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Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

Answer all questions from 1 to 8. Each carries 1 score. (8 × 1 = 8)

Question 1.
Pick out a feature of primary group from the given list.
a) Large group
b) Formal relation
c) Face-to-face association
d) Goal oriented
Answer:
c) Face-to-face association

Question 2.
An effort to compromise and co-exist despite conflict is called :
a) Accommodation
b) Co-operation
c) Competition
d) Conflict
Answer:
a) Accommodation

Question 3.
Identify the concept relatd to Durkheim’s vision of Sociology.
a) Division of labour
b) Alienation
c) Social action
d) Social fact
Answer:
c) Social action

Question 4.
Identify the item that connot be considered as a feature of culture.
a) Culture is a common understanding
b) Culture does not change
c) Culture is a way of life
d) Culture is shared
Answer:
b) Culture does not change

Question 5.
The process of using more than one method in a particular study is called
a) Micro method
b) Macro method
c) Interview method
d) Triangulation
Answer:
d) Triangulation

Question 6.
In India communal violence have led to the conversion of mixed community neighbour hoods into single community ones. Identify the concept to refer this process.
a) Ghettoisation
b) Gentrification
c) Gated community
d) Risk society
Answer:
b) Gentrification

Question 7.
Complete the diagram reflecting Karl Marx’s idea about alienation.

Answer:
Alienetion from others/each other

Question 8.
Complete the chart showing the features of modern states.

Answer:
Citizenship

Answer any 4 questions from 9 to 13 in 2 or 3 sentences each. Each carries 2 scores.(4 × 2 = 8)

Question 9.
Point out any two features of caste put forward by G.S. Ghurye.
Answer:

1. Segmental division
2. Hierarchial division
3. Restriction on social interaction
4. Different right and duties
5. Restrictions on the choice of occupation
6. Restrictions on marriage

Question 10.
Differentiate between gentrification and gated community.
Answer:

1. Gentrification
   • Coversion of lower class neighbourhoods in to a middle and upper class one.
2. Gated community
   • Affluent neighbourhoods separated from surrounding by walls and gates controlled entry and exit.

Question 11.
Differentiate between achieved status and ascribed status with an example each.
Answer:

1. Achieved status
   • By personal efforts. Eg. Lower Class/Caste student’ becomes a doctor/engineer etc.
2. A scribed status
   • By birth. Eg- Assumes involuntarly caste, age, race etc.

Question 12.
Point out any two situations that hinder objectivity in sociological research.
Answer:

1. Bias
2. Many versions of truth.
3. Multiple point of view.
4. Prejudices.

Question 13.
List any two features of modern forms of work.
Answer:

1. Industrial work
2. Mechanisation of agriculture
3. Division of labour
4. Factory production- change in the location of work.

Answer any 3 questions from 14 to 17. Each carries 3 scores. (3× 3 = 9)

Question 14.
What defines the scope of Sociology is not just what it studies but how it studies a chosen field. Substantiate.
Answer:

1. Sociology can focus its analysis on the interaction between individuals.
2. Sociology can also focus on national issues such as unemployment or caste conflict or the effects of state policies on forest rights of the tribal population or rural indebtedness
3. Sociology is a discipline with emancipatory nature. It can liberate students from the narrow feelings of colour, class, region, caste and religion.
4. Sociology helps students to adopt an objective out look about one is own society.
5. Sociology helps student to understand and available the social factors in the surronding environment.
6. It provides a vision on history and on insight into human life on earth.

Question 15.
Complete the table with suitable items from the bracket.
[Performing rituals at death, Internet chatting, Recognising the cartoon of a politician]

Cognitive Culture	Nonnative Culture	Material Culture

Answer:

Cognitive Culture	Nonnative Culture	Material Culture
Recogning the carbon of a politician.	performing rituals at death.	Internet chatting

Question 16.
’Jus as nature shapes society, society also shapes nature.’ Substantiate with example.
Answer:
The interdtion between the environment and society is shaped by social organisation. The soical orgnaization play an important role in shaping the relationship between the different social group and the environment. The social values and norms are reflected in the different relationship between environment and society.

The countries which followed the socialist values of justice and equality seized lands from large landlords and distributed it to the landlessfarmers. The religious values inspired certain communities to protect the groves and.species.
The capitalist, socialist and religious values played an important role in shaping the relationship between the environment and the society. The capitalist values have commodities the nature and turned it into a product for sale. The socialist values led to the redistribution of land. Social conditions have influenced the theories about environment and society.

Question 17.
Point out the key ideas related Max Weber’s ‘interpretative Sociology’.
Answer:
According to Webber social action is the subject matter of sociology. He agrued that the overall objective of sociology was to develop an interpretative understanding of social action. He asked that sociology should identify and understand the social action. He called it interpretative sociology. The central concern of the sociology was to understand social action Webber suggests two methods of enquiry to understand social action and to recover its meaning empathetic understanding and ideal type.

Empathetic understanding is method of recovering the meaning of an action. According to this method the sociologists put themselves in the place of the actor. This understanding is not based in ‘feeling for’ but ‘feeling with’ the empathetic understanding enables the sociologists to realize. The subjective meaning and motivations of social actors.
The ‘empathtic understanding’ enables the sociologist to faithfully record the subjective meaning and motivations of social actors.

Besides empathetic understanding Weber also suggested another sociological method called ‘Ideal type’.

1. An ideal type is a model of a social phenomenon that highlights its most significant characteristics.
2. Weber designed it as a conceptual tool to understand and analisereality.
3. Ideal types may exaggerate some features of social phenomenon. It may ignore or downplay others.
4. Ideal type is to be judged not by the accuracy or detailed a description it provides but by how helpful it is for analysis and understanding.

Answer any 3 questions from 18 to 21, each in a paragraph. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 18.
Briefly explain D.P. Mukerji’s ideas regarding tradition and change.
Answer:
According to D.P. the study about tradition should not be confined to the past only but of the past. It should also include the study about changes. Society is the central focus in India so, the first duty of indian sociology is to study about the social traditions of India. D.P. argued that Indian culture and society are not individualistic as in the western countries. The desires of an average Indian is determined by his siocio – cultural group. He **** from it so the Indian’s v social system is basically oriented number group self and D.P. believed that there were ‘ three principles’ of change recognised by Indian traditions. They are shruti, smriti and anubhava.

The last one, anubhava or personal experience is revolutionary idea, but in indian context, personal experience  intocollective experience. Anubhava or the collective experience of groups became the most important principle of change in the Indian society. The high traditions were in Smnti and Sruti. But they re challenged from time to time by the collective experience of groups and Bhaktl Movement’ ¡s an éxample for this D.P. argued that this was in the case of both the hindu and Muslim cultures in India. The Sufis in India stressed on love and experience rather than ** texts. This was important in bringing above charges. In India, experience and love (Anubhav and prern) are the agents of charge rather than discussive (Budhi vichar).

Question 19.
Classify the following into appropriate columns.
[Achievement based, fixed hierarchy, open, flexible, rigid, social mobility, ascribed, purity – pollution]
Answer:

Caste	class
Fixed Hierarchy	Achievement based
Rigid	Open
Ascribed	Flexible
Purity Pollution	Social mobiIi

Question 20.
Compare and contrast the views of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx about ‘Social Structure’.
Answer:
1. Social structure refers to the regularities or patterns inour social environment.

2. Social structure can be comparedto the structure of a building. The floor, walls and roof of abuilding together give it a shape or .

3. Social structure is formed by human actions and relationships. The repetition of human actions and relationships time spaceleads to the formation of social structure.

4. Social reproduction and social structure are closely related.

5. Social structure controls or limits the actions of individulas. Emile Durkheim and many other sociologists believe that the societies exert societies exert social control over the actions of their members. Durkheim argued that society has domination over the individuals. It has more ‘Firmness’ or ’Solidity’ than other structures. Social thinkers like Karl Marx also emphasise the constraints of social structure. At the same time, Marx gave stress to the creativity of humans to reproduce and change social structure. Marx argued that human beings make history, but not as they wish or choose.

Question 21.
‘In India families are gendered.’ Substantiate the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:

1. Patriarchial nature of family
2. Male preferences
3. Roleallotement
4. Women-low states
5. More investment for make child.

Answer any 3 questions from 22 to 25. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 22.
Analyse the relationship between co-operation and division of labour.
Answer:
Cooperation is a basic social process. Cooperation human beings and society cannot survice.
Sociology does not accept the view that nature is and british. Sociologists like Emile Durkheim opposed the view that ‘hunger and thirst were the only passions of the primitive people”.

According to Durkheim the society exercises moderate influence over its members. It ‘ and eliminates their brutal actions for the struggle. Their cooperation does not emerge from their own united power, but from an external force.

The workers lose their content in world and control over the products of their labour. In other words, workers lose control over their own work. They lose control over the fruits of their labour marx used the term alienation to refer to this situation.

Question 23.
a) Pick out a social group from the following:
[Passengers waiting at a bus stop, people watching cinema in a theatre, friends playing football, people gathered in an accident area]
b) Point out any four criteria to differentiate a social group from others.
Answer:

1. A sense of belonging to the group.
2. Common interest
3. Common norms and values
4. Adefinitestructure.

Question 24.
Analyse the influence of religion on economic behaviour with the support of an example.
Answer:
1. Religion has a very close relationship with power and politics. For examble, religious movements for social change such as anti caste movements or movements against gender discrimination.

2. Religion is not just a matter of the Private belief of an individual. It also has a public character. It is this public character that connects religion with other social institutions.

3. Sociologists are interested in studying the relations between politics and religion.

4. Classical sociologists believed that religions would become less influential with the progress and modernization of society. It may also lead to the development of secular concepts. But the contemporary incidents show that strong influence of religion still exists at different levels of the society.

5. The approach of sociology towards the relationship between religion and socio-economic behaviour is demonstrated by Max Weber. Weber argues that Calvinism player an influential role in the emergence and growth of capitalism. The calvinsts belived that the world this created for the glory of God.

6. Religion is a major aspect of society. So religion cannot to studied as a separate entity. Social forces always influence religious institutons political denotes. Economic situations and gender norms will influence a political behaviour.

7. Women lastitute more than 50 percent of the world population. So these relationship religion is a major  of sociologies studies. Religion has inseparable relation with other aspects of society sociologists try to unravel these various interconnections.

Question 25.
Rearrange column ‘B’ and ‘C’ so as to match with column ‘A’.

A	B	C
G.S. Ghurve	Welfare State	Man in India
DP. Mukerji	Accidental Anthropologist	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism
A.R. Desai	Village Studies	Caste and Race in India
M.N. Srinivas	Tradition and Change	Argument with Louis Dumont
Sarat Chandra Rov	Caste and Race	Introduction to Indian Music

Answer:

A	B	C
G.S. Ghurve	Caste and Race	Caste and Race in India
DP. Mukerji	Tradition and Change	Introduction to Indian Music
A.R. Desai	Welfare State	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism
M.N. Srinivas	Village Studies	Argument with Louis Dumont
Sarat Chandra Rov	Accidental Anthropologist	Man in India

Answer any 2 questions from 26 to 28 each in 1 Vi pages. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 26.
Critically analyse Karl Marx’s theory of class and class struggle.
Answer:
According to marx, people should be classified into social groups on the basis of the production process. He opposed the method of classifying them on the basis of religion, language and nationality. He argued that people Occupying the same position in the production process will eentually from a class.

The formation of classes is a historial process. Different classes are formed relating with the mode of production in differentstages, conflits develop between different classes which result in struggles. Marx was an advocate of class struggle. He believed that class struggle was the major driving force of change in society. In the communist manifesto marx and Engels presented their views on class struggle in a clear and condde manner.

The class conflict between the two opposing classes they do not emerge automatically. The class for existence.
1. Karl Max also distinguishnes human life from animal life. Durkhlim pointed out altruism and solidarity as the basis feather of the human world.

2. This view of marx helps as understand how cooperation in human life is different from cooperation in animal life.

3. Humans adjust and accommodate to cooperate. They also charge society in hat process.

4. According to Marx, cooperation is not voluntary in a class society. He argued that the cooperation between different individuals is not voluntary in a productive system based on the division of labour conflicts occur only when they do not emerge automatically. The class conflicts occur only when they are subjectively conscious of their class interests and identities. They should also be conscious of their rivales interests and identifies.

5. The development of class consciousness is necessary for class conflict. Class consciousness is developed through political mobilization. It is only after the development of class consciousness that class conflicts occur.
According to Marx, economic process generally tend to generate class conflicts. It also depends on political and social conditions, class conflicts adminatein revolutions where conditionsbecome favourable.

