate heat and cold because of the proximity to the oceans. Since the southern region lies close to the equator, it is hot and humid and has heavy rainfall. In the arid western region the temperature is generally high.

Question 3.
Africa has diverse geographical features that range from expansive Savannah grasslands to dense rain forests.
a) Explain the geographical features of Africa.
b) Write the natural borders of Africa.
Answer:
a)

• Africa is the second largest continent. This is a continent that is spread almost equally in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
• Sahara, the largest hot desert in the world and the Congo river basin covered with tropical rainforests are the features of this continent.
• River Nile, which is the longest river in the world flows through this continent.
• The highest mountain in this continent is Kilimanjaro. Mount Kenya, Mount Elgon, Drakensberg Mountains, Atlas Mountains etc are the other mountains in Africa.

b) East – Red Sea and Indian Ocean, West – Atlantic Ocean, South – Southern Ocean,
North – Mediterranean Sea (located between Africa and Europe)

Question 4.
Differentiate the flora and fauna of Asia and Africa.
Answer:

Asia	Africa
In accordance with the climatic variations, a variety of flora and fauna can be seen in Asia.	The Savannah grasslands and the tropical rainforests in Africa are rich in diverse flora and fauna. The seasonal migration of animals in Serengeti is a major characteristic of Africa.
Eg: Rafflesia,Neelakurinji, Snow Leopard, Red Panda	Eg: Baobab Tree, Black rhinoceros, African wild dog

Question 5.
Desert are region with very low rainfall and vast arid land areas.
Differentiate hot and cold deserts.
Answer:
Deserts that experience extreme heat are called hot deserts and those with extreme cold are called cold deserts.

Question 6.
What are plains and plateaus?
Answer:

• Land areas that are almost flat are called plains.
• Land areas that are elevated from the surrounding regions, and with a comparatively flat surface, are called plateaus.

Question 7.
How are alluvial plains formed?
Answer:
Alluvial Plains are formed from the sediments deposited by rivers. These are generally fertile.

Question 8.
What are the main features of the Sahara Desert?
Answer:
The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world. This desert, with vast sand dunes and rocky plateaus, is the habitat of various flora and fauna. Ethnic tribes who adapt to adverse conditions to survive are also a feature of the Sahara.

Question 9.
Define Tropical rainforests and why it’s called rainforests?
Answer:
Tropical rainforests are the rich and dense forests seen in the equatorial region. This region experiences extreme heat and receives high rainfall throughout the year. These forests are called rainforests because they grow in regions with heavy rain.

Question 10.
Write the names of any two regions where tropical rainforests are found.
Answer:
Amazon in South America and the Congo in Africa.

Question 11.
The majority of people in Africa live in villages and engage in agriculture.
a) Explain the Human Life of Africa
b) Describe the climate of Africa and mention the regions where moderate climate is experienced.
Answer:
a) The majority of people in Africa live in villages and engage in agriculture. Africa is a land, rich in cultures, languages and history. The Egyptian civilization, which was one of the ancient civilizations, originated in Africa. Egyptian pyramids exist as an evidence of ancient architectural expertise.

b) Africa, which is almost equally spread on either side of the equator, generally experiences hot climate. Still, regional differences are also there. Moderate climate is experienced along the coastal areas and in the regions belonging to the temperate zone.

Question 12.
North America is the continent that is surrounded by the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Arctic oceans.
a) Explain the Geographical features of North America.
b) Write the natural borders of North America.
Answer:
a) Appalachian and Rocky Mountains are two major mountain ranges situated in North America. The fertile plains in this continent are known as the Great Plains. The prairies are the vast grasslands of North America. Several rivers including the Missouri and the Mississippi are there in North America. Five freshwater lakes which are known as the Five Great Lakes are also there in this continent. The Grand Canyon which is a huge valley situated in Arizona in North America is a wonder of the nature.

b) East – Atlantic Ocean, West- Pacific Ocean, South- South America and Caribbean Sea, North – Arctic Ocean.

Question 13.
Explain the given features of North America.
• Climate
• Flora and Fauna
• Human Life
Answer:
Climate: The northern region of the continent experiences extreme cold as it is lying close to the polar region. The temperature relatively increases while moving from the North to the South.

Flora and Fauna: North America is a habitat of great variety of flora and fauna. The Sequoia forests in the West and the grasslands in the Great Plains are examples for this. Some varieties of flora and fauna are California poppy, Saguaro cactus and Moose.

Human Life: The United States of America (USA) and Canada are renowned for their high standards of living and technological advancement. Large metropolitan cities of the world such as New York, Los Angeles and Mexico are situated in North America. Favourable climate and fertile soil enrich the agricultural sector here. Inuits (Eskimos) who live in the snowy areas is another feature of this continent.

Question 14.
What is the Grand Canyon and how was it formed?
Answer:
The Grand Canyon is a huge valley which is about 446 km long up to 29 km wide and more than 1500 m deep. This huge valley was formed as a result of the action of River Colorado over millions of years. This is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question 15.
The Andes mountain ranges which is the longest in the world and Amazon, the largest river on earth are in South America.
a) Write the natural borders of South America.
b) Explain its geographical features.
c) Why are the Amazon rainforests called the ‘Lungs of the Earth’ and where are they located?
Answer:
a) East – Atlantic Ocean, West- Pacific Ocean, South- Southern Ocean, North – Caribbean Sea.

b) The Andes mountain ranges which is the longest in the world and Amazon, the largest river on earth are in South America. The major part of the vast Amazon river basin is rainforests. The Atacama, which is the most arid desert in the world is another geographical feature of South America.

c) Amazon rainforests are called the ‘Lungs of the Earth’. Because the Amazon forests, which is the habitat of a huge variety of flora and fauna that are not found anywhere else, is in South America.

Question 16.
What kind of climate does the northern and southern part of South America have?
Answer:
In the equatorial region, the northern regions of South America are very hot and get plenty of rainfall. The southernmost region of South America experiences extreme cold.

Question 17.
Explain the Human Life, Flora and Fauna in South America.
Answer:

Human Life	Flora and Fauna
Most of the South Americans engage in agriculture, fishing and industry. This continent is remarkable for the cultural diversity due to the presence of indigenous people, Europeans, Africans and Asians.	South America is famous for Amazon Water Lily, Anaconda and so on. The Andes mountains in South America is the habitat of a flowering plant called Andean Lupin and mammals such as Llama. Pantanal in South America is one of the largest tropical wetland areas in the world. A mammal called Capybara, can be seen in this area.

Question 18.
Explain the given features of Antarctica.

• Location
• Geographical features
• Climate
• Flora and Fauna

Answer:
Location: 98 percentage of this continent is covered by the Antarctic glacier. Most of the pure water on Earth is contained in this glacier. It is a continent that is surrounded entirely by the Southern Ocean.

Geographical features: The Transantarctic mountain ranges divide the continent as Eastern Antarctica and Western Antarctica. Antarctic peninsula is a physiographic division of Antarctica which lies close to South America. The highest mountain in Antarctica is Vinson Massif. Several volcanoes can also be seen in this continent.

Climate: Antarctica is a cold desert which is covered by snow throughout the year. It is the location of Antarctica which makes its climate unique.

