Kerala Plus Two Political Science Question Paper March 2021 with Answers

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Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2021

Answer the following questions from 1 to 44 upto a maximum score of 80. Questions from 1 to 13. Total scores 22.

Question 1.
Identify the commission which recommended for the formation of states on language basis. (1)
Answer:
State Reorganisation Commission/ Fazal Ali Commission.

Question 2.
Name the political party which put forward two nation theory.
Answer:
Muslim League

Question 3.
Math the following:

a. Sardar Vallabhahai Patel	Stand still agreement
b. Bodha Chandra Singh	Formation of Andhra Pradesh
c. Nizam	Merger agreement
d. Potti Sriramulu	Integration of princely states

Answer:

a. Sardar Vallabhahai Patel	Integration of princely states
b. Bodha Chandra Singh	Merger agreement
c. Nizam	Standstill agreement
d. Potti Sriramulu	Formation of Andhra Pradesh

Question 4.
Who is known as the’milkman of India1? (1)
Answer:
Varghese Kurien

Question 5.
Math the following: (4)

Leaders	Parties
a. Acharya Narendra Dev	Republican Party
b. C. Rajagopalachari	Communist Party
c. A.K. Gopalan	Swatantra Party
d. B.R. Ambedkar	Socialist Party

Answer:

Leaders	Parties
a. Acharya Narendra Dev	Socialist Party
b. C. Rajagopalachari	Swatantra Party
c. A.K. Gopalan	Communist Party
d. B.R. Ambedkar	Republican Party

Question 6.
Name the political party which led the popular struggle against the dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan.
Answer:
Awami League

Question 7.
Find out the personality who won the Presidential election of 1969.
a) N. Sanjeeva Reddy
b) Morarji Desai
c) Nijalingappa
d) V.V. Giri
Answer:
V.V.Giri

Question 8.
Math the following: (4)

a. Bangladesh	Ayoob Khan
b. Panchasheel Principles	Mujeeb-ur-Rahman
c. Shimla agreement	Zhou Enlai
d. Tashkent agreement	Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Answer:

a. Bangladesh	Mujeeb-ur-Rahman
b. Panchasheel Principles	Zhou N-Lai
c. Shimla agreement	Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
d. Tashkent agreement	Ayoob Khan

Question 9.
Which among the following is a militant organisation?
a) Narmada BachaoAndolan
b) Dalit Panthers
c) Bharatiya Kisan Union
d) Chipko Movement
Answer:
Dalit Panthers

Question 10.
Which Prime Minister of India was assassinated as revenge to ‘operation blue star1?
a) Rajiv Gandhi
b) MorarjiDesai
c) Sanjay Gandhi
d) Indira Gandhi
Answer:
Indira Gandhi

Question 11.
Identify the leader behind the formation of BSP.
a) Kanshi Ram
b) B.P. Mandal
c) KarpooriTakur
d) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar (1)
Answer:
Kanshi Ram

Question 12.
Name the founder of Bolshevik Comm unist Party. (1)
Answer:
Vladimir Lenin

Question 13.
Identify the place where the ‘Earth Summit’ was held in 1992.
a) Paris
b) Kyoto
c) Rio-de Janeiro
d) Montreal
Answer:
Rio-de-Janeiro

Questions from 14 to 23. f=ach carries 3 Scores. (10 × 3 = 30)

Question 14.
Identify the three considerations whch guided the government to the integration of princely states to Indian union.
Answer:
People of most of the princely states are wanted to become part of India.
Government is flexible to give autonomy.
Integration and consolidation of the boundaries of India are important.

Question 15.
Briefly explain the reasons for the Congress domi-nance in the early phase of Indian democracy.
Answer:
Congress had led independence struggle. That legacy helped congress in initial elections.
Congress was the only party which had strong organisational structure and network all over India.
Charismatic leadership of Nehru and others.

Question 16.
How the Congress dominant system in India is dif-ferent from the single party system in China and Cuba?
Answer:
In China, Cuba and in erstwhile Soviet Union, there was one party dominance as only one party was allowed to function in those countries. But in India things were different. We had multiparty democracy. But staying within the bounds of democracy, congress dominated in Indian politics. Many parties had contested the elections, but congress maintaining its dominance.

