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Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2021
Answer questions from 1 to 45 up to the maximum of 80 scores. Questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (10 × 1 = 10)
Question 1.
Sociology can help you to map link and connection between ‘personal trouble’ and ‘social issues’. Who stated?
Answer:
C. Wright Mills – in his book sociological imagination published in 1959.
Question 2.
The rate of death of babies before the age of one year per 1000 birth is known as _____. (Birth rate, Infant mortiality rate, Sex ratio, Death rate)
Answer:
Infant mortality rate- number of infant deaths per 1000 live births.
Question 3.
Family in which men exercise authority is called family.
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras.
Question 4.
Find the marginalized tribal group which engaged in salt trade during colonial period. (Banjaras, Santhal, Paniyar, Naga)
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras were the marginalised tribal community who engaged themselves in salt trade.
Question 5.
The second back ward class commission was headed by (Kaka Kalekar, P.D. Nettoor, B.P Mandal, Kothari)
Answer:
B P Mandal – also known as Mandal commission.. Held in 1979.
Question 6.
The right to Information Act was enacted by Parliment of India in year.
Answer:
2005 – Right to Information Act 2005
Question 7.
Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identify is known as ______.
Answer:
Communalism – is the aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity.
Question 8.
The term Sanskritisatipn was coined by _______.
Answer:
M N Srinivas – was a pioneer of indian sociology. He in his book Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of India used the word ‘sanskritization’ for the first time.
Question 9.
Write true or false:
“As a result of liberalisation may Indian Companies have been bought over by multinational companies.”
Answer:
True.
Question 10.
The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Tylor is called.
Answer:
True
Scientific Management/Taylorism/Industrial Engineering:
(The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Taylor. All work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements, and divided between workers. Workers are timed with the help of stopwatches. Worker are made to fulfil a certain target every day.ln Taylor’s view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance).
Questions from 11 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)
Question 11.
Define‘Civil Society’.
Answer:
Civil society is voluntary, non profitable, public sphere beyond the governmental control which comes up to address the issues of the public or of their members. They are very important in a democracy. They makes sure that government doesn’t take too much control or authority over the people.
Question 12.
What is Community?
Answer:
Community is a group who follow a social structure within a society (culture, norms, values, status). They may work together to organise social life within a particular place, or they may be bound by a sense of belonging sustained across time and space.
Question 13.
What is de-industrialisation?
Answer:
De industrialisation is the opposite of industrialisation.It’s a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change. De¬Industrialisation is harmful to India, Ruin of traditional Indian industries like handloom and handicrafts,Decline of major ports like surat and masulipatnam.
Question 14.
Define Sanskritisation.
Answer:
Sanskritisation: This term was made popular by Indian sociologist M. N. Srinivas in the 1950s. Sanskritization is a particular form of social change found in India. It denotes the process by which caste or tribes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper or dominant castes.
Question 15.
What is ‘‘Van Panchayat”?
Answer:
Van-panchayats were set up by women in Uttarakhand in order to stop the problem of deforestation that is a big problem in the mountainous regions.Members of the van-panchayats develop nurseries and nurture tree saplings for planting on the hill slopes.Members also police nearby forests to keep an eye on illegal felling of trees.
Question 16.
What is meant by interest group?
Answer:
Interest group is a group of individuate that share a common interest in a specific subject and work jointly to influence public policy in its favor. Interest groups are also called pressure groups because they exert pressure on policy makers toinfluence public policies. Every interest group has their own interest and aims to protect these interests and to draw the attention of the government. Or the required group.
Question 17.
Explain outsourcing.
Answer:
Outsourcing – fundamental decision to contract out specific activities that previously were undertaken internally. – product of liberalisation and globalisation.The software services industries and business process outsourcing (BPO) industries (such as call centres) in India – getting connected to the global economy. Companies based in India provide low-cost services and labour to customers located in the developed countries of the West. There is now a global market for Indian software labour and other services.
Question 18.
Why certain mecjias are referred as Mass Media?
Answer:
Mass media – that form of media-written , spoken or broadcasted – that can reach a large audience.( Mass) Example – Television, Radio, Advertising, Movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines etc. – significant force in modern culture-mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. These Social Media platforms like YouTube and Facebook are dominating mass media.
III. Questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 3 scores.
Question 19.
What is self reflexivity? How does it helps in sociological research?
