Plus Two

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two English Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 3 Dangers of Drug Abuse Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two English Textbook Dangers of Drug Abuse Questions and Answers Unit 4 Chapter 3 (Essay)

Read And Respond (Text Book)

Question 1.
Why do people believe in drugs?
Answer:
People believe in drugs because they think that any sickness of the body and mind can be healed by taking a pill.

Question 2.
What is the danger of over-dependence on drugs?
Answer:
When people become over-dependent on drugs to solve their problems, they lose their capacity to deal with life’s situations through perseverance, self-discipline and mental effort. Some people think it is foolish to expend energy on solving a problem when there is an easy way out.

Question 3.
What is Hippocrates chief contribution?
Answer:
Hippocrates was the first to say that a remedy must take into account not only the symptoms of the disease but also the constitution and habits of the patient. This is his chief contribution.

Question 4.
What is the distinction between medicines and sensual drugs?
Answer:
The difference between medicines and sensual drugs is simple. Sensual drugs are those that the body does not need, but they give the user a strong sense of pleasure. Sensual drugs activate the brain’s pleasure centres. Medicines are those that cure or prevent diseases. The body needs medicines but not sensual drugs.

Question 5.
How do sensual drugs act on the human body?
Answer:
Sensual drugs activate the brain’s pleasure centres. It is the brain that governs sensations, moods, thoughts and actions. Sensual drugs upset the normal working of the brain and give the body a false sense of pleasure.

Question 6.
What is the danger of severe addiction?
Answer:
A drug user’s craving for the drug continues, but he feels less and less satisfaction. His brain’s pleasure reflexes are by artificial stimulation. In severe addiction, the pleasure mechanisms fail to respond to drug stimulation. The drug then gives only relative relief from misery.

Question 7.
Why does the craving for sensual drugs persist in an addict?
Answer:
In an addict the pleasure mechanisms fail to respond to drug stimulation. The drug then gives him only relative relief from misery. So he wants more and more drugs and thus the craving persists.

Question 8.
How does thebi&in govern sensations, moods, actions and thoughts?
Answer:
The brain governs sensations, moods, actions and thoughts by an unbelievably complex series of chemically regulated controls.

Question 9.
Why does the addict suspect everything external?
Answer:
The addict suspects everything external because he is in a state of paranoia. He doesnot know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. Anything outside scares him and he draws further and further into himself.

Question 10.
What are the symptoms of the addict’s sensory deprivation?
Answer:
The symptoms of the addict’s sensory deprivation are a general feeling of physical discomfort and personality changes. The addict feels depressed. He fails to respond either to his environment or to other people. His mental disturbance can be like paranoia.

Question 11.
Why do addicts press their fingers deep into their bodies?
Answer:
Addicts press their fingers deep into their bodies because their sensations are lost and they want to reassure themselves of their own reality.

Question 12.
Name some drug related health disorders.
Answer:
Drug-related health disorders are many and varied. Dirty needles and solutions used for injecting drugs can cause abscesses in the arms and veins. They can cause liver disease, venereal disease and infection of the kidney and brain. Sniffing cocaine and amphetamines can damage the tissue of the nose. Marijuana and tobacco smoking can cause lung diseases.

Babies of women addicted to opiates are likely to be bom addicted and to suffer from withdrawal symptoms! Cocaine and amphetamines cause hair fall. Marijuana can damage cells. A drug addict can easily get pneumonia, tuberculosis, mal-nutrition and weight loss. An overdose of any sensual drug can cause respiratory or cardiac failure and death.

Question 13.
How do drug affect women addicts?
Answer:
In addition to all the ill-effects that men have from drug abuse, babies of women addicted to opiates are likely to be born addicted and to suffer from withdrawal symptoms.

Question 14.
How do sensual drugs affect brain cells?
Answer:
Sensual drugs affect the chemistry of brain cells. Cell function is carried out by thousands of enzymes acting within each cell. Each exposure of the cells to psychoactive drugs alters their chemistry. Toxic chemicals can upset the brain’s intricate system of communication. They can also damage cell tissues. Toxic effect may be permanent.

Think And Write

Question 1.
How does the belief in drugs lead to drug abuse?
Answer:
Drugs were discovered to prevent and cure physical diseases and reverse the disturbances that occur in some mental illnesses. The power of drugs has led people to believe that any ailment, infective or psychic, can be relieved by taking a pill. At the first sign of nervousness, they try pep pills. Medical journals now advertise tranquilizers, amphetamines and other mood-altering drugs. Doctors prescribe them and people expect miracles from them. This excitement overdmgs leads to drug abuse.

Question 2.
What are the principles putforth by Hippocrates in relation to the use of drugs?
Answer:
Hippocrates, the Greek physician, is regarded as the father of medicine. He was the first to say that a remedy must take into account not only the symptoms of the disease but also the constitution and habits of the patient. As per his teaching, medicines must suit the disease and the patient. When there is a disorder only a drug that specifically mitigates that disorder should be used. The drug should also have restorative effects. Otherwise it will unbalance heqlthy functions of the brain and the body. It means a healthy person cannot benefit from taking a drug. He said, “Persons in good health quickly lose their strength by taking purgative medicines.”

Question 3.
How does the sensory deprivation of the addict express itself?
Answer:
The sensory deprivation of the drug addict shows itself in a general feeling of physical discomfort and in personality changes. The addict feels depressed. He fails to respond either to his environment or to other people. His mental disturbance can be like paranoia.

Question 4.
How does the addict look upon external objects?
Answer:
The addict knows he has a problem. But he does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. He looks upon external objects with suspicion. Anything outside scares him and he draws further and further into himself.

Question 5.
Do you think addiction to drugs will result in identity crisis? How?
Answer:
Addiction to drugs will definitely result in identity crisis. An addict feels that others look at him strangely. When people smile at an addict, he thinks they are laughing at him. An addict may even lose his sense of being alive. He feels ‘dead inside’. Once, a rehabilitated heroin addict told the writer: “Looking out of the window, the sun is shining. The flowers are in bloom. These are signs of a good day.” But pressing his chest, he said, “I don’t feel it here.” Addicts often press their fingers deep into their arms or legs to reassure themselves of their own reality. Their sensations are lost and they look for drug-induced sensations.

Dangers of Drug Abuse (Essay) Edumate Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow.
“It is a simple step from ‘look what drugs do for me when I feel depressed,’ to ‘imagine what drug can do for me when I feel good already?”
a) What does the word ‘depressed’ mean in this sentence?
a) ill
b) unhappy
c) disappointed
d) enthusiatic
b) What change in attitude do you notice among the new generation drug users?
Answer:
a) unhappy
b) Earlier, drug addicts used to boast about the power of drugs to relieve them of their unhappiness and uneasiness. But new generation addicts take drugs even when they feel good because they seem to believe in the magical power of drugs.

Question 2.
Go through the excerpt given below and answerthe questions given below.
“A drug user’s craving for the drug continues, but he feels less and less satisfaction. His brain’s pleasure reflexes seem to be weakened by artificial stimulation. In severe addiction, the pleasure mechanisms fail to respond to drug stimulation.”
a) A drug user’s craving for the drug continues. Why?
b) What is the danger of severe addiction?
c) What does the word ‘stimulate’ mean?
a) addiction b) work c) induce d) sedate
Answer:
a) Because his brain’s pleasure reflexes seem to be awakened by artificial stimulation.
b) In severe addiction, the mechanisms fail to respond to drug stimulation.
c) induce

Question 3.
Read the following excerpt and answerthe questions that follow.
“The sun is shining, the flowers are in bloom, I know these are signs of a good day, but, I don’t feel it in here.”
a) What does the word ‘bloom’ mean here?
a) spring b) freshness c) blossom d) healthy
b) What is the psychological problem of the addict mentioned here?
Answer:
a) blossom
b) The addict loses his sense of being alive because of sensory deprivation.

Question 4.
Read the following excerpt and answerthe questions that follow.
“Real dangers exi^t, although the drug user often assumes they do not because the harmful side effects are not immediately apparent. Possible results range from incidental delirious effects to death from overdose; the dangers that lie between the extremes are the degeneration of health and the depletion of brain function.”
a) Why does the drug user assume that there is no danger?
b) What are the possible and harmful side effects?
c) Word opposite in meaning to ‘apparent’ is
a) dubious b) clear c) evident d) doubtless
Answer:
a) The drug user often assumes that there is no danger because the harmful side effects are not immediately apparent.
b) Possible results range from incidental delirious effects to death from overdose the dangers that lie between the extremes are the worsening of health and reduced brain function.
c) dubious

Question 5.
Two views on addressing drug abuse are given below. Which of two is more appealing to you?
Ban all these drugs legally
I support that and I believe so.
Sorry, I’m afraid, I have to disagree with you, Awareness Programmes will be the lasting solution here.
Imagine that you are participating in a debate on the topic‘Drug Abuse: a Social Menace.’Being the first speaker you make a short speech listing your arguments. Draft the speech of your arguments in hundred words.
Answer:
Drug Abuse: A Social Menace
When talking about the problem of drug abuse some people say, “Ban all these drugs legally”. Well, here drugs mean psychedelic drugs. I don’t agree with this idea to solve the problem of drug abuse. We can’t ban all the psychedelic drugs just because a few people misuse them. Even psychedelic drugs have medicinal value and they are used for treating certain diseases, including alcoholism and epilepsy.
I think the most common psychedelic drugs are psilocybin and Ecstasy.

These are used by doctors in the treatment of diseases like epilepsy, insomnia and mental disorders. They are also used in palliative care to treat the patients who are in constant pain and on the verge of death. So we must realize that even these psychedelic drugs have positive uses and so we can’t ban them all legally; Banning them would be as foolish as throwing the baby out with the bathwater! It is true that some people abuse drug. People abuse so many good things but we can’t ban them all just because we’are afraid of their misuse by a few perverts.

Question 6.
Giving support to PM’s Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the NSS Unit of your school had taken an initiative to clean the campus of the menace of drug abuse. The secretary of NSS had lodged a complaint with the Commissioner of Police of your district. But no action has been taken so far. Prepare a letter of enquiry to the Commissioner seeking the status and nature of action taken in this regard.
Answer:
Joe Francis
Secretary, NSS Unit
Sri Narayana Guru Memorial HSS
Vellamchira
9 June 2017

The Commissioner of Police Thrissur District
Sir
Sub: PM’s Swachh Bharat Abhiyan – Drug Free Campus
The NSS Unit of this School, as part of its effort to participate effectively in the Prime Ministers’ “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” has been making all out efforts to make our campus free from the menace of drug abuse. We have been conducting awareness programmes telling our students and even the local people of the dangers of drug abuse. But some drug peddlers still roam about our campus looking for easy preys.

We had complained to you to take action against these peddlers in our letter dated 20 May 2017. It is nearly three weeks now, but no action seems to have been taken from your end. The peddlers are still very much active here nullifying our efforts to make the campus drug free.

So we once again humbly request you to look into the matter and take steps to prevent the peddlers from coming to our place and destroying our mates here.

Thanking you and hoping that you will take immediate action.

Yours faithfully,
(Joe Francis))

Question 7.
“Say No to Drugs and Drinks.” Write a small paragraph explaining the message of the caption.
Answer:
SAY NO TO DRUGS AND DRINKS
The problem of drug and alcohol addiction has become a serious menace threatening the future of especially ouryocfth. Sensual drugs and alcoholic drinks play havoc with the body and mind of their users. The drug and alcoholic addicts experience sensory deprivation. They feel physical discomfort and there are personality changes in them. They often feel depressed. They fail to respond either to their environment or to other people. Their mental disturbances can be like paranoia.

The addicts know they have a problem, but they can’t solve it. Drugs and alcoholic drinks cause hair fall and the addicts can easily catch diseases like pneumonia tuberculosis, malnutrition and weight loss. Overdoses of drugs and alcohol can cause respiratory and cardiac failure and result even in death. It is easy to start any bad habit but it will be difficult to stop it. So say no to drugs and alcoholic drinks.

Question 8.
A few of your friends have been admitted to the hospital and are recovering from the ill effects of drug abuse. They have understood the impact of drug abuse in their lives and have decided not to touch it again. Prepare a few expressions of advice to discourage them from using it again. You may use expressions like ‘You had better…, Why don’t you … , You could spend … , Let’s … etc.’
Answer:
You had better get rid of your addiction and spend the money on useful things.
Why don’t you to go to a counsellor or practise yoga for improving your self control?
You could spend the money you use for drugs and drinks on healthy and tasty food.
Let’s spend the money on charity; it will help so many people.

Question 9.
As part of the Souhrida Day, the Souhrida Unit of your school is organising a programme called “MEET THE DOCTOR”. As a student interested in knowing more about the physical and mental impacts of drug abuse, you plan to ask a few questions to the doctor. Prepare four questions to be asked to the doctor.
Answer:
a) Good morning, Doctor! I would like to know how drugs affect the mind. Can you please give us some details?
b) I have heard that drugs adversely affect the body also. Is it true doctor? Can you elaborate a bit?
c) Doctor, I have heard about withdrawal symptoms. Will you please explain what they mean and what they indicate?
d) Many people say that even after coming out of the De-addiction Centres after being cured, many addicts go back to their addiction. Is it true?

Activity – I (Paragraph writing)

Question 1.
Describe the mental as well as physical impacts of drug abuse.
Answer:
Drug abuse has both mental and physical impacts. The drug addict experiences sensory deprivation. He has a general feeling of physical discomfort and there are personality changes in him. The addict feels depressed. He fails to respond either to his environment or to other people. His mental disturbance can be like paranoia. The addict knows he has a problem. But he does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. He looks upon external objects with suspicion.

Anything outside scares him and he draws further and further into himself. There are also drug-related physical disorders. Dirty needles and solutions used for injecting drugs can cause abscesses in the arms and veins. They can cause liver disease, venereal disease and infection of the kidney and brain. Sniffing cocaine and amphetamines can damage the tissue of the nose. Marijuana and tobacco smoking can cause lung diseases. Babies of women addicted to opiates are likely to be bom addicted and to suffer from withdrawal symptoms.

Cocaine and amphetamines cause hair fall. Marijuana can damage cells. A drug addict can easily get pneumonia, tuberculosis, mal-nutrition and weight loss. An overdose of any sensual drug can cause respiratory or cardiac failure and death.

Question 2.
Do you think that the addiction to drugs will destroy not only the addicted butthe entire humanity? Justify your answer with special reference to the modem context.
Answer:
I certainly think that the addiction to drugs will destroy not only the addicted but the entire humanity. I say that because even if a single member of a family is addicted to drugs, the entire family feels bad. A family does not live alone as many families are connected through blood relations or marriage relations. The unhappiness of one family spreads into other families. Families will start restricting their children from having friendship or any kind of relation with the drug addicts and their families. This way there will be a cascading effect, spreading unhappiness all over.

Drugs are a burden on society as they can’t contribute anything positive. They suffer from all sorts of/wental and physical problems and they look at people with suspicion. Love, affection, mercy, sympathy etc. slowly disappear. Drug addiction especially happens among the youth. Once the youth of a country are unable to carry out their responsibilities, the nations will be in jeopardy. Drug addiction leads to distrust, fights and wars which will ultimately min humanity.

Activity – II (Group Discussion)

Question 1.
The health club in yourschool decides to conduct a group discussion (GD) on the topic “Substance Abuse Leads to Social Problems”. Conduct a GD.
(Note: Study the Dos and Don’ts given on page 124 of the Text)
Answer:
A. As you all know the topic for our discussion today is “Substance Abuse Leads to Social Problems”. Substance Abuse is popularly known as drug addiction. Drug addiction has become a big menace especially among the youth of today. Recently we heard how some young actors and actresses were caught by the police for taking and possessing drugs. Drugs cause physical and mental problems if they are abused.

B. I quite agree with A. Even school children are taking drugs. The other day I read in the newspapers that some school children were sniffing ’whitener’ because it gave them some intoxicating feeling. It is so dangerous. Imagine the future of such children.

C. People abuse drugs because they think drugs can cure any disease and they can also give some kind of pleasures. It is common for youngster to take pep pills just to get some euphoria. Even our athletes take drugs to enhance their performance.

D. Many drug abusers do not know how it affects their minds. The drug addict experiences sensory deprivation. He has a general feeling of physical discomfort and there are personality changes in him. The addict feels depressed. He failsto respond either to his environment or to other people. His mental disturbance can be like paranoia. The addict knows he has a problem. But he does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. He looks upon external objects with suspicion. Anything outside scares him and he withdraws further and further into himself.

E. Drugs also affect the body adversely. Dirty needles and solutions used for injecting drugs can cause abscesses in the arms and veins. They can cause liver disease, venereal disease and infection of the kidney and brain. Sniffing cocaine and amphetamines can damage the tissue of the nose. Marijuana and tobacco smoking can cause lung diseases. Babies of women addicted to opiates are likely to be born addicted and to suffer from withdrawal symptoms. Cocaine and amphetamines cause hair fall. Marijuana can damage cells. A drug addict can easily get pneumonia, tuberculosis, mal-nutrition and weight loss. An overdose of any sensual drug can cause respiratory or cardiac failure and death.

F. Substance abuse has really become a huge problem and all-out efforts are to be made to find solutions. I think instead of opening more and more rehabilitation centres, the government and the society should do more in the prevention of drug abuse. Prevention is better than cure. The police must be more vigilant. Parents must ensure that their children do not get into drug addiction by keeping a close watch over them. Teachers must constantly make their students aware of the evils of drug addiction. Even religious leaders can play a big role in teaching the people how drug addiction is against God and moral life.

G. I think we have discussed the problem quite exhaustively. I thank all the participants in the discussion. I am sure we ail have benefitted from what we heard today. Let us take a vow that we shall neverbecome drug addicts. Thank you all!

Activity – III (Letter of Enquiry)

Question 1.
While at school you may sometimes have to write letters to different agencies/organization/offices etc. enquiring about their services or seeking permission to use their services. Study the letter of enquiry on page 125 made by the Secretary of the Souhrida Club Of a school to the Central Library, Mumbai.
Now that you have read the sample letter, write a letter to Florets Public School, Chennai, enquiring about the project they are working on and seeking permission to visit their school.
Answer:
St. Mary’s Higher Secondary School
43, Cathedral Road
Irinjalakuda

Tel: 9876543210
Email: stmarvsl 23@hotmail.com

The Principal
Florets Public School
420, Chandrabose Nagar
Chennai
20 June 2015

Respected Sir,
Sub: Permission to visit your school
We have come to Jcnow that the class XII of your school are working on a project on the ‘Increasing Tendency of drug abuse among the young’. We also came to know that the project has made great progress. We saw some of the pamphlets issued by the project coordinator exhorting the young to keep away from drugs, showing them the physical and mental problems they will encounter if they get into the dangerous habit of drug abuse.

We are impressed by your work. We also plan to make a project of our own in our school so that we can help the local people, especially boys and girls of school-going age. We believe that a visit to your school will help us a lot as we can see the work there firsthand and talk to the people who have been working on it. Please let us know if it would be okay if a group of 20 students, led by a teacher, visits your school at a time convenient to you.

We shall be glad if a date is given to us sometime in the 2nd week of July, if it is okay with you. We are sure you will be gracious enough to grant our request. Please send your reply at your earliest.
Thanking you,

Yours respectfully,
(Raj Job)
Secretary, Social Club

Activity – IV (Use of language expressions)

On page 126 and 127 expressions which can be used in different contexts are given. Study them and use them. Two examples, using the first two expressions in each group, are given below:
1. Expression to seek permission
a) Please give me permission to go home half an hour early today, as I have to accompany my motherto the hospital.
b) Please permit me to take this magazine home as I am prepanng a project and an article there would be of much use to me.
2. Expressions to seek information
a) Please tell me if you are going to Thrissurthis evening.
b) I would like to know on which days there are flights to Singapore from this airport.
3. Giving advice
a) You’d better concentrate of your studies instead of wasting your time on cricket.
b) You could use some more time for your studies.
4. Making Requests
a) Can you please speak up?
b) Will you please hold it for me?
5. Offer sympathy and providing encouragement
a) I want you to know how sorry I am at your not getting that job.
b) I’m sorry to hearthat your mother is in hospital.
6. Making suggestions
a) You could spend some more money on your clothes.
b) Let’s go home and do some combined studies.

Activity – V (Giving advice)

You may come across drug addicts among your pwn peer group. You have the responsibility to make them aware of the danger of drug abuse. You can do it in many different ways. For example, you can advise them not to use it/request them lovingly and politely to give up the habit/make alternative or practical suggestions/offer your sympathy and encouragement etc.
Imagine such a situation and make use of the suitable expressions given above to talk to/advise your friend about the dangers of drug abuse.
Answer:
Tom, I have come to know that you are taking amphetamines regularly. I don’t know how a responsible boy like you could get into such a dangerous habit. Do you know the use of amphetamines brings a lot of adverse effects on your mind and body? They destroy the tissues of your nose and slowly your nose will lose your sense of smell. Your brain will be very badly affected. You also become prone to get pneumonia, tuberculosis, hair and weight loss.

I am sure you want to grow into a fine gentleman. How much love your parents have for you! If they come to know that you take amphetamines, how will they feel? How will your friends feel? So, Tom, give up your habit. You can do physical and mental exercises to overcome your craving for amphetamines. Enjoy life, this beautiful life!

Activity – VI (Seminar)

Read the newspaper clippings given on page 128.
These reports give us an alarming picture of the spreading menace of the abuse of drugs among the younger generation. Study the problem in details and prepare a seminar paper on the topic ‘The vicious web of drugs spoils the dreams and lives of the young’.
Read the tips to prepare a seminar paper given on p. 129. (Mark 8)
Answer:
‘THE VICIOUS WEB OF DRUGS SPOILS THE DREAMS AND LIVES OF THE YOUNG’
Abstract: This Paper makes an in-depth study of the problem of drug addiction among the youth of today. The author interviewed some addicts, teachers, parents, and community leaders to find the ground realities. There were also questionnaires to be answered by students, teachers, and parents. The results showthat drug addiction is a real problem amongst our youth of the school and college-going age. Unless we stop this menace, we will have to reap the bitter harvest sooner or later.

Statement of the Problem: The problem of drug addiction has become a serious menace threatening the future of our youth, especially school and college-going youth. This age-group is more vulnerable to addiction because most of them are teenagers. Teenage, as we all know, is the time of stress and strain. To overcome their stress and strain, many youngsters take drugs. These drugs give them temporary pleasure relieving them of their tensions for a brief period.

Information on drug abuse was collected from various sources including books, journals, lecture notes and the Internet. Direct studies were made through interviews and questionnaires. From the sources the author consulted, he has come to the conclusion that he problem is really big and solutions should be found.

Causes : Analysing the responses from people, the author has made certain conclusions regarding the spread of the problem. One problem is that the youngsters today get a lot of money from their parents. Since most families have only a child ortwo, they are pampered by the parents. Many of the parents don’t have the time to spend with their children and they compensate this by giving them money which the youngsters misuse. Another reason is peer-group influence.

A third reason is blind imitation of the so-called glamour boys and girls in films and sports who use drugs. A fourth reason is the easy availability of the stuff. If you have money you can buy it very easily. If you give them a call, the peddlers will bring the stuff to you. Another reason is the moral laxity of the times. We can also see that the law-enforcing agencies are not sincere in their work. Our society has degenerated into a corrupt one and one, it seems, can do anything without being caught.

Effects: Sensual drugs play havoc with the body and mind of their users. The drug addict experiences sensory deprivation. He has a general feeling of physical discomfort and there are personality changes in him. The addict feels depressed. He fails to respond eitherto his environment or to other people. His mental disturbance can be like paranoia. The addict knows he has a problem. But he does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. He looks upon external objects with suspicion. Anything outside scares him and he withdraws further and further into himself.

Drugs also affect the body adversely. Dirty needles and solutions used for injecting “drugs can cause abscesses in the arms and veins. They can cause liver disease, venereal disease and infection of the kidney and brain. Sniffing cocaine and amphetamines can damage the tissue of the nose. Marijuana and tobacco smoking can cause lung diseases. Babies of women addicted to opiates are likely to be born addicted and to suffer from withdrawal symptoms. Cocaine and amphetamines cause hair fall. Marijuana can damage cells. A drug addict can easily get pneumonia, tuberculosis, mal-nutrition and weight loss. An overdose of any sensual drug can cause respiratory or cardiac failure and death.

Solutions: The drug problems can be solved only through the concerted efforts of the parents, teachers, community leaders and law-enforcing agencies. Awareness programmes should be conducted about the dangerous effects of drug abuse. Parents should ensure that their children are not given money for which they can’t give a proper account. Community leaders must ensure that the youth have enough facilities and enjoy and expend their energies in a positive way. The police must make sure that sensual drugs are not easily available to the youth. Medical shops should sell medicines only on prescription by doctors.

References:

1. Dangers of Drug Abuse by Hardin B. Jones
2. An Internet article on Sensual Drugs and their Effects
3. Reader’s Digest Article on “Youths and Drugs”, May 2015.

Activity – VII (Power-point Presentation)

Read the matter given on page 129 and prepare a power-point presentation, using the tips given there. You may use the seminar paper above to get appropriate points. Divide the points into the relevance of the topic, causes, effects and suggestions.

Activity – VIII (Let’s edit)

Question 1.
While writing down the following passage, being dictated by the teacher, a student committed a few mistakes in spelling. Correctthose mistakes.
Answer:
One rehabilitated heroin addict described his sensory deprivation to me: looking out of the window, he said, The sun is shining, the flowers are in bloom. I know these are signs of a good day.” But, pressing his chest, he said, “I don’t feel it here.” I have seen addicts habitually press their fingers deep into their arms or legs as if to reassure themselves of their own reality. This craving for lost sensations explains in part the addict’s need to continue to seek drug-induced sensations.

Question 2.
Here is a passage by a writer who committed,a few mistakes while writing. Help him write the correct spelling.
Answer:
On a wild and stormy hillside there stood an old ruin of a castle where, quite often on a dark and stormy: night, people could hear the screams of tortured ghost’s coming through the walls and turrets. The clanking of chains could be heard and the soles of those passing by froze at the sound.

Question 3.
Given below is a newspaper report prepared by a student about a forest fire in Wayanad, as part of an assignment given by the English teacher.
There are some errors in it. Identify the errors and rewrite the report with necessary corrections. (Hint: The errors are in concord, voice, preposition, spelling, phrasalverb)
Answer:
FOREST FIRES CONTINUE IN WAYANAD
Three minor incidents of forest fire were reported in Wayanad district. The first incident was reported in Thrissilery in the morning. Later, two incidents were reported at Kottiyur and Kalamkandy. Timely intervention by forest officials and fire and rescue personnel, who put out the fire on a war footing, prevented the fire from spreading. It was reported that nearly five acres of forestland were destroyed in the fire. A Non-Governmental Organization official said that natural forest fires were rare atthis time of the year, adding that often they were man-made. They said they would stage a dharna at Sulthan Bathery on Friday to sensitize the public on the significance of conserving forests.