Flora and Fauna: Except for certain mosses that are seen in the rifts of glaciers, the rest of Antarctica is barren. Many of the coastal regions of this continent are the habitats of Penguins and Seals.

Question 19.
Match the following.

A	B
The vast grasslands in eastern Europe	Europe
The Carpathian	Steppe
Smallest Continent	Animal species in Australia
The Great Victoria	Australia
Marsupials	Desert

Answer:

A	B
The vast grasslands in eastern Europe	Steppe
The Carpathian	Europe
Smallest Continent	Australia
The Great Victoria	Desert
Marsupials	Animal species in Australia

Question 20.
Compare the given features of Europe and Australia.

• Climate
• Flora and fauna
• Human Life

Answer:

Features	Europe	Australia
Climate	Europe generally experiences moderate heat and cold. Snowfall during winter is common in the northern regions of this continent.	The major area of Australia experiences arid climate. As we go to the interiors of the continent the intensity of dryness increases.
Flora and Fauna	The Alpine region of Europe is famous for its grassland and the Mediterranean regions for vineyards. Eg: Coak Oak Trees, Lynx.	The isolated position of Australia resulted in the evolution of flora and fauna in a different way. Eg: Marsupials and egg-laying mammals.
Human Life	Europeans generally maintain a high standard of living. Europe is a continent rich in art and cultural heritage. Athens and Rome, which are among the most ancient cities of the world, are situated in Europe. Cities such as Paris, London and Berlin are centres of art, fashion and technology.	Australia is the land of modern cities and ancient culture. The indigenous tribal people here possess a very rich ethnic culture. Cities like Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane are famous for their high standards of living and cultural activities.

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Chapter 6 From Agriculture to Industry Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

From Agriculture to Industry Extra Questions and Answers Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

From Agriculture to Industry Class 6 Important Questions

Question 1.
a. What was the practice of exchanging goods for other goods known as?
b. What is the importance of this exchange?
Answer:
a. Barter system

b. Earlier this practice of exchange existed only locally. Later it spread across regions. Gradually for the exchange of goods, coins made of copper, silver and gold were used as a medium of exchange. Handicrafts, textiles and spices were the main items of domestic trade. Later on, the exchange of goods also began with distant regions. This led to the formation of new trade routes. Silk Route which maintained the commercial relationship between the east and the west of Asia and between Asia, Europe and Africa was an example for this.

Question 2.
Complete the missing stage.
……………(a)………….., Surplus production, ……………(b)………….., Exchange of Goods, ……………(c)………….., ……………(d)…………..
Answer:
(a) Expansion of agriculture
(b) Storage of goods
(c) Fairs/ Markets
(d) Trade centers/cities

Question 3.
a. What is meant by Trade?
b. How the agricultural expansion leads to the growth of trade centers.
Answer:
a. Trade is the process of exchanging goods or services for reward
b.

Question 4.
List the following into Primary, secondary and Tertiary Sector.
Fishing, Banking, Construction, Health sector, Agriculture, Industry
Answer:

Primary Sector	Secondary sector	Tertiary sector
Agriculture	Construction	Banking
Fishing	Industry	Health sector

Question 5.
Fill in the Blanks.
a. The ____________ sector directly uses natural resources.
b. The ____________ sector produces goods from raw materials.
c. The ____________ sector supports the other two sectors with services.
Answer:
a. Primary sector
b. Secondary sector
c. Service sector

Question 6.
Form three groups in class. Each group collects and lists at least three more examples of activities under:
■ Primary Sector
■ Secondary Sector
■ Tertiary Sector
Answer:
Primary Sector examples:

• Fishing
• Mining
• Forestry

Secondary Sector examples:

• Car manufacturing
• Food processing
• Construction

Tertiary Sector examples:

• Transport services
• Education
• Tourism

Question 7.
Match the Following.

Activity	Sector
Agriculture	(a) Tertiary Sector
Textile Industry	(c) Primary Sector
Banking	(b) Secondary Sector

Answer:

Activity	Sector
Agriculture	(c) Primary Sector
Textile Industry	(b) Secondary Sector
Banking	(a) Tertiary Sector

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks
I. Goods:
a) Pen
b) ………………..

II Services:
i) Teaching
ii) …………………..
Answer:
I. Bag
II. Banking

Question 9.
a. Name the process of creating goods and services to satisfy human wants.
b. What is the result of a production process?
Answer:
a. Production
b. Product

Question 10.

The given collage includes the picture of a shoe factory. Which are the factors involved in the production of shoes?
Answer:

• Buildings
• Machinery
• Workers
• Electricity
• Entrepreneur
• Distributors

Question 11.
Discuss the features of land as a factor of production based on the indicators given below.
a. Which are the natural resources included in land as a factor of production?
b. Can we increase the area of land in accordance with our requirements?
Answer:
a.

• Soil
• Water
• Forest
• Air
• Coal
• Oceans
• Plants
• Animals

b. No. We can’t increase the natural size of our land. But we can make some changes artificially.

Question 12.
Given below are some examples of goods and services. Categorize them.
Teaching, clothes, table, legal advice, bag, pen, banking, nursing care.
Answer:

Goods	Services
Çlothes	Teaching
Table	Legal advices
Bag	Banking
Pen	Nursing care

Question 13.
Complete the chart depicting the role of an organizer ¡n the production process.

Answer:

Question 14.
Which are the four factors of production?
Answer:
a) Land
b) Labour
c) Capital
d) Organization

Question 15.
Match the following.

A	B
Land	Profit
Labour	Rent
Capital	Wage
Organisation	Interest

Answer:

A	B
Land	Rent
Labour	Wage
Capital	Interest
Organisation	Profit

Question 16.
a. What you mean by factors of production?
b. Which are the various factors of production?
c. Name the factors of production which co-ordinates all other factors?
Answer:
a) The factors involved in the production process are called factors of production.
b) Land, labour, capital, organisation
c) Organisation

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks.
a. Those things which are visible and tangible and can satisfy human wants are regarded as …………………….
b. …………………………. are invisible and intangible but can be experienced.
c. Various factors involved in the production process are termed as ……………………….
Answer:
a. Goods
b. Services
c. Factors of production

Question 18.
a. What is meant by capital?
b. What are the different forms of capital?
Answer:
a.

• The production process of any product requires capital.
• Capital refers to the wealth and resources used to produce goods and services.
• Factories, buildings, machineries, raw materials, vehicles, computers, and wages for workers are all part of capital.

b. Forms of Capital: Capital takes many forms, such as financial capital (money, investment), human capital (skill, knowledge), physical capital (machinery, infrastructure), and natural capital (resources, environment).

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Culture and Cultural Diversities Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Culture and Cultural Diversities Extra Questions and Answers Class 6 Social Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Culture and Cultural Diversities Class 6 Important Questions

Question 1.
Culture is formed by factors such as our food, clothing and language.
a) Why culture is considered to be human made?
b) Explain the components of Culture.
Answer:
a) Art, music, literature, philosophy, religion, science and so on are all different components of culture. All these are human made. That is why culture is considered to be human made.

b) Culture has material and non-material components.

• Food, clothing, household items and so on, which can be seen on the surface and are tangible, are the components of material culture.
• Beliefs, thoughts, ideas and so on, which are invisible and intangible are components of non-material culture.