Question 17.
What are the major objectives of India’s foreign policy?
Answer:

1. Protect territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country.
2. Promote rapid economic development.
3. Opposition to Imperialism, Colonialism and Racism.
4. Faith in UNO.
5. Peaceful co-existence
6. Non-Alignment
7. Afro-Asian unity

Question 18.
Write a note on ‘Shah Commission’ report.
Answer:
J.C. Shah was a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Janata Government set up a commission under the Chairmanship of Shah to look into the charges made against the government during ther emergency period. The Shah Commission made detailed enquiries. The findings, observations and recommendations were approved by the Janata Govermjient. The report was presented both in Loksabha and the Rajyasabha.

Question 19.
Discuss the social and environmental issues addessed by Chipko Movement.
Answer:
Chipko Movement was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarkhand. The forest department prevented the villagers from using the forest but gave permission to a sports company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers, when the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. This protest spread to many parts of Uttarkhand. As a result of this movement, government issued as order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan ranges for 15 years.

Question 20.
The Anti Arrack Movement was also a women movement. Why?
Answer:

1. The anti-arrack movement was mainly a women movement started from Andra Pradesh.
2. It was stood against domestic violence and the custom of dowry.
3. It was stood against the sexual abuse at the workplace.
4. The movement was stood against gender inequality.

Question 21.
Briefly explain India’s relations with Russia.
Answer:

1. India and Russia believe in collective security and multi-polarworld.
2. The two countries signed more than 80 bilateral Agreements.
3. India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir, sharing information on international  terrorism.
4. India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
5. India has long economic, commercial, cultural relations with Russia.

Question 22.
Explain any three sources of new global security threats.
Answer:

1. Global terrorism is one of the major threat in the new global security.
2. Human Rights violations are yet another threat all over the world across boundaries.
3. Global poverty and famines are threats for the security of mankind.
4. Contagious diseases like AIDS, SARS, Covid etc. are new forms of threats against global security.

Question 23.
Explain the impacts of globalisation on culture.
Answer:
Globalization opens the way for the globalisation of cultures. It affects our home, food, dress and even thoughts! There is a fear that it would lead to a single world culture. There is the dominance of western culture through globalisation. The traditional cultures are in danger. But some people of the view that culture is not something that stands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures.

Questions from 24 to 32. Each carries 4 scores. (9 × 4 = 36)

Question 24.
Explain the foramtion and failure of Janata government of 1977.
Answer:
The 1977 election was a referendum after the emergency. Even before the emergency, public opinion had turned against the Congress government. Emergency made the people turned against the party. The opposition parties joined together and became the Janata party. They rallied under the leadership of Jayprakash Narayan. Morarji Desai became the first non-congress Prime Minister in India. Later janatha experiment became a failure because of the internal conflicts and weak leadership.

Question 25.
Discuss the origin and activities of Dalit Panthers.
Answer:

1. Dalit Panters was a movement started in 1970’s working for the welfare of Dalits.
2. It was first started in Maharashtra.
3. The activities of Dalit panthers were concentrated in areas where Dalits are subjected to discrimination and attacks.
4. The agenda of the movement is making the society equitable where there is no caste discrimination.
5. The movement fought against all kinds of caste distinctions, reservation for SC’s and ST’s and fight against the legal prohibition of untouchability.
6. The movement split into various fragments and its strength was’lost.

Question 26.
Prepare a note on Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Answer:

1. Narmada Bachao Andolan was a movement came as a result of Sardar Sarovar Project.
2. Sardar Sarovar project is a large scale project built a number of big and small dams in the states like Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
3. Narmada Bhachao Andolan was also a movement against large scale displacement of people because of the construction of huge dams.
4. Tlie beginning of the movement was by demanding to rehabilitate those who would loss their homes.
5. The argument also came up that the local communities should have power over the land water and forests.

Question 27.
Discuss any four lessons of national integration in India.
Answer:

1. Regional demands are the part of the democratic process.
2. In democracy, suppression is not the solution to solve problems.
3. Respect in democratic deliberations and negotiations.
4. If regional representation is not equal in economic development, it will lead to regional imbalances.

Question 28.
Explain Kashmir issue.
Answer:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmir was a princely state. Initially, the king Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. In October 1947, Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Kashmir. Then the king sought assistance from India.

The king signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir king. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. India granted Jammu Kashmir autonomy.

Question 29.
Write a short note on Soviet System and its weaknesses.
Answer:
The union of Soviety Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the socialist revolution in Russia in 1917. The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism, as opposed to capitalism, and the need for an egalitarian society. The soviet system gave primacy to the state and the institution of the party. Abolished private property and design a society based on the principles of equality.