Dangers of Drug Abuse (Essay) About The Author

Hardin Blain Jones (1914-1978) was born in Los Angeles, California. He was a professor of medical physics and physiology. “Dangers of Drug Abuse’ is a timely warning to modern society.

Dangers of Drug Abuse (Essay) Summary in English

Page 119: Drugs were discovered to prevent and cure physical diseases and reverse the disturbances that occur in some mental illnesses. The power of drugs has led people to believe that any ailment, infective or psychic, can be relieved by taking a pill. At the first sign of nervousness, they try pep pills. Medical journals now advertise tranquilizers (which calm you down), amphetamines (used for slimming and also for euphoria) and other mood-altering drugs. Doctors prescribe them and people expect miracles from them. In this situation, drug abuse is widespread.

When people become dependent on drugs to solve their problems, they lose their capacity to deal with life’s situations through perseverance, self-discipline and mental effort. Some people thy* it is foolish to expend energy on solving a problem when there is an easy way out. People take drugs when they feel bad. They take drugs even when they feel good already.

Page 120: A distinction should be made between medicine and the sensual drugs. We must know the important advances science has made. The history of medical use of drugs goes back 23 centuries to Hippocrates, the Greek physician. He is regarded as the father of medicine. He was the first to say that a remedy must take into account not only the symptoms of the disease but also the constitution and habits of the patient.

As per his teaching, medicines must suit the disease and the patient. When there is a disorder only a drug that specifically mitigates that disorder should be used. The drug should also have restorative effects. Otherwise it will unbalance healthy functions of the brain and the body. It means a healthy person cannot benefit from taking a drug. This also comes from Hippocrates. He said, “Persons in good health quickly lose their strength by taking purgative medicines.”

The difference between medicines and sensual drugs is simple. Sensual drugs are those that the body does not need, but they give the user a strong sense of pleasure. Sensual drugs activate the brain’s pleasure centres. We don’t know how they do it – whethef they stimulate the pleasure centre directly or activate them through chemical mimicry. Both possibilities will be referred to as stimulation.

The brain governs sensations, moods, thoughts and actions. It is done not through any magical process but by an unbelievably complex series of chemically regulated controls. These are easily upset by sensual drugs. They affect on the mechanisms that control pleasure and satisfaction. A drug user’s craving for the drug continues, but he feels less and less satisfaction. His brain’s pleasure reflexes are activated by artificial stimulation. In severe addiction, the pleasure mechanisms fail to respond to drug stimulation. The drug then gives only relative relief from misery and suspends the illness of withdrawal. Information from the senses still reaches the brain, but the brain is unable to evaluate the information and interpret it as pleasurable. In contrast, naturally attained pleasures enlarge the sense of satisfaction and can be repeated indefinitely.

Page 121: Ultimately, the sensory deprivation of the drug addict shows its# in a general feeling of physical discomfort and in personality changes. The addict feels depressed. He fails to respond eitherto his environment or to other people. His mental disturbance can be like paranoia. He does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. Anything outside scares him and draws further and further into himself. He feels that others look at him strangely. One even told me that when people smiled at him he thought they were laughing at him. He may even lose his sense of being alive. He feels ‘dead inside’. This is what one rehabilitated heroin addict told me: “Looking out of the window, the sun is shining. The flowers are in bloom. These are signs of a good day.” But pressing his chest, he said, “I don’t feel it here.” Addicts often press their fingers deep into their arms or legs to reassure themselves of their own reality. Their sensations are lost and they look for drug-induced sensations.

If drugs gave a safe form of pleasure, there would be no objections to using them. But we know continued use of drugs has very bad consequences. There are real dangers, but the drug user thinks there is no danger because the harmful side effects are not immediately seen. An overdose may result in delirious effects or even death. Between these extremes there is the danger of degeneration of health and reduced brain function. Drugs act directly on the brain. They cause mental mechanisms to respond abnormally. The risks are great for regular users. A lot of harm may be done before the warning symptoms occur.

Page 122: Drug-related health disorders are many and varied. Dirty needles and solutions used for injecting drugs can cause abscesses in the arms and veins. They can cause liver disease, venereal disease and infection of the kidney and brain. Sniffing cocaine and amphetamines can damage the tissue of the nose. Marijuana and tobacco smoking can cause lung diseases. Heavy users of alcohol, volatile solvents, amphetamines or marijuana damage their livers permanently. Babies of women addicted to opiates are likely to be bom addicted and to suffer from withdrawal symptoms. Cocaine and amphetamines cause hair fall. Marijuana can damage cells. A drug addict can easily get pneumonia, tuberculosis, malnutrition and weight loss. An overdose of any sensual drug can cause respiratory or cardiac failure and death.

Sensual drugs affect the chemistry of brain cells. Cell function is carried out by thousands of enzymes acting within each cell. Each exposure of the cells to psychoactive drugs alters their chemistry. Toxic chemicals can upset the brain’s intricate system of communication. They can also damage cell tissues. Toxic effect may be permanent.

This article focuses on the effects of drugs on the brain. Drugs affect other parts of the body also and they can be even more debilitating. Damage to the brain is the most subtle and often unrecognized and least understood consequence of drug abuse.

Dangers of Drug Abuse (Essay) Summary in Malayalam

Dangers of Drug Abuse (Essay) Meanings

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two English Textbook Answers Unit 5 Chapter 3 Crime and Punishment Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two English Textbook Crime and Punishment Questions and Answers Unit 5 Chapter 3 (Short Story)

Read And Respond (Text Book)

Question 1.
Why did the boy try to fool the teacher by repeating his mistake?
Answer:
The boy tried to fool the teacher by repeating his mistake because he did not want to continue with his studies. He was interested in playing and not studying.

Question 2.
Why did the parents give the boy intensive coaching in Mathematics?
Answer:
The parents gave the boy intensive coaching in Mathematics because they wanted him to score 50 in Mathematics and thus get a double promotion to the first form.

Question 3.
How does the teacher react when the boy repeated the mistake several times?
Answer:
The teacher slapped the boy hard on his cheek when he repeated the mistake several times.

Question 4.
What is the boy’s response when the teacher slapped him on his cheek?
Answer:
The boy gazed at the teacher for a moment and started crying.

Question 5.
Why does the teacher ask the boy not to tell the incident to his mother?
Answer:
The teacher asks the boy not to tell the incident to his mother because the mother would get angry and dismiss him from work.

Question 6.
How do the parents consider the boy?
Answer:
The parents consider the boy a little angel. He was their only child and they gave him a lot of love.

Question 7.
What facilities do the parents provide to the boy?
Answer:
They built him a nursery, bought him expensive toys, fitted up miniature furniture sets, gave him a small pedal motor car to move about in the garden. His cupboard was filled with chocolates and biscuits which he could eat as he wanted.

Question 8.
Why do the parents give half an hour’s class on child psychology to the teacher every day?
Answer:
The father had written a thesis on infant psychology for his M.A. The mother had studied a good deal of it for her B.A. It seemed they wanted him to treat the boy as if he was made of thin glass. The parents thought that no prohibition or repression should affect the boy’s mind. If you make restrictions and repressions, you will damage the child for life.

Question 9.
Why does the teacher consider the boy a gorilla?
Answer:
The teacher considers the boy a gorilla because he is very mischievous. He does not want to study and he disobeys instructions. The parents thinkthe boy is a little angel, but the teacher knows he is a gorilla difficult to teach and manage.

Question 10.
How does the boy compel die teacher to act as a station master? And what duty does he assign to the teacher?
Answer:
The boy compels the teacher to act as a station master by threatening to tell the slapping incident to his parents. His duty was to blow the whistle when the train reached his station and ask the train driver to stop the train as there are many people who have bought tickets.

Question 11.
When is the teacher relieved of the role of the station master?
Answer:
The teacher is relieved of the role of the station master when the train refused to move. The boy handed it to the teacher and told him to repair it. The teachertumed it around in his hand and said he did not know anything about it.

Question 12.
Why does the teacher become desperate?
Answer:
The teacher becomes desperate because he can’t make the train work. He was absolutely non-mechanical and he does not know what to do to make the train move.

Question 13.
How does the teacher become tired?
Answer:
The teacher becomes tired because he had done six hours of teaching at school during the day. He had lost his breath.

Question 14.
Why does the teacher decide to reveal the matter to the parents?
Answer:
The teacher decides to reveal the matter to the parents because he is tired of the blackmailing by the boy. It is better to tell the truth to the parents and accept whatever punishment they give than stand the blackmailing by the boy.

Question 15.
Why does the boy become so annoyed and slink behind his parents?
Answer:
The boy becomes so annoyed and slinks behind his parents when his father asked the teacher how the boy was preparing for the test in arithmetic.

Crime and Punishment (Story) Edumate Questions & Answers

Question 1.
When the boy obstinately said the same he felt as if his finger were releasing the trigger. He reached across the table, and delivered a wholesome slap on the youngster’s cheek.
What is your opinion about the teacher’s behaviour? What could the teacher have done instead? Express your views in a paragraph.
Answer:
The teacher was wrong in slapping the boy on the cheek. It was a hard slap making the boy’s cheek red. Instead of slapping the boy, he could have asked him a different question or said some interesting things to bring the boy back into the study-mood. Corporal punishment to children is strictly prohibited in many countries. By giving corporal punishment you make the students hate their studies. Studies are done better when the students have a desire to study. I think the best way to teach is to tickle the curiosity in children and motivate them. Let them leam things because they want to learn them and not because they are forced or punished.

Question 2.
Imagine that the teacher decides to confess his crime to the boy’s parents after the class. What will the teacher say? Draft a confession statement for the teacher.
Answer:
Today something bad happened. You had told me that your son should get 50 marks in the class test forgetting a double promotion. I was trying hard to improve his arithmetic. I taught him the table of 16 up to 10.1 was checking if he remembered it. I asked him what is 16 x 3. He said 24.1 corrected him and made him say 48. Again I asked him and again he said 24. I thought he was trying to make me a fool by deliberately giving me the wrong answer each time I asked him. I don’t know what came over me.

I suddenly lost my temper and I slapped him on the cheek. I remember your advice to me to treat your son as if he is made of thin glass. I forgot all that for a moment. I am sorry. But what I did was for the better future of your son and to make your dream about him come true. Now it is up to you to decide what to do with me.

Question 3.
Read the following headlines.
58 percent children suffer from ailment due to heavy school bags
Heavy school bags lead to back pain in children
Thousands of small children are reeling physically under the pressure of studies and heavy bags like the boy in the story ‘Crime and Punishment’. Heavy school bags is a matter of great concern to parents and children. You decide to arouse a public opinion on this matter via a blog entry. How could it be? (6 Mark)
Answer:
Children Are Not Load-Carrying Mules.
Vijayan is 10 year old boy studying in Class V. He has been complaining of severe back pain. He was taken to the hospital. A scan showed that his backbone was bent badly. How won’t it bend? He is carrying 15 kg of books, tiffin carrier loaded with lunch, water and umbrella in his backpack every day, walking to and from school, one kilometre away. A Surgery had to be carried out. The doctor told his parents not to let him carry such weights on his back again!

Why do small children carry so much of weight in their backpacks? I remember my granddad telling me that when he was a primary school student he had only a slate, a couple of text books and notebooks to carry apart from his tiffin carrier. He drank water from the school well. Thus he carried less than one kg to school.

Today when we see school children going to school in the morning, we are reminded of caravans in which we see camels or mules loaded with heavy things on their backs. There is no logical reason why small children should be made into mules. Can’t some of the books be left in the school locker? Can’t they get drinking water in the school itself? I think it is high time we thought of methods of reducing the weight of the bd’c^ack carried by small children.

Somebody jocularly remarked that today’s children carried knowledge on their backs, whereas the children of the earlier generations carried knowledge in their brains. There is a lot of truth in the statement. Parents should ensure that they don’t let their children carry heavy loads on their backs. In the long run these children will become sick with many problems affecting their vertebral column. Let’s all join hands to make the burden of the school children lighter!

Question 4.
Imagine that a debate was held in your class on the topic ‘Corporal Punishment Hampers Child’s Growth.’ The following points were presented against the topic.
1. Corporal punishment is necessary for maintaining discipline.
2. Corporal punishment reinforces positive behaviour.
3. Corporal punishment instils respect towards teachers.
4. Corporal punishment is more effective than any other method.
Write four arguments for the topic.
Answer:

1. Corporal punishment makes the student hate the subject and also the teacher who teaches it.
2. Corporal punishment is a negative influence. Things learned through such influences are easily forgotten.
3. Corporal punishment is violation of children’s right. Children are to be taught through positive ways and not by inflicting pain on them.
4. Corporal punishment breeds violence. When a student is beaten, there is a tendency in him to beat others who go against his wishes. Violence breeds violence.

Question 5.
Imagine that an extempore speech competition is conducted in your school. You are asked to speak on the topic ‘Indian Education System’ .You are given three minutes for preparation. You decide to jot down a few points in your notepad. What will you write? List out the points.
Answer:
Indian Education System

• Still based on ‘talk and chalk’ method.
• Overcrowded classrooms.
• No light and fan in classrooms.
• Student-Teacher ratio not good at all.
• Stress is on learning by rote.
• Book-learning is emphasized without any emphasis on practical work.
• In the examination only memory is tested.
• Many schools lack laboratories and libraries.
• Many schools lack recreational facilities.
• Many classrooms are not hygienic; inadequate toilet facilities.

Question 6.
A panel discussion on the topic ‘Student Rights and Responsibilities’ is conducted in your class. You are asked to initiate the discussion. How would you introduce the topic? Prepare an introductory speech.
Answer:
Student Rights And Responsibilities:
Respected Principal, dearteachers and students, In the Panel Discussion today, the topic is the rights and responsibilities of the students. Rights and responsibilities are the two sides of the same coin. Rights involve responsibilities and responsibilities bring in rights. Students have many rights and corresponding responsibilities.

I will not go into the details of the rights and responsibilities of students as they will be done by the panel members. But I will mention a few of them as a starting point. I believe the primary right of the students is the right to be taught properly. They come to the school with the main intention of learning. So they have a right be taught in a way they understand what is being taught.

Students have a right to have recreational and sports and games facilities. There is a well-known Latin saying, “mens sana in corpora sano” which means “a healthy mind in a healthy body.” “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Students should have playgrounds and material for various games and sports. Then only they can build healthy bodies. This is especially the case with students in their teens. Students should have a right to assemble and air their views. Thus they have a right for association. They have a right to express their opinions on the various things going on in the campus and the management should be willing to listen to their views.

Students have the responsibility to study well. They should respect their teachers and their classmates. They have the responsibility to keep the campus clean. They should take care of the school properties and no wilful damage should be done. They have the responsibility to pay any fee or charge that is mandatory. They have the responsibility to strictly adhere to the code of conduct for students. They have the responsibility of not doing any un-student like activities in the school, like smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages and taking drugs. They have the responsibility not to bring in politics into the school. They have the responsibility of being morally upright. They have the responsibility to work hard and achieve their goals in life.

Well, students have many rights and responsibilities and they do not end with the ones I have mentioned. Our panel members will enlighten us more about them. I am sure we will have a fruitful discussion. Thank you, all!

Question 7.
The teacher in the story ‘Crime and Punishment’ is very much excited after winning the faith of the small boy. He narrates the incident to one of his friends. What would he say? Prepare the narration for him.
Answer:
Teacher: You know, today something very funny happened in the nursery. I am teaching a devil of boy there. The only reason I teach him is the Rs.30 his parents pay me every month. For 30 bucks I have to suffer for 3 hours every evening. First, his parents lecture me on child psychology. The boy’s father had written a thesis in infant psychology for his M.A. The mother had studied a good deal of it for her B.A. So, both of them tell me almost the same things day after day. They want me to treat their son as if he is made of very thin glass. What the boy needs is beating and not cajoling. He is not a boy but a gorilla. My God! You have never seen such a rascal.

Today I asked him the result of 16 multiplied by 3.1 had taught him the multiplication of 16 up to 10. I am sure he knew the right answer. But he said 24.1 corrected him and asked him again for the correct answer. With a grin, the gorilla says 24. I lost my temper. I slapped him on his cheek, leaving a red mark there. He then wanted me to stop teaching and play with him, pretending as a station master while he drove his train. I refused. He threatened and said he would run to his parents and show the mark on his cheek. That would be the end of my 30 bucks which I heed badly. So reluctantly I played with him. Fortunately the train stopped. And then the devil wanted me to tell stories. I went on saying the usual stories – the bison and the tiger, AN Baba and the 40 Thieves. He wanted me to repeat the bison-tigerstory again. When I said no, he ran home.

I ran behind him. When the parents asked why we were running I told them that I was trying to keep the spirits of the boy up by doing this exercise after his strenuous learning. Then the father asked me about the test. When the boy heard the word test, he went and stood behind his father indicating to me I should support him. I said he was doing well, and I was sure that boy will not tell his parents about the slapping I gave him. My extra income is safe for the moment.

Question 8.
Based on the story ‘Crime and Punishment’ write an expository essay on the topic ‘Role of Parents in Moulding the Character of Children.’
Answer:
Role of Parents in Moulding the Character of Children Moulding their children’s character is a great concern of all parents. Parents are constantly doing something or other to make their child do better in studies, inculcate better discipline, excel in sports, learn social interaction and various other aspects depending on their own vision and capabilities. Whether they are aware of it or not they are constantly shaping their child as moulding is an integral part of parenting. Parenting basically has to do with training, disciplining, moulding and at times forcing children to live as parents dictate. Forcing a child to adapt to what they think is right or what they feel the child should be doing is forceful parenting. Forceful parenting often does more damage to their children than it does good. It can demolish self-confidence and destroy the imagination of children.

Parents should strive to ensure that their children learn to experience and express themselves as free human beings. Now-a-dayswe have parents who, even before the child is one year old, decide to turn him/her into another Virat Kohli or Deepika Padukone. Most of the problems with adolescents can be traced back to an early age when they learned they were to just follow orders.

Children who have to comply rigidly with what is expected of them, develop neither their own vision nor accountability. When not nurtured, their natural lights dim and they just follow their peers or the heroes that are shown to them by the entertainment media.

Some parents, on the other hand, are proud that their children are quiet and polite and that they have done their job very well. They don’t realize that their children are not just quiet but complacent. These children behave that way probably because they have stopped to think. Guiding your child to achieve his/ hertrue potential is good parenting. Real moulding is when your child shows some abnormal behaviour that is either against the norms of society oris affecting his overall growth and development and you correct that.

The question that bothers most parents is: “What is more important: to shower a child with love and let Nature take its course or to provide intellectual stimulation?” Tfieiatest theory maintains that the one complements the other. In the past, it was thought that love could develop a child and compensate for lack of intellectual stimulation. Today we know that to develop a child’s mind and mould his personality mental stimulation initiated by the parents is important.

The bulk of the responsibility for moulding their children’s character rests with the parents. Ideally, parents should rouse their curiosity by giving them plenty of information. When they grow up, they feel free to ask questions about all kinds of things in their environment as their curiosity would have been developed to a keen edge. Parents directly influence their child’s development and behaviour. They must teach their children the importance of honesty, truth, kindness, generosity, hard work and polite behaviour.

There has been a controversy of heredity versus environment. But it is feltthat heredity, environment and good parenting make the children ideal citizens useful for themselves, their families, their society and humanity at large. Thus, parents have a big role to play in the formation of their children’ character.

Question 9.
a) Do you think the title ‘Crime and Punishment’ is an apt one? Justify your views.
b) Write an alternative title for the story.
Answer:
a) I think the title “Crime and Punishment” by R.K. Narayan is an apt one forthe story. There is crime and then there is punishment. The boy does the crime of repeating the same mistake wilfully and he gets slapped as punishment. Slapping is the crime by the teacher and he gets punishment from the boy. That is why he has to act as a station mater and tell him so many stories ad run after him, all against his will. In fact there is a world famous novel by the same name by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Narayan must have copied the title. But in Dostoyevsky’s novel, the crime is murder and not the small mishiefs in R.K. Narayan’s story.

b) The Plight of a Poor Teacher/The Mischievous Imp and the Poor Teacher

Question 10.
The story ‘Crime and Punishment’ deals with the relationship between a teacher and a small boy. What impression do you get about the teacher? Sketch his character.
Answer:
The teacher in the story “Crime and Punishment” by R.K. Narayan is a hardworking man. He teaches 6 hours in the school and then he comes to teach the small boy in the nursery for just 30 rupees a month. He has to work for three hours in the nursery teaching a gorilla of a child. This shows the teacher is very poor. Otherwise he would not come to teach such a mischievous imp after his normal school hours.

The teacher suffered at the hands of the parents also. Every day he had to listen to the lectures of the parents on child psychology for half an hour. The father had written a thesis on infant psychology for his M.A. The mother had studied a good deal of it for her B.A. So, both lectured to him on the same lines. It seemed that the parents of the boy thought he was made of thin glass. They pampered him a lot and they wanted the teacher also to be very kind to the boy and not to annoy him in any way.

The teacher found it hard to manage the boy. The boy had a lot of love and money. His parents built the nursery for him. They bought him expensive toys. They even gave him a small pedal motor to move about in the garden. His cupboard was filled with chocolates and biscuits which he could eat whenever he wanted. He was a highly pampered, spoilt child. The teacher could lose his temper when tempted too much. He slaps the boy because the boy persisted in making the same mistake in spite of the corrections so many times. The hard slapping made a red mark on the cheek of the boy. The boy used that mark to blackmail the teacher.

He teacher had to play with the boy acting as a station master. Then the train stops running and the boy wants him to repair it. But the teacher is not at all mechanical minded and he can’t do that. Then the boy makes him tell stories. He tells the story of the tiger and the bison and the story of AN Baba and 40 thieves. The boy wants to hear the story of the tiger and bison again. When the teacher refuses the boy runs home, the teacher in hot pursuit.

The teacher has good presence of mind. When the father asks why they are running about, the teacher says they are just playing about to keep up their spirits. The teacher can lie if there is a need! Poor teacher! He has to suffer so much for getting an extra amount of Rs.30 per month! I think he represents many teachers in our society who do not get a decent salary and have to find others ways of making both ends meet.

Question 11.
In ‘Crime and Punishment’ problems start when the teacher slaps the boy. In your opinion, what are the impacts of that punishment on the boy? Write a paragraph.
Answer:
The first impact of the slap was that the boy burst into tears. He is not used to getting such slaps as he is a much pampered boy at home. When teacher tries to make him stop crying and behave like a soldier, the boy retorts saying that a soldier would shoot with a gun if he was hit. The next impact is that the boy becomes stubborn and he wants to blackmail the teacher.

He wants the teacher to stop teaching and play with him with a toy train. The teacher would be the station master. First the teacher refuses and then the boy threatens him by saying he would report the slapping to his parents. The teacher has no way but to please the boy. Soon the train breaks down. And then boy wants to teacher to tell him stories. He tells the stories of the tiger and the bison and the story of Ali Baba and 40 Thieves. The boy wants to the story of the tiger and the bison repeated.

When tbe teacher refuses the boy again threatens him and runs home. The teacher runs behind to catch him. It is obvious that the slapping has no positive effect on the boy. It has only made him more stubborn.

Question 12.
“Good night sir, we finished our lessons early and I was just playing about with the child something to keep up his spirits you know,” says the teacher in the story ‘Crime and Punishment’.
Here the teacher suggests playing as a mode of relaxation for his student. What are the other methods by means of which students can keep up their spirits? Prepare a write-up on the topic ‘Need for Relaxation and Recreation in Academics.’
Answer:
Need for Relaxation and Recreation in Academics There is a well-known Latin saying, “mens sana in corpora sano” which means “a healthy mind in a healthy body.” “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Students should have relaxation and recreation in their academics. There should be playgrounds and material for various games and sports. Then only they can build healthy bodies. This is especially the case with students who are very young. In young children the attention span is very short. You can’t drill into their minds facts, figures and formulae for a long time. Soon they get bored and nothing will entertheir brain.

There are many ways to keep the spirits of the students up. One of the ways is making the children sing in the class. Another way is telling stories. Quizzes and Puzzles can be used for entertainment and relaxation. Things like Antakshari can help. Word building is useful. Asking for synonyms and antonyms is a good pastime. Board games are an excellent way of relaxation. Taking the children out for small walks helps. Short films can be shown to make the children relaxed. Innovative teachers can think of many more ways to give relaxation and recreation to students.

Question 13.
“He was their only child, they had abundant affection and ample money they filled up his cupboard with
all kinds of sweets and biscuits, and left it to his good sense to devour them moderately. They believed a great deal in leaving things that way.”
What does the above excerpt tell us about the attitude of the boy’s parents? Are they right in the method of bringing up their only child? Express your opinion in a paragraph.
Answer:
The excerpt shows that the parents were too indulgent towards their son. They are not right in the method of bringing up their child. A child brought up that way is unable to cope with adverse circumstances. When they have to face a little physical or mental discomfort, they completely lose their mental balance. It is such children that often commit suicide.

We hear so many stories of children killing themselves. One hangs himself because he failed in the exam. Another jumps into the river and kills himself because a teacher shouted at him. A third jumps from the 4th floor because he was asked by the Principal to bring his parents as he was playing truant. Many children become depressed when faced with even small problems. I think children should be trained to face problems of life boldly.

Problems are bound to come in life. So we need children who can stand up and say “Come what may. I’ll see what I can do!” By giving their abundant love and ample money and filling his cupboard with all types of delicacies for him to eat at will is definitely pampering him too much and they are making him unfit to face the challenges of the modern world.

Question 14.
As part of a campaign conducted in connection with the ‘General Protection Mission’, an essay competition was conducted by the Education Department. The topic is ‘Modern Day Classrooms- Expectations and Realities’. Prepare an essay to be sent to the department.
Answer:
Modern Day Classrooms – Expectations And Realities.
It is a pity that even though we got independence 70 years ago, our educational system has not improved much from the days of the British rule here. We still practise the old talk and chalk method of teaching
in congested classrooms with just a blackboard and some pieces of chalk and a few benches and desks for the students. The classrooms are crowded, not properly ventilated’and most classrooms do not have lights and fans. Sitting in the classrooms becomes a boring affair and the atmosphere there is not at all conducive to learning.

These things have to change. We have to improve our classrooms to international standards. Then only the teaching and learning process will become efficient and enjoyable. Teaching and learning should become an enjoyable activity by the teachers as well as the students. To motivate them we should ensure that the classroom offer a conducive atmosphere.

