Kerala Plus One Political Science Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers

Questions from 1 to 14, answer for 16 scores.( 16)

Question 1.
A money bill can be originated in (1)
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) Either house of Parliament
Answer:
a) Lok Sabha

Question 2.
Find out the author of the book ‘On Liberty’. (1)
a) H.J.Laski
b) Rousseau
c) J.S.Mill
Answer:
c) J.S.Mill

Question 3.
Which of the following is a permanent executive? (1)
a) Chief Minister
b) Chief Secretary
c) Governor
Answer:
b) Chief Secretary

Question 4.
The total membership of Rajya Sabha is (1)
a) 545
b) 140
c) 250
Answer:
c) 250

Question 5.
Constitution of India borrowed many of its provisions from other countries. Write the name of countries from which the following provisions are borrowed. (4)

Provisions	Countries
Parliamentary
Fundamental
Directive
Quasi-federal form

Answer:

Provisions	Countries
Parliamentary	Britain
Fundamental	USA
Directive	Ireland
Quasi-federal form	Canada

Question 6.
Which articie in the Indian constitution enables Supreme Court to issue writs for the protection of fundamental rights? (1)
Answer:
Article 226

Question 7.
Who is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha?
a) President of India
b) Prime Minister
c) Vice President of India
Answer:
Vice President of India

Question 8.
Arrange the following under proper heads.
• Defence
• Forests
• Warand peace
• Prison
• Police
• Education

Union List	State List	Concurrent List

Answer:

Union List	State List	Concurrent List
Defence	Prison	Forests
War and peace	Police	Education

Question 9.
The Constitution of India was prepared by _____ (1)
a) Constituent assembly
b) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
Constituent Assembly

Question 10.
Find out the odd one. (1)
a) Right to equality
b) Right against exploitation
c) Right to property
Answer:
Right to property

Question 11.
The 7th constitutional amendment deals with
a) Panchayati Raj
b) Fundamental duties
c) Nagar Palikas
Answer:
NagarPatikas

Question 12.
Human Rights day is celebrated on (1)
a) December 10
b) November 14
c) November 26
Answer:
December 10

Question 13.
______ is the highest court of appeal in India. (1)
Answer:
Supreme Court

Question 14.

IAS	District Police Chief
IPS	Ambassador
IFS	Accountant General
IRS	District Collector

Answer:

IAS	District Collector
IPS	District Police Chief
IFS	Ambassador
IRS	Accountant General

Question 15.
Write the three methods for amending the Constitution of India.
Answer:

1. Simple majortiy
2. Special majority
3. Special majority with ratification of half of states

Question 16.
List out two special powers of Lok Sabha.
Answer:

1. A money bill can be introduced only in the Loksabha
2. Motions of no-confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the Loksabha.

Question 17.
Write any three criticisms against Indian Constitution.
Answer:

1. Unwidely
2. Unrepresentative
3. Alien Documen

Question 18.
Write a short note on the Political equality.
Answer:
To ensure political equality in a society, people should have the opportunities to take part in active politics. Right to vote, contest in the deations, hold public office, to criticise the government to form political parties are come under political equality.

Question 19.
Which are the three important principles of justice?
Answer:

1. Equal consideration to equals
2. Proportionate justice
3. Recognising special needs

Question 20.
Write any three Contemporary Challenges to peace.
Answer:

1. Terrorism
2. Racism
3. Communalism

Question 21.
Write a note on Economic Rights.
Answer:
They are related to economic security and the right to earn one’s livelihood they include right to work, right to get decent wages, right to leisure, right so have social security and right to earn wealth.

Question 22.
Why did India adopt FPTP System?
Answer:
India adopted the FPTP System for the following reasons:

1. It is a simple system without much complication.
2. Because of the size and population it is most suitable.
3. Voters have the freedom to choose the candidate of their choice.
4. It is excellent for the formation of stable governments.

Question 23.
What is ‘Judicial review1?
Answer:
Judicial review is the power of the court to examine the constitutional validity of the laws passed by legislations. If the laws are contrary to the constitution the judiciary has the right to dedare such laws null and void.

