Away from Diseases Notes Questions and Answers Class 5 Basic Science Chapter 2 Kerala Syllabus

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Away from Diseases Class 5 Questions and Answers Notes

Class 5 Basic Science Chapter 2 Question Answer Notes Pdf Away from Diseases

Basic Science Class 5 Chapter 2 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Let Us Assess

Question 1.
Write down five decisions you have taken to maintain personal hygiene.
Answer:

• I make sure to wash my hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially before eating, after using the restroom, and after being in public places.
• I take a bath or shower daily to cleanse my body, remove dirt, and reduce the risk of skin infections.
• I brush my teeth at least twice a day and floss daily to maintain oral health and prevent dental problems like cavities and gum disease.
• I choose clean, comfortable clothing and change them regularly to avoid skin irritation and infections.
• I maintain a balanced diet and stay hydrated, which supports overall health and helps keep my skin and body in good condition.

Question 2.
Personal and social hygiene are important in preventing communicable diseases. Do you agree with this statement? Please elaborate.
Answer:
Yes, I agree that personal and social hygiene are important for preventing communicable diseases. When we wash our hands, bathe regularly, and brush our teeth, we help keep germs away from our bodies. Covering our mouths when we cough or sneeze and not sharing personal items also helps prevent germs from spreading to others. These practices protect us and those around us, especially those who are more vulnerable, like older people and those who are sick. By keeping ourselves clean and careful about how we interact with others, we can all help keep our community healthy.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the following precautions that we should take to control vector-borne diseases?

• Eliminate conditions that cause sewage accumulation.
• Disposal of garbage in public places.
• If water retention is unavoidable, breed fish such as Guppy and Gambusia in it.
• Food items need not be kept covered.
• Use food items only after rashing.
• Drink boiled water.
• Keep the house and surroundings clean.
• Practice proper waste disposal at the source.

Answer:

• I agree with the following precautions
• Eliminate conditions that cause sewage accumulation.
• If water retention is unavoidable, breed fish such as Guppy and Gambusia in it.
• Use food items only after washing.
• Drink boiled water.
• Keep the house and surroundings clean.
• Practice proper waste disposal at the source.

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare and present a play to educate the public about the circumstances in which communicable diseases spread and the precautions we need to take against them.
Answer:
Title: Germ Busters
Setting : A community park where people of all ages gather.
Characters:
Dr. Clean : The knowledgeable doctor who educates about health.
Deva : A curious young boy who loves playing outdoors.
Ms. Neat : A role model for cleanliness and good hygiene.
Mr. Messy: A character who often ignores hygiene rules.

Act 1 : Meet the Germs
Scene 1 : In the Park
Dr. Clean: (Enter, greeting the audience) “Hello, everyone! Today, we’re going on an adventure to learn about germs and how we can keep them away!”
Deva : “What are germs, Dr. Clean?”
Dr. Clean: “Germs are tiny creatures that can make us sick. They can spread in many ways, so
we need to be careful.”
Scene 2 : How Germs Spread
Dr. Clean: “Germs can spread through the air by touching things or by not washing our hands.”
Mr. Messy : (Ignoring the advice, touches his thee without washing his hands)
Ms. Neat : (Shows proper handwashing) “Always wash your hands with soap and water before eating and after playing.”

Act 2: Staying Safe
Scene 1 : In the Community
Deva : “What can we do to stop germs, Dr. Clean?”
Dr. Clean: “We can follow some simple rules to stay healthy.”
Ms Neat : “Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and use a tissue or your elbow.”
Dr. Clean: “Keep our surroundings clean. Dispose of trash properly, and don’t leave water
standing where mosquitoes can breed.”
Scene 2 : At Home
Dr. Clean: “At home, eat clean food, drink boiled water, and keep your living areas tidy.”
Ms Neat : “And remember, if you feel sick, tell an adult and get rest.”