To improve the teaching-learning process, we need smart classrooms. Smart Classrooms are technology enhanced classrooms that foster opportunities for teaching and learning by integrating learning technology, such as computers, specialized software, audience response technology, assistive listening devices, networking, and audio/visual capabilities. Such classrooms will help the students to feel fully engaged in the lessons and understand them better. Science and technology are growing at mind-boggling speed and this growth should be reflected in our classrooms.

Then we have to improve the student-teacher ratio. In some of our classrooms there are often more than 60 students. How can a teacher teach 60 or more students efficiently? He can’t give individual attention to the students. All students are not equally intelligent or motivated. So the student-teacher ratio should be such that all students can get individual attention.

Another thing is changing our teaching methods. We do not have proper laboratories. Even chemistry, and physic and biology are taught in ordinary classrooms through the lecture method. Students learn things by doing, especially in science subjects. But we still teach by saying “Suppose this is a test tube. Suppose I am pouring some sulphuric acid into it. Suppose I put some ………” and it goes on like that. Students hardly,learn by such suppositions. Let the students see the things and practically carry out the experiments. And then they will learn. Practice makes perfect.

For teaching language efficiently, language laboratories are essential. Languages may have different phonemes. In English, for example, we have 44 phonemes, of which 24 are consonant, 12 vowels and 8 diphthongs. Some of these phonemes do not exist in Malayalam. So they ought to be taught very
carefully. In English /v/ and /w/ are two different phones. So are /s/ and /z/. But we Malayalees pronounce them as if there is no difference. For us ‘veil’ and ‘wail’ have no difference in pronunciation. So are ‘vine’ and ‘wine’. So students should be taught to articulate /v/ and /w/ properly. M is a labio-dental sound where was /w/ is a bilabial. The confusion between /s/ and Izl also should be corrected. For that we need a language lab. The problem is more when it comes to certain vowels in English.

Smart classrooms are a necessity of the times. Well lit, properly ventilated classrooms with enough space for each student are essential for learning. In such classrooms, teaching and learning become a pleasant and efficient affair.

Question 15.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow.
They lectured to him every day on their theories, and he got more and more the feeling that they wanted him to deal with the boy as if he were made of thin glass. He had to pretend that he agreed with them, while his own private view was that he was in charge of a little gorilla.
a) Who does ‘they ‘refer to in the passage?
b) What mood does the expression ‘as if he were made of thin glass express?
a. indifference b. rudeness
c. carefulness d. contempt
c) Express your views on the attitude of the teacher.
Answer:
a) The boy’s parents.
b) contempt
c) The parents loved the boy too much and pampered him. They wanted the teacher also do the same. The teacher pretended as if he agreed with the parents. But he knew that the boy whom he had to teach was a mischievous imp, a monster, a gorilla, who needed caning and not cajoling.

Question 16.
The interjection ‘as if means ‘in a manner suggesting’ or ‘in mimicry of. Read the following passage from the story ‘Crime and Punishment’ and rewrite the sentences using ‘as if.
The child’s parents lectured to the teacher everyday on their theories like experts in Psychology. They wanted the teacherto deal with the child like delicate glass. But, in truth, the boy behaved like a gorilla.
Answer:
The child’s parents lectured to the teacher every day on theories as if they were experts in psychology. They wanted the teacherto deal with the child as if he were a piece of delicate glass. But in truth the boy behaved as if he were a gorilla.

Question 17.
Imagine that your class is going to dramatise the story ‘Crime and Punishment’. You are asked to write a script for the extinct given below which forms the beginning of the play.
‘What is sixteen and three multiplied?”asked the teacher…….. “Twenty four,” with, as it seemed to the teacher, a wicked smile on his lips at the mention of “Twenty four, “the teacher felt his blood rushing to his head…….. he reached across the table, and delivered a wholesome slap on the youngster’s cheek… “I will tell them,” sobbed the boy.
Prepare the script.
Hints: (characters-stage setting-dialogues-gestures etc.)
Answer:
(A small classroom. There is a small desk and a small chair for a small boy to sit and learn. There is a chair for the teacher. A small blackboard is fixed on to the wall near the teacher. The teacher, a man of around 36, is standing with an Arithmetic Text Book prescribed for Form I. A boy is sitting lazily in the class. There is a fan working. Its noise can be heard. A tuition class is going on.)
Teacher: What is 16 and 3 multiplied?
Boy (smiling wickedly): 24
Teacher (His face shows anger): How many times did I tell you that 16 x 3 is 48? (Pointing his finger at the boy) Do you get it?
Boy: (Nodding his head vigorously) Yes! Yes!
Teacher: Okay! What is 16 and 3 multiplied?
Boy: (With a mischievous smile): 24
Teacher (Very angry.) Yes, 24! You, gorilla! (He rushes to the boy in a rage and gives him a hard slap on the boy’s cheek. The boy never expected such a thing to happen.)
Boy: Aiyo! Aiyo! My teeth are broken, (caressing his cheeks) Oh My God! Oh My God! I will tell my parents you slapped me. I will tell my parents. (He cries loudly. The teacher is confused and he is trying to calm down the boy.)

Question 18.
In the story ‘Crime and Punishment’ we come across the rift among the teacher, student and parents. Consider this story as a satire on the modern education system and prepare a write-up in about 100 words.
Answer:
The rift we see among the teacher, student and parents in the story “Crime and Punishment” by R.K. Narayan is typical of the modern education system. Almost all parents, especially in Kerala, want even their below-average students to become doctors and engineers. The parents have high expectations from their children. The children want to enjoy their life with all the modern gadgets available to them.

Teachers want to make money. Look at the number of coaching centres we have! What is the only aim of the so-called coaching centres? Students are forced to go there by the ambitious parents. So we have a vicious circle. Teachers tlo not do their real work in their regular class hours because they want to ‘work’ in the tuition centres. In the Exams of 2017 we saw how Coaching Centres and people in charge of setting Examination Question Papers collude to make money, playing with the lives of children.

The modern education system especially in Kerala is in a mess. Education has become a major industry in Kerala. The result? Many students commit suicide as they can’t cope with the strain of studies. We should change all that. The earlier, the better.

Question 19.
Imagine that a servant in the boy’s house is a silent witness to the troubles created by the boy in the class. He feels sad at the plight of the teacher who is helpless in disciplining the boy. One day, he meets the boy’s parents and describes what has been going on in the evening class. What would be his comments? Write a paragraph of about four sentences.
Answer:
Sir and Madam, I want to tell you something about your son’s evening class. I don’t think he studies much there. He makes a fool of the teacher. The other day I saw how he forced the teacher to play with him. As he was playing with the train, he wanted the teacher to become the station master. The teacher had to agree because otherwise the boy would complain to you about the teacher and the poor teacher would lose his job here. When the train stopped, he asked the teacher to tell him stories. He told the story of the tiger and the bison and then the story of Ali Baba and 40 thieves. The boy wanted him to repeat the story of the tiger and bison.

When the teacher refused, he ran home and the teacher was running after him to catch him. That was what you saw the other day. But the teacher, being afraid, told you he was trying to keep up the boy’s spirit. The boy is not learning anything except to make mischief and trouble the poor teacher.

Question 20.
The teacher – student relationship in Crime and Punishment is entirely different from the present day teacher-student relationship. Write your experience/ relationship, with one of your teachers to be published on Teacher’s Day in My Experience page of a Daily.
Answer:
Carmel is my best teacher. She loves me like her son. Being a nun, she has no child of her own, but she knows how to love children. She is my Class Teacher iri,Glass XII. She encourages me to work hard and achieve success in life. I am a bit weak in my English. She gives me special homework and corrects it and explains to me things very clearly. She taught me in Class XI also. In these two years of her teaching she has never scolded me. She teaches with a smile. She has a nice voice and students can hear her distinctly. She is a good disciplinarian, but she is not harsh to anyone. She reasons with the law-breakers and tells them the importance of discipline in life.

She taught me to have strong faith in God. She very clearly told me faith alone would not bring marks in the examinations! We should work hard first and then we must pray God to help us. Well, I believe I have been following her advice. What is interesting about her class is that she tells so many interesting stories to keep the class lively. These stories have real value in the life of the students.

She taught me Robert Frost, the American poet. In his poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” Frost wrote:
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Sr. Carmel explained to me the deeper meaning of the poem. Yes, I too have promises to keep and miles to go before I sleep. I remember Sr. Carmel everyday and I pray for her health and long life.

Think And Write

Question 1.
Do you think the boy made the mistake purposefully? Why?
Answer:
I do think the boy made the mistake purposefully. He wanted to annoy the teacher and thus force him to stop teaching him. He wanted to stop learning and start playing.

Question 2.
How do the parents try to bring up their child as a healthy citizen?
Answer:
The parents try to bring up their child as a healthy citizen by letting no prohibition or repression affect the boy’s mind. They thought that if they made restrictions and repressions, they would damage him for life. It will need a lot of discipline on the part of the parents. But it is worth it.

Question 3.
How does the boy blackmail the teacher throughout die story?
Answer:
The boy blackmails the teacher throughout the story by telling him that he would tell his parents that he had slapped him on his cheek. There was the red mark on his cheek as the proof.

Question 4.
Why does the teacher support the boy at the end of die story?
Answer:
The teacher supports the boy at the end of the story because through looks and gestures he appealed to the teacher not to betray him.

Question 5.
Do you think the story is a satire on over-parenting?
Answer:
Yes, I do think the story is a satire on over-parenting. They have only one child and they think no prohibitions or repressions should affect his mind’. They built him a nursery, bought him expensive toys, fitted up miniature furniture sets, gave him a small pedal motor car to move about in the garden. His cupboard was filled with chocolates and biscuits which he could eat as he wanted.

Question 6.
Do you think the mischievous nature of the child is the result of his loneliness? Why? (Mark 2)
Answer:
I certainly think the mischievous nature of the child is the result of his loneliness. He does not have any peers to play with or exchange ideas with. He is either with the teacher or with his parents, who all are grown-ups.

Question 7.
Justify the title or the story. Can you suggest a new one? (Mark 2)
Answer:
The title is short, sweet and apt. Still I think the word ‘crime’ is a bit too harsh. After all, the boy is doing only some small mischievous acts natural to kids. A title I would suggest is: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child.

Question 8.
Bring out the humour in the story. (Mark 3)
Answer:
The story “Crime and Punishment” is very humorous. The title itself is funny to me because when I saw it first I was reminded of the novel of the same name by the world famous Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Here the crime consists of simple antics by a prankster. There is humour when the parents talk of the boy as a wingless angel, with dimples, smiles and sweetness. The most humorous part is when the teacher is acting like a stationmaster and when he is running after the boy in the garden to catch him.

Activity – I (Indirect speech into direct speech)

Look at this paragraph from the story:
His parents said that the boy was a little angel, all dimples, smiles and sweetness – only wings lacking. He was their only child, they had abundant affection and ample money.
In the above paragraph, the words spoken by the parents are merely reported (Reported speech).

Question 1.
Write in direct speech.
Answer:
His parents said: “Our boy is a little angel, all dimples, smiles and sweetness – only wings lacking. He is our only child. We have abundant affection and ample money.”
Now discuss in groups, the differences that you notice between direct and indirect speech, and write down your findings.
a) The boy – our boy
b) Past tense – present tense
c) Their – our
d) They – we
e) The word that is left out in direct speech 0 Change in the punctuations – use of colon and inverted commas.

Question 2.
Rewrite the following sentences into indirect speech.
Answer:
The boy immediately switched on to another demand.
He said to the teacher: “Tell me a story.”
The teacher: “You have not done a sum and it is 8.30.”
The boy: “I don’t care for sums. Tell me a story.”
The teacher: “No.”
The boy: “Appa, Appa!”
The teacher: Why are you shouting like that for your father?”
The boy: ‘I have something to tell him, something important.”

Activity – II (Prepositions)

Question 1.
Read the sentences from the story and the notes on prepositions given on p. 156.
Now, insert suitable prepositions in the following blanks:
Answer:
a. “You must never set up any sort of contrariness or repression in the child’s mind”, declared the parents. “You’ll damage him for life. It no doubt requires a lot of discipline on our part, but it is worth it”, they declared primly. “We shall be bringing ug a healthy citizen.”

b. The teacher was obliged to begin the story of a bison and a tiger, and the he passed on to ‘Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves’ and ‘Aladdin’s Lamp’. The boy listened, rapt and ordered: “I want to hear the story ofthe bison again. It is good…” The teacher was short of breath. He had done six hours of teaching at school during the day.

A combination of two independent linguistic units, a preposition and a complement is called a prepositional phrase. Read the examples and notes give on p. 156 & 157.

Question 2.
Now read the following sentences and find out the prepositional phrases and identify what type of complementation they involve. Also, identify the structures where complements are not used.
Answer:
a. In one hour
b. In private
c. Went out – no complement
d. Ran off – no complement

a. 1. I will come back in one hour.
2. You can do a lot of work in one hour.

b. 1. I would like to talk to you in private.
2. We should not disclose things we talked in private.

c. 1. After posting the letter he went out.
2. She finished her work and she went out.

d. 1. After the accident, the driver ran off.

b. After committing the theft, the thief ran off.

Activity – III (Using ‘as if’)
Read the sentences a & b on p.157.

Question 1.
Do you think that the underlined words are incorrectly structured?
Answer:
No, they are not. They are correctly structured. (Read the explanation given there.)

Question 2.
Now write as many sentences as possible using such a structure.
Answer: (Three are already in the text)

1. He behaved as if he were the Principal of the college.
2. He was batting as if he were Sachin Tendulkar.
3. She was speaking as if she were Aishwarya Rai.
4. The politician was behaving as if he were a pauper.
5. Joe was talking as if he were the richest boy in the campus.
6. He was dancing as if he were Michael Jackson.
7. The boy was fighting as if he were Bruce Lee.

Activity – IV (Essay writing)

Question 1.
“Spare the rod and spoil the child was a dictum prevalent in the past What is your opinion about it? Should there be any type of corporal punishment in a learning environment? If so, what should be the mode? Discuss the topic in groups and prepare an essay.
Answer:
The children nowadays are too difficult to educate. They don’t have much respect for their parents or for other adults. For this reason, parents don’t know what to do with their children and they become desperate. Because of this desperation, they can’t find other ways than beating their children to make them leam and disciplined. I feel this can be useful in some cases if done in a controlled manner. But if you use the rod in excess, it can cause serious problems for the child and also for the family. So the question comes, “Is it really necessary to beat children to educate them?”

Many people think that if you educate a small child using the rod, beating him and punishing him, you can have a good control over him. They feel that they can somehow know that the child will behave well and that he will leam to have respect for his parents and others. They feel it would be easier to teach the child good manners by using the rod.

But rough treatment makes the child also behave in a cruel mannerto others as he thinks cruelty is an approved form of punishing somebody who does not do as you wish. On the other handfish treatment makes him tough. This toughness can be very useful in future because he is sure to face difficulties and problems in life. A child brought up in a loving manner, in comfort and luxury, will feel puzzled when he is faced with realities outside his home.

Punishment has its negative sides. It kills the initiative and curiosity in children. It makes them less adventurous. They will grow into shy and withdrawn persons and they won’t be respected by others. They will lose confidence and they will be always worried if their actions will be approved by others.

Scholars and even psychologists differ in their views regarding using the rod on children. The fact is it is a highly controversial issue and there is no definite answer to the question “Should the rod be spared?” I remember a story. A criminal was about to be hanged and the judge asked him what his last wish was. He said he wanted to see his mother. She was brought. The criminal embraced the mother, and as he was embracing her he bit off the tip of her nose. All were appalled at this heinous act. He explained: If this woman had used the rod when I did small mistakes, I wouldn’t have grown into a criminal and reached this stage! I want this to be a warning to parents who give their children freedom to do what they want!”
I am sure he had a point.

Activity – V: Spelling

Read the 3 sentences on page 158. There are some words in them with ‘ie’and ‘ei’ combinations (thieves, relieved, mischievously). (Mark 3)
Find more words with re and ‘ei’ combinations:
Answer:
‘ie’ words:

‘ei’ words”:
ceiling
receipt
receive
deceive
conceive
perceive
conceit
deceit
The rule to be followed is: i before e except after c.

Activity – VI (Let’s edit)

Question 1.
The following letter contains some prepositions that have been used incorrectly. Identify the errors and edit the letter.
Answer:
To: Mehas Mehta June 6,2015
Sub: Recommendations for smart phone purchase.
Last week, Marisol asked me to provide you with a comparison of the top ‘smart’ phones. He explained that Ad Tech might purchase smart phones for all 25 sales representatives and service technicians.

I have studied product capabilities and published reviews of the three smart phones that received the highest rating of PC World Magazine: Palm Treo 600, T-Mobile Sidekick and Blackberry 7210.

All the three provide high quality phone service. They key criteria for selection are ease for use and the ability to meet potential needs created by possible expansion of our business.

I shall send the recommendations to you, to youre-mail. With regards,
Kenneth Abvey

Activity – VII (Script writing)

Question 1.
Your class has decided to stage a play during the School Day celebrations. Prepare a script for the play based on the story‘Crime and Punishment”. (Mark 8) Read the sample script given on page 159.
Answer: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
(It is late afternoon. A nursery near a school.)
(A TEACHER, looking tired, but stem, is standing. He has a small book in his hand. A STUDENT, quite mischievous looking, is toying with his pen. He is looking at something outside.)
Teacher: What is sixteen and three multiplied? (The student just blinks.)
Answer me! What is sixteen and three multiplied?
Student: (Promptly) Twenty-four. (He has a wicked smile on his lips.)
Teacher:  (Angrily) How much?
Student: I said twenty-four.
(Teacher slaps the boy hard on the cheek. The boy looks at him and bursts into tears. Teacher is appalled.)
Teacher: Dont’ cry, little boy! You mustn’t
Student: I will tell them.
Teacher: No, no, no, please don’t.
Student: I’ll tell my mother.
Teacher: You mustn’t cry for these trifling matters. You must be like a soldier!
Student: A soldier? A soldier will shoot with a gun if he is hit. (The teacher laughs taking it as a joke. The student also laughs.)
Teacher: Go and wash your face.
Student: I’ll wash my face if you close the lessons today.
Teacher: No. I can’t do that.
Student: Then I will go and tell my mother.
(The student tries to get up and go. The teacher forces him to sit down.)
Teacher: My dear fellow, I’m to be here for another hour.
Student: Alright. Watch me put the engine on its rails.
Teacher: If your father comes in ….
Student: Tell him it is an engine lesson.
(He goes to his cub-board, opens it, takes out his train set and starts assembling the track. He winds the engine and puts it down and it moves round and round.)
(To the teacher) You are the station master.
Teacher: No, no. You have yourteststhe day aftertomorrow.”
Student: (With a wicked smile) Will you be a station master or not?
Teacher: (Angrily) I won’t be a station master.
Student: Oh, oh, is that what you day? (He gently touches his cheek.) It’s paining me here awfully. I must see my mother. (He moves towards the door.)
Teacher: Don’t boy. You want me to be a station master? What shall I have to do?
Student: When the train comes to your station, you must blow the whistle and shout, “Engine Driver, stop the train! There are a lot of people who have bought tickets.” (The TEACHER sits in a corner. The STUDENT continues playing. After 30 minutes the teacher gets bored and the boy is unhappy. Fortunately for the TEACHER, the train suddenly refuses to move. The boy picks it up and gives it to the teacher.) Repair it, sir.
Teacher: I can’t. I know nothing about it.
Student: It must go.
Teacher: (Tries to do something to it. But does not succeed. The boy stamps his foot angrily, waiting like a tyrant.) I can’t and I won’t.
Student: Okay then. Tell me a story.
Teacher: Story? You haven’t done the sum. It is already 8.30.
Student: I don’t care for sums. Tell me a story.
Teacher: Appa! Appa!
Teacher: Why are you shouting like that for your father?
Student:  I have something to tell him, something important…
Teacher: Okay, okay. I will tell you stories.
The teacher told the stories of A bison and a Tiger, Ali Baba and 40 Thieves and Aladdin’s Lamp.
Student: I want to hearthe story of the bison again. It isgood …
Teacher: I’m tired, boy. I’ll tell you tomorrow. I’ve lost all my breath.
Student: Oh! Alright. I’ll go and tell…
(He runs towards the house, the teacher after him. The teacher is soon tired and sits on the portico step. The parents come out of the house.
Father: (To the teacher) What’s the matter? (To the boy) Why have you been running in the garden at this hour?
Teacher: (Tired of the boy’s blackmailing) I will explain
Father: How’s he preparing for his test in arithmetic?
(Hearing the word ‘test’ by the boy is sad. He hides behinds his parents and gestures to the teacher not to betray him. The teacher feels sorry for him.)
Teacher: Only please let him mug up the 16th table a little more. He is alright. He will pull through. Good night, Sir; we finished our lessons early, and I was just playing about with the child … something to keep up his spirits, you know!

Crime and Punishment (Short story) About The Author

R.K. Narayan (1906-2001) is a famous Indian writer in English. He was born in Chennai and educated at Mysore. His novels and stories are set in the imaginary town of Malgudi. His stories are noted for their irony, humour, romance, energy of life and freshness of themes from everyday life. He writes with simplicity. He has written many books. One of his famous books ‘The Guide’ was made into a famous movie with Dev Anand and Wahida Rahman in the lead roles. It ran to full houses for months.

Crime and Punishment (Short story) Summary in English

Page 150: The teacher asked the boy to tell the result of 16 multiplied by 3. The boy blinked. The teacher repeated the question. The boy promptly answered ’24’. The teacher felt that there was a wicked smile on the lips of the boy when he gave the answer. The boy, he felt, was trying to fool him. He had corrected this mistake many times. Then why is the boy persisting in saying 24? How could this fellow get 50 in the class test? The boy’s parents wanted him to have a double promotion and go to the first Form. To get double promotion he should get 50 in the class test. The teacher felt very angry with the boy for giving the wrong answer. He repeated the question, as a last chance. The boy repeated the same answer. The teacher slapped the boy on the cheek. The boy looked at the teacher and burst into tears. The teacher was surprised by his own action and asked the boy not to cry. But the boy said he would tell his parents. The teacher appealed to him not to inform his parents. He was worried. Fortunately this nursery was a little away from the main building.

The boy said that he would tell his mother. His parents had once said that the boy was a small angel all dimples, smiles and sweetness. He lacked only the wings. He was their only child.

Page 151: They had a lot of love and also money. They built a nursery, bought him expensive toys, fitted up miniature furniture sets, gave him a small pedal motor car to move about in the garden. His cupboard was filled with chocolates and biscuits which he could – eat as he wanted.

The parents thought that no prohibition or repression – should affect the boy’s mind. If you make restrictions and repressions, you will damage him for life. It will need a lot of discipline on the part of the parents. But it is worth it. They wanted to bring up a healthy citizen.

The teacher agreed outwardly. He felt more and more convinced that what the boy needs was not cajoling but beating. The teacher had a very hard life. The only relief for him was the 30 rupees they paid him every month. It took him 3 hours every evening. The first 72 hour he had to listen to the parents who would talk to him on child psychology. The father had written a thesis on infant psychology for his M.A. The mother had studied a good deal of it for her B.A. Both of them lectured to the teacher. It seemed they wanted him to treat the boy as if he was made of thin glass. The teacher had to agree with them although he knew he was managing a little gorilla.

The teacher did not know how to quieten the boy who was still sobbing. He told the boy that he should not cry for small things, but should behave like a soldier. The boy said that a soldier would shoot with a gun if he was hit. The teacher took it as a joke and laughed. The boy also laughed. The teacher then asked the boy to go and wash his face. There was a fine blue porcelain closet attached to the nursery. The boy disobeyed and commanded the teacher to close the lessons for the day. The teacher said no.

Page 152: The boy then threatened to tell his mother. He got up from the chair. The teacher held him down saying that he was to be there for another hour. Then the boy said that he should watch him put the engine on its rails. The teacher was worried if the boy’s father came in there would be problems. The boy gave a suggestion: the teacher should say it is an engine lesson. He then went to the cupboard and took out a train set. He started assembling the track. He wound the engine and put it on the track and it went round and round. He wanted the teacher to be the station master. The teacher refused telling him that the boy had his tests after two days. The boy again asked him to be a station master.

The teacher got angry. He said he did not want to be a station master. The boy touched his cheek and said it was still paining him and he wanted to see his mother. He moved towards the door. The boy’s cheek was still red. So the teacher asked what he should do as a station master.

The boy told him that when the train reached his station he must blow the whistle and ask the train driver to stop the train as there are many people who have bought tickets. The teacher obeyed. He grew tired of the game in 30 minutes. He got up. The boy was unhappy. Luckily for the teacher, the train refused to move. The boy handed it to the teacher and told him to repair it. The teacher turned it around in his hand and said he did not know anything about it.

The boy insisted that the train must go. The teacher did not know what to do as he was not a mechanical minded man. He did not know even to turn a screw even it was to save his life. The boy stamped his foot and was waiting like a tyrant. The teacher put it away saying he could not do it. The boy then wanted the teacher to tell him a story.

The teacher told the boy that it was 8.30 and he still had not done the sum.

Page 153 : The boy insisted on hearing a story. When the teacher said no, he boy started calling his father. When the teacher asked him why he was calling his father, he said he had something important to tell him. The teacher began the story of a bison and a tiger. Then he moved on to Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves. Then he proceeded to Aladdin’s Lamp. The boy was listening intently. He said he wanted to hear the story of the bison again. The teacher was out of breath. He had done 6 hours of teaching at school during the day. He told the boy that he would say that story the next day as he had lost all his breath.

The boy then threatens to tell his parents about the slapping. He starts running towards the house, the teacher following him. The boy was too fast for him and made the teacher run round the garden three times. The teacher looked beaten. The boy took pity on him and stopped near the rose bush. The moment the teacher reached near him, the boy again ran off. The boy enjoyed the ‘game’ immensely. The teacher was out of breath. He felt a darkness swelling up around him. He sank down on the portico step.

At this time the Father and Mother came out of the house. They asked him what happened. The teacher got up, still panting. He could not talk. He had already decided to tell everything and suffer the consequences. He did not want to stand the blackmail by the boy. They asked the boy why he was running round the garden at this time. The boy looked mischievously at the teacher. The teacher was fumbling for words to start his explanation. Suddenly the father asked how the boy was preparing for the test in arithmetic. On hearing the word ‘test’ the boy’s face fell. He went behind his parents and by look and gestures appealed to the teacher not to betray him. The teacher said that the boy was alright; he had only to study the 16th table a bit more. The boy looked relieved. The teacher saw the boy was grateful for his support. He knew he would not tell his parents about the slapping. After wishing the father Good Night, he told him that they had finished the lessons early and they were just playing to keep up the spirits of the boy.