Question 24.
Write a note on Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
Part IV of the Indian constitution deals with the directive principles of states policy. These are borrowed from the Irish constituion. They are not justiciable directive principles can be divided into Jandhan principles, Socialist principles and Liberal principles.

Answer any 4 questions from 25 to 33. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 25.
Explain the significance of the study of Political theory.
Answer:
The study of political theories is very important. They are essential for all kinds of people like political workers, bureaucrats who make policies, students of political theories, advocates and judges who interpret the Constitution.and laws, public workers who expose exploitation and fight for new rights and the students who learn about political concepts. Firstly, all the students will have to choose a profession in the future.

The knowledge about political theories is relevant to all professions. All those who study mathematics will not become mathematicians or engineers. But, obviously, knowledge about mathematics is essential in our everyday lives. Secondly, students of today are also going to be adults with voting rights tomorrow. They will have to take decisions on many issues. Knowledge about political theories and institutions will help them to act responsibly. Thirdly, Political theories motivate them to examine our ideas and emotions regarding political matters. Fourthly, Political theories help them to think systematically about political concepts.

Question 26.
Briefly explain the original and the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction
In the following cases the supreme court has original jurisdiction.
a) Conflicts between the centre and one or more states.

b) Conflicts between the centre and a state or states are on one side and a state or states on the opposite side.

c) Conflicts between states

d) Cases connected with the election of the president and vice president.

Appellate Jurisdiction
The supreme court is the highest appellate jurisdiction can be divided into constituional, civil and criminal cases.

Question 27.
Briefly explain Social and Environmental Cost of development.
Answer:
The social costs of development are quite high. Because of the construction of huge dams, industrial works, mining and such other things many people had to be sent away from their abodes and they had to be rehabilitated elsewhere. Because of the loss of their homes and land, the people lose their means of livelihood and poverty is the result. They lose their traditional job skills. They also lose their cultural moorings. For example, for the development of the Kannur airport many families had to be evacuated. The ecological costs of development are beyond calculation. Still environmental destruction goes on.

Here are some of the ill-effects of development:

1. Air and water pollution.
2. Increase in global warming (increase in the warmth of the atmosphere because of the emission of green gases).
3. Depletion of the Ozone layer (CFCs – Chlorofluoro-carbons – used in air-conditioners etc. cover the atmosphere and this results in the depletion.)
4. Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poison the soil.
5. The ruin caused to the flora and fauna.
6. Overuse of non-renewable sources of energy and the resultant environmental damage.
7. Deforestation and its ill-effects.

Question 28.
Write the differences between Indian Secularism and Western Secularism.
Answer:

Western Secularism	Indian secularism
Religion and government strictly keep distance and do not mutually interfere.	Nation makes principle based interferences in religious affairs.
Individual and his rights are given utmost importance.	Rights of individual and also of religious groups will be protected.
Equality among different religious groups is stressed.	Equality among different religious groups is stressed.
Care is not given to rights based on religious communities.	Care is given to minority rights.
Religious reforms are not supported by the government.	Nation supports religious reforms.
The Nation won’t help religious institutions.	Nation helps religious institutions.

Question 29.
Write a note on the powers and positions of the President of India.
Answer:
The President is the head of the state. All executive powers of the Union are vested in him. The powers of the President may be breadly classified into executive, legislative, judicial, financial and emergency. He has certain discredionary powers also. Eventhrough the President enjoy environment powers, can excercise all the powers only in accordance with the advice given by the council of ministors.

Question 30.
Explain universal citizenship and global citizenship.
Answer:
Through the influence of globalization, open market system is strengthened and the distance between nations is lessened. Because of the growth of technology the world has become a global village. In the circumstances, importance of global (universal) citizenship is enhancing day by day. The growth in communication has blurred the importance of the boundaries between nations and increased a sense of mutual relation among the people of the world. A nation can’t solve all the problems it faces all by itself. Problems that spread across boundaries are to be solved by the cooperation different governments and people. Because of all this, the advocates of global citizenship say that it Is Inevitable and all should work for its realization.