Question 27.
Bring out the importance of Socialisation in the life of an individual and explain the role of any three agencies of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialisation is the most important process in the life of an individual. This is a process extending from the birth to the death of human beings. Socialisation can be defined as a process by which the helpless infant gradually become a self-aware, knowledgeable and skilled person in the ways of the culture into which she/he is born-socialisation makes human being a social being. Without socialisation an individual would not behave like a human being, socialisation is a learning process. It takes place step by step through the interaction with others. As the child grocess she/he learns the behaviour and values of the family and society.

Agencies of socialisation
A child is socialised by several agencies and institutions like family, school, peer group, neighbourhood, occupational group, social class, region and religion.

Family
The process of socialisation begins from family. While some children live in nuclear families with parents and siblings, some others live in extendedfamilies with several members. In nuclear families, parents my by the key socialising agents. But in extends families, major socialising agents are grandparents, uncles and cousins. The individual’s social position is determined by the family in to which he/ she is born.

Peergroups
Peer group is another socialising agency. Peer groups are friendships groups of children of a similar age. Usually children over four or five Spend a great time with friends of the same age.

1. The word ‘peer’ means ‘equal’. Friendly relations established between young children may be egalitarian.
2. Physically strong children of peer- groups may try to dominate others.
3. Yet there is a greater amount of friendship and give and take among the peers.
4. Parents often enforce codes of conduct upon their power. In contrast, children discover a different kind of interaction In peer groups.
5. Peer group relationships influence a person throughout his/her life.
6. It plays a major role in shaping individuals character,way of life, attitude and behaviour.

Mass Media
Mass media has become an integral part of our daily life. Today the electronic media like television is expanding, similary, the importance of print media is also increasing. The media can make the access to information move democratic. Electronic communication can reach a village which has no connective roads or literacy centres. Mass media like newspaper, magazines, radio, television etc. helps us to gather information. It influences over mentality and outlook.

Question 28.
Point out any three major environmental problems and prove that they are also social problems.
Answer:
The global society faces a large number of environmental problems which are raising serious threats to the very existence of the world. It importance and gravity varies from country to country and context to context. Resource depletion pollution global warming, genetically modified orgnisms, natural and man – made environmental disasters etc. are the major evironmental issues that are globally recognized.

Global warming
Global warming is caused by Green house gases.The emitted greenhouse gases such as Carbon dioxide methane etc. traps the sun’s heat. This leads to a small but significant rise in global temperatures.

1. Global warming affects the ecological balance. It creates uncertainties and fluctuations in climate across the world.
2. China and india are significant contributors to world carbon and green house gas emissions.

Genetically modified organisms
The technique of producing new characteries in species by importance the genes of one species in to another is called genti modification. 8 The long term effects of genetic modification on these who eat these foods. Agricultural companies can also use genetic modification of create sterile seeds. It wIll preventfa rmers from reusing then.

Natural and man – made environmental
1. In 1984, four thousand people died in Bhopal due to the leakage of a toxic gas from union carbide factory. This was a man-made environmental disaster.

2. The tsunami in 2004, which killed thousands of people, is an example for natural environmental disaster.

3. Many a time environmental problems change into social problems. In a sens, environmental problems are also social problems. Social status and power enable the people to protect themselves from the environmental crises most of the solutions they find to overcome these crises worsens the environmentes disparties. Some environmental problems are universal. It affects all social groups.

Question 29.
List out and analyse the role of different intellectual ideas and material issues in the making of Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology originated in western European by the middle of the 19th century. French Philosopher Auguste Comte is regarded as the father of sociology. He gave shape to a new science to study about society. This new science is initially called ‘Social physics’ and later ‘sociology’.

1. The Intellectual Ideas that went into the making of sociology. Intellectual ideas in Europe played a major role in the making of sociology. Major intellectual ideas that led to the origin of sociology.
2. Theories of evolution
3. French Revolution
4. Social surveys
5. Ideas of western thinkers
6. Englishment.

The theory ofevolution is one of major intellectual ideas that helped the making of sociology. Theories ofevolution existed even before Darwin.

1. Pre-moderp Societies such as hunting and gathering societies, pastrol and agrarian societies agrarian and non industrial socities.
2. Moden societies such as industrial societies.
3. Darwins theory of evolution greatly influenced the early sociologist thought. His ideas of organic evolution totally transformed sociology.
4. Based on Darwin’s ideas, society was often compard with living organisms. There are different stages in the life of a biological organism.
5. Thinks of the early modern era believed that progress in knowlege promised the solution for all social ills. For example, Auguste comte, the founder of sociology, believed that sociology would contribute to the welfare of humanity.
6. French Revolution of 1789 marked the beginning of many changes in the society. The Slogan ‘liberty, equality, Fraternity’ isa grat contribution of French Revolution to the human society, it altered the feudal social structure and introduces.

Question 30.
Critically analyse participant observation as a method of Sociological research.
Answer:
Participant observation is based on field work. Field work in values a long period of iteraction with the subjects of research.

1. Sociological field work does not necessarily involve living with thejnembers of the community. Socilogist spends most of his time the members of the community. Sociological field work is not confined to a fixed form.
2. In Indian sociology, field work methods are used in village studies. In the 1950s many Indian and foreign anthropologists and sociologits began working on village life and society. They considered villages as the equivalent of the tribal comunity studied by early anthropologists.
3. Village was a bounded community. It was small enough to be studied by a sigl person. Sociologist could know almost everyone in the village and observed their life.
4. In village studies, field work of the sociolgist received much importance.
5. Field work allows the correction of initial imperssions. oftens, initial impression may be mistaken or biased.
6. Field work permits the resarcher to understand changes in the subject of interest. It Is also helpful to see the impact of different situations or contexts.
7. Field work helps to avoid many of the errors or biases in surveys, questionnaires or short term observation.
   Limitations of social research participant
   observation
8. Field work involves a very long period of intensive research/moreover, a researcher has to do the whole work alone. Naturally field work can cover only a very small part of the world generally a single village or small community.
9. The researches has observed in a small village or community during field work may not to applicable to larger villages, areas or community.
10. Another workers of field work is that we are not sure whether the result of work is the voice of the people being studied or that of the researches.
11. Another disadvantage of field work is its one sided relationship. The former study observable behaviour and the Latter study non – observable meaings, values and interpretations.

Modern sociologists face entirely different problems when compared to anthropologies who conduct studies on primitve tribes. Sociologist deals with people who are literate. At least a few of them would definitely read his research reports.

Question 31.
Analyse the processes that help to ensure Social order and Social change in rural societies.
Answer:
The conditions in villages and different from cities and towns. The nature of social order and social change in village is also different. Village are smal in size. So there is more personal relationships. The members of a village know almost an other members. They recognise each other by sight.

1. The social structure of villages follows a traditional pattern. The traditional social institutions like caste and religion are stronger here. Theefore, Change is slower in villages tha in towns.

2. There are also other reasons for the slow change in villages. The subordinate sections of rural society have less chance for expressing their views and interests. It is difficult for people to express their because of the lack of anonymity and distnace in the village.

3. The dominant sections are very powerful in villages. They control most awareness of ’ employment and all kinds of resources. So the poor have to depend on the dominant sestions. They have no other sources of employment or support. As the village population is small, it is very difficult to gather large numbers

4. The charges in agriculture and agrarian social relations have made deep impact or rural societies.

5. Measures like land reform have an immediate impact on village societies. Land reforms are introduced in India soon after independence. It look away proprietary rights from absentee landlords and gave them to the groups who actually handled the land and its agriculture. Most of the groups belonged to intermediate castes. Some of than will not actually cultivates.

6. The changes in the technology of agriculture also have a large and immediate impact on rural society.

7. The introduction of new machineries for tiling the soil, sowing the seeds and harvesting reduced the demand for labour. It thus changed the bargaining power of different social groups like landlords and labourers.

8. The technological and economic changes do not directly affect labour demand. But it can change the economic power of different groups and thus initiate a chain of changes. Sudden fluctuations in agricultural prices, droughts and floods affect the rural society adversely.

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus One Chemistry Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus One Chemistry Question Paper June 2022

Time : 2 Hours
Maximum : 60 Scores

Answer any 8 questions from 1 to 11. Each carries 2 scores: (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 1.
(i) Choose the correct set of quantum numbers from the following:
(A) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(B) n = 2, l = 2, m = -2, s = +\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(C) n = 3, l = 1, m = -2, s = 1
(D) n = 1, l = 1, m = -1, s = –\(\frac{1}{2}\) (1)
Answer:
(A) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +\(\frac{1}{2}\)

(ii) Sketch the shape of 2s orbital. (1)
Answer:

Question 2.
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. (mass of electron = 9.1×10 31 kg) 10 m/s
Answer:
For the de-broglie’s equation
λ = \(\frac{h}{mv}\)
Here m = 9.1 × 10^-31 kg and v = 10 m/s
So, λ = \(\frac{h}{mv}\) = \(\frac{h}{mv}\) = 7.281 × 10^-5 m

Question 3.
With the help of Fajans rules, explain why the ionic compound LiC/exhibit covalent character.
Answer:
Smaller the cation, larger the anion more the covalent character of an ionic bond. So LiCI shows covalent character.

Question 4.
Complete the following table:

Answer:

Question 5.
Consider the following redox reaction:
Zn_(s) + 2HCl_(aq) → ZnCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)
Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the above reaction.
Answer:

Oxidation occurs to redusing agent – Zn
Reduction occurs to redusing agent – HCl

Question 6.
What is Heavy water? Give any one use of it.
Answer:
Heavy water is Deuterium Oxide (D₂O).
• It is used as moderator in Nuclear reactors.

Question 7.
Match the compounds in Column A with their properties in Column B:

Answer:

Question 8.
Explain the difference in properties of diamond and graphite on the basis of their structures.
Answer:
Diamond

• sp³ hybridisation
• Hardest material due to three dimensional structure
• insulator
• tetra hedral structure

Graphite

• sp² hybridisation
• Slippery in nature
• Due to presence of free electron, it is a conductor of electricity
• hexagonal layers

Question 9.
Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Answer:
i) 2,5,6-Trimethyloctane
ii) hexa-5-one-1-oicacid or 5-Oxohexanoic acid

Question 10.
Distinguish electrophiles from nucleophiles. Give one example for each of them.
Answer:

Electrophile	Nucleophile
Electron loving species	Nucleus loving species
May be neutral or positive	May be neutral or negative
Eg.BF3, Carbonations	Eg. NH3, OH, Cl, Br

Question 11.
What is acid rain? Write any one of its adverse effect to the environment.
Answer:
If the pH of the rain water is less than 5.6. It is is called acid rain.
• Aquatic life is destroyed.
• Harmful for agriculture.

Answer any 8 questions from 12 to 23. Each carries 3 scores. (8 × 3 = 24)

Question 12.
(i) How many significant figures are present in 0.0025? (1)
Answer:
0.0025- 2 significant figure

(ii) State and illustrate the law of multiple proportions. (2)
Answer:
Law of multiple proportion: When two elements combine to form more than one compound the fixed mass of the element combined with the other bear a simple whole no. ratio.

Question 13.
Consider the reaction in which 3g of hydrogen re-acts with 30g of oxygen to form water under suitable conditions.
(i) Find the number of moles of H₂ and O₂ respectively. (1)
No. of moles of H₂ = \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 1.5 mol
ie, \(\frac{\text { given mass }}{\text { molar mass }}\) = no. of mols
No. of moles of O₂ = \(\frac{30}{32}\) = 0.9375 mol

(ii) Identify the limiting reagent and calculate the amount of water produced in the reaction. (2)
Answer:

Question 14.
Which of the following represents the general &uter electronic configuration of group 15 elements? (1)
(a) ns²
(b) ns²np³
(c) ns²np⁴
(d) ns²np⁶
Answer:
(b) ns²np³

(ii) Explain the variation of the atomic radii of elements as we move from top to bottom in a group in the periodic table. Give reason. (2)
Answer:
As we move down the group. Size increases as the no. of shell increases. The size also increases.

Question 15.
(i) Define electronegativity. (1)
Answer:
It is the tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electron.

(ii) Name any one scale to express the electronegativity of elements. (1)
Answer:
Mulliken Scale, Pauling scale.

(iii) Which is the most electronegative element in the periodic table? (1)
Answer:
Flourine

Question 16.
Derive ideal gas equation.
Answer:

Question 17.
(i) What is meant by critical temperature of a gas? (1)
Answer:
It is the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified whatever be the pressure applied.