Answer:
Self Reflexivity or reflexivity is the ability to look at ourselves from others point of view. It is critically analysing ourselves and it helps us to reduce our subjectivity and make our work more objective. It helps us to accept other people’s views. There are many vanity points for everything, no single sided view can give a valid objective conclusion for it therefore self reflexivity is essential in every work we do.
Question 20.
Write any three hurdles of National Integration.
Answer:
There are many hurdles of national integration Some ‘ of them are – communalism, racism, casteism, regionalism, linguism, terrorism etc.
Question 21.
Define the following terms:
a) Modernisation
b) Westernisation
Answer:
a) Modernisation is changing our outlook.lt is the process of adapting something to modern needs or habits. It the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.Modernization is a continuous and open-ended process.lt is the Development due to the application of science and technology,
b) Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence./ assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization.
Question 22.
Give any three responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
22. The word “Panchayat” means assembly (ayat) of five (panch) and raj means “rule”. Traditionally Panchayats consisted of elderly and wise people chosen by the local community, who used to settle disputes between individuals and villages.
In a democracy panchayats consist of elected representatives who form the local self governing body. Responsibilities of panchayats include- ‘Preparation of plan for the economic development and social justice of the village. ‘Implementation of schemes for economic development of the villages. ‘Collect due taxes, tolls, duties and fees
Question 23.
Explain “Feminisation of agricultural labour force”.
Answer:
Due to industrialisation, migration and circulation of labour men of the household might be away which forces the women to take up the duties of taking care of the family and earning for daily needs. They take up agricultural activities. The term ‘feminisation’ refers to increased participation and authority of women in certain areas. In agriculture, it refers to women’s increased labour participation and role in decision making. Feminisation of labour means either an increase in the number of women involved or the time devoted by women, or both.
IV. Questions from 24 to 30. Each carries 4 scores. (7 × 4 = 28)
Question 24.
Give the merits and demerits of prior knowledge about society in the study of sociology.
Answer:
Prior Knowledge or previous knowledge is a person’s early understanding of any topic that might be gained through socialisation and in most cases it is based on a commonsense understanding. It is usually biased, partial and subjective in nature. MERITS- it makes a subject easily approachable, it reduces student’s fear of the subject and also makes the study interesting.
DEMERITS: It creates subjectivity, It may be partial and incomplete, it is biased and mostly based on commonsense knowledge and unscientific.
Question 25.
What is social about social inequality and social exclusion?
Answer:
The concepts of social exclusion and inequality are closely linked. Unequal societies in which certain groups are discriminated against can lead to exclusion.Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not about individuals but about groups. They are social in the sense that they are not economic, although there is usually a strong link between social and economic iiiequality.They are systematic and structured – there is a definite pattern to social i nequal ities.
Question 26.
What is the Indian meaning of Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism has two definitions: common understanding of secularism and indian understanding of secularism. Common meaning of secularism is separation of religion from the state. Indian meaning of secularism is considering all religions equally , giving equal importance and status, accepting and equally respecting them all, celebrating all religious festivals.
Question 27.
a) What is Urbanisation?
b) Analyse the graph given below:
Answer:
a) Urbanisation is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city, population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more peopfe begin living and working in central areas.
b) The graph represents the population growth in Bapengaluru city from 1951 To 1991. The graph shows the geometrical progression of population in last forty years
Question 28.
Considering the “Bidi Industry”, explain home based work.
Answer:
Home-based work is an important part of the economy. This includes the manufacture of lace, zari or brocade, carpets, bidis, agarbattis and many such products. This work is mainly done by women and childre. An agent provides raw materials and also picks up the finished product. Home workers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of pieces they make.
The bidi industry, as a home based work:
- The process of making bidis starts in forested villages where villagers pluck tendu leaves and sell it to the forest department or a private contractor who in turn sells it to the forest department.
- On average a person can collect 100 bundles (of 50 leaves each) a day.
- The government then auctions the leaves to bidi factory owners who give it to the contractors.
- The contractor in turn supplies tobacco and leaves to homerbased workers.
- These workers, mostly women, roll the bidis first dampening the leaves, then cutting them, filling in tobacco evenly and then tying them with’ thread.
- The contractor picks up these bidis and sells them to the manufacturer who roasts them, and puts on his own brand label.
- The manufacturer then sells them to a distributor who distributes the packed bidis to wholesalers who in turn sell to your neighbourhood pan shops.
