Kerala Plus Two Political Science Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers.

A. Answer any questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
Name the Chief Election Commissioner of free India
a) Sukumar Sen
b) T.N. Seshan
c) Sunil Arora
Answer:
a) SukumarSen

Question 2.
Identify the leader of Mizo National Front:
a) Angami Zaphu Phizo
b) Laldenga
c) Longowal
Answer:
b) Laldenga

Question 3.
The Right To Information Act was the result of a popular movement started at Rajasthan in 1990. Identifying the movement.
a) Shetkari Sangathan
b) Bhartiya Kisan Union
c) Mazdoor Kisan Sakhti Sangathan
Answer:
c) Mazdoor Kisan Sakhti Sangathan

Question 4.
Identify the first summit of NAM.
a) Belgrade
b) Yalta
c) Bandung
Answer:
a) Belgrade

Question 5.
From which country India adopted the concept of five year plan
a) USA
b) USSR
c) Japan
Answer:
b) USSR

Question 6.
Find out the leader of Soviet Union during the years of distingration
a) V.l. Lenin
b) Jospeh Stalin
c) Mikhail Gorbachev
Answer:
c) Mikhail Gorbachev

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 x 1 = 4)

Question 7.
Identify the leader of Narmada BachaoAndolan
a) Sunderlal Bahuguna
b) MedhaPatkar
c) Chandi Prasad Bhat
Answer:
b) MedhaPatkar

Question 8.
Identify the military alliance formed under the leadership of USSR.
a) WARSAW PACT
b) NATO
c) CENTO
Answer:
a) WARSAW PACT

Question 9.
The ‘Earth Summit’ of 1992 was held in
a) Paris
b) New York
c) Rio De Janeiro
Answer:
c) Rio De Janeiro

Question 10.
Identify the first Non-Congress Prime Minister of India.
a) Morarji Desai
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Lai Bahadur Shastri
Answer:
a) Morarji Desai

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores.

Question 11.
Briefly explain political consequences of globalisation.
Answer:
Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes with the coming of MNC’S it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Question 12.
Identify any two objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy.
Answer:
Nehru was the architect of our foreign policy. He followed a policy which was conducive to the maintenance of our sovereignty, protection of our boundaries and rapid economic growth of the country.

Question 13.
List out any two challenges immediately faced by India after Independence.
Answer:
The two major challenges faced by India after independence was:
a) Nation building
b) Establishing democracy in the country

Question 14.
Find out two NAM countries from the list given be-low: (India, China, Egypt, USA)
Answer:
India, Egypt
Hegemony as Structural Power

Question 15.
Briefly explain the context of fourth general election 1967.
Answer:

1. Inflation and price rise
2. Internal disturbances
3. Hindu-Muslim riots
4. Unemployment

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each caries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
List out any two component of Indians security strat-egy.
Answer:

1. Increase our military strength so that we can increase our safety and solve our disputes with neighbours.
2. Protect and strengthen international laws and organisations.

Question 17.
Briefly explain‘Cuban Missile Crisis’.
Answer:
Most North-Western countries became capitalist, anti-communist nations. A big power like USA could not easily tolerate a neighbouring country becoming a close ally of Russia. In 1962 the Russian President Khrushchev wanted to deploy missiles and other armaments in Cuba. Most American cities then would come under threat from Russia. Later this was known as Cuban Missile Crisis.

Question 18.
Expand the following:
a) NATO
b) ASEAN
Answer:
NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ASEAN – Association of South East Asian Nations

Part – III

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each caries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Explain how Indo-china war of 1962 affected India domestically.
Answer:

1. Many top ranking officers of the military resigned.
2. Nehru’s close friend and the then defense minister V.K. Krishna Menon had to resign ’
3. A no-confidence motion was brought against Nehru government at first time.
4. In 1964, Communist party split into two, pro- Chinese and pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the other CPI.
5. War strengthened national feeling and prompted the nation to keep its unity and embark upon development projects.

Question 20.
Discuss the major issues which led to the split of Congress party in 1969.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru had great influence in the party because of his dynamic personality. His death created a vacuum in the party. Gradually the central group known as the Syndicate established itself in the Congress. In 1969 there arose a difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate. When Dr. Zakir Hussain died, the Presidential post was vacant.