(ii) Critical temperatures of two gases A & B are 5.3 K and 405.5 K respectively. Which one of this can be liquified easily? Give reason. (2)
Answer:
B can be easily liquified
Higher the critical temperature easier to liquify.

Question 18.
(i) Which of the following is not correct for the isothermal and free expansion of an ideal gas?
(A) W = 0
(B) q = 0
(C) P_ex = 0
(D) ∆U ≠ 0
Answer:
(D) ∆U ≠ 0

(ii) Calculate the amount of work done during the expansion of an ideal gas from 2 litre to 10 litre against a constant external pressure of 1 atm.
Answer:
Work done (W) = -p . ∆V
= -p (V₂ – V₁)
= -1(10-2)
= -8litre – atm
i.e. litre -atm work is done by the system

Question 19.
(i) For a chemical reaction, the reaction quotient (Q_c) is greater than the equilibrium constant (K_c). Predict the direction of reaction. (1)
Answer:
Backward reaction is favoured

(ii) Predict the effect of change in pressure and temperature in the following reaction at equilibrium:

Answer:
High pressure favours forward reaction as the no. of mole decreases in the forward reaction. Low temperature is favoured for forward reaction as the reaction is exothermic.

Question 20.
Balance the following redox reaction in acidic medium:

Answer:
Fe²⁺ + \(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) → F³ + Cr³⁺ acidic medium

Step I : Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ oxidation half
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) → Cr³⁺ Reduction half

Step II: Balancing atoms other than O & H
Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) → 2 Cr³⁺

Step III: Balancing O & H by adding H₂O & H⁺
Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

Step IV: Adding electrons to balance charges
Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ + \(\overline{\mathrm{e}}\)
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ + 6\(\overline{\mathrm{e}}\) → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

Step V: Equalising the no. of electrons in both
6Fe²⁺ → 6Fe³⁺ + 6\(\overline{\mathrm{e}}\)
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ + 6e → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

Step VI: Adding the two half reactions
6Fe²⁺ + \(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ + 6e → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O
Hence equation is balanced.

Question 21.
Explain the classification of hydrides by citing suit-able examples.
Answer:
Ionic hydrides are hydrides formed by alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, ie. group I and II or s block elements eg. NaH, CaH₂
Molecular Hydrides are hydrides formed by p block elements, eg BH₃, CH₄, NH₃ …
Metallic hydrides are hydrides formed by transition, elements, eg . WH

Question 22.
(i) Which of the following compound does not show cistrans isomerism?
(A) CHCl = CHCl
(B) CH₃CH = CHCH₃
(C) CH₃CCl = CClCH₃
(d) (CH₃)₂C = CHC₂H₅ (1)
Answer:
(d) (CH₃)₂C = CHC₂H₅

(ii) Draw the Newman projections of eclipsed and staggered conformations of ethane.
Answer:

Question 23.
(i) Excess concentration of which of the following in water causes the disease called ‘Blue baby syn-drome’?
(A) Fluoride
(B) Chloride
(C) Nitrate
(D) Sulphate (1)
Answer:
(C) Nitrate

(ii) What is smog? How is classical smog different from photochemical smog? (2)
Answer:
Smog is a mixture of smoke + fog

Photochemical smog	Classical smog
Occurs in the midday	Occurs in early morning
Due to the presence of oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde	Due to the presence of oxides of sulphur
They are oxidising in nature	They are reducing in nature.

Answer any 5 questions from 24 to 31. Each carries 4 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 24.
Write the postulates of Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom. Mention any two demerits of the model.
Answer:

• Electrons are revolving in circular path called orbit
• There are no energy change for an electron while revolving in an orbit.
• Energy is absorbed when an electron moves from lower energy level to higher energy level.
• Energy is released when an electron moves from higher energy level to lower energy level.
  ∆E = hυ
• Angular momentum of an electron revolving in the nh orbital are the integral multiples of \(\frac{nh}{2π}\).

Demerit

• 1. It couldn’t explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and de Broglie wavelength
• It could not explain the fine spectrum of hydrogen atom.

Question 25.
Write the molecular orbital configuration of N₂. Calculate its bond order and predict its magnetic behaviour.
Answer:
M.O configuration of N₂

Bond order (B.O) = 1/2 [Nb – Na]
= 1/2 [10 – 4] = 1/2 × 6 = 3
N₂ is diamagnetic, due to the presence of paired electron in the highest occupied orbital.

Question 26.
(i) Define entropy. (1)
Answer:
Entropy is the degree of disorderness or randomness of a system

(ii) Explain by giving reason whether entropy in-creases or decreases in the following processes:
(a) A liquid crystallieses into a solid. (1)
(b) Temperature of a crystalline solid is raised from OK to 115 K. (1)
Answer:
(a) Entropy decreases. Because in liquid state disorder is more than crystalline solid state hence entropy decreases.
(b) Entropy increases. This is because when temperature increases, disorderness increases and hence the entropy increases.

(iii) Write the equation showing the relationship between entropy and Gibb’s energy. (1)
Answer:
Relationship between Entropy and Gibb’s energy is: G = H – TS

Question 27.
(i) Which of the following is a Lewis acid?
(A) HO^–
(B) F^–
(C) NH₃
(D) BCl₃ (1)
Answer:
(D) BCl₃

(ii) What are buffer solutions? Give example. (2)
Answer:
Solutions which resist the change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small amount of acid or alkali are called Buffer solutions. E.g. An equimolar mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate

(iii) Which of the following is a salt of weak acid and strong base?
(A) CH₃COONa
(B) NH₄Cl
(C) CH₃COONH₄
(D) (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1)
Answer:
(A) CH₃COONa

Question 28.
(i) Write any two similarities between Lithium and Magnesium. (2)
Answer:
1. Li is Hard
2. Li forms monoxide

(ii) Describe the biological importance of sodium and calcium. (2)
Answer:
Sodium has an important role in nerve transmission of signals.
Ca is used for the strengthening of teeth and bone.

Question 29.
What happens when:
(i) Borax is heated. (2)
(ii) Boric acid is added to water. (1)
(iii) Diborane is treated with ammonia. (1)
Answer:

Question 30.
(i) Which of the following methods is used for the quantitative estimation of halogens in an organic compound?
(A) Dumas method
(B) Kjeldahl’s method
(C) Carius method
(D) Lassaigne’smethod (1)
Answer:
(C) Carius method

(ii) Briefly explain the principles of the following techniques used in the purification of organic compound:
(a) Sublimation (1)
(b) Crystallization (1)
(c) Distillation (1)
Answer:
(a) Sublimation: The compound in the solid form directly changes in to gaseous form, eg. Camphor can be purified by this method.
(b) Crystallisation: It is used for the solutions with difference in the solubilities of the compound and the impurities in a suitable solvent.
(c) Distillation: The liquids with different boiling point are boiled the vapours are collected and cooled to get pure solution.

Question 31.
(i) Propene reacts with HBr to form a mixture of two products. Identify and write the major and minor product in the mixture. (2)
Answer:

(ii) Complete the following equations:

Answer:

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One September Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One September Previous Year Question Paper September 2021

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer any 2 questions from 1 to 4. Each carries 1 score. (2 × 1 = 2)

Question 1.
Fill in the blank:
Answer:

Question 2.
Man excercises authority and dominance in type of family.
Answer:
Patriarchal

Question 3.
The application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behaviour and beliefs of people from other culture is known as ______.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism

Question 4.
Mores, customs are dimensions of culture.
Answer:
Normative

Answer any 4 questions from 5 to 12. Each carries 2 scores. (4 × 2 = 8)

Question 5.
What is psychology?
Answer:
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. Psychologists make research on perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, subjective experiences, motivation, brain functioning, and personality.

Question 6.
Define the term‘Role’.
Answer:
Role is the behavioural level of one’s position. For each position there are duties and responsibilities. The behaviour the society expects from a person holding a certain position is called role. Positions are to be held and role is to carry out their responsibilities.

Question 7.
Define Nudear family.
Answer:
A nuclear family consist of a father, mother and their unmarried children.

Question 8.
Give one definition for culture.
Answer:
As a member of the society, a person acquires knowledge about all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions and it is passed down from generation to generation. Culture is called “the way of life for an entire society.” As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, art, norms of behaviour, such as law and morality, and systems of belief.

Question 9.
What is structured interview?
Answer:
The structured interview is quite official or formal. This is like using a questionnaire in a survey. The questions and their order are prepared in advance by the researcher. The respondents are asked questions in a certain order. The information received through structured interview is supposed to be more reliable.

Question 10.
What is meant by ecology?
Answer:
All societies have an environmental basis. Ecology is the chain of the physical and biological systems and processes. It is the study of the selationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them.

Question 11.
What do you mean by social stratification?
Answer:
Social stratification is the structural inequality that is found among different social groups. Each society is divided into different levels. Social stratification is this division of the society into various compartments.

Question 12.
Define the term social order.
Answer:
Social order is the tendency to resist and control’ social changes. It prevents and controls social changes.

Answer any 3 questions from 13 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (3 × 3 = 9)

Question 13.
Who introduced the concept ‘Social Imagination’? Explain Social Imagination.
Answer:
C Wright Mills.

1. It describes how individuals and the society are mutually related.
2. It is clear awareness about the relation between personal experience and the broader social and historical context.
3. It is the ability to view a thing socially.
4. A person with social imagination can take decisions as per the circumstances and thus he is able to move forward.
5. This helps in the observation of the society based on facts.

Question 14.
What is meant by Reference group? Give one example.
Answer:
Some groups observe other groups and wish to become like them. So they imitate the life style of those groups. The groups whose life styles are being imitated are called Reference Groups. People tend to imitate film stars and famous sportsmen.

Question 15.
Give three common characteristics of Religion.
Answer:

1. Belief in supernatural powers.
2. There will be a set of symbols that awaken reverence, fear and piety in people.
3. There will be rituals, prayers, incantations, hymns, food restrictions, fasting, and a community of believers.
4. Awe, devotion, spiritual satisfaction, and modes of worship.

Question 16.
Give any three reasons for cultural change.
Answer:
Societies change their social order. These changes are called cultural changes. The inspiration for the changes can be internal or external. An example of the internal reason can be this: When new methods of cultivation are used the production increases. This allows the farming community to consume more and bring about changes in the quality of their lives. Interventions in the form of conquest and colonisation will bring deep changes in the culture of a society. The changes are examples for external reasons. Cultural changes can also happen through environmental changes and through contacts with other cultures. Environmental changes can alter the entire lifestyle of the people. If the forest dwellers are denied entry into the forest and the use of forest products by law, it will adversely affect them and their lifestyle.

Question 17.
Give the three basic advantages which privileged groupsenjoy.
Answer:
Privileged groups enjoy some of the following basic privileges:
a) Opportunities in Life: Material gains make their standard of life better. Factors like wealth, income, security, recreation, health, etc. increase the quality of their life.

b) Social status: I n the eyes of others, they enjoy high status and position.

c) Political influence: Privileged groups are able to establish their dominance over others and to play a decisive role in making crucial decisions. From such decisions they get advantages. Social stratification brings boundaries for social processes.

Question 18.
Why environmental problems are also social problems?
Answer:
Environmental problems are social problems. It has close relations with social inequality. So, environmental problems create different consequences. It is their social status and power that enable people to escape from, and survive, environmental crises. The solutions to the environmental crises the people of the higher or privileged classes find often increase the inequality in the society. Some environmental problems are universal. They affect all social groups alike. On such things all will be interested.

Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 24. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Distinguish between commonsense knowledge and sociological knowledge.
Answer:

1. Commonsense knowledge is personal opinions.
2. It does not have any scientific backing.
3. But sociological knowledge is scientific.
4. It is different from commonsense knowledge and philosophical ideas.
5. In the studies about society, sociology adopts scientific methods.

Question 20.
Give four differences between Caste system and Class system.
Answer:

Caste	Class
The basis is birth and the concept of purity and impurity.	The basis is wealth, education, life opportunities, or competences.
Gained by birth.	Acquired.
Traditional	Not traditional
Has approval from religion.	No approval of religion or law.
Special for India alone.	Universal

Question 21.
Give short note on the following:
a) Objectivity
b) Subjectivity
Answer:
a) Objectivity has no prejudices. It is impartial. Conclusions are based only on facts.
b) Subjectivity is based on personal values and preferences. A person’s emotions and interests are reflected here.