Crime and Punishment (Short story) Summary in Malayalam

Crime and Punishment (Story) Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two English Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 2 Rice Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two English Textbook Rice Questions and Answers Unit 4 Chapter 2 (Poem)

Read And Respond (Text Book)

Question 1.
Of all the memories of his homeland, the narrator thinks of rice’ first. What does this show?
Answer:
It shows his extreme love for rice. He is a rice eater. For the last 4 years he has been eating chapattis. Now he is craving for rice.

Question 2.
What are the memories of the narrator about the paddy cultivating season?
Answer:
He remembers his father in the fields below his house. He is wearing a handloom dhoti stained with yellow mud. He is excited about the water of the Varanganal canal. He also remembers his little brother carrying the tender saplings to be planted where the ploughing is done. On the dyke baskets full of seeds are kept. There is the noise of shouting as the oxen draw the plough in the field.

Question 3.
The narrator wants the train to move a little faster. What does this tell us about his feeling for his native village?
Answer:
It tells that he loves his village dearly. He has been missing it for long. He wants to reach it as quickly as possible. We see his nostalgic feelings here.

Question 4.
What changes in the native village does the narrator notice on his return.
Answer:
There are many changes in his native village. The palm-thatched houses are gone. There are only rubber plants there. There are no rice fields any more. There is no noise of people below. No shouts of ploughing. The whole field is planted with areca nut palms. In the corner, along the canal, there are the dealwood trees which were not there before.

Question 5.
Rubber plants have taken the place of paddy. What does this imply?
Answer:
It implies that food crops are replaced by cash/commercial crops. People don’t any more cultivate their favourite varies of rice like athikira, modan and vellaran. Now they survive on their rations which consist of wheat.

Question 6.
“Only fools turn to rice farming for gain.” Why does the father say so?
Answer:
The father says so because nobody promotes the farming of rice. Rice farming was quite inconvenient and the farmer gained nothing. Rubber brings better money. The government gives rice to those who have no paddy fields.

Question 7.
What does the ship of the sky represent?
Answer:
It represents the aeroplane, as the ship of the desert represents the camel.

Question 8.
“Can we get some husk from the Centre, too, to make toys with it?” Bring out the satire in these lines.
Answer:
The poet had gone to North India and did a 4-year research on making toys with husk. He got a doctoral degree at the end of his research. Now he comes back to Kerala to find out that there is no more rice cultivation here and consequently no husk to make toys with. To make toys with husk, he has to get husk from the Centre! He did the research to help the State to find employment and. income. What use the State will have now with his doctorate?

Think And Write

Question 1.
Why does the narrator feel confused as he walks home?
Answer:
The narrator feels confused as he walks home because things were quite different from the state he had left them before he went to North India for his research that took him 4 years. The palm-thatched houses that were in the distance had gone. All around him he sees rows of rubber plants on the ridge. They have grown twice his height. He used to see modan and vellaran there in the past. Now nothing. So he is confused.

Question 2.
Why does the father wear a contented look?
Answer:
The father wears a contented look because he is excited about the water of the Varanganal canal. He is getting enough water from the canal so that he can start his planting. He is happy with his work.

Question 3.
What changes have occurred in the lifestyle of the farmers when they shifted from food crops to cash crops?
Answer:
Their life has become comparatively easy. They don’t have to struggle in the field wearing wet and muddy clothes. They are happy that they have stopped producing food crops. It was quite inconvenient. The farmer gained nothing. Cash crops bring more money and life is better. They feel good times have come. But they have to eat wheat instead of their favourite varieties of rice.

Question 4.
Read the lines “My father says ……….. quite inconvenient” (Page 118).
Cite other instances of satire in the poem.
Answer:

• “Only fools turn to rice-farming for gain.”
• “The government gives rice to those who don’t have paddy fields.”
• The narrator wants to eat athirika rice but his younger brother is bringing the ration for the household which consists of only wheat!
• The Chief Minister flying like an arrow to the Centre to clamour for more gains.
• Can we get some husk from the Centre, too, to makes toys with it?” This is the bitterest satire because he has a doctorate on making toys with husk.

Question 5.
The poem is a contrast between expectations and reality. Prepare a write-up substantiating this.
Answer:
The poem is definitely a contrast between expectations and reality. The narrator goes to North India to do a research on making toys with husk as there is a lot of husk in Kerala because of the huge amount of paddy produced at that time. He spends 4 years and gets a doctorate. Naturally he has plans to use his knowledge and expertise to make toys from husk and thus generate employment opportunities for others. But when he comes back with his doctorate what does he see? The paddy fields have been converted to rubber plantations. No husk!

He is tired of eating chapatti day after day and he longs to eat his favourite rice when he comes home. What does he see? His younger brother brings wheat as the ration for the whole family. Now he has to continue eating chapatti!

Question 6.
Comment on the style of writing of the poem.
Answer:
The poem is written in a colloquial style. The poem is a translation from the Malayalam original. A number of Malayalam words are used in the poem. These words will not be understood by foreigners even with some explanations as they would not even know the various varieties of rice that we cultivate here. Such words are ‘athirika’, ‘modan’ and ‘vellaran’.

The imagery is quite good. The picture of the father wearing a mud-stained dhoti and working in his field is very touching. We see the ploughing scene. We can see the rubber trees on the ridge and dealwood trees along the canal. Then we see another picture of the father sitting and watching workers fixing the machine for making rubber sheets. We see the little brother of the narrator running in with the ration and tripping and falling down scattering the wheat he has brought. We see the aeroplane carrying the Chief Minister, flying to the Centre, to clamour for more grain. He is flying over the cash crops.

The stanzas are irregular – sometimes 4 lines, sometimes 5 lines and there are three 6-line stanzas. There is also a 2-line stanza in the end. It is a prose- poem. Being a satirical poem, the style is simple, direct and lucid and it suits the theme.

Rice (Poem) Edumate Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“… only fools turn to rice-farming for gains”
Do you agree with this idea expressed by the father in the poem Rice? Express your opinion/suggestion in three or four sentences. You may use expressions like ‘I think…, I feel…, I suggest…, In my opinion…’
Answer:
I think the father is wrong here. I feel that saying that only fools turn to rice farming is an insult to the rice farmers who work hard to give us rice to eat. I suggest that the father should have told his son that any job is good provided one does it well. He should have given importance to the principle of dignity of labour. In my opinion rice farming is a good way of earning one’s livelihood and also a way of making good profits. My neighbour is a rice farmer and he is very rich and he lives in style in a palatial bungalow, with a pair of cars and a few servants working for him every day.

Question 2.
a) The poet in Rice finds his place totally changed in four years. What are the major changes mentioned by the poet?
b) Describe a place in your locality elaborating the changes it has undergone within a short period of time.
Answer:
a) The poet in “Rice” finds the place totally changed in four years. The palm thatched houses are gone. There are only rubber plants now. There are no rice fields any more. There is no noise of people ploughing. The whole field is planted with areca nut palms. In the corner along the canal there are the dealwood trees which were not there four years ago.

b) My locality has undergone many changes in a short time. Mine was a village. In the junction there were a few shops. A grocery shop, a tea shop, a shop that sold tobacco, beedi, cigarette and ‘paan’, a stationery shop where one bought his pen, pencil, notebooks etc. There was also a barbershop. In the tea shop there would be some people all the time discussing all the things under the sun – from the foreign policy of Donald Trump to the love affair of a local boy and girl. But all this is gone.

Now there is a huge shopping mall there. If one left the place a couple of years ago and came back only now, he would not even recognize the place. So many changes have taken place in my locality.

Question 3.
Much of our water bodies are polluted by industrial waste and toxic chemicals and fertilizers from farmlands. Prepare an essay describing the increasing rate of water pollution in our state.
(Hints: reason for pollution – impact of pollution – remedial measures etc.)
Answer:
Water covers two-thirds of the Earth’s surface, with over 97% present in the oceans and less than 1% in freshwater streams and lakes. Water is also present in the atmosphere in solid form in the polar icecaps and as groundwater in water-bearing rocks deep underground. Water is called a universal solvent because many things get dissolved in it.

Water pollution may be defined as any chemical or physical change in water, harmful to living organisms. It can occur through natural processes. For example, water can be polluted by sediments produced by natural erosion. Water bodies get polluted as they receive a lot of waste produced by human activity. This waste is discharged directly into the water bodies by sewers or pipes from factories and washed down from agricultural or urban areas, especially after heavy rains.

Sources of pollution may be domestic, agricultural or industrial. In the underdeveloped and developing countries human and animal waste and sediments from defective agricultural and forestry practices are the main pollutants. In developed countries, industrial pollutants such as toxic metals and organic chemicals add to the water pollution. This is more dangerous than the pollution caused by human and animal waste.

Water pollution is caused by different things. They include excessive plant nutrients, acidification by acid rain and acid mine drainage, organic compounds containing chlorine like DDT and other pesticides, oil getting into water sources through drilling or accidental spillage from oil tankers, the discharge of huge quantities hot water into water bodies causing thermal pollution, fluoride and arsenal pollutants. Now the question comes how can we prevent water pollution? If the water is polluted people and animals easily become sick and die. But we can do certain things to prevent or reduce pollution. First of all industries should not be allowed to discharge untreated chemicals into water bodies, especially rivers and lakes.

Secondly, the domestic sewage system should be designed in a scientific manner. Thirdly, Underground water can be saved from pollution if the land is not exposed to pesticides and other industrial chemicals. Farmers should be encouraged to do organic farming instead of using a lot of artificial fertilizers, pesticides and other such things that pollute the soil and later get washed into the water bodies.

Question 4.
In connection with the activities of the Haritha Keralam project, the Nature Club of your school has organized a programme for planting trees in the campus. You are asked to deliver a speech on the importance of preserving nature and natural resources. Draft the speech you would like to present there.
Answer:
Respected Principal, dear teachers and friends,
As you are aware in connection with the activities of the Haritha Keralam Project, the Nature Club of our
School has organized this programme for planting trees in the campus. Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, “Nature never hurries, atom by atom, little by little, she achieves’ fier work.” He is very right when we think how the trees grow taking their time to reach their full status as trees. Before a tree becomes a full-fledged tree it passes through many stages – seed, seedling, sapling and then tree. Some trees take years to become real trees. But look at man! How cruelly he cuts them down in just a few minutes to use it as fuel, for furniture work, construction works and even to make paper. Sometimes man destroys entire forests to convert them into farmlands or to make factories and residential areas. Large scale deforestation brings about climatic changes. Even in Kerala there are climatic changes because of the large scale destruction of forests.

Trees absorb the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and supply us oxygen. They prevent the soil from eroding. They help in blocking the clouds and bring rain. They supply us a lot of forest products like honey, wax and different kind of herbs and roots. Nowadays forests are converted into National Parks attracting tourists from all over the world. That way also, trees bring us money. Thus forests help us in so many ways and so destroying them will be suicidal.

We all should emulate Wangari Maathai, the Kenyan lady and the Nobel Prize Winner, who led a crusade against deforestation. She wanted each person to plant some trees as his duty to help himself and also posterity. In India we had the Chipko Movement. When the contractors came to cut down the trees, the women from the locality rushed to the forest and stood near the trees embracing them. Chipko in Hindi means embrace. The men who came to cut down the trees had to go back because of the people embracing the trees.

John Keats, the famous English Romantic poet said, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.” I believe a tree is a thing beauty and we should do our best to preserve our trees and plant new ones. Today let’s pledge that each one of us will plant at least ten trees. Remember it Is not enough to plant trees, but make sure that they grow by giving the trees adequate care.

Let’s make our campus green and contribute our share to make the earth green.
Thank you all!

Question 5.
Read the following line from the poem Rice and answer the given question.
Handloom dhoti stained with yellow mud’
What does this line imply?
Answer:
“Handloom dhoti stained with yellow mud” – This line describes a farmer working in the field. He is wearing a handloom dhoti. The field is full of muddy water and since he is working in it, his dhoti is stained by the muddy water, ft implies the hard work of a farmer.

Question 6.
The Nature Club of your school wishes to visit the Botanical Garden at Thiruvananthapuram. Draft a letter to the Director of Botanical Garden, Thiruvananthapuram seeking permission to visit the garden and to enquire about their research projects on food crop cultivation.
Answer:
The Secretary
Nature Club
NSSHSS, Pullur
7 June 2017

The Director
Botanical Garden
Thiruvananthapuram

Dear Sir,
Sub: Permission to Visit the Botanical Garden
The Nature Club Members of this school want to visit the Botanical Garden as part of their educational tour. We are 35 in number, including two teachers. We would lie to visit the place on Saturday the 25* of this month, from 10.00 a.m. We also want to make some enquiries regarding your research projects on food crop cultivation because we also want to do some agricultural production in our school. It has a lot of land which could be used for the cultivation of food crops.

Thanking you and hoping to get your positive reply very soon,
Geeta Sankar
Secretary

Question 7.
Reads the lines from the poem ‘Rice’.
Son, we’ve stopped working on all the rice.
It was quite inconvenient.
Now, answer these questions.
a) ‘all the rice’ means ………..
b) What does it tell us about the farmers?
(Hints: change in attitude-lifestyle-profit motive-job preferences etc.)
Answer:
a) Different type or rice/Everything in connection with rice cultivation.
b) It tells that there is a change in the attitude of the farmers. Their life style has changed. They are now driven by the profit motive. They are also reluctant to work in the fields as such work makes their bodies and clothes covered with mud.

Question 8.
The bar diagram shows the production (in tonnes) of wheat, rice, coarse grains and oilseeds of different countries. Analysefit and prepare a write-up.
Answer:
Foodgrain And Oilseeds Production In The world
A study was conducted in April 2011 to see the production rate of wheat, rice, coarse grains and oil seeds in countries like India, the USA, China and the rest of the world. The study has shown the following results.

The highest rate of wheat production per hectare went to China with 4.7 tonnes per hectare. It was followed by the USA with 31.1 tonnes. India and the rest of the world were equal with 2.9 tonnes each. In the case of rice, the USA had the highest rate with 7.5 tonnes per hectare. China came second with 6.7 tonnes. India had only 2.2, whereas the rest of the world produced more than India with 4.3 tonnes per hectare.

Coarse grains had a different story to tell. USA and China were equal in this regard with 9.0 tonnes per hectare. The rest of the world had 3.5 whereas India had the lowest with just 2.5 tonnes.

In oil seeds, USA topped with 2.7 closely followed by China with 2.1. India came third with 1.2 . Quite strangely the rest of the world did not have any oil seeds production at all.

Question 9.
“Can we get some husk from the Centre, too, To make toys with it? I don’t know.”
The poem ‘Rice’ ends with these sarcastic lines. Do you think the poem is a satire? If so, what does the poet try to satirise? Consider the poem as a satire and prepare a paragraph on your views.
Answer:
Chemmanam Chacko’s “Rice” is not just a satire but a biting satire. It shows the greed of some people and how they misguide farmers to change their crop from rice to cash crops like rubber. We can’t eat rubber! For our rice we have to depend on our neighbouring States and the rice we get is contaminated in so many ways. The height of the satire is that the boy went to North India to get his doctorate degree by researching the uses of husk. He spent 4 years there researching on the topic of making toys with husk.

Because his father is a farmer producing rice, there would be plenty of husk even in his own house to work with. But when he comes back with his doctorate degree what does he see? The rice fields have been converted to rubber plantations. Where will he get the husk now? Maybe he will ask the Central Government to give him some husk to make toys! His four years’ research is rendered useless now!

Activity – I: (Critical Appreciation)

Prepare a critical appreciation of the poem in the light of your responses to pie questions above.
Answer :
The poem “Rice” written by Chemmanam Chacko’ and translated by Prof. Ayyappa Paniker is a superb satire hitting hard at the greed of some farmers here. The poem is laced with scorn and sarcasm. The son of a rice farmer goes to North India to do a research on making toys with husk. He works hard for four years, eating chapatti day after day, and finally succeeds in getting a doctorate. He must have thought of doing research on the possibilities of husk because as the son of a rice farmer he had plenty of husk at home and also in the homes nearby. By using husk for toy making, a lot of people could find employment in a state notorious for unemployment.

But then there is the anticlimax. When the son returns home with his well-earned doctorate on making toys with husk, there is no husk at all in his house or around. Farmers had shifted to cash crops, especially rubber, as they found rice cultivation is inconvenient and non- profitable. Moreover, a lot of incentives were given by promoters to cultivate cash crops. The son finds his father watching people setting up a machine for making rubber sheets. All the paddy fields are gone and in their place what he sees are rubber trees and dealwood trees.

There is biting sarcasm in the description of the Chief Minister flying to the Centre to request for more food grains to feed the people here. There is no more rice to eat. People have to eat wheat. The son comes home after four 4 years with a desire to eat his favourite ‘athirika’ rice. But his desire will remain an unfulfilled desire as he too has to eat the wheat that is given to the household as ration. And his doctoral degree? How can he find husk to make toys?

I would not call it an exquisite poem comparable to the poems of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley or Keats. But it can stand comparison with the poetry of Alexander Pope who excelled in satire. The poem has excellent imagery. The poet has used a number of Malayalam words in the poem. The language is colloquial. The stanzas of the poem are irregular – ranging from 2 lines to 6. It is a prose-poem. Being a satirical poem, the style is simple, direct and lucid and it suits the theme. Chemmanam Chacko has done a good job in showing how the farmers have changed from simple people to shrewd commercially minded people.

Activity – II (Write-up)

Chemmanam Chacko is a master satirist who has fought many a battle with the system through his writings, laced with scorn and sarcasm. He says, ‘Socio-political sphere is much meek and limited compared with earlier times. Society has changed, and, with it, have the mass sensibilities.’ Consider his poem ‘Rice’ as a satire on the farmers who are forced to switch to cash crops when the market for food crops fell. Prepare a write-up.
Answer:
Chemmanam Chacko is very right in observing that society has changed and with it the mass sensibilities have also changed. Chacko was born in 1926, when Kerala was very much an agricultural land. People cultivated mainly food crops. Hardly anything was brought from outside. This situation continued until the 1960s and 70s, when there was an exodus of Kerala people, especially the youth, to the Gulf Countries, America and Europe.

In most families in Kerala there will be at least one member who will be working abroad. These people working abroad send money to their parents and relatives at home. Soon the Kerala farmers stopped working hard on their farms. Often they left them without cultivating because money was coming from outside and they could buy their food.

Many farmers started cultivating cash drops, especially rubber. As we saw in the poem, rice cultivation is inconvenient and non-profitable. We all have heard the saying that Indian agriculture is a gamble on the monsoons. Once we change into cash crops we are not so heavily dependent on the monsoons. But crops like rice heavily depend on the rains. If there is too much rain, there is a problem. If there is too little rain, there is a problem. If the rains don’t come in time, there is a problem. So rice farmers started shifting to cash crops. There were many promoters, including the government, who encouraged cash crops.

The glitter of money was very tempting to our rice farmers. Farmers can’t go into the fields well-dressed and they can’t even keep their body clean all the time as they have to work in the muddy fields. Their love of luxury also made the rice farmers either quit or shift to other cash crops. The results are obvious. Kerala State has become a Consumer State. Today we get our food grains, vegetables and fruits from neighbouring states. We can’t blame the farmers. We all want to catch the fish without wetting our fingers. Hard work is no more considered a virtue. One who makes quick money will be considered a successful and smart person. No wonder, the farmers also want to be smart!

Activity – III: (Paragraph writing)

Instead of a system of values, we have the market ruling us, making-decisions for us. Consider this statement in the light of the poem ‘Rice’ by Chemmanam Chacko.
Answer:
These days we are not ruled by any system of value, but by the market. The market decides what we should eat, what we should drink and what we should wear. It even decides how we should worship, and how we should behave in our families. In the past people cultivated food crops and most of the things they consumed came from their farms. But today we survive on fast foods.

Fashion Designers decide what we should wear, Soft Drink companies decide what we should drink. Our worship is often controlled by Tour Operators who organize tours to places of Pilgrimage. The Gold and Diamond merchants decide how we should show our love to the family members by giving what gifts on which occasion. Marriages are controlled by videographers! Markets rule us and we do as they dictate. Even our religious festivals have become occasions for discount shopping.

Read And Reflect

You have now understood the importance of protecting the world around us. Will-this be enough? Can a society survive without ensuring that its members have a healthy life style? Won’t it be dangerous if people surrender themselves to different kinds of addiction? Let’s find out.

Rice (Poem) About the Poet

Prof. Chemmanam Chacko was born in 1926, at Mulakulam in the erstwhile Travancore. He is a popular poet in Malayalam. He is a master satirist and he is fond of poking fun at the trivialities of people and their customs.

Rice (Poem) About the translator

Prof. K. Ayyappa Paniker (1930-2006) is a poet, literary critic, an academic and a famous scholar. He is pioneer of modernism in Malayalam poetry and his book “Kurukshetram” is a turning point. He taught English in various colleges and universities. He retired as Director, Institute of English, University of Kerala.

Rice (Poem) Meaning Of The Poem in English

Stanza 1: After four years of research in North India, I return home. I have received a doctoral degree. I also received a lot of praise for my work on making toys with husk. I am bored with eating chapatti every day and now I want to eat a meal of athikira rice (a variety of rice popular in central Kerala).

Stanza 2: When I get back home, it will be the planting season. My father is in the fields below our house. He is wearing a handloom dhoti stained with yellow mud. He is excited about the water of the Varanganal canal. He will greet me amidst the shouts of ploughing with several oxen.

Stanza 3: The oxen will stop when they see me walking with my suitcase. There is a smile coming to my father’s lips and he does not show it. From the field itself he asks me when I started my journey from there.

Stanza 4: My little brother is carrying the tender saplings to be planted where the ploughing is done. When he sees me he will run and shout so that the people at home can hear him, saying “Mother, brother has arrived.”

Stanza 5: I walk carefully along the dyke so that I don’t upset the baskets kept there. They are full of seed. At last I reach home. Mother has drained the well-cooked rice.

I tell the train to run faster so that I can get home quickly and eat to my satisfaction.

II (Page 116)
Stanza 6: The bus stops on the road close to my house. When I left the place palm-thatched houses could be seen in the distance on the right side. But now there is nothing. There are only trees. The place has changed completely.

Stanza 7: All around me I see rows of rubber plants on the ridge. They have grown twice my height. I used to see modan and vellaran (varieties of paddy) here. I am confused even about the path leading to my home.

Stanza 8: There is no noise of people below. No shouts of ploughing. The whole field is planted with areca nut palms. In the corner, along the canal, there are the dealwood (wood that is soft and easy to saw, usually used for making packing cases and boxes) trees.

Stanza 9: I get into the house. On the southern side, my father is watching workers fixing up the machine for making rubber sheets. He looks happy and contented.

Stanza 10: My father tells with some pride that he has stopped producing rice. It was quite inconvenient. The farmer gained nothing. Only fools will try rice-farming for any gain. Rubber money is better. Good times have come. The government gives rice to those who don’t have paddy fields.

Stanza 11: My small brother runs to meet me. I am eager to eat a full meal of athikira rice. He is carrying the rations for the entire household. He trips over something and scatters the wheat all over the yard.

Stanza 12: A plane is flying above us. It is going north. The noise of the plane drowns my brother’s loud cries. The Chief Minister is flying to the Centre to get more grains. He is flying above the cash crops which are now growing like trees. No one promotes the farming of rice here.

Stanza 13: Can we get some husk from the Centre to make toys? I don’t know.

Rice (Poem) Meaning Of The Poem in Malayalam

Rice (Poem) Meanings

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two English Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 When a Sapling is Planted Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two English Textbook When a Sapling is Planted Questions and Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 (Speech)

Read And Respond (Text Book)

Question 1.
What was the impact when the household food crops were replaced by commercial farming ?
Answer:
The impact was far-reaching. It destroyed the local bio-diversity and the ability of the forests to conserve water. The rural population lacked firewood, clean drinking water, balanced diets, shelter and income.

Question 2.
What, according to Wangari Maathai, is the primary role of women of Africa?
Answer:
According to Wangari Maathai, the primary role of women of Africa is taking care of their families. They till the land and feed their families.

Question 3.
Why did the African women fail to meet their basic needs?
Answer:
The African women failed to meet their basic needs because of the degradation of their immediate environment and the introduction of commercial farming, replacing the growing of household crops. International traders controlled the prices of the produce by farmers and so they could not get a reasonable and just income.

Question 4.
How does environmental disruption and mismanagement affect life?
Answer:
Environmental disruption and mismanagement affect life by undermining the quality of our life and that of the future generations.

Question 5.
How does the tree become a symbol for peace and conflict resolution?
Answer:
The tree becomes a symbol for peace and conflict resolution because using trees was a symbol of peace. It was in keeping with a popular African tradition. The elders of Kikuyu carried a staff from the thigi tree (a huge shady tree, native to Africa). When they placed this staff between two disputing sides, they stopped fighting and sought reconciliation. Such practices are part of cultural heritage. They contribute to conserve habitats and peace.

Question 6.
What is the merit of having a feeling that we belong to a larger family?
Answer:
The merit of having a feeling that we belong to a larger family is that it will help to have a shift in our thinking. This shift is needed so that humanity stops threatening its life-support system. We are called to assist the Earth to heal her wounds. We have to embrace the whole creation in all its diversity, beauty and wonder and then only we can progress and live happy lives.

Question 7.
What, according to Wangari Maathai, is the challenge of our generation?
Answer:
According to Wangari Maathai, the challenge of our generation is restoring the beauty and wonder of the world by conserving our environment, fostered by democracy and fraternity.

Think And Write

Question 1.
What is the role of bio-diversity in maintaining environmental balance?
Answer:
Bio-diversity means the variety of all forms of life which make a balanced environment. The forms of life include both plants and animals. They mutually support each other. If you destroy the forests, the animals will lose their habitat. It will also lead to droughts and soil erosion. Soon the environment will be destroyed because of this imbalance. Thus bio-diversity is essential for maintaining environmental balance.

Question 2.
Identify the needs of the present women, and compare them with those of the women of Kenya at the time of Wangari Maathai.
Answer:
The present women have much greater needs than the women of Kenya at the time of Wangari Maathai. The Kenyan women of those days needed only simple things like firewood, clean drinking water, balanced diets, shelter and some income. But today’s women need good education, equality with men in job opportunities and as well as leadership positions. They want an atmosphere in which they can develop to their full potential.

Question 3.
“Women are often the first to become aware of environmental damage, says Wangari Maathai. What is your opinion?
Answer:
The statement of Wangari Maathai is quite right in the case of the Kenyan women of her time because their needs were simple – firewood, clean drinking water, balanced diets, shelter and some income. But today’s women are quite different and the statement can’t be applied to them. They are more concerned with good life and changing fashions.