Question 31.
Briefly explain the ‘Harm Principle’ put forward by J.S. Mill.
Answer:
John Rawls is an American philosopher. In his book The Theory of Justice’, he put forward 2 principles regarding the Theory of Justice. They are as follows:
1. In the broad framework of basic freedom, according to the freedom of all individuals, each person should have equal opportunity.

2. Social and economic inequalities should be tackled in two ways:
a) For the maximum benefit of those who are least favoured, there should be reservations.

b) We should be guided by our discretionary powers and not morality when it comes to the distribution of government jobs so that the underprivileged get extra consideration. Rawls does not give us predetermined moral criteria or goals., He give s us freedom to determine what is the best in the given circumstances. This is what makes Rawls’ theory very significant and an inevitable means of approaching the problem of law and justice.

Question 32.
Explain the structure of Indian Judiciary.
Answer:
Supreme court, High court, District courts and subordinate courts are the major courts in India. The apex courts in India is supreme courts and the apex courts in the states are High courts. District courts are the highest courts in districts. Subordinate courts working under district courts the munisiff’s and magistrate courts handle civil and criminal cases are subordinate courts.

Question 33.
Write a note on inter religious domination and intra religious domination.
Answer:
Inter religious dominations means the situations where are religiou,s dominate and suppresses other religion Eg: Anti sikh riots in India in 1984. While intra religious domination means the situations where a community religion dominates its owm members for example Dalits are illtreated by upper castes in India.

Answer any 4 questions from 34 to 41. Each carries 5 scores. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 34.
Explain different stages of law-making process in India.
Answer:
Legislative Procedure in India: The procedure for passing the bills in the Parliament is explained in articles 107 to 122. According to that each bill has to passthrough 5 phases including 3 readings in the Houses.
a) First Reading: This is the presentation of the bill. After getting the permission of the House, a member presents the bill with a statement. If the bill faces opposition, the one who presented the bill and the one objecting it is given opportunity to explain their stands. If the majority votes in favourof the Bill, it is published in the Government Gazette. If the bill is not very controversial, there is a precedent that there is no discussion in the first reading.

b) Second Reading: This is the 2nd phase. At this stage, all the important points of the bill are discussed. The presenter will ask the House to consider it urgently. Or he may request the bill to be sent to a Select Committee or a Joint Committee of both the Houses for consideration. He may also ask the bill to be circulated forgetting public opinion. Normally the bill is sent to a Select Committee.

c) The Committee Stage: This is the 3rd stage. The members to this Committee are appointed by the House. The Committee Chairman decides the time, date and venue of the meeting. The Select Committee will have members from the Opposition. The Members study the bill clause by clause and prepares a report to be presented in the House.

d) Report Stage: This is the 4th stage. The presenter asks the House to discuss the bill on the day it is scheduled for discussion. The Report may be unanimous or with differences in opinion. In the light of the Report, the House discusses each condition in the bill. This discussion may take quite some time. Each item in the bill is discussed extensively and then it is put to vote. During this time serious changes may happen in the bill and therefore this is the most crucial stage.

e) Third Reading: This is the last stage. On the appointed day the bill is presented in the House for final approval. No serious change is brought at this stage. Changes may be orally presented and quickly resolved. At the end of the discussion the bill is put to vote. If the bill receives favourable vote from the majority of members present and voting, the bill is deemed to have passed. Then the bill is sent to the second House.

Question 35.
Briefly explain functions of a Constitution.
Answer:
a) Give basic laws to bring about unity among the members of the society. Ensure that the laws are obeyed by all.
b) Decide who is the authority to take decisions in the society.
c) Limit the powers of the government.
d) Enable the government to realise the goals and desires of the society.
e) Give a fundamental identity to the people.