All sciences are expected to be objective. But it is impossible to bring complete objectivity in Sociology as in the other natural sciences.

Question 22.
Write short note on:
a) Ghettoisation
b) Gated communities
Answer:
a) Ghettoisation:
Ghettoisation refers to the process whereby people belonging to minority groups are made to live in particular areas of cities and towns due to factors relating to their religious, ethnic or racial background. The conflicts and discriminations among them create social changes.

b) Gated Communities:
Rich neighbourhoods build walls and gates and keep themselves separate from the people around them. Entry into the gated communities is restricted. Such communities are called gated communities. Gated communities may have their own water and electricity distribution system and security measures.

Question 23.

A	B
Karl Marx	Emergence of Sociology
Max Weber	Division of Labour
Emile Durkheim	Class struggle
French Revolution	Bureaucracy

Answer:

A	B
Karl Marx	Class struggle
Max Weber	Division of Labour
Emile Durkheim	Bureaucracy
French Revolution	Emergence of Sociology

Question 24.
Explain the concept of welfare state.
Answer:
Desai pointed out the shortcomings of the welfare state after explaining their salient features. He has suggested some criteria for measuring the performance of a welfare state. They are given below:

a) Does the welfare state ensure security and freedom from poverty and social discrimination to all its citizens?
b) Does the welfare state ensure that the wealth gets redistributed among the poor and prevents the concentration of wealth in some hands, and do away with the inequalities in incomes?
c) Has the welfare state changed the financial system and the profit motive of capitalism to submit to the real needs of the society?
d) Does the welfare state ensure freedom from the cycle of sudden economic rises and depressions and bring about stable development?
e) Does the welfare state give everyone jobs?

Answer any 3 questions from 25 to 30. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 25.
Define anthropology. Write its relations with sociology.
Answer:
Anthropology studies human races, their origin, development, customs and conventions.

1. Physical Anthropology – The biological origin of humankind.
2. Social Anthropology – Behaviour of people in social circumstances.

Anthropology studies simple societies. Social anthropology studies complex societies. Anthropologists use participant observations as the method of their studies. But sociology uses survey, questionnaire etc.

Question 26.

A	B
Quasi group	By birth
Primary group	Adolescence
Caste	Gender group
Peer group	Inequality
Social stratification	Family

Answer:

A	B
Quasi group	Gender group
Primary group	Family
Caste	By birth
Peer group	Adolescence
Social stratification	Inequality

Question 27.
Give brief note on the following:
a) Endogamy
b) Exogamy
Answer:

• Endogamy
  1. A method in which life partner is chosen from the same community.
  2. Marriage outside the community is not allowed. Example: Caste, race.
• Exogamy
  1. A method in which a person marries from a different community.
     Example: Marriage is prohibited between families related by blood.

Question 28.
Explain the following diemensions of culture:
a) Cognitive
b) Material
Answer:
a) It is difficult to recognise the cognitive dimension of culture. This is the ability to understand and recognise the meanings of things that we see and hear. Getting awareness or convictions from the information we get from the surroundings is called cognitive dimension of culture. We get awareness from oral things and written books.

b) Material dimension of culture includes all activities in which we use different material. It includes any material thing that man makes and uses. Tools, technologies, machines, buildings, means of transport and communication, productive instruments – all these are included here.

Question 29.
Give short note on:
Answer:
a) Cooperation is the basis of social life. Without
cooperation, social life is impossible. Even in the animal world, we can see cooperation happening in the most disciplined “manner. Among mammals, ants and bees we can see cooperation at a higher level, b) Cooperation and conflict are mutually linked.

1. When cooperation breaks down, there will be conflict.
2. Conflict is the fight between differing interests,
3. Lack of resources can cause conflict in the society.
4. Conflicts can also take place on the basis of class, caste, race, religion, sex, tribe and community.
5. Conflict is often not expressed openly.
6. Hidden conflicts and open cooperation are common in the society.

Question 30.
Distinguish between mechanical solidarity and or-ganic solidarity.
Answer:

Mechanical Solidarity	Organic Solidarity
This is a feature of primitive societies.	It is a feature of complex industrial society.
Similarity is the reason for unity.	Dissimilarity (Diversity) is the reason for unity.
Differences between them will be less.	Division of labour is more.
Division of labour is less.	People live depending on others.
Believes, emotionality, sense of righteousness make them united.	For fulfilling the basic needs of workers, they need the help of other workers.

Answer any 3 questions from 31 to 36. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 31.
Describe the scope of siology.
Answer:
The scope of sociology’s very big.

1. It studies different types of social relations – at the individual, social, and global level.
2. The study of sociology helps to have clear cut attitudes.
3. Sociology gives greater importance to factual knowledge.
4. It releases people from the narrow-mindedness created by race, class, region, religion, etc.
5. It discovers social problems and takes steps to solve them.
6. It dispusses the need for social solidarity.
7. It discusses things like social-cultural changes, relations, stratific’ation, group, status, population, social organisations, etc.

Question 32.
Write Six characteristics of social group.
Answer:
A social group is a fellowship of individuals who share the common interests, cultures, values, and conventions of a particular society and constantly engage in mutual activities.

1. Constant mutual activities.
2. A permanent model for the constant mutual activities.
3. Group sense.
4. Common interests
5. Common criteria and values.
6. A fixed structure.

Question 33.
Describe survey method.
Answer:
Survey

1. This is the most well known research method in sociology.
2. It gives a common view.
3. Through survey, a.comprehensive view about a subject is obtained on the basis of the information collected from a selected group of people. The people selected for the survey are called respondents.

Different Tools in Surveys

1. Normally questionnaires and checklist are used.
2. Questions are asked directly from the respondents.
3. Questions are sent to the respondents.
4. Questions are asked over the phone.
5. Electronic equipment is used.

Question 34.
Explain three environmental problems.
Answer:
Important Environmental Problems
Depletion of Resources
Pollution Global Warming
Animals and Plants which are changed genetically

Depletion of Resources
Natural resources are divided into two – re-creatable and non re-creatable.
Underground water, mineral wealth, petroleum etc, can’t be recreated. SAs we use them, their availability becomes less and less. Solar energy, wind, waves, plans etc. are re-creatable. The depletion of non-re-creatable resources is a major environmental problem.

Pollution
The main pollutions are air pollution, water pollution and sound pollution.
Air Pollution: This is a big environmental problem that affects the urban and rural areas alike. Air pollution causes lung diseases and other problems. Smoke and poisonous gases from factories and vehicles, and using firewood and coal for cooking at homes create air pollution.

Water Pollution: This adversely affects the surface water sources and also the underground water set up.

Sound Pollution: This is a problem that s more in the urban areas.

Global warming:
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane prevent the heat of the sun from radiating back into the space. These gases play a big role in increasing global warming. It causes the melting of ice in the polar region raising the sea levels. Global warming can bring drastic changes in the climate of countries.

Genetically altered animals and plants:
BT cotton, BT Brinjal, etc. are crops which have been altered through genetic engineering. In genetic engineering, there is deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. The genetic material of one species is put into another one to make a new species.

It is social inequality that brings about environmental problems. Some people use their and power and potion to escape from environmental problems. This kind of escape by one group increases the worsening of social inequality. The rich people in the Kutch area of Gujarat use groundwater for their agriculture by digging bore-wells. The wells of the poor people go dry and they run here and there to get water for their needs. Different interests and ideologies cause environmental conflicts. Many of the activities done in the name of protecting common interests are done for the benefit of politically and economically powerful groups. Many of the environmental problems are the results of social inequality.

Question 35.
Give four characteristics of bureaucratic authority. Define bureaucracy.
Answer:
Bureaucracy is a formal institution that exists in the public sector. As a public sector institution, it limits the authority of the officials according to their responsibilities. It does not give them the supreme power. Bureaucracy has 5 main features.

a) The working of the officials.
b) Hierarchical division of official positions.
c) Belief in the written documents.
d) Running the Office.
e) Behaviour in the office.

a) The working of the officials:
The officials have their fixed official area in the bureaucracy. That is based on some laws, regulations and administrative control. The ordinary works in a bureaucracy are divided and they are given as the responsibilities of particular officials. Moreover the orders of the higher authorities are to be implemented by the bureaucrats. To carry out the duties of the bureaucracy only people with certain minimum qualifications will be appointed. The official posts of the bureaucracy are permanent.

b) Hierarchical division of official positions There is hierarchy in the bureaucracy. This hierarchy is formed according to the positions and powers. According to this, the higher official supervise then lower ones. Because of this hierarchical arrangement, the public have the right to approach the higher officials, if the decisions of the lower officials are not satisfactory to them.

c) Belief in written documents
In bureaucracy, administration is done on the ‘ basis of certain written documents. These will be filed and kept as records.

d) Running the office
Running the office is a specialised modern activity. Therefore trained, expert personnel are needed for its smooth functioning.

e) Behaviour in the office To carry out the official duties, all the time, and attention, of the officers is needed. Therefore they may be required to do overtime work. There are some rules and regulations that control the behaviour of an official in the office. These rules and regulations separate his behaviour inside the office and outside in his private affairs. As these rules and regulations are legal for any breach, the official will be answerable.

Question 36.
GS. Ghurye emphasis six features of caste system, what are they?
Answer:

1. In traditional India, different castes had given shape to stratification.
2. In the caste system, the position of each individual is obtained by birth.
3. The basis of caste divisions was purity-impurity concept.
4. The highest place in the caste system belonged to the Brahmins.
5. There were people who were outside the caste system and they were called Panchamas; they were below all the castes.
6. In the caste system India drastic changes have taken place over the years.

Answer any 2 questions from 37 to 40. Each car-ries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 37.
a) Explain that marriage is a social institution,
b) Describe the fol lowi ng:
i) Monogamy and its types
ii) Different type of Polygamy
Answer:
a) Historically, in different societies, different kinds of marriages could be seen. They have their own functions. An important function of marriage is making a family. Marriage has many forms.

Their basis can be different: number of partners, laws specifying who can marry whom. Based on the number of partners there is monogamy and polygamy. In each society there are certain rules controlling and banning who can marry whom. In some societies these rules and controls may be soft. But in some societies there are strict rules regarding whom one can marry and whom one should not marry. Based on the suitability of the partners, there are two kinds of marriage: Endogamy
and Exogamy.

b)

1. Serial Monogamy
   • In some societies, one is allowed to marry after the death of the partner or after divorce. But one can have more than one partner. This kind of monogamy is serial monogamy.
2. Arranged Marriage
   • In this type of marriage a person’s partner is selected by his/her parents or relatives.

Question 38.
a) What is socialisation?
b) Explain three agencies of socialisation
Answer:
a) Socialization is the process through which the individual learns to become an accepted member of the society. This is a process that lasts from a person’s birth till his death. It is a process that happens step by step. It is acquired by mingling with others in the society. As a child grows, he imbibes the behaviour and values of the family and the society. He learns all these things with the help of others.

By learning the social manners, the child slowly becomes a social being. Socialization can be defined as the procesl of transformation from a bio-being to a social person. There are many agencies and organizations that socialise a child. They include family, school, peer groups, neighbourhood, professional groups, social classes, caste, region, religion.

Family:
Socialization starts from the family. Some children live with their parents and siblings in the nuclear family whereas other children live in extended families with many members. In a nuclear family, the parents are the main socializing agents. But in joint or extended families grandparents, uncles etc. also become socializing agents.

1. In traditional societies, the family into which a child is born decides its social status.
2. The area of the family into which a child is born and the social class there seriously affect its socialization models. Children imbibe their behaviour and manners from their parents and the people in the neighbourhood.
3. Some children accept the attitudes of their without questions. This is true especially in the contemporary times.

Peer Groups:
Peer groups are another agency for socialization. Children of the same age who are friendly with one another are the peer groups. Children of 4 or 5 years of age spend a lot of time with their peers.

1. Peer means equal. The friendliness among children will be based on equality.

2. Physically stronger children might try to dominate the weaker ones. Still there will be friendship among them and the consequent give and take. Parents often use their authority to enforce discipline among their children. But in the peer groups they do mutual cooperation. Peer group influence plays a big role in a person’s life. In moulding his nature, life style, attitudes and behaviour, it plays a big role.

Schools:
Study in school is a formal process. There is a fixed curriculum there. Even then schools are an important agency of socialization. The knowledge and values the teachers give the students help in their socialization process.

1. Sociologists point out that along with the curriculum, there is a hidden syllabus which helps their studies.
2. In India and South Africa, in some schools, the girls there are expected to keep the classrooms swept and clean.