The Soviet system, became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech etc. are the problems of soviety system.

Question 30.
Write note on 9/11 attack and the global war on terror.
Answer:
On 11 September 2001, 19 terrorists hijacked 4 American planes and made them fly against some strategic buildings in  America. Two of the hit the twin-towers of the World Trade Centre. One crash landed in Pentagon, which is the headquarters of American defence.

The 4th plane had to land in field of Pennsylvania. 9/11 more than 3000 people were killed and it was considered as the first biggest attack American ever faced after its formation in 1776. After this America started its operation ‘Enduring freedom’. It is aimed against the terrorists like Al-Qaida and the Taliban of Afghanistan.

Question 31.
Discuss the capabilities of European Union to develop as an alternative centre of power.
Answer:

1. After the disintegration of Soviet Unidn, European Union was formed through the Maastricht Treaty.
2. It is considered an effort to unify the economic and political matters of Europe.
3. European Union because the world’s largest economic system.
4. The currency of EU, Euro is stronger tfian American dollar.
5. France one of the founder member ot European union, is also a permanent member of UN Security Council.
6. In military context, European union has the second largest in the world.
7. EU has its own flag, anthem, founding date, common parliament and common VISA system.

Question 32.
Explain the role of 1971 war in the formation of Bangladesh.
Answer:
In 1970, Pakistan faced a lot of internal problems. During the first election in West Pakistan the party of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto got the majority. But in East. Pakistan, theAwami League led by Majibur Rahman got the majority. The East Pakistanians wanted to be free from West Pakistan. The rulers of West Pakistan were not willing to recognize the Awami League and its victory. 1971, the West Pakistani
army arrested Majibur Rahman and threatened the people of East Pakistan.

The people were wanted their own country called Bangladesh and India supported the demand of a new country. In 1971 Pakistan attacked Punjab, Rajastan, Jammu- Kashmir. With popular support, the Indian army surrounded Dhaka from three sides. Pakistan surrendered and it came to be the beginning of a new country. After the war, Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto signed the Shimla agreement on 3rd July 1972.

Questions from 33 to 40. Each carries 5 scores.

Question 33.
Explain the ideology and programmes of the Swatantra Party.
Answer:

1. Swathantra party was formed in August 1959.
2. C.Rajagopalachari, K.M.Munshi, Meenu Massani were its prominent leaders.
3. Swathantra party opposed centralised planning, state intervention, public sector, etc.
4. They stood for individual freedom and privatisation.
5. They were against the policy of non-alignment and progressive tax regime.
6. Most of the ideologies of Swathantra party are in favour of capitalist system and they wanted to make India a capitalist  country.

Question 34.
Discuss India’s Nuclear policy.
Answer:

1. India’s nuclear programme was initiated uner the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.
2. India conducted nuclear explotions in 1974 and 1988.
3. But India is against testing of atomic weapons for war like purposes. India stands for complete disarmament within the framework of United Nations:
4. India refuses to sign, NPT, because it is discriminatory.
5. India sood for no first use.
6. Stands for non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament.

Question 35.
Critically analyse the consequences of National emergency of 1975.
Answer:
Because of internal problems, emergy was declared and the people were in trouble. According to the constitution, during the emergency, the central government has special powers.

1. Protests and agitations by government employees were banned.
2. Opposition leaders were arrested.
3. Media were strictly controlled and suspended freedom of press.
4. Fundamental Rights were suspended.
5. Massive use of preventive dentention.
6. Public agitations were disallowed.

Question 36.
Briefly explain how Punjab crisis was resolved. nJ6raii36n]’ i;U(ra“mo
Answer:

1. Punjab was came into existence in 1966 on linguistic basis.
2. Akali dal propogated an idea called Punjab’s Suba and later Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana.
3. In 1970, a group of Akalis demanded political autonomy.
4. 1973, in Anandapur, they passed a resolution, supporting the idea of a seperate Sikh nation for Sikh community.
5. They started agitation for an independent Khalistan, which led to Blue Star operation and the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
6. After the 1984 general election, Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister. He started talks with the Akali Dal leaders.
7. In 1985, he signed an accord with the Akali leader Harchand Singh Longowal. This is known as the Punjab Accordx or Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord. This helped to bring normalcy in Punjab.