Act 3 : Germ Busters in Action
Scene 1 : Everyone Joins In
Deva : (Excitedly) “Let’s all begerm busters and keep our community safe!”
Dr. Clean: “Great idea. By practising good hygiene, we can all help keep each other healthy.”
Ms Neat : “Let’s all work together and be responsible germ-busters!”
Finale:
Dr. Clean: “Thank you for learning about germs with us today! Remember, good hygiene is our best defence. Stay healthy, everyone!”

Question 2.
Prepare a ‘Waste Map’ of the school premises. Prepare guidelines for making the school environment litter-free on the basis of the information on the map.
Answer:
Creating a ‘Waste Map’ for the school and following guidelines to keep the school clean can be straightforward and effective.

Step 1: Prepare the Waste Map

• Identify Areas: Walk around the school and mark areas where waste is commonly found, like classrooms, hallways, and the cafeteria.
• Mark Bins: Place symbols on the map where different types of waste bins (for recyclables, compost, and trash) are located.

Step 2: Guidelines for a Litter-Free School

• Sort Waste: Teach students to separate their waste into recyclables. compost, and trash bins.
• Keep Bins Accessible: Make sure there are plenty of bins in convenient locations so everyone can use them easily.
• Educate Everyone: Hold talks or distribute information about why it’s important to dispose of waste properly.
• Encourage Reusable Items: Suggest using reusable water bottles, lunch boxes, and bags to reduce waste.
• Clean Regularly: Set up a schedule for cleaning different parts of the school to keep them tidy.
• Community Involvement: Organize events where students and staff can come together to clean up the school grounds.
• Monitor and Adapt: Keep an eye on how the waste management system is working and make changes if needed.
• Celebrate Cleanliness: Acknowledge the efforts of students and classes that do a good job at keeping their areas clean.
  By following these steps, your school can stay clean and make it a better place for everyone.

Away from Diseases Notes Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What could be the reason for the fever?
Answer:
It might be spread from others having fever.

Question 2.
What should be done to prevent the spreading of the disease to others?
Answer:
Avoid contact with the infected people.
Avoid using things like towels used by infected people.
A disease is when your body isn’t working properly because of germs or problems inside it, making you feel sick.

Question 3.
Write the names of diseases you know.
Answer:
Fever, common cold, cough, chicken pox, cholera, asthma. dengue. cancer, diabetes, malaria, heart diseases etc.

Question 4.
Complete the table

Communicable diseases	Non-communicable diseases
Dengue fever	Cancer
Jaundice	Diabetes
—	—
—	—

Answer:

Communicable diseases	Non-communicable diseases
Dengue fever	Cancer
Jaundice	Diabetes
Common cold	Asthma
Malaria	Hypertension
Cholera	Blood pressure
Covid	Alzheimer’s disease

Question 5.
Why do we cover our nose and mouth with a handkerchief when we cough or sneeze?
Answer:
Little drops can fly into the air when we cough or sneeze. There are germs in these drops that could make other people sick. When we put a cloth over our mouth and nose, those droplets get caught and go nowhere. This stops the spread of diseases and helps keep everyone around us healthy.

Question 6.
Why do we keep food items covered?
Answer:
We keep food items covered to protect them from dirt. germs. and insects. When food is left uncovered, dust and tiny germs from the air can land on it, which might make us sick if we eat it.

Question 7.
In what ways do disease-causing microorganisms enter the human body? Discuss and complete the idea chart.

Answer:

Question 8.
Write down the conditions in which vectors multiply.

Vectors	Conditions in which they multiply
Housefly
Mosquito	Mosquitoes breed in discarded plastic bags, bottles, coconut shells and stagnant water.
Rat

Answer:

Vectors	Conditions in which they multiply
Housefly	Houseflies multiply quickly in warm, moist environments with a lot of decaying matter.
Mosquito	Mosquitoes breed in discarded plastic bags, bottles, coconut shells and stagnant water.
Rat	Rats multiply quickly in environments with plenty of food, water, shelter, and warmth.