In some schools there have been protests against this practice. They showed their protest by making the boys and girls do certain things which are not expected from them by the society.

Mass media: Mass media has become an integral part of our lives. Electronic media like the television have become very popular. The importance of the print media has also increased. In the 19th century “Conduct books” were printed in India. These books gave instructions to women showing them how to become good wives and housewives. They were popular in many languages.

1. Media make the means to get information very democratic.
2. Even in remote villages which have no roads or even a literacy centre, electronic media can get entry.

Question 39.
Describe merits and demerits of participant observa-tion.
Answer:
1. Participant observation is very common in sociology and social anthropology. In this method, a social scientists or a researcher immerses himself in the daily activities of the participants in order to record the behaviour in as many scenarios as possible. The researchers can observe the daily life of the people: their exchanges with each other, their formal and informal conversations, habits, etc.

2. Participant observation is quite different from the other methods of research. The field work here includes mutual contacts between the researcher and the participants for a very long time.

3. Sociologists or researchers spend a year or more with the group of people about whom they are making the studies or doing the research.

4. The sociologists that are not part of the group about which they are studying fully immerse themselves in the culture and various activities of the group. They leam their language and become participants in their daily life. By this, they are able to collect information about their inborn abilities, knowledge and expertise.

5. The aim of participant observation is learning the entire life style of the group which the researcher is studying. The social scientist and the social anthropologist study the things as if they are in a new world.

6. Participant observation is often called field work. Field work came from the natural sciences like botany, zoology and geology. The scientists in these fields do not confine themselves to the laboratories. They go to the fields and study everything about rocks, insects, plants and animals. That is who the name field work came.

Question 40.
Explain four causes of social change.
Answer:
These are changes that happen in social matters.

1. Geographical factors
2. Economic factors
3. Cultural factors
4. Political factors
5. Educational factors
6. Natural factors
7. Technical factors

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper June 2022

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer all the questions from 1 to 9. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
Technique of using more than one method for research is known as ____
a) Macro Method
b) Triangulation
c) Micro Method
Answer:
b) Triangulation

Question 2.
Write the example of man-made environmental disaster.
Answer:
Bhopal Tragedy

Question 3.
Who among the following suggested the sociological method “Ideal Type”?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
c) Emile Durkheim
Answer:
b) Max Weber

Question 4.
Who characterized Indian Tribes as backward Hindus?
a) G.S.Gurye
b) A.R. Desai
c) M.N.Srinivas
Answer:
a) G.S.Gurye

Question 5.
Name the sociologist who propounded the concept of Sociologist Imagination.
Answer:
C.W. Mills

Question 6.
Passengers waiting at the Railway Station is an example of _____
a) Primary group
b) Quasi group
c) Reference group
Answer:
b) Quasi group

Question 7.
Urban localities sealed off from its surroundings by fences walls and gates with controlled entry and exit is called _____.
a) Gentrification
b) Gated Communities
c) Urbanisation
Answer:
b) Gated Communities

Question 8.
Which group influences you greater during your teenages?
a) Family
b) Peer group
c) Reference group
Answer:
b) Peer group

Question 9.
Identifying the ringtone of a mobile phone is an example of culture.
a) Cognitive
b) Material
c) Normative
Answer:
a) Cognitive

Answer any 4 questions from 10 to 16. Each carries 2 scores. (4 × 2 = 8)

Question 10.
What is Common Sense Knowledge?
Answer:
Creating socialization through many social relations or through relations beyond any doubt is called Common Sense Knowledge. Such knowledge is unspoken and unwritten. We acquire it imperceptibly from the day we are born. For example, “animals don’t drive cars” or “my mother is older than me”.

Question 11.
Define Social Structure.
Answer:
Social structure is the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. Social structure shows the definite and repeated methods of relations among individuals or groups.

Question 12.
What is Ecology?
Answer:
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms, including human beings, to one another and to their physical surroundings.

Question 13.
Describe the term Alienation.
Answer:
The workers lose their satisfaction in their work and also the control over the products. That means they lose control over their work and the control over the results of their work. This state in which man feels estranged from his work and also colleagues is called alienation by Karl Marx.

Question 14.
List 2 rules of Marriage.
Answer:
Endogamy, Exogamy

Question 15.
Define Ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Trying to assess the faiths and behaviour of people from other cultures using our cultural values as the criteria is called ethnocentrism.

Question 16.
Define culture.
Answer:
Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviours, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. It gives meaning to truth based on facts.

Answer any 2 questions from 17 to 20. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 17.
List out the scope of Sociology.
Answer:
It studies individuals, professions, group organizations, laws of work, the problems of the youth, the contemporary world. The scope of sociology extends to all these things and more.

Question 18.
Briefly explain survey method in social research.
Answer:
18. In sociology the most well-known research method is survey. Today in the world in all parts and in all kinds of contexts survey is used. It is also used outside sociology. In India even for non-academic matters, plenty of surveys are used. To predict the election results, to make strategies for selling products, and bringing out public opinion on various issues, surveys are used.

1. Survey gives a common view. On the basis of the information received from a selected group of people, a survey gives a comprehensive view about a particular subject.
2. The people chosen to give their views in a survey are called respondents. They respond to the questions put forward by the researchers.

Now let us see what a sample survey is. In a sample survey researchers cbllect information only from selected individuals. The entire group which is the subject of study is called population. The persons chosen for the study represent the population. Thus the group that represents the population is called sample. By using the results of the sample survey, predictions are made about the population.

1. Compared to other research methods, survey has an advantage. By studying a small part of the population, we can reach conclusions applicable to the entire population.
2. Thus, survey enables us to make studies about the entire population in a short time, with less expense and less energy. That is why survey became the most favourite method of research in Sociology and other areas.

Although a survey can give a wide cover, it is not deep. It is not normally possible to get information that is very deep from the respondents. If the respondents are more, it will not be possible to spend adequate time with each one of them. Many researchers approach respondents with their questionnaires. So it is not easy to ask very complex questions which need elaborate sand precise answers from every respondent. The way questions are framed and the way they are answered might lead to misunderstanding when tabulating the results. So the questionnaires for surveys should be prepared with great care and accuracy. Since the questionnaires are handled by non-researchers, at the time of their use corrections or amendments might be difficult.

There is no long-lasting relation between the researcher and the respondents. There might be no familiarity or trust between them. The questions in the survey must be like those questions and answers asked and answered between strangers. Questions that are personal or provocative should not be asked. If you ask such questions the respondents will not give you honest answers. They will give only those answers that they feel are safe. Such problems are called non-sampling errors. These mistakes are not’the faults of the sampling process. The mistakes here are the faults and shortcomings in the concept of the research and the ways in which it is carried out.

Question 19.
List 3 basic forms of advantage which privileged group may enjoy.
Answer:
a) Life opportunities: Life opportunities are those material gains that increase the quality of life. Economic gains like wealth and income, and other things like health, job security and recreation etc. are included here.
b) Social status: People with special privileges will have greater status or position in the eyes of the other members of the society.
c) Political Influence: Political influence is the ability to dominate other groups, to influence decision making and to make gains from such decisions.

Question 20.
Write any 3 features of welfare state proposed by A.R. Desai.
Answer:
In the view of Desai, a welfare state has some salient features. They are listed below:

1) A welfare state is positive state. Unlike the ‘laissez faire’ theory, the welfares state does not seek to do ‘only the minimum necessary to maintain law and order’. The welfare state is an interventional state and actively uses its’ considerable powers to design and implement social policies for the betterment of soeiety.

2) The welfare state is a democratic state. Democracy was inevitable for the emergence of the welfare state. Formal democratic institutions, especially multiparty elections, were thought to e a defining feature of the welfare state. That is why liberal thinkers excluded socialist and communist states from this definition.

3) A welfare state involves a mixed economy. It means both private capitalist enterprises and state or public owned enterprises coexist. A welfare state does not seek to eliminate the capitalist market. It does not prevent public investment in industry and other fields. Mainly the state sector concentrates on basic goods and social infrastructure while private industry dominates the consumer goods sector.

Answer any 2 questions from 21 to 23. Each carries 4 scores. (2 × 4 = 8)

Question 21.
Complete the columns with suitable items from the bracket.

Cognitive Culture	Normative Culture	Material Culture

Answer:
(Performing rituals at death, Internet chatting, Rec ognizing the cartoon of a politician, Using rice flour paste to design kolam on floors)

Cognitive Culture	Normative Culture	Material Culture
Recognising the cartoon of a politician	Performing rituals of death	Internet chatting Using rice floor paste to Ko lamon floors.

Question 22.
Explain the merits and demerits of participant observation.
Answer:
Participant observation is a methodology in which the researcher studies a group not only through observation, but also by participating in its activities. A face to face talk between the researcher and the participant is an interview. In participant observation the researcher collects information directly and indirectly. In a literary sense, interview means a conversation between two people, but in a Jproader sense it can also mean a talk with a special aim or purpose. Interviews can be divided into two – Structured and Non-structured. In the structured interviews the questions and their order will be the same. There are some substitute questions also in this type of interview. Unstructured interviews are like ordinary talks. Here the researcher is free to ask questions the way he likes.

Participant observation is very common in sociology and social anthropology. In this method, a social scientists or a researcher immer’ses himself in the daily activities of the participants in order to Record the behaviour in as many scenarios as possible. The researchers can observe the daily life of the people: their exchanges with each other, their formal and informal conversations, habits, etc. Participant observation is quite different from the other methods of research. The field work here includes mutual contacts between the researcher and the participants for a very long time. Social scientists or researchers spend a year or more with the group of people about whom they are making the studies or doing the research.

Question 23.
Explain cooperation and competition as 2 ways of understanding social process in sociology.
Answer:
The social scientists that are not part of the group about which they are studying fully immerse themselves in the culture and various activities of the group. They learn their language and become participants in their daily life. By this they are able to collect information about their inborn abilities, knowledge and expertise. The aim of participant observation is learning the entire life style of the group which the researcher is studying. The social scientist and the social anthropologist study the things as if they are in a new world. Participant observation is often called field work. Field work came from the natural sciences like botany, zoology and geology. The scientists in these fields do not confine themselves to the laboratories. They go to the fields and study everything about rocks, insects, plants and animals. That is who the name field work came.

1) Field work needs a long time. The research has to do many things alone. Naturally, the field work has to be limited to a small area. Only a small village or only a small community can be covered by it.

2) The findings one made during his stay in a small village or with a small community might not be applicable for a vast village or regions or for large communities. This is a major drawback of field work.

3) One can’t say with certainty if the results of the field work are the views of the researcher or the people about whom he studied. Actually the researcher must give the view of the people about whom he made the study. But often this does not happen. It is the researcher who decides what to say to the readers and how to say it. Naturally mistakes can occur. The prejudices and leanings of the researcher may get into his findings. This risk is found in all kinds of research methods.

4) The basis of field work is one-sided relationship and this also is a major drawback in this method. It is because of this field work is generally criticised. In field work, the social scientists and social anthropologists ask the questions and present the answers and speak for the people. The people have nothing to do here.

Competition is generally discussed as a universal and natural phenomenon. But in sociology, the approach to competition is quite different. Competition as a social reality came up and because strong in the society in a particular age in history. In contemporary stage, competition is a strong concept. There is no, society now which does not have the power to compete.

Competition should be explained sociologically. It is not a natural phenomenon. Underscoring this fact, a teacher in a remote village in Africa explained it from her personal experience. She thought if she gave a chocolate to the winner in a running race, the children would be happy. But her suggestion did not instil any interest in the students. Instead it created anxiety and worry in them. When she tried to find out the reason, they showed their dislike for a play, in which there were winners and losers. For them a play is matter of recreation and fellowship. It was not something which brought rewards for some and other were left out.

1. In the contemporary world competition is a strong phenomenon.
2. In the modern societies the growth of personal gain and competition has been pointed out by Durkheim and Marx. Both these ideas grew in relation to modern capitalist society.

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 16. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 24.
(a) What is Social Control?
(b) Explain different types of Social Control.
Answer:
Social control is one of the most common concepts used in Sociology. It refers to the different ways the society uses to bring stubborn and uncontrollable people to the right track. Functionalist sociologists saw the society as quite a friendly one. But Conflict theorists saw society full of inequality, injustice and exploitation. Some sociologists stressed individuals and the society. But others stressed communities like classes, races, castes etc.

According to the functionalists, social control shows the following:

1. It shows the use of force to control the behaviour of individuals and groups.
2. It-also shows maintaining law and order and the implementation of societal values and models.