Question 37.
Describe various issues related to regional aspirations in North-East region.
Answer:
The North-Eastern states have some geographical peculiarities. It was a region that was not closely linked to the rest of the country. Its development was neglected to an extent and the problem was made complex by the emigrants that came from other places. The major problems of the north-eastern states are:
1. Demand for Autonomy:
At the time of independence, except Manipur and Tripura, the entire North Eastern region was just one state. After independence, the non- Assamese felt that Assamese culture and language was imposed to them. Therefore they demanded political self rule. After long agitations, Meghalaya and Mizoram were formed. The tribal people of the region, the Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas demanded their own states.

2. Secessionist Movement:
India faced demands for secession from two North-Eastern states – Mizoram and Nagaland. Mizo leader Lai Denga and Mizo National Front started an armed struggle for their demand. After an accord with Rajiv Gandhi, Mizoram became a state with some special rights. Lai Denga became the first Chief Minister of Mizoram.

The case of Nagaland was very similar to that ofMizoram. Under the leadership of AngamiZafu Phizo, the Nagas started an agitation for seperate statehood and later made an accord with government. Thus Nagaland became an independent state, but still the issues of Nagas are unresolved.

3. Movement Against outsiders:
There was another problem in the North-Eastern region which faced migration of people from other places. There was rivalry between local people and the emigrants. In Assam the moves against outsiders were very strong.

Question 38.
Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Answer:
Most North-Western countries became capitalist, anti-communist nations. A big power like America could not easily tolerate a neighbouring country becoming a close ally of communist Russia. As Cuba got fianancial and diplomatic support from Russia, it became a strong country, although it was small in size. In 1962, the Russian leader, Khrushchev wanted to deploy missiles and other armaments in Cuba. Most of the American cities then would come under threat from Russia. America send troops to Cuba. This was known as Cuban missile crisis,. America wanted to get the Cuban President killed with the help of the CIA. wanted to stop the growth of communism in its neighbourhood.

Question 39.
Briefly explain ‘Shock therapy1 in the post communist regimes and its consequences.
Answer:

1. The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, East European countries were attracted towards organisations like World Bank and IMF.
2. The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
3. Co-operative farming will give way to private farming.
4. Foreign Investment, open market system, and currency exchange would be possible.
5. Private capital and market based economic system emerged.

Results

1. Many big industries under government control collapsed.
2. The Russian currency Rouble was devalued.
3. Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
4. GDP was diminished.
5. The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
6. As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.

Question 40.
Write arguments for and against India’s demand for permanent membership in UN Security Council.
Answer:
The demand of India to be a permanent member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfils all the criteria to be a permanent rriember. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds.
a) It has the world’s second largest population.
b) It is the largest democracy in the world.
c) India has participated in the UN activities in its beginning.
d) It has long relations with the UN peace keeping force.
e) India gives regularly to the UN budget.

Arguments against
a) There are many other countries in the world are equally eligible like India in the permanent membership.
b) There is no representation from Africa and South America in the permanent membership of UN.

Questions from 41 to 44. Each carries 8 scores. (4 x 8 = 32)

Question 41.
Explain the process and consequences of the partition of India.
Answer:
The division of India was carried out on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory put forward by the Muslim League. According to that theory, in India there were two nations – the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, the Muslim League demanded a seperate nation, Pakistan for the Muslims. There were four major issues in the process of the partition of India.

1. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims.There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the west and the other other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian territory.

2. Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslim of population wanted to become part of Pakistan, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, who was the leader of the North Western Province, had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the north west province was included in Pakistan.

3. Third problem was that British India’s Pubjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these provinces there were very many non- muslims.

4. The fourth issue regarding partition was the minorities lived in the both sides of the boundary of two countries. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

Conseouences
1. The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people in both sides were killed because of their religion and caste.

2. The cities like Lahore, Amritsar, Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to areas
of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas.

3. People migrated from one place to other, but during the journey many were attacked and killed, women were brutally raped. In homes, women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour.

5. Not only the land, but even movable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. The writers were described it as ‘division of hearts’.

Question 42.
Explain the various reasons for the declaration of National emergency of 1975.
Conflict with judiciary : Allahabad High Court Verdict : Protest from opposition
Answer:
42. On June 25 1975, the President, on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared Emergency.  The main reasons  ehind the declaration of emergency are following.
a) Economic Reasons
b) Gujarat and Bihar Movements
c) Dispute with the Judiciary
d) Allahabad HC Verdict’and popular movements
e) Protest from opposition

a) Economic Reasons:
The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘Garibi Hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country. There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was a refugee problem. Secondly, after the war, America stopped its aid to India. Thirdly there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The fourth reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult. The fifth problem was negative growth in industrial output. Sixthly the salaries of government employees had to be reduced or even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff. All the above things created an economic crisis in the country.

b) Gujarat and Bihar Movement:
The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were congress led states. The main reason was the increase in the unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these states the opposition parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted and congress lost in the election.