Question 9.
What can we do to control vectors? Discuss ¡n the class and write down in the science diary
Answer:
To control vectors like mosquitoes and rats, you can:

• Keep living areas clean to reduce food and water sources.
• Eliminate stagnant water where mosquitoes breed.
• Install window screens and use bed nets to keep vectors out.
• Close gaps and cracks in buildings to prevent rats and insects from entering.
• Apply insect repellents on skin and clothing.
• Dispose of garbage properly to reduce breeding sites.
• Regularly clean and disinfect areas where food is prepared and stored.

Question 10.
What are the precautions to avoid mosquito bites?
Answer:

• Keep doors and windows closed in the evening.
• Apply mosquito repellants to your skin and clothes.
• Wear long sleeves and pants to cover your skin.
• Use mosquito nets, over your bed while sleeping.
• Mosquitoes arc weak fliers, so using fans can help to keep them away.

Some more methods to prevent diseases that spread through air, water, food, soil,etc. are

Diseases	Things to keep in mind to prevent diseases
Diseases that spread through food and water	Use fruits and vegetables after washing. Keep food items covered. Drink boiled water.
Diseases that spread through air and contact	Avoid contact with the sick person. Don’t use the sick person’s handkerchief, clothes, etc. Use mask. Maintain personal hygiene.
Diseases that spread through soil and sewage	Use footwear. Prevent wounds in the body from getting into contact with sewage. Wash hands and legs with soap if they get dirty.

Question 11.
What can you do to’ ensure that your home, school, and washrooms are clean to prevent disease?
Answer:

• Sweep, mop, and dust all areas regularly to remove dirt and germs.
• Dispose of garbage in closed bins and take out the trash frequently.
• Clean and disinfect toilets, sinks, and faucets regularly to kill germs.
• Repair any leaks in pipes and faucets to prevent mould and stagnant water where pests can breed.

Question 12.
Enquire about other diseases that affect plants and organisms. Write them in the science diary.
Answer:
Other diseases in plants

• Tobacco Mosaic Virus
• Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
• Rusts that affect cereals and other crops
• Late Blight that affects potatoes and tomatoes
• Bacterial Wilt
• Banana Bunchy Top Virus

Other diseases in animals

• Avian Influenza
• White…Nose Syndrome
• Rabies
• Canine Parvovirus
• Anthrax
• Brucellosis

Question 13.
Prepare and display posters related to personal hygiene and environmental hygiene.
Answer:
Immunie
Our bodies naturally have the ability to control and fight pathogens once they enter the body. This is called natural immunity. This ability varies from person to person. The body is unable to develop natural immunity against some communicable diseases such as polio and hepatitis-B. We need to take vaccinations to avoid such diseases. This is called acquired immunity.

Question 14.
Which of these are good health habits? Tick them.

• Wash hands only after meals.
• Brush teeth every night after meals.
• Do not trim the nails of the feet and hands.
• Use footwear when walking outside.
• Eat fruits that birds gnaw.
• Do not consume snacks and drinks; keep them open.
• Spit in public places.
• Bathe daily.

Answer:

• Brush teeth every night after meals.
• Use footwear when walking outside.
• Bathe daily.

Question 15.
Which diseases should be vaccinated against?
Answer:
Tetanus, polio, Covid- 19, hepatitis A and B, and measles are some of the diseases that people should be vaccinated against.

Question 16.
Which are the mandatory vaccines to be taken by the age of 16? Discuss in class.
Answer:
The mandatory vaccines to be taken by the age of 16

• DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis)
• IPv (Inactivated Poliovirus)
• MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
• Varicella (Chickenpox)
• Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
• Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis)
• HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

Question 17.
Collect more information from interviews with health workers. Do you need to prepare a questionnaire to interview the healthcare professionals? Which questions can be included?
Answer:
Here are some questions that you can include in the interview.