The functionalists make it clear that the aims of social control are controlling the aberrations in the behaviour of individuals and groups, and ending the conflicts and fights among individuals and groups and preserving the social order and solidarity. They evaluate that for the stability of the society, social control is essential.

Conflict theorists look at social control as a strategy for the dominant classes to impose their will on the others. They saw stability as a kind of writ of one group over the others. Law was seen as the official document for maintaining the dominant classes and their interests. Social control indicates the social processes, methods and strategies for controlling the behaviour of individuals and groups. It also indicates the use of force and the values and models for maintaining the social order.

Question 25.
Explain the modem form of work and division of labour.
Answer:
The different kinds of work that are currently prevailing in our society can be listed a below:

1. Agriculture
2. Fishing
3. Mining
4. Carpentry
5. Teaching
6. Banking
7. Industry

Some of these work are done by workers themselves and some are with the help of machines.

1. One of the main features of the modem wealth system is the complex division of labour that exists today.
2. Various jobs are fragmented into minute areas and workers get specialized in just a small particular aspect of the job.
   In the traditional societies, to do tasks other than agricultural, there was a need for expertise in manual work. Workers earned this expertise through long training. The worker did all the jobs from the start to the finish of the products.
3. The modem society also witnessed the change in the location of work. Before industrialization, work as done at home by all the members of the family.
4. But with industrialization, factories that work with machines using coal and electricity were established. So the location of work moved into factories. Factories owned by capitalists became the centre point of industrial ‘ development.

Question 26.
Describe the different types of Interview.
Answer:
In sociology interview is widely used for collecting information. Basically an interview is a conversation between the researcher and the respondent. Although the structure of an interview is simple, to become a good interviewer one needs a lot of training and expertise. There are two kinds of interview – Structured and Unstructured.

The structured interview is quite official or formal. This is like using a questionnaire in a survey. The questions and their order are prepared in advance by the researcher. The respondents are asked questions in a certain order. The information received through structured interview is supposed to be more reliable. Unstructured interview is unofficial or informal. It is just like the mutual talk in a participant observation. The researcher conducts the interview keeping in his mind the subjects related to his research. In the interview, the interviewer and the interviewee will have good relations. The most important advantage of unstructured interview is its flexibility.

The researcher can ask the questions he likes. He can make changes in the questions. He can ask the same question in different ways. As the interview proceeds the researcher can change the questions, their order or even the topic. Provocative questions can be shortened, stoned or avoided altogether. All this can be done even as the interview is in progress. Interview has demerits also. The most important advantage is its flexibility. But this flexibility can wound the feelings of the respondent depending on his mental state. Or it can make the respondent lose his concentration. Iri short the structure of interview is unstable and beyond prediction.

Question 27.
(a) What is social order?
(b) How it is maintained?
Answer:
In well-established social systems there is a tendency to resist and control changes. This is known as social order. To maintain social order there are two possibilities:

1. When people willingly obey laws and conventions.
2. When people are forced to obey laws and conventions.

To maintain social order each society makes use of a combination of both these possibilities.

Question 28.
Match the following.

A	B
Karl Marx	Bureaucracy
Emile Durkheim	French Revolution
Max Weber	Class Struggle
Enlightenment	Slavery
Primitive Communism	Division of Labour in Society

Answer:

A	B
Karl Marx	1. Class Struggle
Emile Durkheim	2. Division of labour in Society
Max Weber	3. Bureaucracy
Enlightenment	4. French Revolution
Primitive Communism	5. Slavery

Question 29.
“Sociology and other Social Sciences are related to
Answer:
Sociology is the study of the contemporary society. It helps us to distinguish facts from complex realities, separate them and make generalizations. It shows the scope sociology is large indeed. Psychology is the science of behaviour. It’s a study of human behaviour, individuals’ attitudes, emotions, perceptions and values are examined, as well as their role in the formation of society’s personality. Social psychology is a ridge that links psychology and sociology.

Psychology ← Social Psychology ← Sociology Although the main interest of Social psychology is individuals, it also examines the methods of mutual relations among people. There are close connections between the styles and approaches of Sociology and Political Science. Traditional political science mainly concentrates on two-factors – political theory and government administration. Both these factors do not have any relation with political behaviour. Political theory concentrated on the ideas about the government from Plato to Marx. The studies about government administration gave greater importance to its formal structure and to its actual workings.

1. Sociology makes studies about all the levels of society. On the contrary, traditional political science confines itself to studies about authority.
2. Sociology stresses the relations among the various organizations including the government. But political science concentrates on the processes inside the government.

Even then, for ages sociology and political science have been sharing common research interests. Sociologists like Max Weber have worked in the subject known as political sociology. Political sociology concentrates on the real study of political behaviour. In the elections that were conducted in India, there were extensive studies regarding the political models of voting. Studies have also been made in the membership of political organizations, the process of decision making in the organizations, the social reasons for supporting political parties, the role of sex difference in politics, etc.

1. Sociology is the studies about the mutual relations of the society.
2. Sociology is the studies about man’s social life, groups, and communities. Its subject matter is our own behaviour as social creatures.

Sociology is not the first subject to observe the society. People have always observed and discussed the societies and groups in which they have lived. This is clear from the writings of the philosophers, lawmakers, and religious teachers of cultures and ages. The special quality to think about our lives and our society does not confine itself to philosophers alone. We all have ideas about our lives and the lives of others, and our society and the societies of others. This is our understanding and common sense. We live our life based on this.

But the observations and ideas about the society made by sociology are quite different from the philosophical ideas and common sense. Philosophers and religious teachers have made observations about’the moral and immoral things in human behaviour. They have also made observations about comfortable life style and good society. Sociology also gives importance to values and conventions. But Sociology does not view values and conventions as the aims people should follow. It gives = importance to the way it works in real societies. The studies about the experiences of the society constitute a main part in sociology. It does not mean that sociology does not give importance to values. It means when a sociologist makes studies about society, he is ready to observe and discover thing that he does not personally like.

Answer any 3 questions from 29 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 30.
Explain different types of family.
Answer:
There are different family forms like nuclear family and joint family. Nuclear family is a small family that consists of the father, mother and their one or two children. Joint family is a big family with parents, their siblings, their children and their children. Depending on the nature of the place of residence, there are 2 types – matrilocal families and patrilocal families.

1. In matrilocal families, the newly married couple stays in the home of the girl’s parents. (Stay in the house of the wife)
2. In patrilocal familfes, the newly married couple stays in the home of the boy’s parents. (Stay in the house of the husband).
   On the basis of authority families are divided into 2 forms – patriarchal and matriarchal.
3. In a family where man has the authority, it is patriarchal.
4. In a family where the woman has the authority, it is matriarchal. Here the mother has all the authorities.
5. There are matriarchal societies even now. But the. same cannot be said about matrilocal families.

Question 31.
Explain the causes for social change.
There are many reasons behind social changes. It is not possible to measure them with just one factor or theory. The reasons for social changes can be internal or external. They can be the result of deliberate actions or just accidental incidents. Moreover the reasons for social changes are often mutually linked. In economic-technical factors, there might a cultural factor. The environment might influence political reasons. It is very necessary to have some awareness about the different levels and forms of social changes. Change is an important subject. The speed of change in the modern age, especially the contemporary times, is faster than it was before.

Question 32.
Write six features of Caste.
Answer:
1. Segmental division: The caste system divides the whole society into various segments or sections which are mutually avoided and closed.. Each of these castes is a ‘compartment, a well developed social group. The membership to the caste is fixed by birth. Children born to the parents of a caste will automatically be there in the caste. So change from one caste to another caste is not possible.

2. Hierarchical division: The caste system is characterized by hierarchical order. There is no equality among castes. Each caste is either higher or lower than others. So there is always a division between the higher castes and the lower castes.

3. Restriction on Social interaction: In caste system there are seyeral restrictions which are related to food, drink and social interaction. The members of the upper caste cannot take food or water from the lower caste members. They do not interact with the members of the other castes. It is all based on the concept of purity and pollution..

4. Differential rights and duties: In caste system, there is an unequal distribution of privileges and restrictions among its members. Generally, the higher caste people enjoy all the privileges and the lower caste people are put to all kinds of restrictions. These discriminations are not only in religious matters but also kin non-religious affairs. There are rules regarding their rights and duties and they are strictly followed.

5. Restrictions of the choice of occupation: Under caste system, each caste has its own traditional occupation. Occupation is fixed at ‘ the time of birth and the members of a caste are forced to follow the occupation of that caste. People can’t choose the occupation they like.

6. Restriction on marriage: In caste system the principles of endogamy is strictly followed. That means, marriage within the own caste on sub¬caste is purely followed. Exogamy is prohibited. Al these laws help to maintain the caste system.

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
(a) Define Socialisation.
(b) Explain different agencies of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialization is the process through which the individual learns to become an accepted member of the society. This is a process that lasts from a person’s birth till his death. It is a process that happens step by step. It is acquired by mingling, with others in the society. As a child grows, he imbibes the behaviour and values of the family and the society. He learns all these things with the help of others. By learning the social manners, the child slowly becomes a social being. Socialization can be defined as the process of transformation from a bio-being to a social person.

There are many agencies and organizations that socialise a child. They include family, school, peer groups, neighbourhood, professional groups, social classes, caste, region, religion.

Family:
Socialization starts from the family. Some children live with their parents and siblings in the nuclear family whereas other children live in extended families with many members. In a nuclear family, the parents are the main socializing agents. But in joint or extended families grandparents, uncles etc. also become socializing agents.

1. In traditional societies, the family into which a child is born decides its social status.
2. The area of the family into which a child is born and the social class there seriously affect its socialization models. Children imbibe their behaviour and manners from their parents and the people in the neigh bourhood.
3. Some children accept the attitudes of their without questions. This is true especially in the contemporary times.

Peer Groups:
Peer groups are another agency for socialization. Children of the same age who are friendly with one another are the peer groups. Children of 4 or 5 years of age spend a lot of time with their peers.

1. Peer means equal. The friendliness among children will be based on equality.
2. Physically stronger children might try to dominate the weaker ones. Still there will be friendship among them and the consequent give and take.

Parents often use their authority to enforce discipline among their children. But in the peer groups they do mutual cooperation. Peer group influence plays a big role in a person’s life. In moulding his nature, life style, attitudes and behaviour, it plays a big role. Schools: Study in school is a formal process. There is a fixed curriculum there. Even then schools are an important agency of socialization. The knowledge and values the teachers give the students help in their socialization process.

1. Sociologists point out that along with the curriculum, there is a hidden syllabus which helps their studies.
2. In India and South Africa, in some schools, the girls there are expected to keep the classrooms swept and clean.

In some schools there have been protests against this practice. They showed their protest by making the boys and girls do certain things which are not expected from them by the society.

Mass media: Mass media has become an integral part of our lives. Electronic media like the television have become very popular. The importance of the print media has also increased. In the 19th century “Conduct books” were printed in India. These books gave instructions to women showing them how to become good wives and housewives. They were popular in many languages.

1. Media make the means to get information very democratic.
2. Even in remote villages which have no roads or even a literacy centre, electronic media can get entry.

Question 34.
Explain the major environmental problems and risks.
Answer:
A main environmental problem in urban and rural areas is air pollution. It causes diseases of the lungs, and other grave diseases and even death. The source of air pollution is the smoke and gasses that come out of factories and motor vehicles. The firewood and coal used in homes also cause air pollution. We are well aware of the pollution coming from factories and vehicles but we are not so aware of the pollution caused by homes.

It has been proved that the pollution that comes from the fuel used for cooking in homes is very dangerous. It is in the villages this problem is more acute. The un-dried twigs, unscientific hearths, kitchens that are not properly ventilated endanger the lives of village women as they do the cooking. The World health Organization; statistics shows that in India, because of pollution in the homes, some 600,000 people have died and of these 500,000 are from villages.

As dangerous as the air pollution is water pollution. This is a serious problem that affects surface water as well as the underground water. The dirty water that flows out of home and factories and the. water mixed with fertilizers and insecticides from the agricultural lands are the main sources for the water pollution. The pollution of rivers and lakes is a very serious matter. Polluted water adversely affects people’s health. A lot of people do not get clean water , because of this. More than 300,000 children die because of this problem. The pollution of water sources has also ba,dly affected food production. Another serious problem is sound pollution. This creates serious problems in the cities. In many cities there are court orders to prevent sound pollution.