The Syndicate nominated Indira Gandhi’s long time rival and the then speaker Sanjiva Reddy to the post. But Indira Gandhi preferred the then Vice-President V.V. Giri to be the next President. V.V. Giri was elected. The failure of the official candidate of the Syndicate caused the formal division of the Congress. The Congress President suspended Indira Gandhi from the Party. Indira claimed that her group was the real Congress. In 1969; the Congress led by the Syndicate was known as Congress (O) and the one led by Indira Gandhi was called Congress (R).

Question 21.
The government of India and Bangladesh have differ-ences over several issues. Write any four of such issues.
Answer:

1. The disputes over the sharing of the Ganga Brahmaputra river waters has not yet been solved.
2. Issue of illegal migration .
3. Refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory

Question 22.
As a citizen of India how do you support India’s candidature for permanent membership in the Security Councilof UNQ. Justify your argument.
Answer:
The demand of lndia,to be a Permanent Member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfils all the criteria to be a permanent member. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds:

1. It has the world’s second largest population.
2. It is the largest democracy in the world.
3. India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
4. It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
5. India’s economic situation is improving.
6. India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted on any payment.

The above reasons are good enough for India to get a permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Permanent membership has its own significance. India’s importance will increase in world matters. Our foreign policy will influence others.

Question 23.
Match the following:

A	B
Tryst with Destiny’ Speech	Sardar Patel
Formation of Andhra State	Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Iron Man of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
Frontier Gandhi	Potti Sri Ramulu

Answer:

A	B
Tryst with Destiny’ Speech	Sardar Patel
Formation of Andhra State	Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Iron Man of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
Frontier Gandhi	Potti Sri Ramulu

B. Answer any 1 questions from 24 to 25. Each caries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
Write any four provisions of Rajiv Gandhi – Longowal Accord.
Answer:
Punjab Accord was an agreement signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Longowal in 1985. The main provisions are
a) Handover Chandigarh to Punjab
b) Appoint a new commission to solve border disputes
c) Establish a tribunal to solve waters diputes.
d) Compensation and better treatment
e) Withdrawal of AFSPA.

Question 25.
Compare First and Second Five year plans.
Answer:

• First five year plan
  1. A renowned economist Dr. K.N. Raj prepared the draft plan of first five year plan.
  2. Priority to agriculture
  3. Poverty eradication
  4. Slow progress of the country Second five year plan
  5. PC. Mahalanobis prepared the draft proposal of the
• Second five year plan
  1. Rapid industrialisation
  2. Priority to heavy industries
  3. Tariff on imported goods

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each caries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 26.
Explain the difficulties in relation to the process of partition of India and its consequences.
Answer:
There were three reasons for that. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims. There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian Territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslim population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader of the North-Western Province had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North West- Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these huge provinces there were very many non- Muslims. Therefore the Provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there. The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which country they belonged India or Pakistan. It deeply wounded the people.

The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The. Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab and Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people on both sides were kille because of their religion and caste. Huge cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to areas of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas. People were forced to flee their homes, suffering a lot of difficulties on their way. Many of the people in the minorities in the border areas had to live in refugee camps.

The governments and the police were not there to help them. People had to walk or ride in some vehicles from their homes to their new places. During the journey, many were attacked and killed; women were raped. Many were forced to accept the majority religion and marry people against their will. In many homes women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour. Children were separated from their parents and guardians. People who came to the new land had no houses and they had to live in refugee camps.

Not only the land, but even moveable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. People who were living like brethren were divided. It is believed that between 5 to 10 lakh people lost their lives in this tragic division of the country.

Question 27.
What is ‘Shock Therapy1? Briefly explain its conse-quences.
Answer:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted towards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

1. The main purpose yvas to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
2. Private capital would be very important.
3. Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
4. Foreign investment, open market system and currency exchange would be possible.
5. The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
6. Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come closer to them.

RESULTS:

1. Many big industries under government control collapsed.
2. 90% industries were sold to individuals or private companies.
3. The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
4. Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
5. In Cooperative farming, people had food security.
6. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains.
7. In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
8. The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
9. As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.

Question 28.
Three new sources of threats faced by the world are given below. Explain them.
Answer:
Security threats are of a different kind now. They can be categorized as follows:

1. Terrorism:
Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments.

Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

2. Global Poverty:
This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the under-developed countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning. This also creates a threat for the security of mankind.

3. Contagious Diseases: Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind. AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swine-flu spread all over the world. It is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat.

Question 29.
What you mean by ‘Common but Differentiated Re-sponsibilities’ ? List out the steps taken by India for the protection of environment.
Answer:
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities is a principle within the United Nations framework convention on climate change that acknowledges different capabilities and differeing responsibilities of individual countries in climate change. Each country is responsible for climate change and related issues. But the developed countries are more responsible for that. This principle was enshrined in the Earth Summit of 1992 in Rio-de-Janeiro.