Question 36.
Explain any five provisions in Indian Constitution which provides for a strong Central Government.
Answer:
All the most important subjects are in the unions list

1. Government are appointed by the centre
2. The centre has the right to dedare emergency
3. The centre has residuary powers
4. Single citizenship

Question 37.
Explain’the functions of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Major functions of the Election Commission of India:
a) Preparing the voters’ list correctly and scientifically. Giving appropriate instructions for its preparations and supervising its making.

b) Conducting the election of the President, Vice President, MPs and MLAs.

c) Preparing time tables for elections.

d) The Commission has the right to cancel the polling of a particular booth or even the entire constituency if malpractices are detected. Threatening the voters, burning booths, taking away ballot boxes etc. are very big crimes. If such things happen, the election in that constituency can be cancelled. If such things happen only in some booths, the polling there can be cancelled. On 23 November 1984, the Election Commission ordered re-polling in 78 booths all over the country.

e) The Commission appoints Returning Officers, and Asstt. Returning Officers.

f) The Commission allots different political parties their symbols.

g) It is the Commission that approves political parties to contest in the election. It decides what kind of recognition is to be given to each political party, whether State Level or National Level. In the November 1989 Lok Sabha elections, the Commission recognized 9 parties as National level Parties.

h) The Commission ensures that only those who have voting rights vote. It also has to prevent impersonation during voting.

i) It is the duty of the Commission to establish booths at convenient places so that voters won’t have to travel long distances.

j) The Commission has to make sure that ballot boxes are collected after the election and kept away securely. It also has to ensure that the counting of votes is done fairly and declare the results.

k) The Commission brings out the code of conduct for the political parties and independent candidates.

l) It also has to control and guide the Officers appointed by the Union Government and State Governments to conduct elections.

m) All election results are declared by the Election Commission.

Question 38.
Explain various forms of structural violence.
Answer:
Structural violence is the violence that originates from social institutions and practices. Casteism, Class distinction, male domination, colonialism, tribalism, racism, communalism etc. can produce structural violence.

Question 39.
Explain the role of Prime Minister in a Parliamentary form of government.
Answer:
Prime Minister
In the Cabinet administrative system, the PM has a big role. The Indian PM has the same status as the British PM. The PM is the first among equals. In Latin they say ‘primus inter pares’. But the other Ministers are not his subordinates. According to Sir Ivor Jennings, the PM is like the solar system where all the other planets go round the sun. Morley says the PM is the  foundation of the Cabinet Arch. Prof. Lasky says that the PM holds the arch up or makes it fall.

The PM has many responsibilities. His area of jurisdiction is also great. Constitutionally, the President appoints the PM. But the President has no choice here. It is simply a mechanical act. The President is obliged to appoint the leader of the Party which has the majority or highest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. But if no Party has a clear majority, the President may invite the leader of any Party whom he thinks can form the Cabinet. The President appoints other Ministers on the recommendations of the PM.

Although the PM is free in the appointment of the Cabinet, he will have to take into consideration many things. He will have to give deserving representation to yarious States, religious communities, minorities, economic interests, political groups and so on. But he has also to consider competence and consensus. The PM can demand the resignation of any Minister at any time. If a Minister refuses to resign, the PM can ask the President to remove him. The precedSht is that if a Minister does not agree with any Policy matter, he should resign. People like Shanmukham Shetty, Dr. John Mathai, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee and V.V. Giri etc. had resigned their posts as ministers.

The PM can shuffle the departments of the Ministers. When a PM resigns, the entire Cabinet resigns with him. Differences among the ministers and departments are solved by the PM. He supervises all departments. He decides the agenda of the Cabinet. He presides over Cabinet meetings. He is the link between the President and the Cabinet. It is through the PM the President gets to know what the government is doing. The secretariat of the PM helps him in doing his work.

The PM has four different positions. He is the leader of his party in the Parliament. By that he controls the members of his party. Secondly he is the leader of the Lok Sabha. It is he who represents the Lok Sabha and talks for it. Thirdly, he is the head of the cabinet. That way he is the person with the highest powers in the country. Fourthly he is the link between the President and the Cabinet. He has responsibility towards his party, Parliament and the Nation.

He coordinates the work of different departments. In fact a national election is the election of a PM. As the leader of the nation, the PM is looked upon with respect. Sir Ivor Jennings feels that the status of the PM depends on the person who occupies the position, his competence and his efforts and the leverage the other Ministers allow him. Charismatic leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru might overshadow other Ministers. If the PM is not competent enough, the Cabinet will be under the control of his colleagues and the Party.