Question 4.
What is the impact of commercial farming on the rural community?
Answer:
Commercial fanning has a detrimental effect on the rural community. It destroys the local bio-diversity and the ability of the forests to conserve water. Moreover, international traders control the prices of the commercial produce by farmers and so they can’t get a reasonable and just income. This adversely affects their standard of living.

Question 5.
How does degradation of environment trigger off poverty and conflict?
Answer:
Degradation of environment triggers off poverty and conflict, A degraded environment leads to a fight for scarce resources. It leads to poverty and conflict. There is also the injustice of international economic arrangements. The widespread destruction of the ecosystems, mainly through deforestation, climatic instability and contamination of the soil and water lead to extreme poverty and riots.

Question 6.
Explain the term ‘sustainable development’.
Answer:
These days we hear a lot about sustainable development. Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

When a Sapling is Planted (Speech) Edumate Questions and Answers

Question 1.
‘Together we have planted over 30 million trees that provide fuel, food, shelter and income….’
Wangari Maathai, in her Nobel Prize acceptance speech speaks about the importance of planting trees. Draft a speech to be delivered in your school assembly highlighting the importance of tree planting on 5th June, World Environment Day.
Answer:
Respected principal, dear teachers and friends,
Today is World Environment Day and therefore I will talk about the preservation of our Environment. Trees play a big role in such preservation, as, without trees, the earth will degenerate into some kind of desert.

Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, “Nature never hurries, atom by atom, little by little, she achieves her work.” He is very right when we think how the trees grow taking their time to reach their full status as trees. Before a tree becomes a full-fledged tree it passes through many stages – seed, seedling, sapling and then tree. Some trees take years to become real trees. But look at man! How cruelly he cuts them down in just a few minutes to use it as fuel, for furniture work, construction works and even to make paper. Sometimes man destroys entire forests to convert into farmlands or to make factories and residential areas. Large scale deforestation brings about climatic changes. Even in Kerala there are climatic changes because of the large scale destruction of forests.

Trees absorb the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and supply us oxygen. They prevent the soil from eroding. They help in blocking the clouds and bring rain. They supply us a lot of forest products like honey, wax and different kind of herbs and roots. Nowadays forests are converted into National Parks attracting tourists from all over the world. That way also, trees bring money. Thus forests help us in so many ways and so destroying them will be suicidal.

We all should emulate Wangari Maathai, the Kenyan lady and the Nobel Prize Winner, who led a crusade against deforestation. She wanted each person to plant some trees as his duty to help himself and also posterity. In India we had the Chipko Movement. When the contractors came to cut down the trees, the women from the locality rushed to the forest and stood near the trees embracing them. Chipko in Hindi means embrace. The men who came to cut down the trees had to go back because of the people embracing the trees.

John Keats, the famous English Romantic poet said, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.” I believe a tree is a thing beauty and we should do our best to preserve our trees and plant new ones. Today let’s pledge that each one of us will plant at least ten trees. Remember it is not enough to plant trees, but make sure that they grow by giving the trees adequate care.
Let’s make the earth green once again!

Question 2.
We pollute our water bodies by dumping garbage and plastic materials. It is high time we stopped such activities. Imagine that you are the secretary of the Youth Club in your locality. Prepare a letter to the editor of a daily highlighting the threat caused by the dumping of plastic materials in rivers and streams.
Answer:
Liz James
Std XII
St. George’s HSS
Edappally
6 June 2017

The Editor
Times of India
Kochi

Sir,
Sub: Polluting Water by dumping garbage and plastic materials
The other day I was with my friend on the bank of the Periyar River, near Aluva. As I was standing there I saw a man coming with two bags full of garbage and throwing them into the river. What a heinous crime he is doing! Thousands of people use the water from Periyar for drinking and other home uses. And here is a man living nearthe bank of the river polluting it with garbage and plastic wastes. I thought it was as dirty as excreting in one’s own sitting room!

It is unfortunate that people are not aware of the damage they are doing to the rivers and other water bodies by dumping our garbage and plastic material there. Such actions not only pollute the water but also make the water unfit even for fish and other water creatures. I feel strict action should be taken against people who pollute water bodies. There should be observation teams posted at strategic points so that they can catch the culprits and give them proper punishments.

In Kerala we boast of 44 rivers and streams. But how many of them are clean? Many of them are so unclean that if the waterfalls on our body, the body starts itching! I think there should be awareness programmes organized especially for the people living close to the water bodies. Offenders much be seriously punished as a deterrent to future would-be culprits.
Liz James

Question 3.
The Environment Club of your school is organising a trekking trip to Silent Valley. What are the instructions that you, as the secretary of the club will give to your teammates before starting the trip? Write three instructions.
Answer:
Trekking Trip to Silent Valley

• Wear canvas shoes for the trip. Slippers and leather shoes will make trekking very hard.
• Carry enough drinking water with you. Even the bottled water we buy in the shops along the road might not be clean.
• In the Silent Valley you will find rare species of animals like the lion-tailed monkeys. Don’t feed them. Always stay together in the group.

Question 4.
Imagine that a vast area of paddy fields in your locality was filled up by a construction company for executing a villa project. Prepare an article to be published in a newspaper on the negative impact of filling up paddy fields.
You may use the hints given below.
(Hints: paddy fields – a complete eco system – streams around the fields – home to micro-organisms – filling of land required to construct buildings – living beings like storks, fish, tadpoles etc. affected.)
Answer:
Tampering With The Ecosystem.
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment interacting as a system. The nonliving components include things like air, water and soil. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Eco systems can be big or small.

The Durbar Construction Company Limited is filling up a vast area of paddy fields in my area, Meloor, Chalakudy. The company is executing a villa project aimed at the rich people. These are luxury villas with swimming pools and various kinds of courts for playing badminton and volleyball. There is also provision to play cricket there. There will be different clubs for pastime.

The Durbar Construction Company is least bothered about the negative impact of filling up the paddy fields. They are destroying a complete ecosystem as they are also filling up the many small streams that criss-cross the paddy fields. The eco system is a home to different microorganisms and also living beings like storks, fish tadpoles and the like. The area is very famous for fresh water fish and people come from different areas to buy cheap fresh water fish from Meloor. But with the coming of the villa project, all this will be a thing of the past.

Being in a low-lying area, these paddy fields and the tiny streams were a source of good water to the people in the nearby areas. When these paddy fields are filled up the rain water will not sink into the ground resulting in the lack of water in the wells and ponds of nearby places. The current drought has already brought problems to the people and the proposed villa project will only worsen the situation.

The government has rules which prohibit the filling up of paddy fields for construction work. But the rules have many loopholes and greedy people exploit these loopholes to their advantage. If things go unchecked like this we will soon have a lot of concrete jungles and not paddy fields in our State.

Question 5.
‘As I was growing up, I witnessed forests being cleared and replaced by commercial plantations, which destroyed local bio-diversity and the capacity of forests to conserve water’, says Wangari Maathai. You must have come across newspaper reports on mass destruction of forests. Write an essay on the impact of deforestation.
Answer:
Impact Of Deforestation:
With the growth of the world population, there is an increasing need for space. Land is needed for agricultural, industrial and most importantly urban needs to contain cities. People find an easy solution in “Deforestation”. Deforestation means the felling of trees and clearing of forest to make that land available for residential, commercial or industrial purposes.

Deforestation can also be seen as removal of forests leading to several imbalances ecologically and environmentally. What make deforestation alarming are the immediate and long term effects it is bound to cause. Some predictions state that the rainforests of the world will be destroyed completely if deforestation continues at its current pace.

Deforestation or clearance occurs due to several reasons. They include agricultural activities, logging, urbanization, desertification of land and soil erosion, mining and forest fires. As can be seen, most of them are caused by man whereas a couple of them – like desertification and forest fires – could be natural causes. But even those are aided by man through defective use of land and carelessness.

The effects of Deforestation are calamitous. Deforestation brings climate imbalance. It increases global warming. It causes soil erosion. It causes floods in some areas and droughts in some other areas. There is the danger of wild life extinction. Unless we become sensible and conserve our forests we are willingly causing our doom. If we destroy nature, nature has a way of destroying us. Nature has patience but it can run out at any time and once it runs out only God can save us!

Question 6.
A notice on the activities of the Environment Club of your school was prepared by Anu. There are some errors in the matter. Edit it.
Many activities has been organised by our Environment Club this year. The club plan to conduct a seminar on water conservation next month. Interested members are requested for sending the synopsis of their papers. Kindly register your names at the earlier.
Answer:

Question 7.
Imagine that you are visiting the Kallar Eco tourism Project as part of a field trip conducted by the Forest Club of your school Before entering the forest area, you meet the officer in charge to enquire about the rules, security measures etc. Write the likely conversation.
Answer:
Student Leader: Good morning, Sir. I have some doubts to clarify.
Officer: Good morning! Go ahead and ask me what you want to ask.
SL: Can we take photographs of the various things we see there?
Officer: Yes, you can. But be careful. Last week a boy fell into the river as he was taking a selfie standing at an edge of a rock.
SL: How long can we stay in the resort area?
Officer: You can stay up to 6.00 p.m.
SL: How far is the Meenutty Falls from here?
Officer: It is not far. You can easily walk to the place.
SL: Can we get into the Kallar River? Can we swim in it?
Officer: Yes, you can. The water is clean. But at places it could be deep. So enter the water only if you know how to swim.
SL: Is food available for outsiders in the resort?
Officer: Yes, you can get Kerala Style lunch, tea and snacks at reasonable prices.
SL: Is there anything that you would like to tell us?
Officer: Yes. This is a plastic free zone. Don’t take any plastic bags or bottles with you. Don’t throw any items here and there. Use the dustbins in case you want to drop something.
SL: Thank you, Sir!
Officer: Okay! Enjoy your trip!

Question 8.
A river that flows through your village is contaminated because of human waste and dumping of garbage. Draft an e-mail to the editor of a leading national daily, highlighting this issue.
Answer:
timesofindiakochi@hotmail.com
Sir,
Sub: Contaminating Chalakudy River Chalakudy River passes through my village of Meloor. A few decades ago the water in the river was clean and we could use it even for drinking purposes. But now it is so unclean that even if we take a bath in it, our bodies start itching. The water smells foul.

One of the reasons for the water to become so dirty is the ignorance of the people. They have the misconception that a flowing river is never dirty. Since the dirt is immediately washed away, they imagine that there is no problem in throwing the garbage in it. But when thousands of people do that, the garbage gets collected at places and it begins to rot and thus it pollutes the water.

People wash their kitchen utensils, and dishes and soiled clothes in the river. This also makes the water dirty. The worst thing is that the people who do not have toilets in their homes excrete on the banks of the river and they wash themselves in the river. When it rains all the excreta is washed into the river. Imagine how dirty the water can get with human excreta. People have been doing it for long. But in the past the population was small and it was not so much noticed. But with the increased number of people living along the banks, the problem has become very acute.

The authorities must ensure that people don’t throw their garbage in the river. They also should make sure that there toilets in the homes of people and they don’t make the banks of the river their toilets. Culprits must be seriously punished as a deterrent to prospective offenders.
Let’s keep the river clean, it is our life-line.
Antony Mundakkal

Question 9.
Prepare a profile of Wangari Maathai using the hints given below.

• Wangari Maathai – born 1^st April, 1940-Kenyan environmental and political activist
• Founded Green Belt Movement
• Planting of trees, environmental conservation and women’s rights
• Sustainable development
• Right to Livelihood Award -1986
• The first African woman to receive the Nobel Prize -2004
• Died – 25th September, 2011

Answer:
Wangari Maathai.
Wangari Maathai is a Kenyan. She is an environmental and political activist. She was born on 1 April 1940. From her very childhood she developed a love for Nature and the Environment. Alarmed at the way deforestation was taking place in Kenya and the world at large, she founded the Green Belt Movement. She wanted people to plant trees and protect them and not to destroy them. She thought that trees are the umbrellas that shaded the earth from the scorching heat of the sun. She advocated environmental conservation and she fought for women’s rights.

She propagated sustainable development. She won many awards. In 1986 she was given the Right to Livelihood Award. In 2004 she received the Nobel Prize. She was the first African woman go get a Nobel Prize. She did a lot for environmental protection. She breathed her last on 25 September 2011.

Question 10.
Imagine that you are the editor of your school blog. Prepare a blog entry on how the Environment Club of your school developed a garden of medicinal plants.
Answer:
The Place of Herbs in Our Lives The Environment Club of our School has a well developed Garden of Medicinal Plants. Medicinal plants have become very important in our modern day life. One of the reasons for that is the popularity Ayurveda is getting internationally. Many VIPs from different countries come to Kerala for Ayurveda Treatment. In Ayurveda type of treatment, herbs or medicinal plants play a big role.

Ayurveda has been practised in India in India since 2000 B.C. The Ayurvedic treatment is entirely based on herbs, which have certain medicinal value or property. In the ancient times, the Indian sages believed that Ayurvedic herbs are one-stop solutions to cure a number of health related problems and diseases. Most of the Ayurvedic herbs are free of side effects or reactions. This is the reason why Ayurveda is growing in popularity across the globe. In our garden we have herbs like ginseng, aloe, sandalwood, red clover, burdock, bayberry, black pepper, cinnamon, myrrh, and safflower. They are used to heal wounds, sores and boils. Then we have marshmallow which is used as antacids.

Turmeric is an antibiotic herb. To reduce fever and the production of heat caused by the condition, certain antipyretic herbs such as black pepper, sandalwood, safflower and brihati are used. We also have anti-septic herbs like aloe, sandalwood and chitrak. Cardamom, does and peppermint are aromatic herbs that increase our appetite. Herbs such as Chamomile, chrysanthemum, coriander, fennel, peppermint, and spearmint, ajwan, basil, calamus, cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, and turmeric are helpful in promoting good blood circulation. Therefore, they are used as cardiac stimulants. Ginger, eucalyptus, wild cherry and cloves are also expectorants.

We grow these and we encourage the people to use them because most allopathic medicines have very adverse side effects.
John Sebastian, 26 June 2016

Question 11.
A debate is conducted by the English Club of your school on the topic, Environment is not important when it comes to development. I Imagine that you are one of the debaters opposing the topic. Write your argument in a paragraph. There should be at least four points.
Answer:
I feel it is quite wrong to say that environment is not important when it comes to development. I agree that development is necessary. Development, primarily, is to make people have a happy and comfortable life. I don’t agree with a development where environment is adversely affected. If the environment is not good how can people live a comfortable life? When we speak of environment, we generally include the air, the water, the soil and flora and fauna of the place.

Even if we build big houses and factories and produce a lot of things there, what use do they have if the air is polluted and we can’t even breathe it? Development may give us so many things, but if the water is polluted how can we manage? By destroying the soil, the flora and fauna how we say we are developing? Development must be sustainable. It must be done in such a way we preserve our environment to have pure air, clean water and good soil creating an atmosphere where the flora and fauna can flourish enriching the place.

Question 12.
The Nature Club of your school decides to cultivate food crops in a space available in the school campus. Prepare a brief write-up of about 100 words to be included in a pamphlet emphasizing the need to cultivate food crops and develop farming as a culture.
Answer:
Our School’S Paddy Fields
We have been hearing a lot about the contaminated rice we have been getting from neighbouring States. To get bumper harvests they use a lot of artificial fertilizers, insecticides and dangerous chemicals to increase the size and quantity of the paddy they harvest. The result is that the rice we get here is unhealthy. But we have no choice as we do not produce enough rice for our needs. Rice being our staple food we ought to get it from outside.

It is in the circumstances we decided to cultivate paddy in the extra space available in the school campus. The Nature Club suggested this idea to the school management and they were very happy with the idea. The students, both boys and girls, were enthusiastic about it. We decided that the paddy we produce in our school will be 100% organic. We tilled the land and planted seedlings. There was provision for irrigation.

We used only natural fertilizers like cow-dung, ash and compost. We used homemade concoctions with tobacco, soap etc. to control the pests. We pulled the weeds by hand. We were able to get a bumper harvest and it was shared among the students and teachers. We were all happy that at least for a few days we all could enjoy pure rice.

Question 13.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow.
“My inspiration comes from my childhood experiences and observations of nature in rural Kenya. As I was growing up, I witnessed forests being cleared arid replaced by commercial plantations, which destroyed local biodiversity and the capacity of the forests to conserve water.”
a) What inspired Wangari Maathai to become an environmentalist?
b) What was the impact when forests were replaced by commercial farming?
c) What does ‘biodiversity’ mean?
Answer:
a) Her childhood experiences and observations of nature in rural Kenya.
b) It destroyed biodiversity and the capacity of the forests to conserve water.
c) Biodiversity means the variety of living things in an environment.

Question 14.
“Later, they became aware of the widespread destruction of the ecosystems, especially through deforestation. Climatic instability and contamination of the soil and waters – all contributed to excruciating poverty and subsequent riots.”
a) Who are referred to as ‘they’ here?
b) What was the chief cause of the destruction of ecosystem?
c) What contributed to excruciating poverty and subsequent riots?
d) What does the word’ excruciating’ mean?
Answer:
a) The women of Kenya.
b) Deforestation.
c) Climatic instability and contamination of the soil and water contributed to excruciating poverty and subsequent riots.
d) agonizing

Question 15.
Imagine that you have won the ‘Student Excellence Award’ from your school. The award is given on the basis of the student’s character and performance in both curricular and co-curricular activities. After having received the award, you are expected to deliver an Award acceptance speech. Draft the speech.
Answer:
Respected principal, dear teachers and friends,
I feel quite elated to stand here today and make this acceptance speech. I was surprised and even shocked, so to say, to know that I was chosen for awarding the Student Excellence Award. I don’t really know if I deserve it. But since the Principal and the teachers have decided that I am the one to be given that Award, I believe they are right.

I understand that the Award is given on the basis of a student’s performance both in the curricular and co-curricular activities. I had always believed that education is training for life. Learning a few facts, figures and formulae does not make a man educated. Along with the knowledge, I believe, we should development our personality, interpersonal skills and also leadership qualities.

My academic performance has been always good because both my parents are teachers and they used to help me a lot. I would dedicate this reward to them for all the help they gave to me, not only as parents but as my role models.

I have been active in sports and games. I believe in the Latin saying “Mens sana in corpore sano”. It means a healthy mind in a healthy body. If the mind is to be healthy body has to be healthy. I used to take part in different games and sports. I am glad that lam the badminton champion of this school. I also got the 1st Prize for long jump in the last school sports meet.

I think the authorities chose me for the Award looking to my social activities also. As the Chairman of the Social Club, I had organized a programme to collect funds for the surgery of one of our classmates who needed a kidney transplant. His family could not afford it. We were able to collect money and get the surgery done. As he sits there and looks at me and smiles, I feel quite proud and happy.

I am indebted to many people for this Award. Primarily I am grateful to my Principal and the teachers. But I should especially mention my English teacher who always prompted me to do my best. He used to inspire me with his stories of great men like John F. Kennedy, Nelson Mandela, Abdul Kalam and Mahatma Gandhi. He taught me that ‘No pain, no gain’. Thank you, Sir, for all that you did to me. I also thank my classmates who have been with me always – in my tragedies and triumphs.
Thankyou, all!

Activity – I (Formal speech)

Imagine that you have won the National Green
Corps (NGC) Award for coordinating the activities of your school eco club. The award would be given away by the Governor of the State, in the presence of the Chief Minister and certain other dignitaries. You are supposed to deliver a speech after receiving the award. Draft the speech you would deliver.
Tips: Gratitude for the award
Explanation of your activities
Your response to the award
Advice/exhortation to the audience
Answer:
Your Excellency the Governor, the Honourable Chief Minister and other dignitaries, respected Principal, staff members and parents, my dear students, ladies and gentlemen,

Good Afternoon!
As I stand here I feel greatly honoured because our school is the first school in the State to receive this prestigious Award. As .the Coordinator of our Eco Club, I feel that we are singularly lucky to become the recipients of this Award. This Award is not just for me but for the entire members of the Eco Club and also for the Principal and Staff who have been doing their best to encourage us in our eco-friendly activities.

We did two things which I believe made us eligible for this Award. First of all with the help of the Forest Department, we planted saplings on the roadsides and other places which we felt need trees. Each member of the club ensured that at least 300 saplings were planted by him or through his efforts. With 200 members in our club, we planted a minimum of 60,000 trees this year. We feel trees are the umbrellas that protect the earth from the scorching sun in different ways. Not only they give shade and sometimes fruits, but they also increase rainfall and prevent soil erosion. Deforestation will make our earth a big desert.

The second thing we did was encouraging especially homemakers to have a kitchen garden. We know that most of the vegetables and fruits we eat come from other states. These vegetables and fruits are full of insecticides and dangerous preservatives. By constantly consuming these things we are prone to become sick. So we encourage households to produce as many vegetables and fruits as they can. With some efforts every household can produce something. With the help of the Agriculture Department, we distributed free seeds and seedlings to households and many people have come to tell us that they have started producing different vegetables and fruits in their own yards or even on their terraces.

I must thank each member of our Club in a special way for his/her contribution to the overall efforts of the Club. We also thank the Principal and Staff members for their unstinted cooperation and support in our efforts. We also thank the Forest and agriculture Departments for their support.

This Award will make us work harder to make our place greener as we feel we have greater responsibilities now. We call our State ‘God’s own country’. The picture of that country is with full of trees, plants and creepers on whose bows hang delicious fruits and delicate flowers with the humming of bees and butterflies in all seasons! We can definitely make our State a real Paradise if we all join hands and do our bit in our new initiative which is called ‘Greenery Programme’.
Thank you all!

Activity – II (Adverb/Adverb Phrase/Adverb clause)
Read the notes given on p. 112 and 113.

Question 1.
Now read the passage on p. 113 and make a list of adverbs, adverb phrases and adverb clauses.
Answer:
Adverbs: always, finally, absolutely, away
Adverb phrases: from the time, at first (2 times), for a while
Adverb clause: When she was six years old

Question 2.
Now, read the notes and the examples on the difference between adverb phrase and adverb clause.
Convert the simple sentences on page 113 into complex sentences:
Answer:

1. I don’t know when he will arrive.
2. Doyouknowwherehelives?
3. He could not see properly because it was dark.
4. They can’t solve the problem because it is too complicated.
5. I can’t life the box because it is too heavy.

Activity – III (Let’s edit):

Question 1.
Look at the excerpt from the speech, ‘When a Sapling is Planted’, on p. 113. There are a few mistakes in it. Find out the mistakes and correct them.
Answer:
It is thirty years since we started this work. Activities that devastate the societies and environment continue unabated. Today we are faced with a challenge that calls for a shift in our thinking, so that humanity stops threatening its life-support system. We are called to assist the Earth to heal her wounds and in the process heal our own, indeed, to embrace the whole of creation in all its diversity, beauty and wonder.

Question 2.
The Tourism club of Middleton Public school, Calcutta, has decided to conduct a trip to the ecotourism project at Thenmala. The secretary drafted a letter to be sent to the travel agent through a member of the executive committee of the club, Here is the letter. ft has got certain errors in it. Read the letter carefully and edit it.
Answer:
Dear Sir/Madam,
Sub: Enquiry regarding tourist spots at Thenmala.
The students of the Tourism Club of our school have been planning to make a trip to Thenmala. It is to take place in the last week of September. In this connection, one of the executive committee members is being sent to your office to collect information about the spots (venues) to be visited.

I would be grateful if a travel brochure which gives details of the places of attraction, available facilities for accommodation and good hotels is sent through him so that we make the necessary arrangements prior to our trip.

Yours faithfully,
Meenakshi Varma
Secretary, Tourism Club

Read And Enjoy:

Towards the end of her speech Wangari Maathai nostalgically recalls the natural world she inherited from her parents. But with the passage of time it has been destroyed. We have the same feelings like Wangari. Think of the condition of our State. What has happened to the vast stretches of water-logged paddy fields and the creatures living around us? Why aren’t we self-reliant in the production of food materials? Read the poem and see how the poet looks at these issues.

When a Sapling is Planted (Speech) About The Author

Wangari Maathai is a Kenyan. She is an environmental and political activist. In the 1970s she founded the Green Belt Movement. It is an environmental NGO, focussing on the planting of trees, conservation and women’s rights. She got the Nobel Prize in 2004 for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. This speech was made on 10 December, 2004 at Oslo.

– Wangari Maathai

When a Sapling is Planted (Speech) Summary in English

Page 108: Your Majesties, your Royal Highnesses, Honourable Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

I am the first African woman to receive this Prize. I accept it on behalf of the people of Kenya, and Africa and the world. I am especially concerned with women and the girl child. I hope it will encourage them to raise their voices and become leaders.

My inspiration comes from my childhood experiences and observations of nature in rural Kenya. As I was growing up, I noticed that forests were cleared and were replaced by commercial plantations. This destroys the local bio¬diversity and the ability of the forests to conserve water.

In 1977 we started the Green Belt Movement. I was then responding to the needs of rural women. They lacked firewood, clean drinking water, balanced diets, shelter and income.

Page 109: In Africa women are the primary caretakers. They till the land and feed their families. As a result they are the first to notice the environmental damage as resources become scarce, making it difficult for them to maintain their families.

It was becoming difficult for women to meet their basic needs. This was because of the degradation of their immediate environment and the introduction of commercial farming, replacing the growing of household crops. International traders controlled the prices of the produce by farmers and so they could not get a reasonable and just income. When the environment is destroyed, plundered and mismanaged, we undermine the quality of our life and that of the future generations.

Tree planting became a natural choice to satisfy the basic needs of women. Tree planting is simple. It guarantees quick and successful results in a reasonable amount of time. It sustains interest and commitment.

We have planted 30 million trees which provided fuel, food, shelter and income, which helps in children’s education and household needs. The activity creates employment and improves soil and watersheds.

Initially the work was difficult. The people were unaware that a degraded environment leads to a fight for scarce resources. It leads to poverty and conflict. They also did not know the injustice of international economic arrangements. Later they came to know the widespread destruction of the ecosystems, mainly through deforestation, climatic instability and contamination of the soil and water. All these led to extreme poverty and riots.

At the early stage, the Green Belt Movement did not concern itself with issues like democracy and peace. Soon it became clear that only a democratic set-up can implement schemes for responsible governance of the environment. Thus the tree became a symbol for democratic struggle in Kenya. Citizens were mobilized to challenge widespread abuse of power, corruption and environmental mismanagement.

Page 110: Soon the tree also became a symbol of peace and conflict resolution, especially during ethnic conflicts. Using trees as a symbol of peace is in keeping with a popular African tradition. The elders of Kikuyu carried a staff from the thigi tree. When they placed this staff between two disputing sides, they stopped fighting and sought reconciliation. Such practices are part of cultural heritage. They contribute to conserve habitats and peace.