For the protection of environment India has taken the following steps:
a. According to the auto fuel policy of India, only purified fuel is used for vehicles.
b. The Energy Act passed in 2001, aims at the appropriate use of energy.
c. The 2003 Electricity Act requires the use of renewable energy sources.
d. In 2011-12, the Bio-diesel Mission acquired 11 million hectors of land for the production of biodiesel.

Recently schemes have been worked out for the import of natural gas. It has been decided to use the latest technology for purifying coal. Thus India is doing a lot for environmental protection.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 x 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Explain the origin and struggle of Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Answer:
Narmada Bachao Andolan:
This Movement came as a result of the Sardar Sarovar Project. This questioned even the economic policy of the government. It was also a movement against large scale displacement of people for huge developmental projects. People of Kerala had made similar protests against the Vallarpadam Project. Sardar Sarovar Project is a large scale project. The project was to build a number of big and small dams. The project would cover Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. This project would help Gujarat to have good irrigation and electricity.

Narmada Bachao Andolan was to protect Narmada. The Movement demanded the stoppage of constructions in this river. If this project is completed, 245 villages would be submerged underwater. Some 2.5 lakhs people will have to find new homes. Starting from these villages, the Andolan began to spread. The beginning of the Movement was by demanding to rehabilitate those who would lose their homes. The argument also came up that the local communities should have power over the land, water and forests. They ask why in a democracy some people should become victims for the benefit of some others. It also brings harm to Nature. All these were the causes for the Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Question 31.
Explain any two developments that influenced indian politics since 1989.
Answer:
a) In 1989, Congress lost the election. With that election the ‘Congress System’ ended.

b) Mandal issue in national politics: In the 1.990s,the government decided to implement the job reservations recommended by the Mandal Commission. Reservations were also made for Other Backward Classes. This resulted in a move against the Mandal Commission throughout the country.

c) The economic policy changed according to the change in the government. A new economic policy was implemented in the name of Structural Adjustment.

d) In 1992, the Babri Masjid was demolished as a result of many things. It was an incident that
threatened the unity and integration of the country. It happened because of the coming of BJP with its Hindutva agenda.

e) The Murder of Rajiv Gandhi (1991): This brought changes in the leadership of Congress. In the next election, Congress won the maximum seats.

Question 32.
Briefly explain the ideologies of Bharatiya Jana Sagh and Swathanthra Party.
Answer:
Bhartiva Jan Sanah:
It was founded in 1951. The important leaders were Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, DeenDayal Upadhyaya and Balraj Madhok. BJS is different from other political . parties because of their ideas and schemes.

1. They stress the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation.
2. For India’s progress and growth, they want to fall back upon its culture and traditions.
3. They want the reunification of India and Pakistan. Thus they have the concept of a greater, undivided India.
4. They organized many protests insisting that Hindi should be the only official language of India.
5. They do not want to give any kind of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.
6. They want India to have atomic weapons.

In the first two elections, the BJS could get only very few votes. In 1952 and 1957 they gained 3 arid 4 seats respectively. In the beginning their supporters were mainly from the Hindi-speaking States – Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, and UP. The BJP originated from the BJS.

Swatantra Party
It was established in August 1959. Prominent leaders wereC. Rajagopalachari, K.M. Munshi, M.G Ranga and Minoo Masani. The Swatantra Party was formed in the light of the economic policy declared by the Nagpur Conference of the Congress. This Party was formed mainly to solve the economic problems of the country. The following were its policies:

1. The Government should not make economic controls.
2. Progress will come only through individual freedom.
3. Governmental interference in economic matters, Central Planning, Nationalization, Public Sector Undertakings etc. will be against national progress.
4. Encourage Private Sector.
5. In the agricultural sector, the Party is against land ceilings, and trading with government interference.
6. It is against increasing income tax and licensing of industries.
7. It is against Russia and the Non-Aligned Movement.
8. It wanted to establish more cordial relations with America.

As the interests of many groups were voiced by this Party, it received some strength. Many rulers of various Principalities, landowners, industrialists and businessmen supported this Party. They were not in favour of nationalization and land reforms. But because of its narrow social base and lack of sincere efforts from its members, it never grew into a popular party.