• What are the mandatory vaccines that should be administered by the age of 16?
• Why are these vaccines important?
• At what ages should these vaccines be given?
• Are there any boosters required for these vaccines during childhood and adolescence?
• What are the common side effects of these vaccines?
• How do healthcare providers manage these side effects?
• Are these vaccines readily available in most healthcare facilities?
• How can families ensure they are keeping up with the vaccination schedule?

Question 18.
Complete the chart.

Preventive vaccines
Name of the vaccine	Age	Disease
Polio vaccine		Polio
Tetanus-Diphtheria	10 years
vaccine	16 years

Answer:

Question 19.
Proper awareness Is to be given to the people regarding the mode of transmission of diseases and the methods of prevention. What can we do about this?
Answer:

• Drama
• Puppetry
• Cartoon
• Poster
• Workshops and seminars
• Health fairs

Basic Science Class 5 Chapter 2 Away from Diseases Question Answer Notes

Question 1.
What could be the reason for the increase in communicable diseases during the rainy season?
Answer:
Due to sewage buildup

Question 2.
Enlist the names of some diseases that you are aware of.
Answer:

• Stomach pain
• Dengue
• Bird fever
• Rat fever
• Common cold
• Pig fever
• Chikungunya
• Headache
• Covid.

Question 3.
“All diseases are communicable”. Is this true or false?
Answer:
False

Question 4.
List the diseases ¡n the box as non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases.
Anaemia, Common cold, Chicken pox, Measles, Tuberculosis, Leptospirosis, Typhoid,Kwashiorkor, Diabetes, Hypertension, Headache, Stomachache, Acidity, Epilepsy,Asthma, Cholera, Jaundice, Diarrhoea, Elephantiasis, Malarial fever, Dengue fever,Chikungunya, Haemophilia, Heart diseases, kidney stone, Cancer, Mental diseases,Corona, Plague, Leprosy, Diphtheria, Asthma, Heart diseases, Kidney stone, Cancer,Mental diseases.
Answer:

Contagious/Communicable	Non-contagious/Non-communicable
Common cold	Anaemia
Chickenpox	Kwashiorkor
Measles	Diabetes
Tuberculosis	Hypertension
Leptospirosis	Headache
Typhoid	Stomachache
Cholera	Acidity
Jaundice	Epilepsy
Diarrhoea	Asthma
Elephantiasis	Heart diseases
Malarial fever	Kidney stone
Dengue fever	Cancer
Chikungunya	Mental diseases
Corona
Plague
Leprosy
Diphtheria

Question 5.
What are microorganisms?
Answer:
Diseases are caused by the action of microorganisms like viruses, fungi and bacteria. Diseases spread when these microorganisms get transmitted from one infected person to another.

Question 6.
What are the ways by which the disease-causing microorganisms get transmifted from one  person to another?
Answer:

• Through Water
• Through Food
• Through Air
• Through Creatures
• Through Waste Materials

Question 7.
How does the housefly transmit disease?
Answer:
House flies are carriers of microorganisms. Houseflies from dirty places sit on uncovered foods. When we eat this contaminated food, the microorganisms will reach our bodies and transmit diseases.

Question 8.
Fill up suitably.
Common cold : Air
Jaundice : ____?
Answer:
Contaminated food and water.

Question 9.
Are different diseases like Chikungunya, dengue fever, filariasis and diarrhoea spread by the same creature?
Answer:
No. Chikungunya, dengue fever and filariasis are spread by mosquitoes. However, diarrhoea is snread throwh contaminated water

Question 10.
Why do we take vaccines? How does it protect us from diseases?
Answer:
We take vaccines to protect us from diseases. Vaccinations provide artificial immunity to the body against diseases.

Question 11.
What arc the hygiene habits?
Answer:

• Wash the hands and mouth well before and after food.
• Cut nails once a week.
• Wear clean clothes.
• Wash hands with Soap after going to the toilet.
• Never eat uncovered food sold in the street.
• Never eat fruits without washing them properly.
• Keep the premiscs clean.
• Got to bed at night only after brushing teeth.
• Avoid very hot and very cold food.
• Use a handkerchief while coughing and sneezing.