Question 29.
Explain any two influences of globalization on mass media.
Answer:
- Globalization has a great influence on the media and further its impact on us.
- The most visible effect of globalization is wide spread communication and technology.
- The introduction of newspapers, magazine, internet and TV has immensely helped to spread information and has helped people to come together from all over the world.
- opening up of people mind towards not just the walls within which they stay but also be aware of what’s happening around the world.
- every field has opened up broader communication lines bringing the various companies, economy and more importantly the countries together.
Question 30.
Explain the following:
a) Reformist Social Movements
b) Revolutionary Social Movements
Answer:
Reformist and revolutionary movement
a) Reformist Movement is a movement where the reformers try to change the mindset of the people regarding a particular issue.
- advocates a change that will preserve the existing values but will provide improved means of implementing them
- a revolutionary movement advocates rapid, precipitous change
b) Revolutionary Movement is a movement where radical or violent methods are used to bring about change in society.
- advocating replacement of existing values
- reform movement works for slow, evolutionary change.
V. Questions from 31 to 37. Each carries 5 scores. (7 × 5 = 35)
Question 31.
List out the preventive and positive checks as pointed out in the Malthusian theory of population growth.
Answer:
a) Preventive checks are the ways in which humanity voluntarily reducing population growth. They include practicing celibacy, sexual abstinence, postponing marriage, using birth control methods etc.
b) Positive checks – inevitable, nature’s way of f dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population. Those are-famines, diseases, calamities etc
Question 32.
Give five featu res of Caste System.
Answer:
FEATURES OF CASTE SYSTEM
- based on birth immobile “segmented “hierarchical
- discriminating “endogamous “based on the concept of purity and pollution “restriction on food and food sharing “differences in traditional occupations.
Question 33.
Explain Commodification. Give two example.
Answer:
Commodification the changing or transforming of a non market product or non commodity into a
commodity and making it a part of market economy is known as commodification. Eg – drinking water, oxygen , human organs , education etc.
Question 34.
Explain social exclusion and discrimination.
Answer:
a) SOCIAL EXCLUSION: exclusion from the prevailing social system and its rights and privileges, typically as a result of poverty or the fact of belonging to a minority social group.Street children, people with leprosy or AIDS and undocumented migrants are examples of such socially excluded categories, b) DISCRIMINATION: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, sex, or disability.
Question 35.
Explain the significance of community identity.
Answer:
Community identity is the sense of belongingness towards the community they belong to-. Ascribed – Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some forms of acquired qualifications or accomplishments.-sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities.-difficultto shake off; even if we choose to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging.- gives us a sense of identity.
Question 36.
Give any five impacts of liberalization and globalization on rural society.
Answer:
Impacts of liberalisation and globalisation on rural societies Positive: Commercialization of agriculture and expansion of agro-industries.Liberalization of international trade and marketing for food and other agricultural products.lntensification and internal labour migration.
Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of employment is a common , phenomenon.Standards of living have increased, more employment opportunities.Impact of globalization, mass media and education directly or indirectly encourage the current generation to abandon traditional social conservative norms and taboos.
Negative: Rural population is still suffering from unemployment as rural labour is mostly uneducated and unskilled. Machines and latest technologies have reduced the number of manpower a lot.Globalization has caused intermingling of cultures. Though it has curtailed narrow mindedness of humans, it has caused cultural degradation also.benefits of globalization didn’t reach the hinterlands.lmports make the farmers’ position worse
as they are not able to compete with imported goods in terms of price and quality.The position of artisans is also bad in villages. They are also not able to compete with machine- made goods.As the competition has become global, so it has become quite difficult for small, cottage, handicraft & medium industries to maintain the pace.
Question 37.
Give any five features of social movements.
Answer:
Features of social movements: ’sustained collective action overtime. ’Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation, ’shared objectives and ideologie ’These defining features are not constant. They may change over the course of a social movement’s life. Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both entrenched interests and values, there is bound to be opposition and resistance. But over period of time changes do take place.
VI. Questions from 38 to 41. Each carries 6 scores.
Question 38.
Explain the following:
a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Fertility rate
Answer:
Birth rate – number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population. Death rate – the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year. Fertility rate -the number of live births per 1000 women in the child bearing age groups usually taken to be 15-49 years.
Question 39.