Question 2.
Through the process of socialisation, each individual acquire their own culture.
a) Define the Term Socialisation.
b) Explain E. B. Tylor’s definition of culture as given in his book Primitive Culture (1871).
Answer:
a) Socialisation is the learning process through which we leam how to behave and interact within the society we live in. It begins at birth and continues throughout our lives.

b) Culture is defined in the opening lines of the book ‘Primitive Culture’ published by E. B. Tylor in 1871, thus: Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.

Question 3.
Culture has many features. Explain any two.
Answer:
a) Culture is Learnt
Culture is not something, that is innate, we acquire culture through the process of socialisation that happens through interactions with family, school, peers, and society. We leam how to respect elders usually from our family. How to behave in society is leamt from family, school, peers, and the society. ‘
Culture plays an important role in shaping society and individuals. Enculturation is an individual’s learning and habitualising their own culture.

b) Culture is Shared
Common traditions foster a sense of unity and social participation. Culture is collectively received and transmitted through food and celebrations. In this manner, culture is shared among members of society.

Question 4.
Cultural changes mainly occurs when one culture come into contact with other cultures. These changes happen mainly in three ways. Explain.
Answer:
a) Cultural Diffusion
Cultural diffusion refers to the spread of unique aspects of one culture into another. This happens when different cultures interact with each other. This diffusion can happen from one culture to another and vice versa. As the number of guest workers in Kerala increased, their food items also became widely available here. Examples are panipuri, paneer tikka, and dal makhani. Similar changes can be observed in clothing, language and festivals too. Cultural diffusion occurs when different cultures interact in a friendly manner.

b) Acculturation
Learning another culture is acculturation. Partial changes to one’s own culture happen due to the influence of another culture. At the same time many of its original elements are sustained.

c) Cultural Assimilation
One way of living and culture are assimilated into a dominant culture and way of living. Cultural Assimilation happens when one culture subordinates another culture in this way. Through this, the unique features of one culture are gradually lost and the ways of another culture replace it.

Question 5.
Acculturation and cultural assimilation are cultural changes that occur when different cultures come into contact. But they differ in how individuals accommodate to a dominant culture. Explain with an example.
Answer:
• Acculturation occurs when individuals or groups accommodate to the dominant culture while maintaining their own culture.
Eg: Rithi’s family lives in Kerala and accommodates to the dominant culture of Kerala while maintaining their own cultural practices.

• Cultural assimilation happens when individuals or groups are completely absorbed into the dominant culture.
Eg: Vinu and family changed from their own culture and fully assimilated the dominant culture of Australia.

Question 6.
External factors also cause cultural changes.
a) How cultural innovations cause cultural changes.
Answer:
With the development of technology the design of stoves and cooking methods have changed. This influenced our food culture significantly. Developments in technology lead to cultural innovations. Online systems are used more to purchase food today.
Eg: Various types of cooking stoves.

Question 7.
Complete the missed parts.

Answer:
a) External factors
b) acculturation
c) Cultural assimilation
d) Environmental changes

Question 8.
How Environmental changes cause cultural changes,
Answer:
Environmental changes are one of the external factor that cause cultural changes. Changes in the environment reflect in human life. Landslides, droughts, floods, and rising sea levels often create situations that force people to leave their native place and move elsewhere. This changes their daily lives. Thus, environmental factors like natural disasters and climate change can bring about significant cultural changes.

Question 9.
Culture is Symbolic and Dynamic. Substantiate the statement.
Answer:
Culture is Symbolic: National Anthem, National Flag, patriotic songs and so on evoke a feeling of nationalism in us. Nationalism represents patriotism and national unity. Similarly, symbols such as language, gestures (like folding hands when meeting adults or guests), and objects (such as monuments and religious symbols) are used to indicate culture. These symbols help in nurturing culture and values.

Culture is Dynamic: Marriage is a social gathering where everyone including relatives, friends, and natives participate. With the development of modem technology, ceremonies like marriages are undergoing vast changes. As part of the extravaganza connected with marriage, lots of new employment sectors developed and many people are getting employments. Marriages have changed from simple customs to complex and expensive celebrations. Many traditional marriage customs are still followed with changes. This shows how culture undergoes changes, incorporating tradition and modernity at the same time.

Question 10.
The customs of Padayani are related to which cultural feature? Explain.
Answer:
The Customs of Padayani is related to Customary. Several ritualistic arts like Theyyam, showcase the rich cultural tradition of Kerala. Similarly, there are many traditional customs in our society. They are transmitted from ancestors to new generations.

Question 11.
What are some of the factors that shape culture?
Answer:
Culture is formed by factors such as food, clothing and language. The way we think and act is also a part of culture.

Question 12.
How is culture different from other species?
Answer:
Culture is something we inherit traditionally as members of society. All the achievements of humanity can be termed as culture. Culture is what sets humans apart from other species.

Question 13.
Which are the main factors that help in the socialisation process?
Answer:
Family, education, peers, media and so on are factors that help in the socialisation process.

Question 14.
Match the Following.

Religious beliefs	Material Culture
Utensils	Non-Material Culture
Acculturation	External Factor of Cultural Change
Environmental Changes	Internal Factor of Cultural Change

Answer:

Religious beliefs	Non-Material Culture
Utensils	Material Culture
Acculturation	Internal Factor of Cultural Change
Environmental Changes	External Factor of Cultural Change

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Chapter 4 From the Globe to the Map Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

From the Globe to the Map Extra Questions and Answers Class 6 Social Science Chapter 4 Kerala Syllabus

From the Globe to the Map Class 6 Important Questions

Question 1.
a. Name the unique shape of the Earth.
b. Explain the characteristic features of this shape.
Answer:
a. The unique shape of the Earth is called Geoid.
b. The spherical shape of the Earth which is slightly flattened at the poles and bulged at the Equator is known as Geoid. The word Geoid means ‘earth-shaped’.

Question 2.
a. What you mean by latitude?
b. Name the biggest circle of latitude?
c. Observe the following figure of the Earth and mark important lines of latitude?

Answer:
a. Latitude is the angular distance to any point on the surface of the Earth from the center. By joining the same angular distances, we get the lines of latitudes.
b. Equator
c.

Question 3.
a. Name the curved lines perpendicular to the latitudes.
b. What you mean by standard meridian?
c. Can you write features of longitudes?
Answer:
a. Longitudes

b. 0 degree longitude is known as the Standard Meridian

c. Features of longitudes

• Longitudes are the lines connecting both the poles on the globe.
• Longitudes are angular distances east and west of the Standard Meridian

Question 4.
Find the following
a. Line of the latitude dividing the Earth into two hemispheres
b. Hemisphere to the north of the Equator
c. Hemisphere to the south of the Equator
d. The biggest circle of latitude.
Answer:
a. Equator
b. Northern hemisphere
c. Southern hemisphere
d. Equator

Question 5.
a. What is the angular distance between the Standard Meridian and the line of longitude opposite to it?
b. Identify the lines of longitudes which divide the Earth into eastern and western hemispheres.
Answer:
a) 180 degree
b) Standard Meridian

Question 6.
Match the Following.