It is now 30 years since we started this work. Activities that destroy the environment and societies continue. We have to have a shift in our thinking so that humanity stops threatening its life-support system. We are called to assist the Earth to heal her wounds, and heal our own. We have to embrace the whole creation in all its diversity, beauty and wonder. This will happen only if we see ourselves as members of a large family, which has shared our evolutionary process.

There can be no peace without equitable development. There can be no development without sustainable management of the environment in a democratic and peaceful condition.

In the course of history, humanity has to often shift to a new level of understanding, to reach a higher moral ground. We have to remove our fears and give hope to each other. Time for that has come.

I call on world leaders to expand democratic spaces and build fair and just societies. Then only the creativity and energy of the citizens will flourish. I call upon the young people to work hard to achieve their long-term dreams. They have the energy and creativity to shape a sustainable future. The young people are the gift to their communities and the world. They are our hope and our future.

Page 111: As I conclude, I think of my childhood. I would visit a stream next to our home to fetch water for my mother. I would drink water straight from the stream. Playing among the arrowroot leaves, I tried, without success, to pick strands of frogs’ eggs, thinking that they were beads. But every time I touched them they broke. Later, I saw thousands of tadpoles, black, energetic and wriggling through the Clearwater against the background of the brown earth. This is the world I inherited from my parents.

But now the stream has dried up. Women walk long distances for water which is not even clean. Children will never know what they have lost. The challenge is to restore the home of the tadpoles and give back to our children a world of beauty and wonder.

Thank you very much.

When a Sapling is Planted (Speech) Summary in Malayalam

When a Sapling is Planted (Speech) Meanings

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two English Textbook Answers Unit 4 Live and Let Live Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two English Textbook Live and Let Live Questions and Answers Unit 4

“The highest education is that which does not merely give us information, but makes our life in harmony with all existence.”

– Rabindranath Tagore

About The Unit

The dissemination of knowledge has provided us a lot of information about health and hygiene. Good health is not merely the absence of disease, but readiness to live with healthy mental attitudes and to let others live. This is the time to think aloud. What are we doing to protect the world around us and maintain healthy life-styles?

Any individual trying to create imbalance within our body or the world around us will lead to total destruction.

This Unit raises the question: What do we do preserve the indigenous and the natural? The Unit has a speech, a poem and an essay.

Look at the following collage:

Think And Respond:

Question 1.
List them out and discuss with your partner.
a. Soil erosion
b. Air pollution
c. Water pollution
d. Earth pollution
e. Deforestation
f. Drying up of Rivers
g. Droughts

Let’S Discuss:

Question 1.
Do we do anything to avoid these hazards?
Answer:
Yes, we do many things to avoid these hazards. But they are not enough. Even now people have not realized the risks they may have to face from these hazards. They pollute their soil, water and air. Through deforestation they allow droughts to happen and consequent desertification. Only when the common people are made aware of the hazards, they will improve.

Question 2.
Do we utilize our resources properly?
Answer:
The answer is not. Some resources we overuse but some are left untapped. We dig the earth and take out all the coal, minerals and oil. We overuse our forests, destroying them. We overuse our land, making it infertile. But we don’t seem to utilize the solar energy, energy from the wind and waves of the sea.

Question 3.
Read the passage from ‘Kavu Thindalle’ by Sujatha Kumari, on page 107and find out the role of human resources in protecting the environment

Read And Reflect:

The role played by trees in maintaining the ecological balance in the modern world is great? Here is the Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech by Wangari Maathai who nurtures a sensitive and reverential love for nature.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two English Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 Stammer Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two English Textbook Stammer Questions and Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 (Poem)

Activity I: (Think and Respond)

Question 1.
What does the poet think of stammer primarily?
Answer:
The poet thinks primarily that stammer is not handicap. It is a mode of speech.

Question 2.
How does the poet link stammer and lameness beautifully to silence?
Answer:
The poet beautifully links stammer and lame to silence by saying that stammer is the silence that fails between the word and its meaning, just as lameness is the silence that falls between the word and the deed.

Question 3.
What, according to the poet, is a person doing when he stammers?
Answer:
When he stammers, he is offering a sacrifice to the God of meanings. When a whole people stammer, it becomes their mother tongue.

Question 4.
Why does the poet refer to the linguist here?
Answer:
The poet refers to the linguist here because in his opinion stammer itself is a language. A linguist is the one who is skilled in the science of language.

Question 5.
When does stammer become a social phenomenon?
Answer:
Stammer becomes a social phenomenon when a whole people stammer because it then becomes their mother tongue. Stammer here represents the collective inability to do good things, just like persons who stammer can’t speak properly and the lame can’t walk properly.

Question 6.
Pick out the lines you particularly like and discuss them with a partner.
Answer:
I particularly like the lines: “God too must have stammered when He created man.” These lines are pregnant with a lot of meaning. It means that God created man not when he was in a state of perfection but when he was in a state of imperfection. That is why man, who is supposed to be the highest creation of God is so imperfect, with so many defects. When the creator is not perfect the creature can’t be perfect too.

Activity II: (Discuss)

Talk to your partner and write down his/her response to the following questions.

Question 7.
Do you think that the words ‘just as it is with us now’ refer to our response to burning social issues in general? Why?
Answer:
I definitely think that the words ‘just as it is with us now’ refer to our response to burning social issues in general. We all are stammering unable to bring out our meanings clearly and we all are walking like the lame as we don’t do the things we ought to do. The country is in the grip of poverty, disease and unemployment, but our leaders stammer when it comes to solutions of these burning issues. They divert people’s attention from real things, real problems, by talking about religions, ideologies and such invisible things. The lame people follow the lame leaders, who stammer all the way.

Question 8.
Which comparison in the poem do you like the most? Why?
Answer:
I like the comparison of man’s prayers and commands to poetry. The words of man carry different meanings and so whatever he utters even his prayers and commands carry different meanings to different people. A poem has different meanings to different people. The poet may say something, but the reader interprets it in different ways. Even the Holy Books like the Bible, the Koran and the Gita are interpreted in various ways and that is why we have so many sects in each religion. The Catholics, the Protestants, the Anglicans, the Pentecost and so many other denominations of Christianity consider the Bible as their Holy Book. But they all give it a different interpretation! The same is the case with other Religious Books.

Activity III (Blogging)

Question 5.
Read the notes of blogging in drugs?
With the help of your teacher create a class blog and upload your thoughts about this poem.
Here is a blog on the poem ‘Stammer’ by K. Satchidanandan:
Answer:
20 June 2015/Class Xll-A Don Bosco UK
We read the poem Stammer by K. Satchidanandan intensely and had some elaborate ’discussions on its theme, content and message. The poem is not easy to understand because of its highly complex imagery. But once we get to know its meaning properly, we begin to realize how profound the ideas are. Stammer, Satchidanandan asserts, is a language in itself.

The question whether stammer came before the language or after it is highly amusing. We are reminded of the joke attributed to the late EMS Namboothiripad, who used to stammer. One interviewer asked him if he stammered always. EMS Namboodiripad replied, “Not always; only when I speak.” The interviewer asked the question because there is a feeling that fear, stage fright, suppressed emotions, etc. trigger stammer.

Satchidananda does not seem to give much honour to God because he has said that perhaps He even stammered when He created man. God is reputed to be omnipotent and one can’t imagine that God can stammer. The poet thinks that man is so imperfect and full of vile may be because God stammered while creating man. We agree with the poet in his verdict,

Satchidanandan has the knack of hitting the head on the nail. He speaks great things using just a few words. An ordinary person might have taken a whole lengthy essay to say what Satchidanandan has said in a few short lines. The poet’s insight and imagination are extraordinary. The poem opens our eyes and we start seeing ‘stammer’ in a different perspective.

→ Comments on the Blogs:

The Kid
I quite agree with Ammu, the blogger, that The Kid is a must watch and it will lift one’s spirit. It does make us smile, laugh, cry, empathise, sympathize and teach us there are great pleasures in the small things of life. Jackie Coogan and Charlie Chaplain have done a wonderful job and the film will remain a classic and will be enjoyed by generations of viewers.

But I quite disagree with Ammu when she severely criticises our current idea of fun and comedy. She thinks people today enjoy only dirty jokes, sarcasm and some kind of racial, religious or dark sense of humour. Ammu should realize that The Kid was made in 1921 and soon it will be century since its release. Our sense and sensibilities have changed. Naturally our humour sense also has changed. Making a kid throw stones at glass windows and breaking them and a tramp coming after the boy to repair the windows and collect money from the owners was humorous in 1921. With the present CCTV, such things are no more possible, and not funny anymore. Film-makers have to look for newer things, and fresh ideas to wrench laughter from the audience. So I feel we should be more sympathetic to the modern film makers.

→ Why We Need Solitude:

Gabby Salazar’s blog makes fine reading as he has told us some profound truths. This blog reminds me of the great pronouncement in our Vedantic Sanatana Dharma which says ‘Tatwamasi’. It means That Thou Art’. Put it simply it means ‘You are that’. We look for God in Temples, Mosques, Churches, Gurudwaras and Synagogues. But God is in us and we don’t have to go to any place to find God. Just look inward.

Gabby has rightly said that you don’t have to go to mountain peaks or into deep jungles or into wildest wilderness to get solitude. You can get it even in your home and its surroundings. If you are a bit away from distracting noises, you can create the solitude you want. In that solitude you can have your conversation with your soul – the spark of God in you.

There is a joke about a couple who were always quarrelling and fighting at home. Finally they decided to go abroad and spend some days to have a change of scene. They thought that might bring them peace. They booked into a 7-star hotel. There, they started fighting! The idea is that wherever you go you carry your mind. It is the mind that matters and not the place or the people. You can feel sorry even in heaven because you are given a backseat there!

Solitude is close by. Leam to find it. We need it and it is not at difficult to get. Gabby has made a fine point.

Stammer (Poem) Edumate Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following lines from the poem ‘Stammer’ and answer the questions given below.
“When a whole people stammer Stammer becomes their mother tongue Just as it is with us now.”
a) Identify the speaker of these lines.
b) What attitude of the poet is revealed here?
c) What does the poet mean by ‘Stammer’ here?
Answer:
a) The poet – K. Satchidanandan
b) The attitude the poet has is that we all stammer because it has become our mother tongue. It means we are not able to tell the truth freely. We are afraid to open our minds.
c) Stammer here means silence against burning social issues. We are afraid to open our mouths and speak our thoughts freely.

Question 2.
A counselling class has been arranged at your school as part of the Health Club programmes. When asked, the counsellor shared the view that stammer is a handicap like any other deformities. What are your comments? Prepare a short paragraph focusing on the poem ‘Stammer’ you have studied.
Answer:
I don’t agree with the counsellor who thinks that stammer is a handicap like any other deformity. Stammering is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stammers is unable to produce sounds. The term stammering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition.

It also means the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to experts “stammering is a disorder of selection, initiation, and execution of motor sequences necessary for fluent speech production.” For many people who stutter, repetition is the primary problem. Stammer is curable with speech therapy and so it can’t be considered as a deformity like lameness or deafness.

In the poem ‘stammer’ has a figurative meaning. Here stammer is the silence that the society keeps even when social evils are rampant. As the people are afraid of the reaction of certain sections they tend to turn’ aiblind eye even to the malpractices that are going in the society. In the poem, stammer is the sign of cowardice or pusillanimity.

Question 3.
A brief bio sketch of K Satchidanandan, the famous Indian writer is given below:
Now prepare four questions based on the passage, to interview him.
K Satchidanandan is an Indian poet writing in Malayalam and English. He is known as a pioneer of modern poetry in Malayalam. He is also a critic, columnist, translator and the former secretary of the Kendra Sahitya Academy.
As an intellectual upholding secular democratic views, he supports causes like environment, human rights and free software. His lectures and articles on issues concerning contemporary Indian Literature are thought-provoking. He was shortlisted for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001.
Answer:
a) Sir, we know that you were a Lecturer in the English Department of Christ College, Irinjalakuda. How or why did you leave the college?
b) We understand that you were shortlisted for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001. But then it was given to V.S. Naipaul. How did it happen?
c) Have your secular democratic views caused you any losses or inconveniences?
d) What would be your advice to the youth of today?

Question 4.
Following are the questions posed to K Satchidanandan, the famous Indian poet in a recently conducted interview held at Trivandrum.
a) What inspired you to write the poem’ stammer’?
b) Do you think that the theme of the poem is still relevant?
c) Why did you use plain simple language in this poem?
Imagine yourself to be in the shoes of Satchidanandan. Suppose you were to answer these questions what will you say? Prepare the responses.
Answer:
a) I wrote ‘Stammer’ because I found the majority in the society preferred to keep silence even when atrocities were going on in the society. I felt as if people were becoming cowardly and were unwilling to face opposition. It is a tragic situation.

b) I feel the theme of the poem is more relevant today. The Indian society is getting fragmented into groups. Religion is becoming a very crucial issue. All religions teach love, but some fanatics teach violence. This is a matter of great concern for the unity of the country. Our strength is our diversity.

c) My language may look simple but I have packed a lot of meanings into it. Moreover as I am writing mainly for the Indian audience, I have to be mindful of their ability to understand a foreign language.

Stammer (Poem) About The Author

– K. Satchidanandan

K. Satchidanandan was bom in 1946 in Pulloot, a village in Thrissur district. He writes in Malayalam and English. He is known as a pioneer of modern poetry in Malayalam. He is a critic, literary columnist and a translator. He was the Secretary of Sahitya Akademi. He is secularist. He supports causes like environment, human rights and free software. He was shortlisted for Nobel Prize for literature in 2011.

Stammer (Poem) Summary in English

Lines 1-7: Stammer is not handicap. It is a mode of speech. Stammer is the silence that falls between the word and its meaning, just as lameness is the silence that falls between the word and the deed.

Lines 8-13: Did stammer come before language or after it? Is it only a dialect or a language itself? These questions make the linguists stammer.

Line 14-19: Each time we stammer we are offering a sacrifice to the God of meanings. When a whole people stammer, it becomes their mother tongue, just as it is with us now.

Lines 20-26: God too must have stammered when He created man. That is why all the words of man cany different meanings. That is wjjy everything he says, from his commands to his prayers, stammers, like poetry.

Stammer (Poem) Summary in Malayalam

Stammer (Poem) Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two English Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 A Three Wheeled Revolution Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two English Textbook A Three Wheeled Revolution Questions and Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 (Interview)

Read And Respond

Question 1.
Which incident shows that Irfan had a problem solving skill?
Answer:
Once Irfan was travelling in a rickshaw and in the middle of the journey he was very thirsty. He asked the rickshaw puller if he had any water. He said he did not have because it was expensive to get bottles of water and stack them. Immediately he thought there was a market for selling water bottles in the rickshaws. This incident shows Irfan had a problem-solving skill.

Question 2.
Why does Irfan think that entrepreneurship is in his blood?
Irfan thinks that entrepreneurship is in his blood because he had an interest in business from a very early age. He was enterprising since his childhood. During the stock market scam on 1992, his father and his friends lost a lot of money. Irfan helped them to recover their losses and even make profits.

Question 3.
What encouraged Irfan to open his own portfolio management firm?
Answer:
During the stock market scam in 1992, his father and his friends lost a lot of money. Irfan started taking an interest in the stock market and began researching various companies. Using his advice, his father’s friends recovered their losses and even made profits. This encouraged Irfan to open his own portfolio management firm.

Question 4.
What was Irfan’s prize winning business proposal?
Answer:
Irfan suggested that rickshaws should be redesigned so that the spaces on the vehicles could be sold for advertising and brand promotion. He also suggested that additional incomes could be got by selling water, juice, biscuits, mobile cards and newspapers to the passengers in the rickshaws. This was Irfan’s prize winning business proposal.

Question 5.
Why did Irfan refuse the prize money of the TV realty show?
Answer:
He wanted to provide the rickshaw pullers with insurance, ID-cards and uniforms. He wanted to run the business as a ‘not-for-profit’ organization. He thought it to be the best way to sustain the business and the easiest way to get banks to give out loans. The organizers of the TV show did not agree to this model and so he refused to take the prize money.

Question 6.
Where did Irfan get his seed money for his project?
Answer:
Irfan got his seed money for his project from his family and friends.

Question 7.
What kind of facilities does SammaaN offer the rickshaw pullers?
Answer:
They are given training on basic etiquette and traffic rules. Then they are helped to get a bank loan for a new rickshaw. They feel empowered because they are pulling their own rickshaws. They are also given accident and health insurance. Each driver is given an ID card. He has to wear uniform while operating the vehicle. The rickshaw puller now becomes a member of the SammaaN family.

Question 8.
What are the ‘other benefits’ than monetary benefits offered to the rickshaw pullers?
Answer:
Rickshaw pullers now have a sense of belonging and empowerment. Their wives and children attend free evening classes called Sammaan Gyaan. SammaaN has brought dignity to those previously known as menial laborers.

Question 9.
What are the other activities of the SammaaN foundation?
Answer:
The SammaaN foundation runs free evening classes called Sammaan Gyaan which is attended by the wives and children of rickshaw pullers. They also engage in a lot of trading activities like selling water, juice, pre-paid phone cards etc. to the passengers in the rickshaw. SammaaN has brought dignity to those previously known as menial labourers. SammaaN is profitable. Last fiscal year, it made a profit of 8 lakhs. It has an R&D Wing researching on solar-powered fibreglass rickshaw.

Question 10.
Why does Irian think that rickshaw is not a dying breed?
Answer:
Irfan thinks that rickshaw is not a dying breed for many reasons. Rickshaws are still popular in many parts of the country. In the last 2 to 3 years the number of rickshaws has actually increased in New Delhi by 20%. It is the popular transport to and from the metro stations. Rickshaws are the vehicles of the future as they are environmental friendly. There is R&D wing of SammaaN working on a solar-powered fibreglass rickshaw.

Question 11.
What do you understand by solar-powered rickshaw?
Answer:
Today the rickshaw puller has to use his physical power to make the rickshaw move. In the solar-powered rickshaw, solar power will be used for moving the rickshaw. That way the rickshaw puller will not have to struggle physically.

Question 12.
What is Irfan’s suggestion to tackle unemployment in our country?
Answer:
Irfan thinks that entrepreneurship should be made as a career. An entrepreneur is one who sees an opportunity and puts conscious efforts to make it an enterprise. People discourage youths from taking this path. Entrepreneurship can tackle unemployment in the country.

Activity I (Think and Respond)

Question 1.
What qualities, do you think, should an entrepreneur possess?
Answer:
An entrepreneur is one who sees an opportunity and puts conscious efforts to make it an enterprise. He should have courage, vision and other leadership qualities. He should be willing to take risks. He should remember ‘No pain, no gain’. He should have a dream and then work hard to realize it.

Question 2.
Why do people discourage youth to choose the path of entrepreneurship?
Answer:
People discourage youth to choose the path of entrepreneurship because they think they will end up in losses. Parents encourage children to look for employment in the government service or in some companies where they can get a regular salary. Entrepreneurship involves risks because the enterprise might fail.

Question 3.
Irfan Alam says that “it is important to take risks to achieve your dreams”. Comment on this statement
Answer:
To achieve one’s dreams one has to take risks. A child will never learn to walk if he is afraid to take the first step. The Wright brothers would never fly if they were afraid. No pain, no gain. If you have dreams you should be prepared to take risks. Could men go to the moon if they refused to take the risk?

Question 4.
What are your dreams in life? How do you plan to pursue your dreams?
Answer:
My dreams in life are to become a good engineer and a good person. I will study hard and try to get high marks in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. I know that engineers are the ones that make the world a worthy place to live in with all the engineering marvels we witness today. Above all, I want to be a good person so that I can help my fellow human beings to live a life of comfort.

Question 5.
Have you read or heard of other young and successful entrepreneurs. Share their stories in your class.
Answer:
I know about a young and successful entrepreneur. His name is Jison Jose. After his M.Com, he did his MCA. Instead of looking for. government jobs or employment in a company, he started his own company called G & J Infotech. He took two rooms in a building in town and started the office there. He had financial help from his family. He hired some experts and started producing various kinds of soft software which soon became very famous. The most popular one is called E-School Solutions. He now has some 30 employees in his company. His wife Dhanya, who is also an MCA holder, ably assists him in the work. Currently Jison is the local Chairman of the prestigious organization, JCI (Junior Chambers International), and is busy doing a lot of social service to improve the plight of the poor.

Activity II (E-mail)

Question 6.
The R&D wing ofSammaaN is planning to redesign rickshaws with necessary improvements. Think about some useful modifications that you would like to suggest to Irfan Alam. Negotiate your ideas with your partner and make a final list of modifications.
Answer:
To: lrfanalam@Qmail.com
Dear Irfan,
I have come to know that you are planning to make some useful modifications in the rickshaws to improve their services. I would suggest the following modifications.
a) Provide the rickshaws with a phone from which travellers can call. Of course, the travellers will be charged for the calls they make.

b) Let each rickshaw have a small space where tissues are kept. The travellers can use them to blow their nose, if they want, and clean their hands.

c) Provide a small bin on one side of the rickshaw so that people can deposit the skin of the fruits, or the wrappers of candies, or the used issues, without littering the road.

I hope you will give due consideration to my suggestions.

Krishnan Moolayil

Activity III (Paragraph writing)

Question 7.
Study the following table. A variety of career options has been listed in the first column. What kind of responsibilities do these careers demand? What skill does a person require to do these jobs?
Answer:

Career	Responsibilities	Skills required
Computer Systems Analyst	Monitor Computer programs	Critical thinking. Troubleshooting
Finance Advisor	Manage the finances	Vision, Attention to detail
Fitness trainer	Train people to be fit	Yoga, karate, kung fu
interpreter/Translator	Interpreting/translating	Linguistic capabilities. Understanding power
Dental Hygienist	Keep the teeth and mouth dean	Some medical skill, first-aid
Substance Abuse Counsellor	Prevent people from drug abuse	Knowledge of drugs, Skill in Counselling, patience
Web Content writer	Writing content for the Web	Versatility, writing skills
Special Education Teacher	Train the handicapped	Knowledge, Patience
Food Photographer	Making food look attractive, to be used in advertisements	Photographic skills, a sense of beauty
Fashion designer	Making attractive dresses	Sense of beauty, designing. Fashion consciousness

Question 8.
Now think about the skills you have. What roles and responsibilities could you assume based on your potentials and your aptitude? Discuss with your friend and write a paragraph about the suitable jobs for you. Also write why you think they are suitable for you. (You may/may not choose a career from the given table.
Answer:
There are two jobs which I like to do – one is teaching and the other is translating. I want to be a teacher for certain reasons. A teacher is the person who moulds the characters of the youth. If the teacher is good, he will be able to influence the children to do positive things and to become good citizens, bringing name for themselves, their families, their localities and the nation itself. I like teaching because I am good at languages and my favour language is English. I realize that the English used in our schools is of poor quality because many of the teachers are not well-trained. There is the danger of Manglish replacing English. I want to do my best to remedy the situation. I like children and I like to interact with them.

I like their fun-loving nature and harmless pranks. So my first choice is to become a teacher.

The second job I might like to do is that of translation. Translation is not an easy job. Aword-to-word translation might look foolish. There is the story of a student who translated the Malayalam idiom ‘alkarku Kayyum kanakkumilla’ as people had no hands and arithmetic. Another boy translated ‘Pazhamchollu’ as banana talk. A translator must be aware of the idioms and phrases in a language and look for equivalent idioms in the target language. Merely replacing a word by a similar meaning does not make proper translation. I am good at languages and I believe I can be ‘a good translator. I also want to translate some fine novels in Malayalam into English.

Activity IV (Listening and Note-taking)

Making notes and taking notes are different things. In ClassXI you learned howto make notes, while reading a piece of writing. Here we are going to see certain things about note-taking. You can take notes when you are listening to a lecturer or interviewing a person. Note-taking helps to improve your listening skills.

A very systematic and organized format for taking notes is called the Cornell Method. Here are the steps to follow:

• Draw a margin 2-3 inches
• As you listen to the lecture, write all the important ideas on the right side.
• Leave some space after each idea (This is for filling in details later.)
• After the lecture complete the spaces with as many words and phrases you heard.
• For every important bit of information, write a ‘cue’ in the left margin.

Here is an example:
In the first Unit you read the speech The 3Ls of Empowerment’ by Christine Lagarde. Imagine that she is speaking to you and you are taking down notes.

THE 3Ls of Empowerment

Present scenario:

• 21 st century poses many challenges.
• 1/2 of world’s population is women.
• Women denied opportunities, so no economic growth.
• 3 Ls

1st L:

• Learning helps women to break shackles
• More in the developing world African adage

2nd L:

• Labour helps women to flourish and achieve their potential.
• Equal pay for equal work Eliminating gender gaps Changing existing laws regarding inheritance

3rd L:

• Leadership to enable to fulfil innate abilities and talents.
• Dare the difference Stepping out of comfort zones.

Conclusion: A more prosperous world.

Activity V: (Identifying Facts from Opinions)

Question 9.
Read the following statements and say whether they are facts or opinions, Write F against tacts and O against opinions.
Answer:
a. The fastest land-dwelling creature is the cheetah. – F
b. Facebook was launched in 2004. – F
c. Switzerland is the most beautiful country. – O
d. Harry Potter and the HALF Blood Prince sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release. – F
e. Oranges contain both calcium and vitamin C. – F
f. The more money someone has the more successful they are. – O
g. It is cheaper to buy mobile phones online. F
h. People should be encouraged to eat vegetarian food.-O

Question 10.
Read the following paragraphs and identify the facts and opinions. List them in your Activity Log.
Answer:
Facts: You can travel around the country in Shinkansen (bullet) train. They connect major cities in Japan. They are nick named bullet trains because they go very fast and have pointed noses like a bullet. They have great speed and punctuality. They are comfortable. All the seats face forward, and there is plenty of leg room. Only a few accidents have taken place in their history and no deaths. They are expensive. Train stations are in the middle of the city.

Opinion: A ticket to travel to another city can cost almost as much as an airline ticket would. It is often convenient to take a bullet train instead of flying because you will arrive exactly where you want to be.

Question 11.
Now find out 3 facts and 3 opinions from the interview with Irfan Alam.
Answer:
Facts: a) Rickshaw pullers get greater incomes,
b) They are insured against accidents,
c) Their wives and children get free evening classes at Sammaan Gyaan.

Opinions: a) Rickshaws have a great future,
b) One has to take calculated risks to achieve his dream,
c) It is with the blessing of his mentors and well-wishers that he carries his journey forward.

Activity VI (Understanding Idioms)

An idiom is a combination of words in common use that has a figurative meaning. Study the idioms given on page 103.