Question 12.
What causes diseases?
Answer:
Microorganisms.

Question 13.
Activity
Listen to Appu’s opinion

a. What is your response to Appu’s opinion?
b. Complete the circles given below including the benefits of microorganisms.

Answer:
a. No. I do not support Appu’s opinion. Microorganisms are causing diseases, but they are also useful in many ways, like turning milk into curd, etc.
b.
a) Fermentation of rice batter.
b) Converting atmospheric nitrogen into salts in the soil, which plants easily absorb.
d) Decomposing faecal matter into the soil.

Question 14.
Find the odd one.
a. Common cold, chicken pox, measles, rat fever
b. Typhoid, cholera, conjunctivitis
c. Filariasis, Malaria, dengue fever, Cholera
Answer:
a. Rat fever [mode of transmission is through food & water]
b. Conjunctivitis [through contact]
c. Cholera [through housefly]

Question 15.
a. Are different diseases like Chikungunya. dengue fever, filariasis and diarrhoea spread by the same creature?
b. What are the ways by which the disease-causing microorganisms get transmitted from one person to another?
Answer:
a. No, mosquitos spread chikungunya, dengue fever and Filariasis. However, diarrhoea is spread through contaminated water.
b.

• through rater
• through food
• through air
• through vectors
• through waste materials
• through the use of an unsterilised needle

Question 16.
What are the diseases that can be prevented by destroying mosquitoes?
Answer:
Chikungunya, dengue fever, malaria and filanasis.

Question 17.
Microorganisms are very helpful too. Write some examples.
Answer:

• lurning milk into curd
• Fermentation of rice batter
• Converting atmospheric nitrogen into salts in the soil, which plants easily absorb.
• Decomposing faecal matter into the soil.
• Used in the industries of milk products, vinegar, jute. tobacco, leather, etc.
• Utilised in the field of medicine.

Question 18.
Activity
Read the news headlines

a. Prepare a poster to create awareness among the society against such pandemic diseases.
b. Name any two diseases that spread through contact.
Answer:
a. Avoid Artificial Food And Drinks.
Cover Your Mouth And Nose While Coughing Or Sneezing
Don’t Take Food Kept Open In The Air.
b.

• Common cold
• Chickenpox

Question 19.
Han fell sick because of mosquito bites.
a. What are the techniques we use in our house to escape from mosquito bites?
b. Write down three situations favourable for the multiplication of mosquitoes.
Answer:
a.

• Mosquito net
• Fogging
• Mosquito bat
• Mosquito coil
• Kundhirikkam
• Properly dispose of kitchen waste

b.

• Surroundings are let unhygienic and uncleared.
• Undestroyed waterfihled pots make the conditions they multiply.
• Coconut shells, plastic tins and cans, eg shells and useless Lyres are found scattered around that collect water.

Question 20.
a. Jaundice spreads through ———–.
b. Dengue fever is spread by ———–.
c. A disease spread through food and water
d. The disease spread through food.
e. Which disease is spread through animals.
Answer:
a. Water
b. Mosquito
e. Cholera
d. Polio
e. Rabies

Question 21.
Write some mosquito eradication activities that you can carry out in the surroundings of your school with the help of the Science club.
Answer:

• Keep the premises clean.
• Don’t allow wastewater to accumulate in the compound.
• Destroy the water-filled pots, coconut shells and fins found in the compound.
• Properly dispose of the waste materials.
• Don’t allow waste matter and water to accumulate in drains.
• Check whether the drainage system is effective.
• Use preventive medicines.

Question 22.
a. Do you think that medicines alone can prevent diseases? Substantiate your opinion.
b. We have understood why there is an Increase in diseases during the rainy season. What are the precautions to be taken before the rainy season to avoid this? Write any three precautions.
Answer:
a. No Medicines alone can’t prevent diseases. To prevent diseases, we should keep environment and food hygiene, eat nutritious food, drink pure water, breathe fresh air and do proper exercise.
b.