A	B
1. Cylindrical Projection	a. Network of lines transferred to a conical surface
2. Zenithal Projection	b. Used to map equatorial regions
3. Conical Projection	c. Network of lines projected on a flat surface

Answer:

A	B
1. Cylindrical Projection	b. Used to map equatorial regions
2. Zenithal Projection	c. Network of lines projected on a flat surface
3. Conical Projection	a. Network of lines transferred to a conical surface

Question 7.
Fill the missing parts by analysing the relation.
I. a. Equator: 0 degree
b. Tropic of cancer: ……………………..
II.
a. Equatorial regions: Cylindrical projections
b. Mid-latitude regions: ……………………..
Answer:
I. Tropic of cancer: 231/2° North
II. Mid latitude regions: Conical Projections

Question 8.
Match the following

Important lines of latitude	Measure in degrees
Equator	231/2° South
Tropic of Cancer	661/2° South
Tropic of Capricorn	661/2° North
Artie Circle	0°
Antarctic Circle	231/2° North

Answer:

Important lines of latitude	Measure in degrees
Equator	0°
Tropic of Cancer	231/2° North
Tropic of Capricorn	231/2° South
Artie Circle	661/2° North
Antarctic Circle	661/2° South

Question 9.
a. What is GIS?
b. Write the instances that we use GIS.
Answer:
a.

• It is the method of collecting, analysing and storing geographic information and presenting it in the form of maps, graphs and tables whenever needed. Maps are also used as one of the primary sources of information in the GIS.
• With the help of computers, maps are converted to digital forms by fixing the latitudinal and longitudinal positions.
• Data is collected from this digital map as the base map and is used for different purposes. This technology can be used in various fields such as cartography, resource conservation, disaster management, tourism, transportation and communication.

b.

• Finding routes on Google Maps.
• Tracking delivery of online orders.
• Locating nearby hospitals, ATMs, or restaurants.
• Monitoring weather forecasts and cyclones.
• Managing city traffic through navigation apps.

Question 10.
a. What is the other name of the Prime Meridian?
b. Why is the International Date Line not straight?
c. How are latitudinal and longitudinal lines useful?
Answer:
a. The other name of the Prime Meridian is Greenwich Meridian.

b. The International Date Line is not straight because it zig-zags to avoid dividing islands and countries into two different dates.

c. Latitudinal and longitudinal lines are useful to determine the exact location of a place, region, or object on Earth.

Question 11.
a. How many longitudinal lines are there on Earth?
b. Why is the 180° longitude important?
c. What is the significance of longitudinal lines?
Answer:
a. There are 360 longitudinal lines on Earth.

b. The 180° longitude is important because it forms the basis of the International Date Line, where the date changes by one day when crossed.

c. Longitudinal lines are significant because they help to determine time zones and exact locations on Earth.

Question 12.
a. Name the three main types of map projections based on the shape of the developable surface.
b. Write one use each of Cylindrical Projection and Conical Projection.
c. How is GIS different from traditional maps? Write any two advantages of GIS.
Answer:
a. The three main types of map projections are:
Cylindrical Projection, Zenithal Projection and Conical Projection

b. Cylindrical Projection: Used for exact mapping of equatorial regions. Conical Projection: Used for making maps of mid-latitude regions.

c. GIS is different from traditional maps because it stores geographic information digitally and allows analysis, updates, and multiple layers of data. Two advantages of GIS: It can quickly produce maps, graphs, and tables as needed. It is useful in many fields like tourism, transport, disaster management, etc.

Question 13.
What happens to the size of circles of latitude as we move from the equator to the poles?
Answer:
As we move from the equator towards the poles, the circles of latitude get smaller in size.

Question 14.
a. What are the 90°N and 90°S latitudes called?
b. What is the imaginary line through the centre of the Earth connecting the poles called?
c. At what angle is the Earth’s axis inclined from the perpendicular to the orbital plane?
Answer:
a. The 90°N latitude is called the North Pole, and the 90°S latitude is called the South Pole.
b. The imaginary line through the centre of the Earth connecting the poles is called the Earth’s axis.
c. The Earth’s axis is inclined at an angle of 231/2° from the perpendicular to the orbital plane.

Question 15.
Identify the map projections.

Answer:
A. Conical projections
B. Zenithal Projections

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 State and Government Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

State and Government Extra Questions and Answers Class 6 Social Science Chapter 3 Kerala Syllabus

State and Government Class 6 Important Questions

Question 1.
It is the state that enables an environment for the people to live with liberty, dignity and without fear.
a) Define state.
b) What are the four components of the state?
Answer:
a) State is the highest socio-political institution formed by the people. A group of people living permanently within a definite territory with a sovereign government is a State.

b) Population, territory, government, and sovereignty.

Question 2.
Define Political science and explain the contributions of ancient Greek thinkers to the study of the state and Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science is the scientific study of the state. It was in ancient Greece where the study of the state started first.
• The City-States were the basis for the study of the state.
• Greek thinkers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle initiated the thoughts related to state.
• It was Aristotle, the Father of Political Science who used the term ‘politics’ for the first time. ‘Politics’ is a well-known work authored by him.

Question 3.
Who first used the term ‘state’ in its modern sense, and from which word is the English term ‘state’ derived?
Answer:
The Italian philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli, who used the term ‘state’ in its modern sense, for the first time. The English word ‘state’ came into existence from the term ‘status’, which was popular among Teutons, the ancient tribes in Germany.

Question 4.
Explain the various theories that led to the formation of the state.
Answer:

• Force Theory: The strong conquered the weak by force and established the state.
• Theory of Social Contract: Agreements/contracts made by people led to the formation of the state.
• Theory of Social Evolution: The state was not built by anyone. It was formed as a result of long term evolution.

Question 5.
The nature of modern state is entirely different from that Of the earlier states.
a) Examine the changes in the nature of states.
Answer:
FROM TRIBAL STATE TO NATION STATE
The nature of modern state is entirely different from that of the earlier states. The changes in the nature of states are:


Feudalism

• Feudalism is a social administrative system in which the lords exploited the workers in their agricultural fields like slaves.
• The term ‘feudalism’ originated from the German word ‘feud’, which means ‘a piece of land’.
• Feudalism existed in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Renaissance

• Renaissance is the new awakening in the artistic and intellectual fields during the 14th and 15th centuries
  in Italy and other European countries.
• The main feature of this age is that humans were given more importance than religious doctrines.
• Petrarch, Dante, Da Vinci and so on influenced the Renaissance in various fields.

Question 6.
Define Feudalism and explain its origin.
Answer:
Feudalism is a social administrative system in which the lords exploited the workers in their agricultural fields like slaves. The term ‘feudalism’ originated from the German word ‘feud’, which means ‘a piece of land’.

Question 7.
What was the Renaissance, and what were its main features?
Answer:
Renaissance is the new awakening in the artistic and intellectual fields during the 14th and 15th centuries in Italy and other European countries. The main feature of this age is that humans were given more importance than religious doctrines. Petrarch, Dante, Da Vinci and so on influenced the Renaissance in various fields.

Question 8.
The various laws, policies and programmes of the state are executed through the organs of government. What are they?
Answer:
FORMATION OF STATE: VARIOUS THEORIES
Various theories that led to the formation of the state.

Question 9.
Population and Territory are among the factors that form a state. Explain.
Answer:
Population: Without people, a state cannot exist. But the number of people required to form a state, has not been fixed. The population of a state can include people belonging to different religion, class and colour. People become a part of a state when they stay together with mutual dependence, common interests and collective consciousness.