Part – V

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
Explain the causes for the declaration of National Emergency in 1975.
Hints:
• Economic Context
• Gujarat and Bihar Movements
• Conflict with Judiciary
• Declaration of Emergency
Answer:
Afterthe 1971 election, Indira became a popular leader with a lot of support from the people. This time there were serious problems in the Party. There were three main reasons:
a) Economic Reasons
b) Gujarat & Bihar Movement
c) Dispute with the Judiciary

a) Economic Reasons:
The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘garibi hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country. There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was the refuge problem. Then there was the Bangladesh Crisis, followed by the Indo-Pakjstan War. All these things created financial problems. Secondly, afterthe War, America stopped its aids io India. Thirdly, there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The 4th reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult.

The 5th problem was negative growth in industrial output. Unemployment increased, especially in the rural sector. Sixthly, the salaries of government employees had to be reduced and even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff. All the above things created an economic crisis in the country. There was general discontentment in the country. This gave the Opposition Parties an opportunity to organise protests.

b) Gujarat and Bihar Movement:
The second biggest problem was the Students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were Congress-ruled States. The main reason was the increase in the prices of essential commodities. Shortage of food, unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these States the Opposition Parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. At this time the main opponent of Indira Gandhi and the leader of Congress (O), Morarji Desai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike. He did that for demanding elections in Gujarat.

In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted. Congress lost the election. In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent. He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar government. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. But the Bihar government refused to resign. The entire country discussed the issue. Jay Prakash Narayan wanted to spread the protest to all parts of the country.

In the meantime the railway workers went on a strike. It would make the entire country come to a stand-still. In 1975, Jay Prakash Narayan organized a march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally tRe capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

c) Dispute with the Judiciary : Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgement was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people.

The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, Can the Parliament change the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land? Again the Court said no. Thirdly the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were two more reasons. In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as ni^ll and void. All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 34.
‘Afterthe end of Cold War, USA exercises hegemony on the world in many ways”. Explain the three dimensions of US hegemony’ You can use the hints’
• Hegemony as Hard Power
Answer:
World nations try to gain and maintain dominance over others by using military, economic and cultural power. During the Cold War the fight was between the Soviet Union and America. With the disintegration of the Soviet, Union America remains the only Superpower. Dominance or hegemony is attained through three things:
a) Hard Power
b) Structural Power
c) Soft Power

Hard Power: This includes military power and the relations between nations. Today America is in the forefront of military power. There is nobody to Challenge its military might. It has the capacity to reach any corner of the world any moment. They spend a major part of their budget to maintain this position. They spend huge sums of money for research and technological developments. It is technology that keeps America in the forefront With their military might they are even ready to police the world, and punish the culprits.

Structural power: This dominance is based on the economic structure. The global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea-routes safe for ships.

The next is the Internet. In fact it was an American military project. It was started in 1950. Today the global network functions using satellites. Most of them belong to America. 28% of the world economy is controlled by America. 15% of the international trade is also done by them. In any economic sector, at least one of out of three biggest companies will be American. The world economic structure follows the Breton Woods style of America. The World Bank, I.M.F. and World Trade Organization etc. are examples of American supremacy in world business and finance.

Now comes another example – the MBA degree. It was America that made this course and the degree so popular. It was Americans who discovered that business is a profession that could be taught. The first Business School was established in Pennsylvania in 1881. Its name was Wharton School. Today in all Countries MBA has become a prestigious degree.

Soft Power: This is the ideological and cultural dominance. America has become the model for all other nations and they try to copy America. In weak countries, America is able to make the people like its culture. We all speak highly of the American life style and personal success. America is number one in the world. By using ‘soft power, and not force, America is able to achieve this dominance over the world.

Question 35.
China’s economic success since 1978 has made it an alternative centre of power’. Explain the growth of China as a centre of power.
Answer:
The new economic policy has helped China a lot to bring it out of the moribund economic state. Privatization in the agricultural sector made crop ‘ production increase considerably and the rural economic sector improved. Thus there was considerable increase in the rural industrial sector. Chinese economy became better as a result of the increase in industry and rural growth. In 2001, China entered the WTO and thus it was able to trade with outside countries. Its decision to work jointly with the world economic system will definitely affect its economic model. Although some of these things are against Communist ideologies, the Chinese development model has become the cornerstone of its development.

China became the fastest growing economy in the world . It is the development model in China’s planning that helped it to succeed. Heavy investment in the area of production made China grow. The biggest consumer market in the world today is China. In 2001, China became a member of the WTO. China has independent trade treaties with Australia, South Korea, ASEAN, Switzerland and Pakistan.