The loudspeakers that are used for cultural and religious functions and for political propaganda, the din and noise by vehicles, the various sounds coming from construction activities are the main sources of sound pollution. This pollution creates different types of diseases in people.

Question 35.
(a)Define social group.
Answer:
a) A Social Group is a fellowship of people and it is engaged in continuous activities for sharing the common interests, values and conventions within a certain society.

b) Social groups are categorised into primary groups and secondary groups.

A Primary group is a small group of relatives, friends, acquaintances and people willing to cooperate with one another. The members of this group have close, sincere relations and they have the group sense. Family, village, groups of friends, etc. are examples of a primary group.

A Secondary Group is comparatively larger in size. The relation they maintain is formal and impersonal. Primary groups aim at individuals. But secondary groups are goal-oriented. Schools, government offices, hospitals, student organizations etc. are examples of Secondary Groups. For a social group, the following features should be there:

1. Constant mutual activities to give continuity.
2. A stable model for these mutual activities.
3. Group sense which means each member should be aware of the group, its laws, conventions, and symbols.
4. Common interest.
5. Acceptance of common conventions and values.
6. A structure that can defined.

Peer Groups:
Another socializing agent is the peer group. Friendship groups of children of the same age are called peer groups. Children above the age 4 or 5 spend a lot of time with their peers.

1. Peer means equal. The friendliness among children will be based on equality.
2. Physically stronger children might try to dominate the weaker ones. still there will be friendship among them and the consequent give and take.

Parents often use their authority to enforce discipline among their children. But in the peer groups they do , mutual cooperation. Peer group influence plays a big role in a person’s life. In moulding his nature, life style, attitudes and behaviour, it plays a big role.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer any 9 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
Name the sociologist who propounded the concept of sociological imagination.
(a) Auguste Comte
(b) C.W. Mills
(c) M.N. Sreenivas
(d)Durkheim
Answer:
(b) C.W. Mills

Question 2.
Fill In the blank :
Social Control

Answer:
Informal

Question 3.
_____ is the position of an individual in society.
(a) Role
(b) Status
(c) Party
(d) Value
Answer:
Status

Question 4.
Fill in blank :

Answer:
Citizenship

Question 5.
_______ wrote the book ‘Street Corner Society’ about street ‘gang’ in Italian American Slum.
(a) A.R. Desai
(b) Karl Marx
(c) William Foote White
(d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer:
William Foote White

Question 6.
Which among the following is an example of associative social process?
(a) Conflict
(b) Co-operation
(c) Competition
(d) Contestation
Answer:
Co-operation

Question 7.
“The protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism” is the book by
(a) M.N. Sreenivas
(b) D.P. Mukerji
(c) Max Weber
(d) Auguste Comte
Answer:
Max Weber

Question 8.
From the given item, which is not an environ-mental problem?
(a) Resource depletion
(b) Pollution
(c) Global warming
(d) Afforestation
Answer:
Afforestation

Question 9.
The concept of class struggle is associated with ______
(a) Max Weber
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Durkheim
(d) D.P. Mukerji
Answer:
Karl Marx

Question 10.
_____ is considered as father of institutionalised sociology in India.
(a) D.P. Mukerji
(b) G. S. Ghurye
(c) Sarachandra Roy
(d) Karl Marx
Answer:
G.S Ghurye

Answer all questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scorers.

Question 11.
What is Role Conflict?
Answer:
Role conflict refers to a situation where an individual is required to fulfill multiple roles in life simultaneously, but these roles may have conflicting demands or expectations. This can create tension, stress, and difficulty in balancing the responsibilities and expectations associated with each role, leading to challenges in meeting the requirements of all roles effectively.

Question 12.
Define Triangulation.
Answer:
Triangulation in sociological research refers to the practice of utilizing multiple methods to investigate a particular phenomenon or research question. By employing various data collection techniques, such as interviews, observations, and surveys, researchers can enhance the validity and reliability of their findings. Triangulation allows for a more comprehensive understanding of social phenomena by considering multiple perspectives and sources of information.

Question 13.
What you meant by Social Stratification?
Answer:
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical division of individuals or groups within a society based on various factors such as wealth, power, occupation, and social status. This arrangement creates distinct strata or layers, with some individuals or groups enjoying more privileges and resources while others experience greater disadvantage and inequality.

Question 14.
Briefly Explain the concept ‘Risk Society’.
Answer:
The concept of ‘risk society’ refers to a contemporary societal condition in which technological advancements and the production of complex products create risks that are difficult to fully comprehend or control. Events such as nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and industrial accidents like Bhopal exemplify the potential consequences of these risks. Risk society theory highlights the need for increased awareness, precautionary measures, and societal responses to manage and reduce the uncertainties and hazards associated with modern technological developments.

Question 15.
Write a short note on ‘Division of labour’.
Answer:
Division of labor refers to the process in which work is divided into a wide range of specialized occupations, with individuals focusing on specific tasks or roles within a larger system of production. This division allows for increased efficiency and productivity as individuals develop expertise in their respective areas.

On the other hand, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity are concepts introduced by Emile Durkheim to describe different types of social cohesion. Mechanical solidarity refers to a state of social unity based on shared values, beliefs, and norms in traditional societies, while organic solidarity refers to a form of social cohesion based on interdependence and specialization in modern, complex societies.

Answer any 3 questions from 16 to 19. Each carries 4 scorers. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 16.
Write the difference between Commonsense Knowledge arid Sociological Imagination.
Answer:
Common sense knowledge refers to the everyday understanding and beliefs that individuals develop through their personal experiences, observations, and interactions. It is often based on intuition and personal opinions rather than systematic investigation or detailed analysis. Common sense knowledge tends to be influenced by cultural norms, personal biases, and subjective interpretations of the world.

In contrast, sociological knowledge is derived from the scientific study of society and social phenomena. It involves the use of various research methods, empirical evidence, and theoretical frameworks to systematically understand, explain, and predict social behavior and patterns. Sociological knowledge provides a deeper understanding of social” issues, inequalities, and dynamics, going beyond surface-level explanations. It offers insights into the complex interplay of social factors such as class, race, gender, and institutions that contribute to social phenomena.

Question 17.
Write a short note on the following:
(a) Normative Culture
(b) Cognitive Culture
Answer:
(a) Normative culture is associated with the norms and values that guide behavior and define what is considered acceptable and appropriate within a particular society or culture. In Indian culture, there are several examples of normative practices and values. For instance, the concept of “respect for elders” is deeply ingrained, where younger generations are expected to show respect and obedience to older family members.

(b) Cognitive culture refers to the ways in which individuals in a particular culture perceive, interpret, and make sense of the world around them. In Indian culture, there are several examples that highlight cognitive processes and cultural influences. For instance, the practice of namaste, where irydividuals greet each other by bringing their palms together and bowing slightly, reflects a cultural understanding of respect and acknowledgment. Additionally, the use of storytelling and myths in Indian culture serves as a cognitive tool for transmitting knowledge, moral values, and cultural heritage.

Question 18.
Illustrate the following concepts :
(a) Power
(b) Authority
Answer:
(a) Power can be understood as the capacity or ability of an individual or group to influence or control others, often against their will or without their consent. For example, power can be seen in the relationship between a manager and employees within a workplace setting. The manager possesses the authority and control to make decisions, assign tasks, and enforce rules, which can compel employees to work in ways that they may not necessarily prefer or agree with.

(b) Authority can be defined as the legitimate or legal right to exercise power and make decisions. For example, authority can be found in the role of a judge in a courtroom. The judge, as a representative of the judicial system, possesses the authority to interpret and apply the law, make rulings, and enforce legal consequences. Their authority is derived from their position within the legal system, which grants them the power to make binding decisions and maintain order in the courtroom.

Question 19.
Explain the unique features of Welfare state identified by A.R. Desai
Answer:
19. A.R. Desai, the famous Indian sociologist, provides, a detailed critique of the modern capitalist state in his essay, “The myth of the welfare state”. After taking into consideration the definitions available in sociological literature, he identified and critiqued three unique features of a welfare state from a Marxist perspective: the positive state, the democratic state, and the mixed economy. The positive state refers to the role of the government in actively promoting the well-being and social welfare of its citizens. In a welfare state, the government takes responsibility for ensuring access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and social security. It aims to provide a safety net and address social inequalities through redistributive policies and social programs.

The democratic state refers to the principle that a welfare state operates within a democratic framework. It means that the government’s actions and policies are determined through democratic processes, including free and fair elections, citizen participation, and respect for individual rights and freedoms. In a welfare state, the government’s decisions are expected to align with the will and interests of the people it represents.

A mixed economy is another key feature of a welfare state. It entails a combination of private and public ownership of resources and means of production. In a welfare state, the government plays a significant role in regulating and intervening in the economy to ensure social welfare objectives are met. This includes measures such as progressive taxation, income redistribution, and government provision of public goods and services.

Together, these features distinguish a welfare state from other forms of governance and economic systems, A.R Desai put forth criteria against which the performance of the welfare state can be measured, by raising a few questions.

1. Does the welfare state ensure freedom from poverty, social discrimination and security for all its citizens?
2. Does welfare state remove inequalities of income through measures of redistribute income from the rich to the poor, and by preventing the concentration of wealth?
3. Does welfare state transform the economy in such a way that the capitalist profit motive is made subservient to the real needs of the community?
4. Does the welfare state ensure stable development free from the cycle of economic booms and depressions?
5. Does it provide employment for all?

Answer any 3 questions from 20 to 23. Each carries 5 scorers. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 20.
Illustrate the following rules of marriage :
(a) Exogamy
(b) Endogamy
Answer:
(A) Exogamy: Exogamy is a rule of marriage that requires individuals to marry someone outside their own social group or community. This practice encourages individuals to form marital bonds with individuals from different social, cultural, or ethnic backgrounds. The purpose of exogamy is to promote social integration, prevent inbreeding, and foster alliances between different groups. For example, in many cultures, exogamous marriage rules might dictate that a person cannot marry someone from the same clan (clan exogamy), or village (village exogamy), but must instead seek a partner from another group. This rule helps to maintain social diversity and intergroup relations. For example, in North India, certain villages follow village exogamy. They marry off the women of their village to other remote villages. This system helps the married women to adapt to their husband’s home and life without the interference of their parents.

(B) Endogamy: Endogamy, in contrast to exogamy, is a rule of marriage that requires individuals to marry within their own social group or community. This practice encourages individuals to form marital alliances with individuals who share similar social, cultural, or religious backgrounds. The purpose of endogamy is to preserve social cohesion, maintain traditions, and reinforce sociaj boundaries. For example, caste-based endogamy is prevalent in certain societies, where individuals are expected to marry within their own caste. This rule serves to perpetuate social stratification and preserve caste-based traditions and customs. Endogamy can also be found in religious or ethnic communities that prioritize maintaining their distinct identity through marriage within the group.

Question 21.
Write any two types of interview and explain.
Answer:
An interview is basically a guided conversation between the researcher and the respondent. It is a widely applied method for sociological research. There are different styles of interviews: Structured and Unstructured. Structured Interview: A structured interview is a formal and standardized type of interview where the interviewer asks a set of pre-planned questions to the interviewee. This interview format follows a specific format and has a clear agenda.

Structured interviews are commonly-, used in job interviews, research interviews, and other formal settings where consistency and reliability are crucial. The questions are designed to gather specific information and assess the candidate’s qualifications, skills, and experiences. Structured interviews provide consistency in the interview process as all candidates are asked the same questions in the same order. This allows for easy comparison of responses and ensures fairness and objectivity in the evaluation.

Unstructured Interview: An unstructured interview is an informal and flexible type of interview where the conversation flows more naturally and spontaneously. In an unstructured interview, there is no fixed set of questions or a specific agenda. The interviewer engages in a more open-ended discussion with the interviewee, allowing for exploration of various topics and probing deeper into responses. This type of interview aims to uncover insights, perspectives, and personal experiences of the interviewee. Unstructured interviews are often used in qualitative research, journalistic interviews, and situations where the interviewer seeks a better understanding of the interviewee’s thoughts, opinions, and subjective experiences. The relaxed and conversational nature of unstructured interviews allows for a deeper exploration of the interviewee’s perspective.

Question 22.
Briefly explain how capitalism works in our society.
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system based on market competition and the pursuit of profit, in which the means of production or capital are privately owned by individuals or corporations. It operates in our society based on several key principles:
Expansion of Trade: Capitalism thrives on the expansion of trade, both domestically and internationally. It encourages the exchange of goods and services between individuals and entities, allowing for the flow of capital and the creation of markets. Through trade, capitalism promotes competition, innovation, and the efficient allocation of resources.