Territory: For the existence of a state, a permanent and well-defined territory is essential. But the area of territory for the formation of a state has not been specified. The land area, the water bodies, the air space and the coastal areas of a country come under the jurisdiction of that territory. Modem states are generally larger in territorial size.

Question 10.
What terms did the Greeks and Romans use to refer to the state?
Answer:
The Greeks referred to city-states as ‘polis’ whereas the Romans used the term ‘civitas’.

Question 11.
Explain the given components of the state.
a) Government
b) Sovereignty
Answer:
a) Government: The government plays a significant role in ensuring the welfare of the people in a state.
It is the government which helps to keep the relationship between the state and the people active. A particular territory need not become a state just because it is inhabited by people. A system called ‘government’ is essential to coordinate the resources and the people there. The state is a permanent institution whereas the government keeps changing. Government is an agency to form the policies of the state, express and execute them. The government handles law and order, rule of law, defence, foreign relations, roads, bridges, drinking water, electricity, education and the like.

b) Sovereignty: The supreme power of the state to take decisions without being subjected to external interventions or pressure in any form is termed sovereignty. This is a unique characteristic of the state. The state makes laws and takes political decisions as part of its sovereign power. The state executes and protects its sovereign power through the government. Even if there are people, territory and the government, state cannot exist without sovereignty.

Question 12.
Answer the following.
a) Which type of state is based on population, territory, government, and sovereignty?
b) Which city-states are considered most similar to modern states?
c) Which type of states emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire?
d) Which empire’s law and infrastructure are similar to those of modern states?
e) Which early administrative systems developed in river valley civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt?
Answer:
a) Nation states
b) Greek city-states
c) Feudal States
d) The Roman Empire
e) Oriental Administrative Systems

Question 13.
Who is the father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Early States Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Early States Extra Questions and Answers Class 6 Social Science Chapter 2 Kerala Syllabus

Early States Class 6 Important Questions

Question 1.
Match the following.

A	B
Socrates	Lyceum
Plato	Knowledge is virtue
Aristotle	The Republic

Answer:

A	B
Socrates	Knowledge is virtue
Plato	The Republic
Aristotle	Lyceum

Question 2.
Following are some features of Athens and Sparta, differentiate both.
• The initial form of democracy originated in the Greek city-state of Athens.
• Boys were required to serve in the military for twenty-three years.
• All men having citizenship in Athens participated in electing rulers and making laws.
• Sparta had an aristocratic rule.
• The education system in Sparta emphasized traditional values and military training.
• Women, slaves, and foreigners did not have citizenship status.
Answer:
Athens

• The initial form of democracy originated in the Greek city-state of Athens.
• All men having citizenship in Athens participated in electing rulers and making laws.
• Women, slaves, and foreigners did not have citizenship status.

Sparta

• Sparta had an aristocratic rule.
• The education system in Sparta emphasized traditional values and military training.
• Boys were required to serve in the military for twenty-three years.

Question 3.
Identify the Greek-City state.
a. Not everyone was considered a citizen in ………………….
b. What are the major features of that Greek-City state.
Answer:
a. Athens

b.

• A system of education that gave importance to art and culture
• Two years of compulsory military service for boys
• A strong navy and military

Question 4.
Write a note on Greek philosophers.
Answer:

Question 5.
a. Which is considered as the first historical work in the world?
b. Who is the author of that work, what is his speciality?
c. Write a note on it.
Answer:
a. The histories

b. Herodotus, who is known as the father of History.

c. The Histories is a famous work based on the Greco-Persian Wars. It is considered to be the first historical work in the world. It was written by Herodotus, who is known as the Father, of History. The Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens was recorded by the historian Thucydides. The name of this work is History of the Peloponnesian War.

Question 6.
Define the following.
a. Polis
b. Greco-Persian wars
Answer:
a. In ancient Greece, Village were the main settlements. As agriculture and trade developed, city was formed. Eventually, a city and a number of surrounding villages came together and began to transform into city- states. These city states were known as ‘Polis’.

b. The Persian Empire, which was hostile to the Greek city-states, was invaded and conquered by a combined army of Athens and Sparta. These wars are known as the Greco-Persian Wars.

Question 7.
Who are the prominent rulers of the Persian Empire?
Answer:
Cyrus, Darius 1 and Xerxes

Question 8.
a. Which philosophy was originated in Persia?
b. Who is the founder of that Philosophy?
c. What is the name of the God they believed?
Answer:
a. Zoroastrian Philosophy
b. Founded by Zoroaster
c. Believed in one God called Ahura Mazda

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks.
a. …………………. is considered as the birthplace of western civilization
b. Rome was a ………………..
Answer:
a. Rome
b. Monarchy

Question 10.
Write a note on the Roman Empire?
Answer:

Question 11.
What were the characteristics of the Persian Administrative System?
Answer:

• The vast empire was divided into several satrapies (provinces) for administrative convenience.
• These ‘satrapies’ were under governors known as ‘satraps’.
• Satraps enforced the laws and tax systems of the king in the provinces

Question 12.
a. Arthashastra was written by ………………
b. What information does we get from it?
Answer:
a. Kautalya

b. We get information about the Maurya kingdom from “Arthashastra” written by Kautilya. This work describes how a king should govern and expand his kingdom. It offers detailed descriptions on protecting the state from invasions, collecting taxes, and so on.

Question 13.
a. Write the steps of how the discovery and use of iron leads to Janapadas?
b. Define the term Janapadas?

a. Discovery and use of iron, Expansion in agricultural production, Increase in production, Surplus production, Trade centers, urban centers, Janapadas

b. ‘Janapada’ means ‘the land where people reside.’ People who established agricultural fields and residential zones in resource-rich areas started to settle there. This is how “Janapadas” were formed.

Question 14.
Who are the prominent rulers of Magadha?
Answer:
Bimbisara, Ajatasatru, Mahapadma Nanda, Dhanananda

Question 15.
Match the following.

A	B
Mahajanapada	Janapadas
Chandragupta Maurya	6th century BCE
Urban center	Maurya Kingdom

Answer:

A	B
Mahajanapada	6th century BCE
Chandragupta Maurya	Maurya Kingdom
Urban center	Janapadas

Question 16.
a. The philosophy founded by Gautama Buddha was …………………..
b. What are the major ideals of this philosophy?
Answer:
a. Buddhism

b.

• Do not harm others
• Do not lie
• Be honest
• Do not covet others wealth

Question 17.
What are the major ideals of Jainism?
Answer:

Question 18.
a. How many Tirthankaras are in Jain Belief?
b. Who proposed Jainism philosophy?
c. What is the meaning of term ‘Tirthankara’?
Answer:
a. 24
b. Vardhamana Mahavira
c. The term “Tirthankara” means one who has attained wisdom through asceticism. According to Jain beliefs, there were twenty-four Tirthankaras.

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Early Humans and Civilizations Important Questions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Early Humans and Civilizations Extra Questions and Answers Class 6 Social Science Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus

Early Humans and Civilizations Class 6 Important Questions

Question 1.
Human fossils are important sources that help us to learn about the history of early humans.
a) Who proposed a scientific view of the origin of humans?
b) Define Evolution.
c) What are the subgroups of Homo?
Answer:
a) Charles Darwin

b) Charles Darwin suggested that humans have originated through organic changes that took place over a long period of time. He called this process ‘evolution’.

c)

• Homo habilis
• Homo erectus
• Homo sapiens

Question 2.
Complete the table, including the various stages of human evolution and their characteristics.