Question 40.
Explain John Rawls’ theory of justice.
Answer:
John Rawls is an American philosopher. In his book The Theory of Justice’, he put forward 2 principles regarding the Theory of Justice. They are as follows:
1. In the broad framework of basic freedom, according to the freedom of all individuals, each person should have equal opportunity.

2. Social and economic inequalities should be tackled in two ways:

a) For the maximum benefit of those who are least favoured, there should be reservations.

b) We should be guided by our discretionary powers and not morality when it comes to the distribution of government jobs so that the underprivileged get extra consideration. Rawls does not give us predetermined moral criteria or goals., He give s us freedom to determine what is the best in the given circumstances. This is what makes Rawls’ theory very significant and an inevitable means of approaching the problem of law and justice.

Question 41.
Briefly explain any five functions of Parliament in India.
Answer:

1. Legislation (law-making)
2. Controlling the Executive
3. Financial responsibilities
4. Representation
5. Discussions
6. Administrative responsibilities
7. Election responsibilities
8. Judicial responsibilities

Answer any 2 questions from 42 to 45. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 42.
Explain the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution of India.
Answer:
The +1 Political Science students of Kasargod Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’. Prior to the seminar, the students were divided ‘into 6 groups and they discussed the topic. The leaders of each group presented the ideas of their group.

Contents:
a) Right to Equality: This is the basic tenet of the Indian Constitution. It has been made clear in the Preamble itself. In the past, there was no equality in the Indian society. So the Right to Equality is very important. About the Right to Equality there are clear statements in the 3rd chapter, Articles between 14 and 18. The Right to Equality include the following:

1. Equality before Law, Equal Protection of Laws
2. Protection from Discrimination
3. Equality of Opportunity in employment
4. Eradication of Untouchability
5. Non-award of Titles

b) Right to Freedom

1. Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
2. Right to call to attend meetings
3. Right to organize
4. Right to travel
5. Right to have shelter
6. Right to work, trade, commerce and industry
7. Protection from undue punishment
8. Individual freedom and freedom to live
9. Protection against illegal arrests and imprisonment

c) Right against Exploitation:

1. Articles 23 and 24 guarantees the Right against Exploitation.
2. Article 23 bans immoral acts, slavery and bonded labour.
3. Child labour is prohibited.

d) Right to Freedom of Religion:

1. The Indian Constitution envisages the nation to be secular and democratic. So it gives religious freedom.
2. The Right to Religion is described in Articles 25-28.
   • Article 25 – The right to accept any religion and propagate it.
   • Article 26 – To make religious institutions and to acquire property.
   • Article27 – The money used for religious purposes is tax exempted.
   • Article 28 – To conduct religious instructions in certain institutions.

e) Cultural and Educational Rights:

1. All minorities can establish educational institutions and run them.
2. Minorities are given protection in their language, script, & culture.

Right to Constitutional Remedies: It is not enough to list a number of rights in the Constitution. For citizens to practise them and protect them against their violations there should be provisions. Right to Constitutional Remedies helps citizens to enjoy their rights. Dr. Ambedkar called this Right as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution. This Right ensures that citizens are guaranteed of their fundamental rights. This gives Constitutional protection to the fundamental rights.

WRITS (Court Orders):
a) Habeas Corpus
b) Mandamus
c) Writ of Prohibition
d) Certiorari
e) Quo Warranto

Question 43.
Explain the changes brought about by the 73rd Constitutional amendment in Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Answer:

1. The 73rd Amendment Act made the Panchayat Raj a Constitutional system.
2. It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.
3. The block level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
4. The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment.
5. The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
6. The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.
7. The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government.
8. Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SCs and STs.