In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent. He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar government. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. In the meantime the railway workers also went on a strike. In 1975 Jay Prakash Narayan orgnaised a march to the parliament. The opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi.

c) Dispute with the Judiciary:
Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the constitution. The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, can the Parliament change the fundamental rights? Secondly can the Parliament change ownership of land. Thirdly the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. Parliament amended the constitution, but Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and Judiciary.

d) Allahabad High Court Verdict : On 12 June Justice J.L.Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgement declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha invalid. This order came on an election petition filed by Raj Narain, a socialist leader and a candidate who had contested against her in 1971. The petition challenged the election of Indira Gandhi on the ground that she had used the services of government servants in her election campaign. But later Supreme Court granted her a partial stay on the High Court order, that she could remain as MP but could not take part in the proceedings of Lok Sabha.

e) Protest from opposition: The opposition parties started widespread protest under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan pressed for Indira Gandhi’s resignation. They announced nation wide Satyagraha and asked the army, police and government employees not to obey imiporal orders. The political mood of the country had turned against the congress.

Question 43.
India after 1989 witnessed five developments which has long,lasting impact on our politics. Briefly explain them.
Answer:
There are many unexpected and unforeseen developments happened in the contemporary politics of India. They were
a) Failure of Congress
b) Mandal issues
c) Changes in Economic policy
d) Demolition of Babp Masjid
e) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

a) Failure of Congress
First and foremost development of this period was the defeat of congress in the election held in 1989.
This was the end of the congress system.

b) Mandal Issues
Second development was the rise of the ‘Mandal issue’in national politics. In 1990’s the Central Government decided to implement job reservations recommended by the Mandal Commission. Reservations also made for other Backward classes. This resulted a move against the Mandal Commission throughout the country.

c) Changes in Economic Policy
The economic policy also changed according to the change in the government. A new economic policy was implemented in the name of structural adjustment or the new economic reforms.

d) Demolition of Babri Masjid
A number of events culminated in the demolition of Babri Masjid in December 1992. This event symbolized and triggered various changes in the politics of the country and intensified debates about the nature of Indian Nationalism and Secularism.

e) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Finally, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991, led to a change in the leadership of Congress party. After his murder, in the elections of 1991, Congress emerged as the single largest party.

Question 44.
Trace the causes and consequences of the disintegration of Soviet Union.
Answer:
There are many reasons for the disintegration of USSR. They are:-
a) Political reasons
b) Economic Reasons
c) Advent of Nationalism
d) The Reforms of Gorbachev

a) Political Reasons

1. In Soviet system there was bureaucratic misrule and misuse of authority.
2. The control exercised by the Soviet government on its citizens made their life difficult.
3. There was no freedom of expression or democracy. The party refused to give people their rights.
4. Communist party strictly controlled them and reforms were not possible.
5. Soviet Union was a confederation of 15 Republics. Russia dominated the other Republics and the people of the other Republics were either ignored or suppressed.

b) Economic Reasons
Although the Soviet Union was able to maintain its equality with the US in arms race. It was very costly for them. Western technology was better than Russian Technology. The political and taken care of the Soviet government. Soviet union used most of its resources to develop atomic weapons.

The Reforms of Gorbachev
Th reforms of the Gorbacheve like Glasnost and perestroika were the sudden reasons for the disintegration of Soviet Union. Glasnost means openness and Perestroika means re-structuring. These reforms did not bring the expected results. They brought more troubles to the country leading to its disintegration.

Consequences
End of cold war
Disintegration of Soviet Union was the end of cold war and bi-polar polity. It was also the end of power- block rivalry and arms race. The world became unipolar in nature nad the hegemony of US became a reality.

Change in power relations
After the second world war, there were two power blocks competing each other. They are the capitalist block led by USA and the socialist blocks led by USSR. But the disintegration resulted a change in the existing power system.

Emergence of new countries
As a result of the disintegration, there were many new countries emerged and others disappeared. The mighty confederation USSR became fragmented into 15 independent Republics. Like some of the satellite countries of USSR in the eastern European region’ were divided and that resulted in the formation of new countries.