Human species	Features
Primates	A category of mammals
Hominoids	…………a)…………..
…………b)…………..	Walked on two legs
Homo habilis	…………c)…………..
…………d)…………..	The Upright humans
Homo sapiens	…………e)…………..

Answer:
a) Walked on four legs
b) Hominids
c) The tool makers
d) Homo erectus
e) The wise or thinking man

Question 3.
Based on the development achieved over time in weapons and tools made of stones, the Stone Age can be divided into three stages.
a) Which are the three stages of the Stone Age?
b) Define the Stone Age.
c) In which Stone Age did agriculture begin?
Answer:
a)

• Palaeolithic Age
• Mesolithic Age
• Neolithic Age

b) Early humans lived in the forests. They lived by gathering fruits and vegetables and hunting animals to eat their meat. They used rough stones from their surroundings as weapons. Since stones were used as weapons, this period is called the Stone Age.

c) Neolithic Age

Question 4.
Observe the given pictures.

a) Identify the stage of the Stone Age given in the above picture.
b) Write any two features of each stage.
Answer:
a) A – Palaeolithic Age
B – Neolithic Age

Palaeolithic Age	Neolithic Age
Used rough stones as tools	Used more refined and polished stone tools
Gathering and hunting as a means of livelihood	Invented wheel and started making pottery

Question 5.
Which was the first metal used by humans?
Answer:
Copper

Question 6.
Differentiate the Metal Age and Bronze Age.
Answer:
The period when humans used weapons and tools made of metals is called the Metal Age. The period when weapons and tools made of bronze were used is known as the Bronze Age.

Question 7.
What changes did the use of bronze bring to human life?
Answer:

• Bronze tools helped in expanding agricultural land.
• The expansion of agricultural land led to an increase in agricultural production.
• The increase in agricultural production paved the way for the exchange of products and the development of centres of exchange.
• The centres of exchange later transformed into towns and cities.

Question 8.
What all changes might settled life have brought about in humans?
Answer:

• Dwellings began to be built.
• People began to interact more with each other, and marked the beginning of organised social life.
• Settlements gradually developed into villages and urban centres.

Question 9.
Match the following.

A	B
Bhimbetka	Used smaller fine stone tools
Mesolithic Age	Rock shelter
The Theory of Human Evolution	Human species
Chinese Civilization	On the Origin of Species
Homo sapiens	Bronze Age Civilizations

Answer:

A	B
Bhimbetka	Rock shelter
Mesolithic Age	Used smaller fine stone tools
The Theory of Human Evolution	On the Origin of Species
Chinese Civilization	Bronze Age Civilizations
Homo sapiens	Human species

Question 10.
Why did Bronze Age civilizations form in river valleys?
Answer:

• Fertile Soil
• Availability of water
• Favourable climate

Question 11.
Between which rivers is Mesopotamia located?
Answer:
The Euphrates and the Tigris rivers.

Question 12.
Which cultures combined to form the Mesopotamian civilization?
Answer:
Mesopotamian civilization consisted of four different civilizations, which were Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Chaldean.

Question 13.
Who were the first people who contributed to the development of urban life in Mesopotamia?
Answer:
Sumerians

Question 14.
The Writing system of the Mesopotamians was known as Cuneiform.
a) Write a note on cuneiform script.
b) Which are the major cities of the Mesopotamian civilization?
Answer:
a)

• Cuneiform script was developed.by the Sumerians
• It was a wedge shaped pictographic script
• It was written on clay tablets
• They used a pointed reed stylus to write on clay tablets

b) Ur, Uruk, Lagash

Question 15.
Tabulate the contributions of the Mesopotamians.
Answer:

Science and Mathematics	Law
Lunar calendar	Laws were codified for the first time during the reign of Sumerian ruler Dungi.
Calculated the solar and lunar eclipses	The code of Hammurabi is the revised form of these laws.

Question 16.
Egyptian civilization flourished in the Nile Valley.
a) The main city of the Egyptian civilization was ……………………
b) What were the kings of Egypt known as?
c) The main feature of the Egyptian civilization is the ………………….
d) Why is Egypt called the ‘Gift of the Nile’?
Answer:
a) Cairo

b) Pharaohs

c) Pyramids

d) Agriculture was the main livelihood of the people. Wheat, barley, millet, fifuits, flax, cotton, and so on grew abundantly in the Nile river basin. This agricultural prosperity facilitated the development of a civilization in the Nile Valley. Hence, Egypt is called the ‘Gift of the Nile’.

Question 17.
Observe the given picture.

a) Identify this Script that existed in Egypt.
b) Write four features of this script.
Answer:
a) Hieroglyphics Script

b)

• Hieroglyphics was the script of the ancient Egyptians.
• The word Hieroglyphics means ’sacred writing.
• This script was a combination of signs and letters.
• It is read from right to left.

Question 18.
Prepare a note on the achievements in the science of Egyptian culture.
Answer:
Mathematics and Medical Science achieved significant advancement in Egypt.The Egyptians laid the foundation of geometry in Mathematics. Addition and subtraction were their contributions. Their solar calendar consisted of twelve months of thirty days each, and an added five days to complete a year of 365 days.

Question 19.
Match the following.

A	B
Ziggurats	An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
Code of Hammurabi	Places of worship
Pyramids	The land between rivers
Mummies	Tombs of the Pharaohs
Mesopotamia	Dead body

Answer:

A	B
Ziggurats	Places of worship
Code of Hammurabi	An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
Pyramids	Tombs of the Pharaohs
Mummies	Dead body
Mesopotamia	The land between rivers

Question 20.
On which riverbank did Chinese Civilization originate, and write two important features of the Chinese civilization.
Answer:
Along the banks of river Hwang-Ho.

• Agriculture was the foundation of this civilization as well.
• They were also experts in weaving, pottery, and silk production.
• They made excellent bronze sculptures.

Question 21.
Identify the given script and write its features.

Answer:
Chinese Script.

• The Chinese had a writing system since ancient times.
• The pictographic script, that used pictures instead of letters, was common.
• Gradually, they developed symbols to use in place of pictures. That script still exists in China with modifications.

Question 22.
Which civilization existed in the Indus Valley during the Bronze Age?
Answer:
Harappan Civilization

Question 23.
Prepare a note on the Harappan Civilization.
Answer:
It was a civilization that existed in the Indus Valley during the Bronze Age. It is generally considered to have existed from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Harappa was the first city to be discovered. That is why this civilization is called the Harappan Civilization. Since it emerged in the Indus Valley, it is also known as the Indus Valley Civilization.

Question 24.
Which civilization is called the first urbanization in India? Why?
Answer:
Harappan Civilization. Because this civilization developed around urban centres. Therefore, this civilization is termed as the first urbanization in India.

Question 25.
The main feature of the Harappan civilization was town planning. Elucidate the statement,
Answer:
The main feature of the Harappan civilization was town planning. They built houses on both sides of the streets. They used burnt bricks for the purpose of construction. The drainage system was another important feature of the Harappan civilization. The cities and drains were planned in such a way that the waste water from the houses was drained out of the city through the drains in the streets.