• To burn the dry leaves and other wastes.
• Destroy the water-filled pots, coconut shells and tins found in the compound.
• Proper disposal of kitchen waste.

Question 23.
Which of the following statements do you agree to?
a. All microorganisms do not cause disease.
b. All diseases can be kept at bay by keeping personal hygiene
c. By observing dry days once a week, we can prevent, to a certain extent, diseases caused by mosquitoes.
d. All vaccines are injected.
Answer:
I agree with the statements a, b and c.

Question 24.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another.
a. What causes communicable diseases?
b. How can communicable diseases spread?
c. What should we do to prevent getting sick?
Answer:
a. Germs like bacteria and viruses cause communicable diseases.
b. Communicable diseases can spread through coughing (air), contaminated food and water,
touching contaminated surfaces, vectors, or close contact with someone who is sick.
c. To prevent getting sick, we should wash our hands, cover our mouths when we cough or sneeze, destroy the breeding sites of vectors, and stay home if we feel unwell.

Question 25.
Are the following statements true or false? Correct the incorrect ones.
a. All microorganisms are pathogens.
b. Dengue is an airborne disease.
c. Communicable diseases do not affect plants and animals.
d. Vaccines destroy immunity
Answer:
a. False All microorganisms are not pathogens.
b. False. Dengue is a vector-borne disease.
c. False. Communicable diseases too affect plants and animals.
d. False. Vaccines boost immunity.

Question 26.
Name two diseases affecting plants and animals each.
Answer:
Animals — lumpy skin disease, bird flu, etc.
Plants — Mosaic disease, brown leaf spot disease, etc.

Question 27.
Activity
Staying healthy is important for everyone. To avoid diseases, we should eat hea1th food, wash our hands regularly, and get enough sleep. Vaccinations also help protect us from many serious illnesses. By following these simple steps, we can keep our bodies strong and healthy.
a. Why is ¡t important to wash our hands regularly?
b. How do vaccinations help us stay healthy? .
c. Name two things we should do to avoid diseases.
Answer:
a. Washing our hands regularly is important because it helps remove germs that can cause diseases.
b. Vaccinations help us stay healthy by protecting us from many serious illnesses.
c. Two things we should do to avoid diseases are eating healthy food and getting enough sleep

Question 28.
a. What are the good food habits?
b.What are the diseases that may spread by consuming polluted food?
Answer:
a. Chew the food well before swallowing.
Keep punctuality ¡n taking food.
Wash your hands and mouth well before and after food.
Avoid stale food that is kept open in the air.
Avoid very hot and very cold food.
Drink atleast 10 to 12 glasses of water daily.

b. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery and polio are spread through polluted food.

Question 29.
Activity
By getting vaccinated, we can help eliminate diseases and keep everyone safe from this disease.
a. What disease does the polio vaccine protect against?
b. How does the polio vaccine help our bodies?
c. What are the two types of polio vaccines?
Answer:
a. The polio vaccine protects against polio, a serious disease caused by the poliovirus.
b. The polio vaccine helps our bodies by building immunity against the virus.
c. The two types of polio vaccines are the oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).

Question 30.
At what age do children typically start receiving their first vaccinations?
Answer:
Children typically start receiving their first vaccinations shortly after birth, often around 2 months of age.

Question 31.
What diseases can vaccines protect us from?
Answer:
Vaccines can protect us from diseases like measles, polio, rhooping cough, and the flu, among others.

Question 32.
News Headline:
‘Global Efforts Intensify to Promote Hand washing to Prevent Disease Spread’
a. Why is hand washing important in preventing the spread of diseases?
b. What are some key times when people should wash their hands?
c. How can communities promote better hand hygiene practices?
Answer:
a. Hand washing removes germs from our hands, which can be transferred to others or to surfaces we touch.
b. People should wash their hands before eating, after using the bathroom, and after touching animals or coming home from public places.
c. Communities can promote better hand hygiene practices by educating people about the importance of hand washing, providing access to soap and clean water, and encouraging regular hand washing routines.