Match the following:
| A | B |
| M.N. Srinivas | 1901 Census |
| Sreenarayana Guru | Satya Shodak Samaj |
| E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker | Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham |
| Jyotirao Govindrao Phule | Dominant Caste |
| Ayyankali | S.N.D.P. |
| Herbert Risley | Dravida Kazhakam |
Answer:
| A | B |
| M.N. Srinivas | Dominant Caste |
| Sreenarayana Guru | S.N.D.P. |
| E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker | Dravida Kazhakam |
| Jyotirao Govindrao Phule | Satya Shodak Samaj |
| Ayyankali | Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham |
| Herbert Risley | 1901 Census |
Question 40.
Explain the following:
a) Liberalisation
b) Globalisation
Answer:
a) Liberalisation – a relaxation of government restrictions in the areas of social, political and economic policies Major features include Minimised state control over economic activities,easy licensing,free market etc.
b) Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges of human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices all over the planet.
Features: linking of local regional,national and international markets,flow of people,ideas, technology, money,culture etc. interdependence between different people, regions and countries
Question 41.
Explain how prejudices and stereotype thoughts leads to social exclusion.
Answer:
Prejudice is an assumption or an opinion about someone simply based on that person’s membership to a particular group. It is a pre judgement formed without proper evidences. It is usually negative.
OR
Pre conceived notion/pre judgement- Mostly negative- Someone say something and believe it, e.g. Kanjoos Marwaris; Rajputs are courageous. When prejudiced against other, and the group doesn’t think so, they don’t think they are inferior and try to prove themselves is called positive prejudice.
Eg: ableism , Sexism , ageism etc Stereotypes – a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group.
OR
Categorize a whole group having one certain characteristic.- A whole group is considered homogenous e.g. Rajputs are supposed to be courageous, girls are emotional, boys don’t cry.- Basis is prejudice.- Individual difference isn’t taken into consideration.
Eg: Girls should play with dolls and boys should play with trucks., all Blacks are good at sports etc etc These leads to social exclusions as some people are denied opportunities, goods and services.They are isolated and excluded . It is not accidental, it is systematic. It is involuntary,. Eg- lower castes, blacks in america, women, differently abled etc.
VII. Questions from 42 to 45. Each carries 8 scores.
Question 42.
Explain the theory of Demographic Transition.
Answer:
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION KINGSLEY DAVIS
Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:
Stage I: Primitive Stage Underdeveloped countries Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward. in such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of having small families, they are not educated. ‘Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available, therefore population is low.
Stage II: [Developing countries]. The birth rate and death rate rank very high, the net growth rate remains low. Birth rate is high as in this society people live in a patriarchal society in which men decide how many children must be bom and male child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant. Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available.
Stage III: [Developed countries]. Birth rate in low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, birth control is popularised. Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical facilities, therefore population is low.
Transitional Stage: The stage between backwardness and skilled people]: In this stage growth rate of population is very high whereas death rates are brought down due to better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is associated with a population explosion.
Question 43.
Explain the classification of Indian Tribal Communities on the basis of their permanent and acquired traits.
Answer:
Classification of Tribal Societies In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits. Permanent Traits include region, language, physical characteristics and ecological habitat.In terms of population the tribal population of India is widely dispersed, but there are also concentrations in certain regions. 85% in ‘middle India’, from Gujarat and Rajasthan in the west to West Bengal and Orissa in the east, with Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh forming the heart of this region.Over 11% is in the North Eastern states.3% living in the rest of India. The ecological habitats covered includes hills, forests, rural plains and urban industrial areas.
On the basis of language
In terms of language.Categorised into four categories.Two of them, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, are shared by the rest of the Indian population as well, and tribes account for only about 1% of the former and about 3% of the latter.The other two language groups, the Austric and Tibeto-Burman, are primarily spoken by tribals, who account for all of the first and over 80% of the second group. In terms of physical-racial terms Classified underthe Negrito, Australoid, Mongoloid, Dravidian and Aryan categories.
The last two are shared with the rest of the population of India. In terms of size Vary a great deal, ranging from about seven million to some Andamanese islanders who may number less than a hundred persons.The biggest tribes are the Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Bodos and Mundas, all of whom are at least a million strong.The total population of tribes amounts to about 8.2% of the population of India, or about 84 million persons according to the 2001 Census.