One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies. Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs. One-third of the chairmen will be ladies. Reservations are by rotation. The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed. The Act makes provision for the appointmentof an independent State Election Commission. It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission. The Act also makes provision for the appointment of a Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Question 44.
Explain the factors that promote the formation of a nation.
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors of the political theory prevalent in the nation. The nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Indian nationalism is the feeling that we all are Indians. Without nationalism, no new nation can originate or survive. It is nationalism that supplies the basis for the building up of a nation. Loyalty to the nation, its strength, its power and its working and the legality etc. are emotions that are generated in the minds of people. In the background of nationalism, the common behaviour of a nation can be analysed. Nationalism includes national styles, national expectations, national goals, national conflicts, national anthem, national flower, national flag and national symbol. Toynbee has said that Nationalism is the religion of the modern nation. Factors that nourish Nationalism:

a) Shared Beliefs: It is some beliefs that help the formation of a nation. Nation is not a concrete thing like a building, river or forest that we can see and touch. Nation is a concept built around certain beliefs of the people. When we say that a people are a nation, we do not mean their physical behaviour. Nation is a vision and a collective fellowship of people who wish to have their own separate identity. It is like a group of a team. They work for a common goal in a common fellowship. A nation can exist only as long as the people are deeply rooted in unity.

b) History: A people who consider themselves as a nation have a sense of a continuous historical existence. It is something that they can look back with pride and look forward to with hope. They have a common history based collective memories, legends and historical documents. Thus they acquire individuality as a nation. We can take our Indian nationalist leaders as examples. We point out our ancient civilization, cultural heritage and other past achievements, thus making a unique identify of our own.

c) Territory: Territory is another essential aspect of a nation. A nation has a separate area of land. There people will have lived together for long, shared their past, bringing a common identity to them. It helps them to think that they are one nation. That is why they can talk about their own country of birth.

d) Shared political ideals: Apart from the sense of a common history and some territory of their own, the people of a nation are persuaded to think of unity because of their common vision and goal for the future. They have some ideals quite peculiar to them and these also make a nation different from others.

e) Common Political Identity: Many people think that just because individuals have a common political vision regarding the society and the government, they can’t form a nation.’ They feel that something like a common language or common heredity is necessary to have the drive to form a nation. A common language or a ^ common religion might bring about a common cultural identity. When people celebrate the same feasts on the same day and actively take part in the festivities, they feel some kind of unity. But it is possible that in a democratic set up and democratic values, too much of religion may prove a threat.

Question 45.
Explain the following conflicting areas of Indian federalism.
• Centre-State relations
• Demand for autonomy
• Role of Governor and President’s rule
• Inter-state conflicts
Answer:
India is a Federation. All the features of a federation are found in the Indian Constitution.
a) Written and Rigid Constitution
b) Division of Authority
c) Independent Federal Judiciary

The Indian Constitution stands for a strong federal system. It created a strong federal system. The following show strong Central control:
a) All the most important subjects are in the Union list.
b) Governors are appointed by the Centre.
c) The Centre has the right to declare emergency.
d) The Centre has Residuary Powers.

The Constitution is merely framework of Federalism. It is the political processes that supply the flesh and blood to it. Therefore the changing political processes are the most important factor that influences Indian federalism.

Demand for administrative autonomy: Many States of India are clamouring for greater autonomy. Often this causes rifts between the Centre and the states. The role of Governors and President’s rule: The role of Governors has caused many rifts between the Centre and the states. Often the Governors have to work as yes-men to the Central Government. Presidential rule in case of Constitutional Emergency is also a matter of conflict.

Demand for New States : This is another headache for the Federalism. For example, the demand for Telungana State.

Inter-State Conflicts: Sometimes these conflicts grow to such levels that federalism itself is threatened. Many States and Political Parties demand more autonomy for States. But autonomy means different things to different States and Parties.

By Division of authority what some States want is more powers to be given to them. Many States and Political Parties demand more self-rule for their States. Another demand is that States must have their own sources of income and they should have greater control over their natural resources. Some States wanted autonomy so that they can control their resources.

A third demand is that Centre should not interfere with the State administration. The States can’t tolerate the intervention by the Centre. The fourth reason for self-rule is linked to cultural and language matters. The opposition to Hindi in Tamil Nadu and the imposition of Punjabi in Punjab are causes of protest. The domination of the Hindi speaking States over the other States often causes rifts. Some States protested saying that Hindi was being forcefully imposed on them.