Question 33.
a. What does the measles and rubella vaccine protect against?
b. Why is it important to get the measles and rubella vaccine?
c. What disease does the tetanus vaccine protect against?
d. Why should we get the tetanus vaccine, especiaIl after an injury?
Answer:
a. It protects against measles and rubella, both of which are communicable diseases.
b. It’s important because the vaccine helps to prevent these diseases.
c. The tetanus vaccine protects against tetanus, a disease that can cause severe muscle stiffness and spasms.
d. We should get the tetanus vaccine, especially after an injury, because it helps to prevent tetanus, which can be caused by bacteria entering the body through wounds.

Question 34.
a. Find the relation
Treatment – Medicines
Immunity – _______
b. Name the vaccinations given at birth.
Answer:
a. Vaccines
b. OPV, BCG and Hepatitis-B vaccine.

Away from Diseases Class 6 Notes

Health is the state without disease. In this chapter, we are going to learn how to keep ourselves, out homes, and our surroundings healthy and free from diseases. We will discover simple and important ways to stay clean and prevent germs from spreading. Understanding how diseases spread and how we can stop them will help us to stay healthy and happy.

Diseases

• The action of microorganisms like viruses, fungi and bacteria causes diseases.
• These disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens.
• Diseases spread when these pathogens get transmitted from one infected person to another.

Communicable diseases

• Diseases transmitted from one person to another are called communicable diseases.
• Common cold, conjunctivitis, cholera, typhoid. chikungunya. dengue fever, filariasis, jaundice and rat fever are some common communicable diseases.

Non-communicable diseases

• The diseases that cannot be spread from person to person are called non-communicable diseases.
• Cancer, headache, kidney stones, heart attack, and hypertension are some examples.

Spreading of diseases is through

• Direct contact
• Contaminated food and water
• Air
• Vectors
• Soil

Vectors

• Organisms that bring disease-carrying microorganisms into our bodies are called vectors.
• Mosquitoes, cockroaches, houseflies, rats, etc. are examples.

Measures to prevent diseases b vectors

• Eliminate stagnant water where mosquitoes breed.
• Install window screens and use bed nets to keep vectors out.
• Regularly clean and disinfect areas where food is prepared and stored.
• Apply insect repellents on skin and clothing.
• Dispose of garbage properly to reduce breeding sites.

Hygiene habits

• Always wash your hands with soap and rater, especially before eating, after using the bathroom, and after being outside.
• Use a tissue or your elbow to cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of germs.
• Keep your home, school, and surroundings clean. Dispose of trash properly and clean up spills and food waste promptly to avoid attracting pests and breeding germs.
• Dispose of waste in designated bins and avoid littering to keep the environment clean and reduce the spread of disease.
• Ensure that water used for drinking, cooking, and cleaning is and clean water storage containers. clean and safe. Regularly check and clean water storage containers.

Immunity

• The ability of our body to control and fight pathogens once they enter the body is called natural immunity.
• Immunity acquired through vaccinations is called acquired immunity.
• Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens.
• All microorganisms are not harmful. Some microorganisms help in milk curdling, fermentation, decaying dead matter, nitrogen fixation, etc.
• Diseases that spread from person to person are called communicable diseases. Common cold, chickenpox, malaria, tuberculosis, etc. are some examples.
• These communicable diseases spread through direct contact, contaminated food and water, air, vectors, and soil.
• Organisms that bring disease-carrying microorganisms into our bodies are called vectors.
  Mosquitoes, cockroaches, houseflies, rats, etc. are examples.
• African swine fever, lumpy skin disease, mosaic disease, bud rot of coconut, etc., are some diseases that affect plants and animals.
  The ability of our body to control and fight pathogens once they enter the body is called natural immunity.
• Immunity acquired through vaccinations is called acquired immunity.