Acquired Traits
Classifications based on acquired traits use two main criteria – mode of livelihood, and extent of incorporation into Hindu society – or a combination of the two. On the basis of livelihood, tribes can be categorised into fishermen, food gatherers and hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants and plantation and industrial workers. The dominant classification both in academic sociology as well as in politics and public affairs is the degree of assimilation into Hindu society.
Assimilation can be seen either from the point of view of the tribes, or (as has been most often the case) from the point of view of the dominant Hindu mainstream. From the tribe’s point of view, apart from the extent of assimilation, attitude towards Hindu society is also a major criterion, with differentiation between tribes that are positively inclined towards Hinduism and those who resist or oppose it. From the mainstream point of view, tribes may be viewed in terms of the status accorded to them in Hindu society, ranging from the high status given to some, to the generally low status accorded to most.
Question 44.
Explain the economic dimensions of globalization.
Answer:
ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISATION
GLOBALISATION has created great visible and invisible changes in the global economy.
1. Policy of liberalisation:
Liberalisation is the most important feature of globalisation.Liberalisation reduced the market regulations, tolls, taxes, duties etc. Reduction or abolition of taxes made the country open for global trade and commerce.Foreign countries increased the sale of their products in INDIA. This has its own pros and cons.
Globalisation has created more and more choices for customers; made available the products which were previously not available or rarely available. Globalisation increased competition among companies which reduced the prices for products.
2. Privatisation: private ownership of resources forced the public authorities to increase their standard.More facilities and technologies were introduced.
3. Economic aspect of globalisation: Many new policies were made in 1990.
- Many laws were introduced by government as it was aware that there would be stiff competition to protect one local industries/markets/companies.
- Economic reforms policy of liberalisation flourished.
4. Electronic Economy : Transactions take place electronically at the click of a button through computers.
- No paperwork or paper currency required.
- Shares bought and sold within seconds.
- Transaction of funds between countries in seconds.
- One major risk is sometimes foreign companies buy up stocks in bulk, make a profit and sell it back to stock holders.
- Main reason for electronic economy is revolution in technology.
5. Weightless or Knowledge Economy : Weightless economy is that system in which basis is information e.g., IT sector, internet, software. A knowledge economy is one in which working people are not directly involved in the production of commodities but give support systems (transport and communications, architects, wedding planners, market, service etc).
6. Globalisation of Finance : Connected to electronic economy.
- Hub of electronic activity where transaction takes place 24 hours are called financial capital of that city.
- Globally integrated markets do transactions involving billions of holders work within seconds like. Bombay, Tokyo, London, New York
7. INC’s or MNC’s:
- Companies which have branches in different areas.
- Big billions dollars MNC’s and small MNC’s
- Many Indian companies
- Globalisation has picked up in such a big way because of MNC’s main basis is profit for an MNC and global market.
8. Global Communications: Many revolutions have taken place because of advances and improvement in technology and communication.
- Some homes and many offices have multiple links to the outside world such as telephones, cell phones, fax machines, digital and cable television, electronic mail and internet.
- Two individuals located in different part of the world – in Banglore and New York – not only can talk but also send documents and images to one another with the help of satellite technology.
9. Globalisation and international division of labours : Has emerged due to globalisation, where production (manufacturing) and employment is spread over different countries all over the world. Wherever good infrastructure, cheap labour, resources, MNC’s come up.
- Hence frequent shifting of location occurs.
- This got a feeling of insecurity among labour.
- Only unskilled, casual labours suffered.
- Main aim of factory owners is profit.
10. Globalisation And Employment : Before globalisation (1990’s) the employment scenario was different.
- Many jobs are now available after graduation (call centres, BPO’s)
- Job opportunities broadened largely
Question 45.
In what way a market – “such as a weakly village market” – is a social institution.Explain.
Answer:
Though markets are places of economic interaction, since they are based on a particular social context and social environment, we can also regard them as social institutions where a specific kind of social interaction take place. Periodic markets (or weekly markets) are a central feature of social and economic organization. They give a chance to surrounding villages to interact with each other while they sell – their goods.
In villages, in tribal areas apart from regular markets, specialised markets are also organized where specific products are sold such as in the fair of Pushkar in Rajasthan. Thus, traders from outside come and also moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers and other specialists offering their services and product. Therefore, these periodic markets just do not fulfil local needs, they link the villages with regional economies and sometimes national economies. Thus in tribal areas they help in maintaining interconnections, which makes these markets a social institution.