Let’S Practise

Question 12.
Look at the following sentences. The words/phrases underlined are idioms. Rewrite the sentences in plain English.
Answer:
a. Go back to square one = return to the starting point
b. A ballpark number = roughly accurate number
c. Big picture = a complete view
d. Change of pace = bring some variety in life
e. Get down to business = to get serious
f. Ground-breaking = innovative
g. In a nutshell = In short
h. Under the table = secretly (paying bribes)
i. Thinking out of the box = thinking freely
j. Stay on your toes = Stay alert

Question 13.
Read the following. The underlined words/ phrases can be rewritten with some common idiomatic expressions in English. Choose the appropriate idioms from the box below to replace them and rewrite the sentences. You may change forms, if necessary.
Answer:
a. Once in a blue moon
b. Sitting on the fence
c. The last straw
d. Add insult to injury
e. Missed the boat

Activity VII (Phrasal Verbs)

Question 14.
Read the following passage. It tells about some important events in the life of Irfan Alam. Fill in the blanks choosing the appropriate phrasal verb from the brackets and complete the passage.
Answer:
Irfan was brought up in a village in Bihar. At a very small age he entered into stock trading business and made up for his father’s losses in stock market. Later, Irfan set up his own portfolio management firm.

Phrasal Verbs: A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a preposition or an adverb; the combination creates a meaning different from the original verb alone.

• To get – to obtain
• To get together – to meet

Question 15.
Here are some more phrasal verbs used frequently. Use them to fill in the blanks. You may change the form if necessary.
Answers:

• Breakout
• Look forward to
• Run out
• Keep up
• Called off
• Put up with
• Made up
• Carried away
• Do without
• Passed away

Activity VIII (Loanwords)

Question 16.
You have now come across the word ‘entrepreneur’. This word is borrowed from the French word ‘entreprendre’ which means to undertake’. Such words are called Loan words as they are borrowed from other languages.

The following words from the interview are also borrowed from other languages. Can you find out their origins? Use your dictionary and complete the table.
Answer:

Loan word	Pronun­ciation	Word of origin	Meaning of the original	Language of origin
Biscuit	bis.kit	bescuit	Twice cooked	French
Etiquette	eti.ket	estiquet	label	French
Rickshaw	rik.sha	rickshaw	a two wheeled vehicle	India
Mentor	men .tor	mentor	counsellor	Greek
Portfolio	portfolio	portafoglio	a file to carry	Italian
Traffic .	tra.fik	trafic	movement	French

Here are some loan words which we often use:
Bureau, guru, yoga, chef, cuisine, amorous, omniscient, pyjamas, raja, coolie

Activity IX (Let’s Edit)

Question 17.
Correcting the e-mail sent by Aijun.
(Hint: tenses, prepositions and articles)
Answer:
Dear Sir,
My name is Arjun. I am a Plus Two student in a reputed school at Thrissur, I am in the Commerce Stream, with Maths and Computer Science as my optional subjects. I had secured A Grade in all subjects in my Plus One Exam and I expect to score even better in the Plus Two exam.

I am writing this mail because I can’t decide what course to choose for my higher education. I am good at computer and I like Statistics. I like English also and I read a lot.

Could you please tell me what kind of career would suit me and which course I should choose for my graduation? Please reply at the earliest as I am really anxious about my future.

Yours sincerely,
Arjun

Question 18.
After sending Ms mail, Arjun discusses his confusions with his friend, Robin, who is a college student Here is the conversation between the two. However, the punctuations in the following conversation are missing. Punctuate appropriately and rewrite the conversation.
Answer:
Arjun: Hello Robin!
Robin: Hi Arjun! What’s up?
Arjun: Nothing much, buddy! I’m a bit confused
these days.
Robin: Confused? Why? What’s the matter?
Arjun: You knowthat I’m completing my Plus Two this year. So, I’m confused about what to do next.
Robin: Oh, I understand! So, have you come to
some conclusions?
Arjun: Not yet. I’m not much aware of the different
curses and careers suitable for me.
Robin: Oh really! Then why don’t you seek advice from some career counsellors? They could give you suggestions based on aptitude tests.
Arjun: Yeah. I’ve already sent an email to a counsellor. Hope he would reply soon.
Robin: That’s good. Even I joined this course after some counselling sessions.
Arjun: Oh! Is it so? Then I think I did the right thing. OK Robin! Bye then!
Robin: Bye Arjun! See you and let me know your decision.
Arjun: OK! See you!

Read And Reflect

Question 1.
There are people daring enough to go to any extent to pursue their dreams. For them, success is not just about money and popularity; it is beyond. Many young people are into social enterprises which demand a lot of commitment and hard work. They reach out to the community in their own way and try to make a difference. For them, success means happiness forthemselves and for others. Here is a true story of a girl, as narrated by her.)

Three Wheeled Revolution (Interview) Edumate Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Even extraordinary personalities like Irfan Alam or Shaheen Mistry may be criticized. Imagine that you happened to read such a biog entry severly criticising both of them and you are deeply upset with some of the points in the blog post. Now prepare a short article commenting on the blog post on Irfan Alam and Shaheen Mistry.
Answer:
Destructive Criticism
I am deeply upset about a recent blog post against extraordinary personalities like Irfan Alam and Shaheen Mistry. To a reasonable reader both of them are doing laudable things and there is no reason why anyone should criticise their activities. Irfan Alam is an entrepreneur who changed the lives of many people through his innovative enterprise. He found that the lives of rickshaw pullers in India were quite miserable. There are some 10 million rickshaws operating in India.

Most of the rickshaw pullers don’t own the rickshaws. They hire the rickshaw for Rs. 30 or 40 per day. Irfan Alam founded an organization called SammaaN which would help rickshaw pullers to get bank loans to get their own rickshaws. The rickshaw pullers were also taught how to make some extra money, by allowing advertisements in the rickshaws and selling items like water, fruit juice, and prepaid cards for phones in the rickshaws. Irfan has thus made the lives of rickshaw pullers and their families better.

Shaheen Mistry is a social activist and educator. She is the founder of Akanksha Foundation. She is also the CEO of Teach for India since 2008. Moved by the sorry plight of slum children who had no facilities for education,’ Shaheen Mistry found Akanksha. Its basic principle is providing underprivileged children with opportunities for learning. Akanksha wants the classroom to be just a safe place for the children where they can forget, at least for some time, their troubles at home and study and also enjoy. Akanksha came into existence in 1991. Now it has more than 3500 children, with 58 centres and 6 schools.

Thus we see both Irfan Alam and Shaheen Mistry are doing some laudable services to the society. But the blogger seems to be unhappy with what they are doing. He says that selling things in rickshaws reduces the business of the shopkeepers and the centres and schools run by Akanksha reduce admissions in private schools. I strongly believe that this blogger is an agent of big shopkeepers and school managers who want to exploit people.

I would say to Irfan Alam and Shaheen Mistry to continue with their excellent work aimed at the welfare of the society. They should not pay any attention to the destructive critics who are paid agents of profiteers.

Question 2
Don’t you enjoy short trips and tours? Imagine that you made an interesting trip to New Delhi and visited the various historical monuments like the Taj Mahal in Agra, The Red Fort, Indian Parliament etc. After the trip you decide to send an e-mail to your friend sharing your experience of the trip. Draft the e-mail.
Answer:
selinj@hotmail.com
Sub: Trip to New Delhi

Dearest Selin,
At last I was able to make the trip to New Delhi. From Nedumbassery we took a flight to Delhi. It took about 4 hours to reach Delhi. Since we reached Delhi around 8 in the evening, we straightaway went to a hotel near the airport. It is an expensive hotel but since our stay there was only for one day, we did not mind the expenses. We had a scrumptious dinner and we went to bed early.

Next day we had an early breakfast and then we went to see the Red Fort. Red Fort is a historical fort. It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal dynasty for nearly 200 years, until 1857. It is wonderful to see. From there we went to see the Parliament buildings. The construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Governor-General of India, Irwin. The parliament is 560 feet (170 m) in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres (2.4 ha). The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha, Rajya Sabha and the Library hall. Surrounding these three chambers is the four- storeys circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees, offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. We returned to the city for the night and went to hotel in Connaught Place.

The following day.we went to Agra to see the Taj Mahal. Taj Mahal is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is really a wonder and you ought to see it to enjoy its beauty. No wonder Tagore described it as the “tear-drop on the cheek of time”. In the evening we took a bus to Delhi and stayed in a hotel forthe night. Next day morning we started our journey home by train. It was wonderful trip and I will never forget it.

Say Hi to all at home!
Rosy

Question 3.
Read the following sentences from A Three Wheeled Revolution’.
“There are several other benefits on which we cannot put a monetary value. Rikshaw pullers now have a sense of belonging and empowerment”.
Now, attempt the questions given below.
a) Who makes these statements?
b) What does the word “monetary” mean in this context?
c) List and explain some of the initiatives undertaken by the speaker to empower the rickshaw
Answer:
a) Irfan Alam
b) financial/economic
c) The SammaN Foundation runs evening classes called SammaN Gyan. These classes are attended by the wives and children of rickshaw pullers. The foundation also engages in a lot of trading activities like selling water, juice, prepaid phone cards etc. to the passengers in the rickshaw. SammaN has an RD Wing researching on solar-powered fibreglass rickshaws

Question 4.
Great people are always very positive in their attitude and take a lot of risks to achieve their goals. Shaheen Mistry and Irfan Alam are people of this kind. What is your view on taking a positive attitude, setting a goal in life and working hard to achieve it? Share your views in a paragraph.
Answer:
Great people are always very positive in their attitude and take a lot of risks to achieve their goals. Irfan Alam made the life of rickshaw pullers meaningful with his SammaN foundation. Shaheen Mistry brought education to thousands of the underprivileged children who would have been left out of the mainstream society without her help. It is such people that help the world to progress. I too have a very positive attitude. I love and respect people who set a goal in their lives and work hard to achieve it. I remember the words of Abdul Kalam to dream high and strive to achieve it.

In English they say ‘No pain no gain’. Those who want to get pre’cious gems have to dive deeper in the sea. Without taking risks nobody can achieve great things. Failure is an inevitable forerunner to success. I am always reminded of the story of Robert Bruce, the king of Scotland who learned his lesson from a spider. He had lost his kingdom and had run away to a forest. There he was sitting and brooding. He then noticed a spider sitting on a stone trying to connect the other end of its gossamer to a stone that was a bit away. It jumped. It failed. Bruce was watching. Again it jumped and failed again.

It succeeded only on the 8th jump. Bruce thought: “If this lowly spider can continue jumping even after 7 failures, why not I try again to get back my kingdom?” He went back, organized his army and fought well and drove away his enemies and became the king once again. Great people don’t give up so easily!

Question 5.
You have read the interview with Irfan Alam, the founder of SammaaN Foundation. You are deeply impressed with his creative ideas in transforming the lives of the rickshaw pullers. Now prepare an e¬mail to congratulate Irfan Alam and suggest a few more ways to make rickshwas more profitable.
Answer:
irfanalamsamman@hotmail.com

Dear Irfan,
Congrats! You have been doing a wonderful job in ameliorating the lives of the rickshaw pullers and their families. You have made them dignified citizens, proud of their profession. Your starting “Gyan SammaN’ to educate the wives and children of the rickshaw pullers was an excellent idea. It is good to know that SammaN’s RD Wing is researching into the possibility of making fibre glass rickshaws. I know that there are advertisement spaces in the arickshaws and they are selling water, juice and prepaid phone cards to the passengers in the rickshaw. To make the rickshaw pullers earn more money I suggest that you start selling stationery and cosmetics in the rickshaws. They can also undertake home delivery of goods from shops to various homes.

Question 6.
Read the sentence given below:
“An entrepreneur is one who identifies an opportunity and puts in conscious efforts to make it an enterprise”.
Now, answer the questions given below.
a) Who is the speaker?
b) What is your opinion about beginning a start up business?
c) Do you have any4nteresting plan for a start up? Explain.
Answer:
a) Irfan Alam.
b) I have a positive opinion about it. There are very many commercial and engineering graduates who go from place to place looking for jobs. But they can’t find easy jobs. To accommodate such people, it is better to begin a start up business.
c) A start-up is an entrepreneurial venture which is typically a newly emerged, fast-growing business that aims to meet a marketplace need by developing or offering an innovative product, process or service. A start-up is usually a company such as a small business, a partnership or an organization designed to rapidly develop a scalable business model.

I have a plan for a start-up which can market e-school solutions. “E-school solutions’’ is a software that will assist school management and parents. The school management can easily record attendances, fee payments, marks for the various examinations, attendance of staff, their salaries, their promotions and things like that. Parents can log in with a password and see how the children are progressing in their studies.

Question 7.
A small paragraph on TIME MANAGEMENT prepared by a student is given below. There are a few mistakes in it. Identify them and write the correct form.

Time is most precious than money. Money lose can be regained, but time once lost is lost forever. Time and tide waits for no one. A lost opportunity may spoil one’s life. Those who doesn’t act in time would repent afterwards.
Answer:

Incorrect	Correct
most precious	more precious
lose	lost
waits	wait
doesn’t	don’t

Three Wheeled Revolution (Interview) Summary in English

“I am a simple human being but a big dreamer. I come from rural India and I am passionate about entrepreneurship. I love ideas and innovation. I was enterprising since my childhood.”

Three Wheeled Revolution Interviewer

Congratulations on your achievement When and how did you conceive this idea?
Irfan Alam: I was 17 at that time. I was travelling in a rickshaw and in the middle of the journey I was very thirsty.

I asked the rickshaw puller if he had any water. He said he did not have because it was expensive to get bottles of water and stack them. Immediately I thought there was a market for selling water bottles in the rickshaws. The very next day I talked to 5 rickshaw pullers and gave them 8 bottles of water each. I told them the profit would be split between them and me. For each bottle the profit would be Rs. 2. The very first day I got 8 rupees.

I: You were very young when you came up with and executed this idea.
IA: Yes. I think entrepreneurship is in my blood. I had an interest in business from a very early age. During the stock market scam in 1992, my father and many of his friends lost a lot of money. That was when I took interest in the stock market and started researching various companies.

Using my advice, all of my father’s friends recovered their losses. Many of them made profits. This enabled me to start my first portfolio management firm at the age of 13. When my parents found that I was dabbling in the rickshaw sector as well, they asked me to stop doing it and concentrate on my studies. But my interest never went away. I kept reading and researching about this sector all through my college days in Pondichery where I pursued my Master’s of Foreign Trade degree.

I: What was the spark that revived this idea?
In 2006, an Indian TV show called Business Baazigar began an entrepreneur hunt and solicited ideas for new businesses. I entered this contest with a proposal. My idea was to organize the rickshaw sector and make it a profitable venture. I suggested that rickshaws should be redesigned so that the spaces on the vehicles could be sold for advertising and brand promotion. I also suggested that additional incomes could be got by selling water, juice, biscuits, mobile cards and newspapers to the passengers. I won the show and was offered the seed money of Rs. 150 lakhs.

I: Was SammaaN started with this seed money?
IA: No. I realized that the entry barrier to this business was very low. The only way to sustain this business was to get the loyalty of the rickshaw pullers. I wanted to provide them with insurance, ID-cards and uniforms. I wanted to run it as a ‘not-for-profit’ organization. At that time I did not think about any social entrepreneurship. I thought it to be the best way to sustain the business and the easiest way to get banks to give out loans. Since the organizers of the TV show did not agree to this model, I refused to take the seed capital.

IA: As I learned more about the rickshaw pullers, their lives and theirsorrowful condition, it became a social cause. There are some 10 million rickshaws operating in India. Most of the rickshaw pullers don’t own their rickshaws. They take them on rent for about 30 to 40 rupees a day. What they get after paying the rent is hardly enough to maintain their families. They continue at the bottom of the society. I wanted to create an organization that could empower the rickshaw pullers and find a way to increase their incomes. It would be a win-win situation for both. I believe in C.K. Prahlada’s idea that businesses can be successful by targeting the bottom of the pyramid. SammaaN was founded in 2007 with seed money from family and friends.

I: Can you describe the operation model of SammaaN?
When a rickshaw puller approaches SammaaN, a verification process is done. The rickshaw puller is then given training on basic etiquette and traffic rules. Then we help him to get a bank loan for a new rickshaw. In the past banks were reluctant to give loans to this section of people. Now they give because we stand as guarantors. The rickshaw pullers feel empowered because they are pulling their own rickshaws. We also give them accidental and health insurance. Each driver is given an ID card. He has to wear uniform while operating the vehicle. The rickshaw puller now becomes a member of the SammaaN family.

I: How does SammaaN help increase the revenues of the rickshaw pullers? How does SammaaN get its revenues?
SammaaN rickshaws are designed to have plenty of space to display advertisements. Several local and national brands advertise here. The income from advertisement is shared between the rickshaw pullers and the SammaaN. Rickshaw pullers can choose to sell water, fruit juice, pre-paid cards, mobile phones etc. They come to a central rickshaw yard in the morning and load up what they want. At the end of the day the profit is shared between them and SammaaN. The money they get from the passengers is theirs. The incomes of the rickshaw pullers have increased 30 to 40%.

There are other benefits also for which we cannot put any monetary value. Rickshaw pullers now have a sense of belonging and empowerment. Their wives and children attend free evening classes called Sammaan Gyaan. SammaaN has brought dignity to those previously known as menial labourers. SammaaN is profitable. Last fiscal year, it made a profit of 8 lakhs. My mentors emphasize the importance of sustainability.

I: Does SammaaN get directly involved in micro-financing?
No. We just enable the rickshaw pullers to get finance from the banks. Now they pay only the bank loan as instalment and eventually become the owners of the rickshaw.

I: Aren’t cycle rickshaws a dying breed?
Rickshaws are still popular in many parts of the country. In the last 2 to 3 years the number of rickshaws has actually increased in New Delhi by 20%. It is a popular transport to and from the metro stations. I think rickshaws are the vehicles of the future as they are environmental friendly. We have an R&D wing working on a solar- powered fibreglass rickshaw.

I: What were your experiences at the Presidential Entrepreneurship Summit at the USA?

IA: I met some truly great people. I talked to the Nobel Prize Winner Mohammed Yunus. He invited me to Bangladesh to help set up a similar organization for the rickshaw workers there.

I: What is your advice to students on.entrepreneurship? OBRI:
An entrepreneur is one who sees an opportunity and puts conscious efforts to make it an enterprise. People discourage youths from taking this path. It is time that we think of entrepreneurship as a career. It can tackle unemployment in the country. It is important to dream but one has to take calculated risks to achieve your dream.

I: Thank you very much. We wish you the very best foryour unique journey.

(Interview given to Sujata Ramprasad for India Cunents in May 2010, after participating in the Entrepreneurship Summit in Washington.)

About Irfan Alam : He is the founder and chairman of SammaaN Foundation. It is an Indian company which organizes rickshaw pulling sector in Bihar. Samman means respect. He is first to introduce pre-paid cycle.

Three-Wheeled Revolution (Interview) Summary in Malayalam

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Zoology Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Molecular Basis of Inheritance.

Kerala Plus Two Zoology Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 4 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Question 1.
Observe the diagram below: (MAY-2010)

Which among the following is the complimentary sequence of the DNA fragment shown above?
a) 5′ -> ATTCG -> 3′
b) 3′ -> ATTCG -> 5′
c) 3′ -> TAAGC -> 5′
d) 3′ -> CGAAT -> 5′
Answer:
3′ -> TAAGC -> 5′

Question 2.
DNA sequence is provided below:   (MAY-2010)
TACGAGTTATATATACAT
a) Write down the triplet codon- it codes for.
b) If a nitrogen base is added in between 4th & 5th nitrogen bases, what will be its effect on transcription?
Answer:
a) AUG / CUC / AAU / AUA / UAU / GUA
OR
TAC / GAG / TTA / TAT / ATA / CAT
b) Frame shift mutation / point mutation/Mutation / Entire amino acid sequence changed / incorrect protein produced / change in protein structure / incorrect transcription and translation /abnormal protein.

Question 3.
In a paternity dispute, the VNTR DNA samples of parent and child were DNA finger printed. The diagrammatic representation of the DNA fingerprint is shown below.  (MAY-2010)

a) What is your opinion about the paternity of child? Substantiate your opinion.
b) List down any four major steps of molecular biological procedures adopted for this.
Answer:
a) Paternity is confirmed
VNTR bands / finger print bands / bands are similar.
b) Steps of DNA finger printing techniques are
i) Isolation of DNA
ii) Digestion of DNA by restriction endo nuclease
iii) Seperation of DNA fragment by Electrophoresis,
iv) Plotting of DNA fragment into Nitro cellulose
v) Ditection of hybridised DNA by Auto radiography

Question 4.
A transcriptional unit is given below. Observe it and answer the questions.  (MARCH-2012)

a) How can you identify the coding strand?
b) Write the sequence of RNA formed from this unit?
c) What would happen if both strands of the DNA act as templates for transcription?
Answer:
a) Coding strand has 5′ end at the promoter or 5’TCAGTACA3′
b) 5′ UCAGUACA 3′
c) The two RNA will be complimentary and may form double stranded RNA and it prevents the translation.

Question 5.
In E.coli lactose catabolism is controlled by Lac operon. Lac operon in the absence of inducer (lactose) is given below. (MARCH-2012)

a) What is ‘P’?
b) Name the enzymes produced by the structural genes ‘Z’, ‘Y’ and ‘a’?
c) Redraw the diagram in the presence of an inducer.
Answer:
a) Promoter
Z-Bgalactosidase
b) Y – Permease
a-Transacetylase
c)

Question 6.
Following are the first two steps in Griffith transformation experiment: (MAY-2012)
1) S strain 2 Inject into mice 2 mice live
2) R strain 2 Inject into mice 2 mice die
a) If there is any mistake correct it.
b) Write the remaining steps.
Answer:
a) 1. S strain -> inject into mice -> mice die
2. R strain inject into mice -> mice live
b) When Griffith was injected heat-killed S strain into mice, bacteria did not kill them. But he injected a mixture of heat-killed S and live R bacteria, the mice died .

Question 7.
DNA is better genetic material than RNA. Do you agree with this statement ? Substantiate. (MAY-2012)
Answer:
The 2-OH group present at the nucleotide in RNA is a reactive group and makes RNA labile and easily degradable. Hence DNA is less reactive and structurally more stable when compared to RNA. Therefore, among the two nucleic acids, the DNA is a better genetic material.

Question 8.
Given below is the diagrammatic representation of first stage of a process in bacteria. (MAY-2012)

a) Identify the process.
b) Name the enzyme catalyses this process.
c) What are the additional complexities in Eukaryotes for this process?
Answer:
a) Prokaryotic transcription
b) RNA polymerase
c) In eukaryotes hnRNA undergo additional processing called as splicing, capping and tailing.
In splicing the introns are removed and exons are joined together. In capping methyl guanosine triphosphate is added to the 5-end of hnRNA. In tailing, adenylate residues are added at 3-end in a template.The fully processed hnRNA, called as mRNA, that is transported out of the nucleus for translation.

Question 9.
The flow of genetic information is shown below. (MARCH-2013)

Name the processes a, b, c
Answer:
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Reverse transcription

Question 10.
RNA is not an ideal molecule as genetic material because ________. (MARCH-2013)
a) 2’OH group of ribose is reactive and make it labile
b) It is catalytic and hence reactive
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
Answer:
c) Both a and b

Question 11.
Presence of lactose enhances the production of (3 galactosidase and other enzymes in bacteria, how will you explain this phenomenon? (MAY-2013)
Answer:
In lac operon,lactose is the inducer.Inducer binds with repressor protein but repressor cannot bind to op-erator gene,the free operator gene induces the RNA polymerase to bind with promoter and initiates tran-scription Three structural genes synthesise three mRNAs to produce enzymes.

Question 12.
A DNA sequence needed for coding a peptide is given below. (MAY-2013)
CAAGTAAATTGAGGACTC
(Hint: Codons and Aminoacids)
CAAGTAAATTGAGGACTC
UUA-Leu
CCU – Pro
CAU – His
ACU-Thr
GUU-Val
GAG-Glu
a) Write the complementary mRNA coding sequence for this.
b) Find out the amonoacid sequence of the peptide chain using the codons given in the hints.
c) If a mutation cause a change in the sixth codon CTC to CAC. It leads to a mendelian disorder. Identify the disease and write the specific characteristics of the diseasie.
Answer:
a) GUUCAUUUAACUCCUGAG
b) Val,His,Leu,Thr,Pro,Glu
c) Sickle cell anaemia, RBC become sickle shaped and unable to take oxygen .These are destroyed more rapidly leading to anaemia.

Question 13.
Draw a flow chart showing the steps of southern blot hybridization using radio labelled VNTR. (MAY-2013)
Answer:

Question 14.
“Prediction of the sequence of amino acids from the nucleotide sequence in mRNA is very easy, but the exact prediction of the nucleotide sequence in m RNA from the sequence of amino aids coded by mRNA is difficult”.(MARCH-2014)
a) Which properties of the genetic code is the reason for the above condition? Explain.
b) Which are the stop codons in DNA replication?
Answer:
a) Degeneracy – A single aminoacid is represented by many codons (degenerate codons)
b) Stop codons are UAA,UAG,UGA

Question 15.
Diagrammatic representation of Central dogma’ is given below: Observe the diagram carefully and redraw it making appropriate corrections. (MARCH-2014)

Answer:

Question 16.
Explain the phenomenon shown in the following figure and the reason for difference in the production of  II recombinants in Cross A and Cross B as explained by morgan. (MARCH-2014)

Difference in chromosome number of some human beings A, B. C and D are given below:
A) 22 pairs of Autosomes
B) 22 pairs of Autosomes+XO
C) 22 pairs of Autosomes + 1 Autosome
D) 22 pairs of Autosomes+XXY
OR
a) Identify the person who suffers from Klinefelter’s syndrome. Write its symptoms.
b) Differentiate between aneuploidy and polyploidy.
Answer:
The percentage of cross over depends upon the distance between the genes.
The genes are closer in cross A,so the less number of recombinants are produced. This is called link-age.
In cross B, genes are distantly located so more number of recombinants are produced.
OR
a) 22 pairs of autosomes+XXY, Sterile male, poorly developed testis and mental retardation
b) Aneuploidy-failure of separation of chromosomes during cell division results in-the gain or loss of chromosome.
Polyploidy – Failure of cytokinesis aftertelophase results in the increase in a whole set of chromosome

Question 17.
Correct the amino acid sequence of sickle cell haemoglobin. (MAY-2014)

Answer:

Question 18.
Diagram of components of DNA are given below: Identify and differentiate the two diagrams I and II. (MAY-2014)

Answer:
I- Nucleotide II- Nucleoside

Question 19.
a) Identify the diagram and explain. (MAY-2014)

b) In same cases DNA is produced from RNA. Name this process and give example.
Answer:
a) Central Dogma in molecular biology
b) Reverse transcription

Question 20.
a) Define mutation. (MAY-2014)
b) What are the different types of mutation?
Answer:
a) Mutation is a phenomenon which results in alteration of DNA sequences and consequently results in changes in the genotype and the phenotype of an organism
b) physical mutation and chemical mutation

Question 21.
a) Paternity or maternity can be determined by certain scientific methods. What is it? Define. (MAY-2014)
b) Briefly write the* methodology involved in the technique.
c) Comment on its other applications.
Answer:
a) DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting involves identifying differences in some specific regions in DNA sequence
b) i) isolation of DNA
ii) digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases
iii) separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis
iv) transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon
v) hybridisation using labelled VNTR probe
vi) detection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography
c) It is also used in forensic science

Question 22.
Fill in the blanks: (MARCH-2015)
a) _________is a metabolic disorder that occurs due to the lack of an enzyme, that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine.
b) _______is a disease caused by the substitution of Glutamic acid by valine at 6th position.