Question 26.
What were the special features of the Great Bath of Mohenjodaro?
Answer:
Mohenjodaro was the major city of the Harappan civilization. The Great Bath is the most distinctive structure of this city. There were flights of steps on both sides to enter this tank and it had bathrooms. There was also arrangement for filling fresh water and draining out waste water.

Question 27.
Explain the following features of the Harappan Civilization.
• Granary
• Handicrafts
• Art of Writing
Answer:
Granary: Agriculture was the main livelihood of the Harappan people. Evidences of rice cultivation have been found from sites like Rangpur and Lothal in Gujarat. The granary is the most significant historical remain found in Harappa. It was used to store and preserve grains.

Handicrafts: The Harappans were skilled in handicrafts. Necklaces, bracelets and earrings made of gold, silver, beads and shells were widely used. They made seals from clay and stones. The toys, clay pots and bronze statues found in Harappan cities all show the artistic skills of the Harappan people.

Art of Writing: Harappan people had their own writing system. They used symbols instead of letters to write. Their art of writing is mostly found on seals.

Question 28.
Harappan cities faced decline around 1900 BCE. There are different opinions about the decline of Harappan civilization. Write some of them.
Answer:

• Climate change
• Frequent floods
• Deforestation
• Excessive use of land

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf English Medium and Class 6 Social Science Chapter 3 State and Government Notes Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 3 State and Government Notes Questions and Answers

Class 6 Social Science State and Government Notes Questions and Answers

Class 6 Social Science Chapter 3 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
The given lines were written by Anne Frank in her beloved diary named ‘Kitty’. She had to lead a life hiding in a small, confined room in her own country, because of Hitler’s military attack.

a) Here, what all does Anne Frank wish for?
b) What all does our native land guarantee us? Discuss.
Answer:
a)

• To lead a life of freedom.
• To live in a house of her own.
• To attend school and continue her studies.
• To speak and live in the language she loves.

b)

• Freedom
• Safety and Protection
• Education
• Health Care
• Right to live and work anywhere.

Question 2.
Look at the collage given below.

a) Here, who fulfills the demands of the people and ensures their security?
b) What are the services provided by the state to the people?
Answer:
a) The state (Government)
b) Education, Healthcare, Transport, electricity and Water Supply, etc.

Question 3.
Look at the pictures given below. Which one of these can be considered a ‘school’ in the complete sense of the term?

Answer:
Fig 3.1 (B)
For a school to become a ‘school’ in the real sense, there should be children, teachers, and staff, along with other facilities. The concept of school becomes complete when they work together harmoniously and actively.

Question 4.
Can you find out?
a) The country with the highest population
b) The country with the lowest population
Answer:
a) India
b) Vatican City

Question 5.
Complete the worksheet.
Draw against the True statement and against the False statement.

Answer:

The required population for the formation of state has been fixed as one lakh.
People belonging to different religion and class can be part of the population of a state.
The state is the highest political institution established by people.
A state can exist without people.

Question 6.
The map of South Sudan that was formed in 2011 is given below.

a) In which continent is South Sudan situated?
b) Which river enriches this country with water?
c) Identify and note down the countries that borders South Sudan.
Answer:
a) Africa
b) Nile River
c) North – Sudan
South – Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo
East – Ethiopia and Kenya
West – Central African Republic

Question 7.
Examine the map in your Social Science Lab, identify the biggest country and the smallest country in the world.
Answer:
Biggest Country: Russia Smallest Country: Vatican City

Question 8.
Prepare a note on the role played by the territory in the formation of a state.
Answer:
For the existence of a state, a permanent and well-defined territory is essential. But the area of territory for the formation of a state has not been specified. The land area, the water bodies, the air space and the coastal areas of a country come under the jurisdiction of that territory. Modem states are generally larger in territorial size. The territory helps the state manage its resources, protect its borders, and serve its people by building homes, schools, hospitals, and more. It is one of the most important parts in the formation of a state.

Question 9.
Complete the concept map, which includes the major responsibilities of the government.

Answer:

Question 10.
Which of these given news the sovereignty of the state is maintained? Explain why. Prepare a note.

Answer:
The second news – “Nuclear policy country’s internal affair: No need of interference from other countries, says India” shows that the sovereignty of the state is maintained.

Sovereignty means that a country has full control over its own decisions without any outside influence. In this news, India clearly says that its nuclear policy is an internal matter and that there is no need for interference from other countries. This shows that India is exercising its right to act independently, which is a sign of sovereignty being protected and respected.

On the other hand, the first news talks about America trying to interfere in Myanmar’s affairs, which means Myanmar’s sovereignty is being challenged. The second news is an example of a country protecting its sovereignty by making its own decisions and not allowing interference from others.

Question 11.
Write the basic components of state on strips and keep them in the bowl on the table. Each one should take a strip. Those who got the same topic, form groups. Each group discuss the topic they got. Present them in different ways (posters, notes, speeches, panel discussion, role play etc.)
Answer:
Basic components of state: Population, Territory, Government, Sovereignty.
Model of Poster. Topic: Population

• “A state cannot exist without people.”
• “People are the most important part of a state!”

Question 12.
Complete the worksheet about the origin and development of states.
Answer:

In the hierarchical system of king-lords-farmers, the power of the king is limited.	Feudal state
Logical thinking, scientific temper, Industrial Revolution and national consciousness led to the formation of these states	Nation State
Bronze Age Civilization centres belong to this administrative system	Oriental Administrative Systems
People being born into same clan, having common interests and similar economic activities are the features of this type of state	Tribal State

Question 13.
Given below are the data collected by Kiran for comparing state and government. Arrange them suitably in the table given below.
• It has sovereignty.
• It keeps changing.
• It is a broad concept.
• It is a permanent institution.
• It is a component of the state.
• All people are included in this.
• Administrators and officials are included in this.
• Sovereignty is executed through this agency.

Answer:

State	Government
It has sovereignty.	It keeps changing.
It is a broad concept.	It is a component of the state.
It is a permanent institution.	Administrators and officials are included in this.
All people are included in this.	Sovereignty is executed through this agency.

Question 14.
Examine the following news headlines given below. Identify, under the scope of which government organs these headlines can be categorized into.
• Court Procedures to be Telecast Live, says the Supreme Court
• The Government Prepares for Strict Implementation of the Right to Education Act
• Environment Protection: Amendment of Law soon
• Green Protocol to be Followed Strictly in Schools: Department of Education
• Revision of Traffic Rules: Court to be Informed of the Progress
• Parliament Approves Revision of Transport Rules
Answer:

Court Procedures to be Telecast Live, says the Supreme Court	Judiciary
The Government Prepares for Strict Implementation of the Right to Education Act	Executive
Environment Protection: Amendment of Law soon	Legislature
Green Protocol to be Followed Strictly in Schools: Department of Education	Executive
Revision of Traffic Rules: Court to be Informed of the Progress	Judiciary
Parliament Approves Revision of Transport Rules	Legislature

State and Government Questions and Answers Extended Activities

Question 1.
Conduct a study tour to the Legislative Assembly / the District Collectorate / a Court of Law to have a first hand experience about the functioning of the Legislature or the Executive or the Judiciary.
Answer:
(Hints)
Step 1: Choose the Institution to Visit (Legislative Assembly / the District Collectorate / a Court of Law) Step 2: Get Necessary Permissions (Write a request letter from your school to the concerned authority and fix a suitable date for the visit)
Step 3: Prepare for the Visit (Prepare questions to ask during the visit)
Step 4: Conduct the Visit.
Step 5: Interact with Officials (Ask questions about their duties and responsibilities)
Step 6: Write down observations and learnings.