Answer:
a) Phenylketonuria
b) Sickle-cell anaemia

Question 23.
The flow of genetic information is shown below. Name the process of (a) and (b). (MARCH-2015)

Answer:
a) Trancription
b) Translation

Question 24.
Explain transcription. A transcription unit in DNA is defined primarily by three regions. Write the names of any two regions. (MARCH-2015)
Answer:
Information contained in DNA is copied down to mRNA is called Transcription – Promoter and structural gene.

Question 25.
Observe the diagram and answer the questions: (MAY-2015)

a) What is the difference in the replication processes in A strand and B strand?
b) What is the role of DNA ligase in the replication process in B strand?
c) What is meant by Replication fork?
Answer:
a) In A, replication is continuous and form leading strand but in B replication is discontinuous and form lagging strand.
b) In B, short stretch of Okazaki fragments are connected with the help of DNA ligase and form continuous strand
c) The replication occur within a small opening of the DNA helix, referred to as replication fork. It appears as Y shaped forked structure.

Question 26.
Observe the following diagram and answer the questions: (MAY-2015)

a) Diagrammatically represent the changes take place when lactose is added to the medium.
b) What is the role of z, y and a genes in this metabolic pathway?
Answer:
a)

b) The z gene codes for beta-galactosidase which is responsible for the hydrolysis of the disaccharide, lactose into galactose and glucose. The y gene codes for permease, which increases permeability of the cell to beta-galactosides.The a gene encodes a transacetylase

Question 27.
Read carefully the sequence of codons in the mRNA unit and answer the questions. (MARCH-2016)

a) What change in needed in the first codon to start the translation process?
b) If translation starts by that change, till which codon it can continuous? Why?
Answer:
a) AUG is needed
b) UGA, Termination of translation occurs

Question 28.
Schematic representation of DNA fingerprints are shown below: (MARCH-2016)

[Hints : C is a sample taken from a crime scene, A and B from two suspected individuals]
a) Which one of the suspected individual may involved in the crime?
b) Write any other use of DNA fingerprinting.
Answer:
a) suspected person is B
b) disputed parentage determining population and genetic diversities.

Question 29.
Observe the figure of mRNA and answer the questions: (MAY-2016)

a) Find the start and stop codons.
b) How many amino acids will be present in the protein translated from this mRNA?
c) The additional sequences that are not translated in mRNA are called _______.
Answer:
a) Start codon – AUG
Stop codon – UAG
b) 4
UTR- Untranslated region

Question 30.
a) The hints of the lac operon is given below: (MAY-2016)
Hints:
Inducer, Repressor,
Structural genes, operator Regulatory gene
i) Which substance is acting as inducer in this operon?
ii) Explain the working of operon in presence of the inducer.
OR
b) With the help of the figure given, explain the processing of hnRNA to mRNA in eukaryotes.

Answer:
a) i) lactose inducer
ii) If lactose is present in a medium, it has to be breakdown into glucose and galactose,for this positive control of operon works and structural genes transcribe. The switch on condition of operator gene is due to the binding of RNA polymerase with promotersite. In +ve control, repressor from regulator gene is inactivated due to the presence of lactose.
OR
b) 1) Splicing-the introns are removed and exons are joined together.
2) capping -methyl guanosine triphosphate is added to the 5-end of hnRNA.
3) Tailing- adenylate residues (200-300) are added at 3-end in a template
After these three process, fully processed mRNA is released from nucleus into cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

Question 31.
Examine the following fragment of beta globin chain in human haemoglobin and identify the hereditary disease with reason. (MARCH-2017)

Answer:
Sickle cell anaemia
The defect is caused by the substitution of Glutamic acid by Valine at the sixth position of the beta globin chain of the haemoglobin molecule The mutant haemoglobin molecule under low oxygen tension causing the change in the shape of the RBC from biconcave disc to elongated sickle like structure.

Question 32.
Which of the following combinations do not apply to DNA? (MARCH-2017)
a) Deoxyribose, Guanine
b) Ribose, Adenine
c) Deoxyribose, Uracil
d) Guanine, Thymine
1) (a) and (b)
2) (b) and (c)
3) (c) and (d)
4) (a) and (d)
Answer:
2) b) and c)

Question 33.
Examine the diagram of mRNA given below. Mark the ‘5’ and ‘3’ ends of the mRNA by giving reasons. (MARCH-2017)

Answer:
Polyadynilation always at 3′ end of m RNA ,so the other must be 5′ end.

Question 34.
A small fragment of skin of a different person was extracted from the nails of a murdered person. This fragment of skin led the crime investigators to the murderer. Based on this incident answer the following questions: (MARCH-2017)
1) What technique was used by the investigators?
2) What is the procedure involved in this technique?
OR
In an E. coli culture lactose is used as food instead of glucose. If so, answer the following questions:
1) How do the bacteria respond to the above situation at genetic level?
2) If lactose is removed from the medium what will happen?
Answer:
1) DNA finger printing
2) The technique, is based on following procedure
i) isolation of DNA,
ii) digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases,
iii) separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis,
iv) transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon,
v) hybridisation using labelled VNTR probe, and vi) detection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography
OR
In this closely associated genes function as unit called operon If lactose is present in a medium, it has to be breakdown into glucose and galactose ,for this positive control of operon works and structural genes transcribe with the help of switch on condition of operator gene. This is due to binding of RNA polymerase on promoter site of DNA.

Question 35.
Find the odd one and write the common feature of others. (MAY-2017)
Cytidine, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine.
Answer:
Cytidine, All others are nitrogen bases.

Question 36.
Observe the diagram:  (MAY-2017)

a) Redraw the diagram correctly if any mistake is there.
b) What does the diagram indicate?
c) What is the function of DNA ligase in this process?
Answer:
a)

b) Replication fork.
c) Discontinuously synthesised fragments of DNA are joined by DNA ligase.

Question 37.
Read the codon sequence in the mRNA unit which is undergoing translation.  (MAY-2017)

a) What will happen if the nitrogen base ‘U’ in the sixth position is replaced by ‘A’ by point mutation?
b) Name and define this type of mutation.
c) Draw the base sequence in the coding DNA strand from which the above mRNA is transcribed.
Answer:
a) Translation stop as UAA is a stop codon.
b) In this point mutation one nitrogen base is deleted.
c)

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Zoology Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Principles of Inheritance and Variation.

Kerala Plus Two Zoology Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 3 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Question 1.
Polypeptide chains of two haemoglobin molecules are shown below. One of the chains shows an abnormality. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions. (MARCH-2010)

a) Which of the polypeptide chain in haemoglobin is abnormal leading to a disease?
b) What is the reason for this abnormality?
c) What will be the effect of this change in polypeptide chain?
Answer:
a) A
b) Substitution of glutamic acid by valine in the 6th position of polypeptide chain.
c) The RBC become sickle shaped causing a disease sickle cell anaemia / Affect the o₂ carrying capacity of RBC.

Question 2.
To find out the unknown genotype of a violet flowered pea plant a researcher done the following cross. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions: (Hint: Violet flower colourin pea plant is dominant over white). (MARCH-2010)

a) What would be the above cross called?
b) Can you determine the unknown genotype of violet flowered parent by drawing Punnet square?
Answer:
a) Test cross
b)

Genotype of unknown parent Ww/ Heterozygous.

Question 3.
Some genetic abnormalities, their genotypes and features are distributed in columns A, B and C respectively. Match them correctly. (MAY-2010)

Answer:

Question 4.
The flow charts A and B given below represents the inheritance of normal haemoglobin and sickle cell haemoglobin: (MAY-2010)

a) Observe flow chart A and complete the flow chart B.
b) Note down the genotype of a sickel cell anaemia patient and mention the symptom of the disease.
c) Mention the peculiarity of Hb^A Hb^s phenotype.

Answer:
a)

b) Sickle cell Anemia genotype is homozygous for Hb^s (Hb^sHb^s).
Symptoms
SevereAnemia
Oxygen shortage etc.
Haemoglobin becomes sickle shaped.
c) Hb^A Hb^s indicate heterozygous individuals, who are the carrier of sickle cell Anemia, but unaffected ones.

Question 5.
After analyzing’the karyotype of a short statured round headed person with mental retardation, a general physician noticed an addition of autosomal chromosome. (MARCH-2011)
Answer the following questions.
a) Addition or deletion of chromosome generally results in ______
b) What may be the possible syndrome or disorder of the above person should suspected to be?
c) Suggest two / more morphological peculiarities to confirm the chromosome disorder in that person.
Answer:
a) Aneuploidy / Chromosomal disorders/ Chromo-somal abberrations/Chromosomal mutations.
b) Down’s syndrome / Mongolism / Trisomy 21st / 45A + xx / xy.
c) Furrowed tongue, partially opened mouth, Broad palm, Skin fold at the corner of the eye.
Two correct points.

Question 6.
The frequency of occurrence of Royal disease or . haemophilia is high in the pedigree of royal families of Queen Victoria. Which of the following cannot be generally inferred from this? (MARCH-2011)
a) Queen Victoria was not homozygous forthe disease.
b) Many heterozygous females were there in the Royal families.
c) Non-Royal families were not affected with haemophilia.
d) There is less possibility to become a female diseased.
e) Generally a diseased female cannot survive after the first menstruation.
f) Pedigreee analysis is the study of inheritance patterns of traits in human females.
Answer:
‘C’ and ‘f ’ c₁ non royal families were not affected with haemophilia.
f₂ Pedegree analysis is the study of inheritance pattern of traits in human females.

Question 7.
A couple have two daughters. The blood group of husband and wife is ‘O’ (MARCH-2011)
a) What is the possible blood groups of the children should have?
b) Whether any change in blood group will occur if they have two sons instead of daughters.
Substantiate your answer.
Answer:
a) O group
b) No.
There is no sex specificity in blood group alleles / Co-dominance / Homozygous recessive. Not related to sex chromosomes or autosomes /

Question 8.
Complete the table using suitable terms. (MARCH-2012)
Turner’s syndrome (a) ______ Sterile female
(b) __________44A + XXY (c) _________
(d) __________ Trisomy 21 Mental retardation
Answer:
a) 44A + X0
b) Klinefelters Syndrome
c) Sterile male
d) Down’s Syndrom

Question 9.
In pea plant the gene for yellow seed colour is dominant over green and round seed shape is dominant over wrinkled. Write the four types of gametes formed in a heterozygous pea plant with yellow and round seeds. (Yy Rr).
Answer:
YR Yr yR yr

Question 10.
The first child of a couple is affected with phenylketonuria. During the second pregnancy they visited a genetic counsellor and he prepared a pedigree chart of their family. (MARCH-2012)
a) What is pedigree analysis?
b) Draw the symbols for
i) Affected female.
ii) Sex unspecified.
iii) Consanguineous mating.
Answer:
a) It is the study of inheritance of a trait for several generation of a family.
b)

Question 11.
Diagrammatic representation of chromosome map of Drosophila is given below: (MARCH-2012)

Y – Yellow
W – White
M – Miniature
a) Which genes are more linked?
b) Who mapped the chromosome firstly?
c) Tightly linked genes show low recombination. Why?
Answer:
a) y and w
b) Alfred Sturtevant
c) Crossing over rarely takes between genes

Question 12.
Work of a student is given below:  (MAY-2012)

a) From the above give an example for genotype and phenotype.
b) Complete the work’using punnett square and find out the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation.
Answer:
a) First filial generation Genotype-RrYy,Phenotype- round yellow

Question 13.
Identify the traits from the pedigree chart. Give one example each.  (MAY-2012)

Answer:
a) Autosomal dominant trait
Eg. Muscular dystrophy
b) Autosomal recessive trait
Eg. Sickle cell anaemia

Question 14.
A poultry farm manager was cursing his hens for producting lion share of cocks in its progeny. Hearing this, Kumar – farm attender starts to blame his wife for delivering consecutive girl children. Analyze the situtations scientifically and state whether you agree with kumar.  (MARCH-2013)
Answer:
No, During spermatogenesis two types of gametes are produced of which 50 per cent carry the X- chromosome and the rest 50 per cent has Y- chromosome besides the autosomes. Females produce only one type of ovum with an X- chromosome.
In case the ovum fertilises with a sperm carrying X- chromosome the zygote develops into a female (XX) and with Y-chromosome results into a male offspring. Thus the genetic makeup of the sperm that determines the sex of the child.

Question 15.
In the given pedigree the shaded figures denote individuals expressing a specific trait. (MARCH-2013)

Which of the following is the most probable mode of inheritance of this trait.
Answer:
Principles of inheritance & Variation
A – Simple Mendelian Recessive
B – Co dominant relationship of a single pair of alleles.
C- X – linked recessive transmission
D – X- linked dominant transmission
E – Polygenic inheritance.
X-Linked recessive transmission

Question 16.
“Gopalan argues that if father is of A’ blood group, mother is of ‘B’ blood group. Their children can only be A’ group, B group or AB’ group.” (MARCH-2014)
a) Do you agree with Gopalan’s Argument ?
b) Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
a) No ,All groups are possible including O group
b) 

Question 17.
Identify the syndrome from the genotype given below: (MAY-2014)
1) 44 Autosomes + XXY
2) 44 Autosomes + XO
Answer:
1) Klinefelters syndrome
2) Turners syndrome

Question 18.
The family of Queen Victoria shows a number of haemophilic descendants as she was the carrier of the disease. Name the pattern of inheritance of this royal disease. (MAY-2014)
Answer:
Sex linked inheritance .
The heterozygous female (carrier) for haemophilia may transmit the disease to sons.
(Criss cross inheritance)

Question 19.

a) Identify the syndrome from the diagram, and write the genotype. (MARCH-2015)
b) It occurs in both sexes (male and female)? Write the reason.
Answer:
a) Downs syndrome , 45 A+XX or 45A+XY
b) The cause of this genetic disorder is the presence of an additional copy of the chromosome number 21 (trisomy of 21).

Question 20.
It is evident that, it is the genetic make up of the sperm that determine the sex of the child in human beings. Substantiate. (MARCH-2015)
Answer:
During spermatogenesis among males, two types of gametes are produced. 50% of the total sperm produced carry the X-chromosome and the rest 50 per cent has Y-chromosome besides the autosomes. In case the ovum fertilises with a sperm carrying X- chromosome the zygote develops into a female (XX) and the fertilisation of ovum with Y-chromosome carrying sperm results into a male offspring. Hence the genetic makeup of the sperm that determines the sex of the child.

Question 21.
Diagrammatic representation of the pedigree analysis of the inheritance of sickle cell anaemia is shown below: (MAY-2015)

a) Name the type of inheritance shown in the figure.
b) Write the genotype of A and B.
(Hint: Disease is controlled by a pair of alleles Hb^A & Hb^s)
Represent pedigree analysis of an X-linked recessive inheritance diagrammatically.
Answer:
a) Mendalian inheritance
b) A-Hb^A Hb^s B- Hb^A Hb^s

Question 22.
Observe the inheritance shown in A (MAY-2015)

a) Name the type of inheritance shown in A and B.
b) What is the difference between the two types of inheritance.?
Answer:
a) A- Dominance B-Co dominance
b) In dominance , dominant gene mask the expression of recessive gene and tall character in F₁ progenies but in co dominance both dominant gene express together and shows AB blood group.

Question 23.
Results of a famous experiment is given in the figure. Answer the questions. (MARCH-2016)

a) Identify the experiment.
b) Which property of the DNA is proved by this experiment?
Answer:
a) Semiconservative DNA replication experiment
b) During DNA replication one parent strand is conserved

Question 24.
Which of the following is not a Mendelian disorder? (MARCH-2016)
i) Colourblindess
ii) Down’s syndrome
iii) Haemophilia
iv) Thalassemia
Answer:
ii) Down’s syndrome

Question 25.
Study the following cross and answer the questions. (MARCH-2016)

[Hint: ABO blood group in man is controlled by three alleles I^A, I^B, and i]

a) Write the geno types of Father, Mother and Son.
b) The type of dominance of human blood group inheritance is ________.
Answer:
Father-I_A i or i i Mother-I_B or i i Son-i i

Question 26.
Observe the figures and answer the questions. (MARCH-2016)

a) Identify the syndromes A and B.
b) What is the chromosome numbers in A and B?
Answer:
a) A-KlinefelterSyndrome;
B- Turner’s Syndrome
b) A-47 B-45

Question 27.
a) Complete the flow chart of chromosomal disorder by filling the blank boxes (A and B). (MAY-2016)

b) What is an euploidy?
Answer:
a) A-monosomy of sex chromosome B – Klinefelters syndrome
b) Failure of separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meosis lead to gain or loss of chromosome, it is called aneupoidy.

Question 28.
Observe the figure below and answer the questions following: (MAY-2016)

a) Identify the figure
b) What shows the shaded symbols used?
Answer:
a) Pedigree analysis or Autosomal dominant trait
b) Individuals with genetic disorder (male and female)

Question 29.
The following table shows the F₂ generation of a dihybrid cross, identify the ‘Phenotype’ with homozygous recessive genotype.(MARCH-2017)
Find out A : B : C : D.

Answer:
B , Genotype A: B:C:D: = 3:1:9:3 OR 9:3:3:1

Question 30.
Which of the following do not have similar sex chromosomes? (Homogametic) (MARCH-2017)
a) Human female
b) Drosophila female
c) Bird female
d) Bird male
Answer:
c) Bird female

Question 31.
Observe the following diagram and answer the questions: (Hint: Steps in making a cross in pea plant) (MAY-2017)

a) Name the process marked as A and write its significance.
b) Diagrammatically represent a monohybrid cross between Tall and dwarf pea plants.
Answer:
a) Removal of anthers from female plants
Significance –It prevents self pollination and fertilization

Question 32.
Observe the diagrammatic representation of the following pedigree analysis and answer the questions (MAY-2017)
a) Describe the type of inheritance shown in the diagram.
b) Distinguish between Mendelian disorder and chromosomal disorder with example.

Answer:
a) Sex linked inheritance
b) Mendelian disorder is determined by mutation in the single gene.
These disorders are transmitted to off springs in the same line as the principles of inheritance.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Zoology Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Reproductive Health.

Kerala Plus Two Zoology Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 2 Reproductive Health

Question 1.
Diagram shown below is a surgical method used for female sterilization. (MARCH-2010)
a) What is the method shown in diagram?
b) Mention any two Intra uterine devices to prevent conception.
c) What is the surgical method of male sterilization called?

Answer:
a) Tubectomy
b) Any two methods (Cu-T, Cu-7, loop, Multibad-375, Hormone producing progestogent, LNG-20 etc)
c) Vasectomy

Question 2.
Select the Assisted Reproductive Technique that uses an early embryo with upto 8 blastomeres.   (MAY-2010)
a) ZIFT
b) IUT
c) GIFT
d) IUI
Answer:
a) ZIFT

Question 3.
One among the contraceptive method is peculiar. Find the odd one. What is common among others?  (MARCH-2011)
a) Periodic abstinence
b) Coitus interruptus
c) Lactational amenorrhea
d) lUD’s
Answer:
d) lUD’s
Others are natural contraceptives/Natural methods/ Others have more chance of conception / IUD is the barrier method.

Question 4.
The treatment facility advertised on the brochure of a private clinic is shown below.  (MARCH-2011)
a) Can you suggest what type of a clinic it is ?
b) Make a brief note on any three of the treatment procedure.

Answer:
a) Infertility clinic / Fertility treatment clinic / Assisted Reproductive clinic or Hospital.
b) IVF-Invitro Fertilization
ZIFT – Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer
GIFT – Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
IUI – Intra Uterine Insemination.

Question 5.
“STDs present a major health concern in both industralized and developing countries.”  (MARCH-2012)
a) What do you mean by STDs?
b) Name two STDs.
c) Suggest two preventive measures.
Answer:
a) Sexually transmitted diseases
b) Gonorrhoea and Syphilis
c) Avoid sex with unknown partners and use condom during coitus.

Question 6.
Find out the odd one from the following, write the reason.  (MAY-2012)
a) CuT
b) Cu7
c) LNG-20
d) Multiload – 375
Answer:
LNG-20

Question 7.
One couple came to know that they have a girl child during fourth month of pregnancy and they decide to do MTP.  (MAY-2012)
a) What is MTP ?
b) At which stage of pregnancy MTP relatively safe?
c) How will you respond to the decision of female foeticide by the couple?
Answer:
a) Medical termination of pregnancy
b) MTPs are safe during the first trimester, i.e., upto 12 weeks of pregnancy.
c) MTPs must be essential where continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus.

Question 8.
One of your friend argued that anti-retroviral drugs are effective medicine to treat AIDS.  (MAY-2012)
a) What is your opinion about it?
b) How HIV affect out immunity?
Answer:
a) It prevents the growth and multiplication of viruses
b) HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates and produce progeny viruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes, as result the patient becomes immuno-deficient

Question 9.
Most often HIV infection occur due to conscious behaviour patterns. Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate your answer.  (MARCH-2013)
Answer:
No,
1) blood transfusion
2) During birth of child
Yes,
1) sexual contact
2) Intraveinous injection

Question 10.
Suggest the ART which may be successful in the following conditions. (MARCH-2013)
a) A female cannot produce ovum, but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further development.
b) Male partner is unable to inseminate the female or has very low sperm count.
c) Fusion of gametes and zygote formation does not occur within the body of the female.
Answer:
a) Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube (GIFT – gamete intra fallopian transfer) of another female who cannot produce one, but provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development
b) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Here a sperm is directly injected into the ovum. It is the procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory
c) In vitro fertilisation (IVF—fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body) followed by embryo transfer (ET).

Question 11.
Prepare a pamphlet for Adolescent children to make them aware of alcohol and drug abuse. (MAY-2013)
Answer:
Education and counseling, moral education, Avoid undue peer pressure .visual publicity through TV, seeking professional and medical help etc.

Question 12.
One of your neighbour is suffering from itching, fluid discharge, slight pain and swelling in genital region. (MARCH-2014)
a) What do you think the disease he is suffering from?
b) What measures are to be taken to prevent such diseases?
Answer:
a) Sexually transmitted disease (STD) Eg-gonor- rhoea, syphilis etc.
b) 1) Avoid unknown sexual partner
2) Use condoms during coitus

Question 13.
Expand the following abbreviations which are commonly used in reproductive health: (MARCH-2014)
a) ART
b) ZIFT
Answer:
a) ART – Assisted reproductive techonology
b) ZIFT – Zygote intra fallopian transfer

Question 14.
______ and _____ are two surgical contraceptive methods in males and females respectively. (MAY-2014)
Answer:
Vasectomy,Tubectomy

Question 15.
Sex of the baby is determined by the father, not by the mother. Substantiate. (MAY-2014)
Answer:
ovum fertilises with a sperm carrying X- chromosome the zygote develops into a female (XX) and the fertilisation of ovum with Y-chromosome carrying sperm results into a male offspring. Hence the genetic make up of the sperm that determines the sex of the child.

Question 16.
Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country? Is this ban necessary? Comment. One use of amniocentesis. (MAY-2014)
Answer:
Yes, Ban on amniocentesis for sex-determination to legally check increasing female foeticides. It is a foetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.

Question 17.
Identify the diagram and write how it acts? (MARCH-2015)

Answer:
Copper T (CuT), lUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.

Question 18.
Foetal sex can be determined by a test based on the chromosomal pattern from the amniotic fluid.  (MARCH-2015)
a) What is this test?
b) Revealing of sex determination through this test is banned. Is this ban necessary? Comment.
c) Invitro fertilization followed by embryo transfer is known as _____.
Answer:
a) Aminocentesis
b) Yes, Ban on amniocentesis for sex- determination to legally check increasing female foeticides.
c) Test tube baby programme

Question 19.
If proper care and attention is not given by adults, adolescents may become addicted to drugs/ alcohol.” What is your opinion about this statement? Substantiate your answer.  (MAY-2015)
Answer:
Adolescence is a bridge linking childhood and adulthood. It is the very vulnerable phase of mental and psychological development of an individual. Repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of the receptors present in our body increases. Consequently the receptors respond only to higher doses of drugs or alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction.

Question 20.
Some techniques commonly used for infertility treatment are given below. Read them carefully and answer the questions.  (MAY-2015)
ZIFI , GJFF, ICSI, IUI, IVF
a) Which of the above technique is used forthe collection of sperm from the husband or a healthy donor and artificially introduced into the vagina or uterus of the female?
b) Distinguish between ZIFT and GIFT.
c) Write the common term used to denote ‘ tech-niques given above
Answer:
a) IUI
b) ZIFT- Ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory. The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) are transferred into the fallopian tube
b) GIFT-Transferof an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce it ,but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation
c) Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

Question 21.
Categorise the given birth control methods into three groups with proper heads.  (MARCH-2016)
Cervical caps, Vasectomy, Cu T, Tubectomy, Diaphragms, Condom, Lippes Loop
Answer:
lUDs- Cu T, LiPPes loop
Barrier method- Diaphrams, Condoms Cervical caps, surgical method – Vasectomy, Tubectomy,

Question 22.
Diagnostic report of two couples having infertility problems are given below:  (MAY-2016)
1) The woman cannot produce ovum.
2) The man has very low sperm count in semen. Suggest a suitable Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) for each problem in expanded form
Answer:
1) GIFT -Gamete intra fallopian transfer
2) lUI-Intra uterine insemination/AI-Artificial insemination.

Question 23.
Which of the following pairs of STDs is completely curable?  (MARCH-2017)
1) HIV, Hepatitis-B
2) Hepatitis-B, Gonorrhoea
3) Syphilis, Gonorrhoea
4) Chlamydomonas, genital-herpes
Answer:
3) syphilis, gonorrohea

Question 24.
a) What is ART?  (MARCH-2017)
b) Categorize the following ARTs based on their applications in male sterility and female sterility:
GIFT, Al
Answer:
a) In the case of infertility, the couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques commonly known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART),
b) GIFT-Female,
Al – Male