Question 2.
Conduct a seminar on the topic ‘From Tribal States to Nation States’ including various stages and developments of state formation.
Sub Topics
• Tribal states
• Oriental administrative systems
• Greek city-states
• Roman Empire
• Feudal states
• Nation states
Answer:
(Hints)
Step 1: Introduction
Step 2: Present Each Subtopic One by One
Step 3: Use Visuals
Step 4: Summarize and Conclude
Step 5: Interactive Session

Question 3.
An interview has been scheduled with the representatives of the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary to learn more about these. Prepare a questionnaire in groups and conduct the interview.
Answer:
Questions for the Legislature Representative (Eg: Member of Legislative Assembly or Parliament)

• What is the main role of the Legislature?
• What is a Bill, and how does it become a law?
• How do you ensure that the government remains accountable to the people?
• What challenges do you face while working as a legislator?

Questions for the Executive Representative (Eg: District Collector, Police Officer, or Government Official)

• What is the main function of the Executive in our government?
• Can you explain your daily duties and responsibilities?
• How are government policies and programs implemented?
• How do you coordinate with other departments to serve the public?
• What qualities are most important for someone in the Executive branch?

Questions for the Judiciary Representative (Eg: Judge, Magistrate, or Lawyer)

• What is the role of the Judiciary in our country?
• How do you ensure justice is delivered fairly and quickly?
• What is the process of hearing and deciding a case?
• How does the Judiciary protect the rights of citizens?
• What are the main challenges faced in the legal system today?

State and Government Class 6 Notes Pdf

Std 6 Social Science State and Government Notes

• State is the highest socio-political institution formed by the people.
• Population, territory, government and sovereignty are the factors that form a state.
• The population of a state can include people belonging to different religion, class and colour.
• Without people, a state cannot exist. But the number of people required to form a state, has not been fixed.
• For the existence of a state, a permanent and well-defined territory is essential. But the area of territory for the formation of a state has not been specified.
• Government is an agency to form the policies of the state, express and execute them.
• The supreme power of the state to take decisions without being subjected to external interventions or pressure in any form is termed sovereignty.
• Political Science is the scientific study of the state. It was in ancient Greece where the study of the state started first.
• Theories of state formation are Force Theory, Theory of Social Contract, and Theory of Social Evolution.
• Feudalism is a social administrative system in which the lords exploited the workers in their agricultural fields like slaves.
• The term ‘feudalism’ originated from the German word ‘feud’, which means ‘a piece of land’.
• Renaissance is the new awakening in the artistic and intellectual fields during the 14th and 15th centuries in Italy and other European countries.
• The government helps to keep the relationship dynamic between the people and the state.
• State cannot exist without a government.
• The various laws, policies and programmes of the state are executed through the organs of government.

INTRODUCTION

The chapter “State and Government” helps us understand how people live together in an organized way. It explains the close relationship between the state and the people who live in it. We learn about how states were formed in the past through different theories, like the Force theory, Social evolution theory, and Social contract theory. The chapter also discusses the difference between the state and the government, and how both are connected. While the state is permanent and made up of people, territory, government, and sovereignty, the government is the body that runs the state by making and enforcing laws. This chapter helps us understand how rules are made and how leaders work for the welfare of the people.

STATE AND PEOPLE
It is the state that enables an environment for the people to live with liberty, dignity and without fear.

STATE

• State is the highest socio-political institution formed by the people.
• A group of people living permanently within a definite territory with a sovereign government is a State.
• Population, territory, government and sovereignty are the factors that form a state.

It is the responsibility of the state to make laws and to ensure the welfare of its people. The state protects the rights of the people. Moreover, it defines the responsibilities of the people towards the state.

COMPONENTS OF THE STATE

a) Population
Without people, a state cannot exist. But the number of people required to form a state, has not been fixed.

• The population of a state can include people belonging to different religion, class and colour.
• People become a part of a state when they stay together with mutual dependence, common interests and collective consciousness.

b) Territory

• For the existence of a state, a permanent and well-defined territory is essential. But the area of territory for the formation of a state has not been specified.
• The land area, the water bodies, the air space and the coastal areas of a country come under the jurisdiction of that territory. Modern states are generally larger in territorial size.
  Eg: South Sudan is a country that was formed from ten southern states liberated from Sudan, the biggest country in Africa.

c) Government
The government plays a significant role in ensuring the welfare of the people in a state. It is the government which helps to keep the relationship between the state and the people active. A particular territory need not become a state just because it is inhabited by people. A system called ‘government’ is essential to coordinate the resources and the people there. The state is a permanent institution whereas the government keeps changing.

• Government is an agency to form the policies of the state, express and execute them.
• The government handles law and order, rule of law, defence, foreign relations, roads, bridges, drinking water, electricity, education and the like.

d) Sovereignty
• The supreme power of the state to take decisions without being subjected to external interventions or pressure in any form is termed sovereignty. This is a unique characteristic of the state.

The state makes laws and takes political decisions as part of its sovereign power. The state executes and protects its sovereign power through the government. Even if there are people, territory and the government, state cannot exist without sovereignty.

The State and Political Science

• Political Science is the scientific study of the state. It was in ancient Greece where the study of the state started first.
• The City-States were the basis for the study of the state.
• Greek thinkers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle initiated the thoughts related to state.
• It was Aristotle, the Father of Political Science who used the term ‘politics’ for the first time. ‘Politics’ is a well-known work authored by him.

State The Greeks referred to city-states as ‘polis’ whereas the Romans used the term ‘civitas’. It was the Italian philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli who used the term ‘state’ in its modem sense, for the first time. The English word ‘state’ came into existence from the term ‘status’ which was popular among Teutons, the ancient tribes in Germany.

FORMATION OF STATE: VARIOUS THEORIES
Various theories that led to the formation of the state.

FROM TRIBAL STATE TO NATION STATE
The nature of modern state is entirely different from that of the earlier states. The changes in the nature of states are:


Feudalism

• Feudalism is a social administrative system in which the lords exploited the workers in their agricultural fields like slaves.
• The term ‘feudalism’ originated from the German word ‘feud’, which means ‘a piece of land’.
• Feudalism existed in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Renaissance

• Renaissance is the new awakening in the artistic and intellectual fields during the 14th and 15th centuries
  in Italy and other European countries.
• The main feature of this age is that humans were given more importance than religious doctrines.
• Petrarch, Dante, Da Vinci and so on influenced the Renaissance in various fields.

STATE AND GOVERNMENT: MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP
In a state it is the government that carries out the administration. The government helps to keep the relationship dynamic between the people and the state. State cannot exist without a government. The various laws, policies and programmes of the state are executed through the organs of government. For the effective functioning of the government, it is essential that these three organs must act complementary to each other.