Division of Labour: Capitalism relies on the division of labour, where work is divided into specialized tasks. This division enables individuals to focus on specific skills and areas of expertise, leading to increased productivity and efficiency. It allows for the production of goods and services on a larger scale and promotes interdependence among individuals and organizations.

Specialization: Capitalism encourages specialization, where individuals or businesses concentrate their efforts on producing a specific good or service. Specialization enables greater proficiency, as individuals can develop expertise in their chosen field. This specialization, in turn, leads to increased productivity, higher-quality products, and cost- effective production processes.

Profit Motive: In capitalism, the profit motive is a central driving force. Businesses and individuals aim to generate profits by producing goods or providing services that are in demand. It fosters competition, as businesses strive to offer better products and services at competitive prices.

In summary, capitalism operates through the expansion of trade, division of labour, specialization, rising productivity, and the profit motive. These elements work together to foster economic growth, innovation, and the efficient allocation of resources. While capitalism has its benefits, it also raises questions regarding inequality, market failures, and the distribution of wealth. Different societies and governments may implement regulations and policies to address these concerns and strike a balance between economic growth and social welfare.

Question 23.
Match the following

A	B
Sarat Chandra Roy	The Social background of Indian Nationalism
G.S. Ghurye	Religion and Society among Coorgs of South India
D.P Mukerji	Caste and Race in India
M.N. Srinivas	Living Tradition
A.R. Desai	Man in India

Answer:

A	B
Sarat Chandra Roy	Man in India
G.S. Ghurye	Caste and Race in India
D.P Mukerji	Living Tradition
M.N. Srinivas	Religion and Society among Coorgs of South India
A.R. Desai	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 27. Each carries 6 scorers. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 24.
Write the difference between the following:
(a) History and Sociology
(b) Economics and Sociology
Answer:
(a) As we know, sociology is the science of society, and history is the record of past social events. Both disciplines belong to the family of social sciences. Sociology is comparatively the younger social science. Though there are similarities between the two subjects, there are also significant differences. Let us examine them:-

1. Sociology is concerned with the present and in some extent with future, History studies the past.
2. Sociologist borrow from historical sources for sociological analysis and vice-versa. The sociologists use the same record of the past.
3. History studies concrete details while sociologists are more likely to study abstract details from concrete reality.
4. While history studies about kings, wars, revolutions’ etc, sociology looks at social patterns, gender relations, customs and important institutions other than the acts of rulers, wars and monarchy.

(b) Economics is the study of production, and distribution of goods and services. It deals almost exclusively with economic relations and transactions, while sociology deals with the social relationships and transactions. The main differences between economics and sociology can be summarized asfollows:

1. The classical economic approach dealt almost exclusively with the interrelations of pure economic variables: the relations of price, demand and supply; money flows; output and input ratios, and the like. The sociological approach looks at economic behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and interests.
2. Traditional economics has been on a narrow understanding of ‘economic activity’, namely the allocation of scarce goods and services within a society. The sociological approach looks at economic behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and interests.
3. Economics are precise in their terminology and exact in their measures. Sociology, however, uses generic concepts and terms.
4. Economics provides technical solutions. Sociology though, does not provide such solutions. Instead, it encourages questioning and critical perspective.

Question 25.
Compare functionalist and conflict view on family.
Answer:
Family is a vital social institution and sociology tires to analyse it from different perspectives. The functionalist and conflict perspectives provide contrasting views on the role and dynamics of the family: Functionalist theory views the family as a fundamental social institution that serves essential functions in society. According to functionalists, the family plays a crucial role in satisfying the basic needs of its members, such as providing food, shelter, and emotional support. Additionally, the family contributes to the maintenance of social order by socializing individuals and instilling societal values, norms, and expectations.

Functionalist perspective emphasizes the importance of stability and consensus within families and society as a whole, with a focus on the positive functions the family performs. It argues that modern industrial societies function best if women look after family and men earn the family livelihood. However, this argument is questionable because it is gender unjust, also because women are an important workforce in the modern industrial society.

The conflict perspective, in contrast, analyzes the family through the lens of power dynamics, inequality, and social conflicts. Conflict theorists argue that the family is a site of social inequality and power struggles, particularly concerning gender, age, and authority. They highlight how the family can perpetuate and reproduce social inequalities, such as gender roles and patriarchy, by assigning unequal power and privileges based on gender. Conflict theorists also highlight intergenerational conflicts within families, such as the tension between parents and children over authority and control.

While the functionalist perspective emphasizes the stability and positive functions of the family, the conflict perspective emphasizes the underlying power dynamics and inequalities within family structures. Functionalist theory sees the family as a harmonious unit that contributes to societal cohesion, while conflict theory emphasizes the potential for conflict and inequality within family relationships.

It is important to note that these perspectives offer different ways of understanding the family, and neither view captures the full complexity and diversity of family structures and dynamics. Sociological analysis often incorporates multiple perspectives to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities and variations within families and their relationship to broader societal dynamics.

Question 26.
Explain any three Urban Problems.
Answer:
Urban society is defined as the way of life among city and town inhabitants and how they all interact with each other. Urbanization involves the creation of social institutions and how they interact with their environment. Sociologists are very much concerned about the various aspects of urban social life including analysis of urban social problems.

Following are some of the urban social problems:-
Slums: Slums are areas within urban settings characterized by poor housing conditions, inadequate access to basic services, and a lack of infrastructure. Slums often arise due to rapid urbanization, migration, and poverty. They typically lack proper sanitation facilities, reliable electricity, clean water, and adequate housing. Slums can contribute to various social problems including health issues, crime, and limited access to education and employment opportunities.

Housing Problems: Housing problems in urban areas arise when there is a shortage of affordable and adequate housing options for the population. This can result from factors such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and limited urban planning. Housing problems include high housing costs, inadequate housing quality, homelessness, and informal settlements. These issues can lead to overcrowding, substandard living conditions, and housing insecurity for many individuals and families. More than 2 lakh people in urban India sleep without a shelter over their heads at night.

Water Scarcity: Water scarcity in urban areas refers to a situation where the demand for water exceeds the available supply. Urbanization, population growth, inadequate infrastructure, and inefficient water management contribute to water scarcity. Water scarcity can lead to water rationing, limited access to clean drinking water, and sanitation problems. It poses significant challenges to public health, hygiene, and overall quality of life in urban communities.

Environmental Pollution: Urban areas often face various forms of environmental pollution, including air pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution. Industrial activities, vehicular emissions, improper waste disposal, and lack of environmental regulations contribute to pollution in cities. Environmental pollution can have detrimental effects on public health, leading to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other health issues. It also impacts ecosystems, reduces the quality of living environments, and contributes to climate change.

Density of Population: The density of population in urban areas refers to the concentration of people within a given area. High population density is a characteristic of many cities and can lead to various challenges. These include strain on infrastructure and public services, increased competition for resources, traffic congestion, and limited open spaces. High population density can also affect the quality of life, as it may result in noise, lovercrowding, and a reduced sense of community.

Crime: Urban areas often experience higher crime rates compared to rural areas due to factors such as socioeconomic inequalities, poverty, unemployment, and social disorganization. Urban crime includes various types of offenses, such as theft, robbery, assault, and drug-related crimes. Factors such as limited economic opportunities, social alienation, and the presence of marginalized communities can contribute to the prevalence of crime in urban areas. Addressing urban crime requires comprehensive strategies that focus on improving socioeconomic conditions, enhancing community safety, and promoting social inclusion.

These urban problems highlight the complex challenges faced by cities and the need for effective urban planning, infrastructure development, social policies, and environmental management to create sustainable and livable urban environments.

Question 27.
Write any three features of Bureaucracy and explain it.
Answer:
Max Weber, a leading German sociologist, describes bureaucracy as a system of power where leaders exercise control over others. It is a system of discipline. As a public institution, bureaucracy restrict the power of the officials in regard to their responsibilities and did not provide absolute power to them. According to Max Weber”s theory Features of bureaucracy include:

1. Functioning of officials – Within bureaucracy officials have ‘official jurisdiction ‘governed by official rules, laws and administrative regulations. Only qualified hands may appoint as ‘officials’ and they should perform the assigned duties without fail.

2. Hierarchical Ordering of Positions: Bureaucracies are characterized by a hierarchical structure in which positions are arranged in a clear chain of command. Each position has a designated level of authority and responsibility. Higher-level positions have authority over lower-level positions, and decisions flow from top to bottom. This hierarchical ordering ensures a clear distribution of power and accountability within the organization.

3. Reliance on Written Documents: Bureaucracies heavily rely on written documents, rules, and procedures to ensure consistency, efficiency, and transparency in decision-making. Written documents serve as a means of communication, record-keeping, and establishing standard operating* procedures. They provide a foundation for uniformity in how tasks are performed, how information is shared, and how decisions are made within the organization.

4. Office Management: Bureaucracies emphasize the importance of structured office management. This includes

5. Conduct in Office: Bureaucratic organizations have established codes of conduct and professional behavior that govern how individuals interact within the office environment. These codes emphasize professionalism, adherence to rules and regulations, and the avoidance of personal biases or favoritism. Conduct in the office reflects the principles of neutrality, fairness, and impartiality that are important in bureaucratic settings. Employees are expected to maintain a certain level of decorum and professionalism while carrying out their duties.

These features of bureaucracy help to create a structured and organized work environment that promotes efficiency, consistency, and accountability. However, bureaucracies can also face challenges such as slow decision-making, rigid adherence to rules, and a potential for bureaucratic red tape. Striking a balance between maintaining the benefits of bureaucracy and addressing its limitations is crucial for effective organizational functioning.

Answer any 2 questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scorers. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 28.
Narrate different types of Social Group.
Answer:
A social group refers to two or more individuals who share a common social identification, and who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category. A social group will act on some shared interest and accept some common norms and will have a definable structure. According to the pattern of interaction among the members of the groups and the structure, the groups can be classified under different titles.
Types of social groups can be described as follows:

1. Quasi Group: A quasi group refers to a collection of individuals who share a common characteristic or interest but lack formal structure or organization. They may come together temporarily, such as a group of people waiting at a bus stop or attendees at a concert. Quasi groups have a minimal sense of group identity and usually do not have established roles, norms, or long-lasting relationships. A crowd in a bus stand or public place is an example for quasi group,

2. Primary Group: A primary group is a small, intimate, and enduring social group characterized by close personal relationships, frequent face-to-face interactions, and a strong sense of belonging. Examples include families, close friends, or tight-knit communities. Primary groups play a fundamental role in shaping individuals’ socialization, emotional support, and personal identity.

3. Secondary Group: A secondary group is a larger and more impersonal social group that is usually task-oriented and focused on achieving specific goals or objectives. Secondary groups are often characterized by formal roles and relationships, limited emotional intimacy, and a temporary nature. Examples include workplace teams, academic study groups, or professional associations.

4. In-Group: An in-group refers to a social group with which an individual identifies and feels a sense of belonging. It is often characterized by a shared identity, values, beliefs, and social norms. In-groups foster a sense of loyalty, solidarity, and social cohesion among their members. Examples include sports teams, religious communities, or cultural groups.

5. Out-Group: An out-group is a social group to which an individual does not belong or with which they do not identify. Out-groups are often seen as different or “other” in comparison to the in-group, and this distinction can lead to the development of stereotypes, prejudices, or even conflicts between groups.

6. Peer Group: A peer group refers to a social group composed of individuals who are similar in age, social status, and shared interests. Peer groups are crucial during adolescence and play a significant role in socialization, iderttity formation, and the development of social skills. Examples of peer groups include classmates, friends from extracurricular activities, or online communities.

7. Reference Group: A reference group is a social group that an individual uses as a standard for evaluating their own attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors. Reference groups provide individuals with a basis for comparison and may influence their aspirations, self-esteem, and decision¬making. They can be formal or informal and may include role models, celebrities, or professional associations.

8. Association: An association refers to a formal organization or group formed for a specific purpose, such as professional associations, clubs, or charitable organizations. Associations typically have defined structures, rules, and goals and provide opportunities for individuals to come together, collaborate, and pursue common interests or objectives.

In general, Society refers to a complex network of social relationships, institutions, and systems that form a broader social unit. Society involves various social groups, including families, communities, organizations, and institutions, and it functions through the establishment of norms, laws, and social structures that govern interactions and behavior within the society.

These different types of social groups highlight the diversity of human interactions, relationships, and social structures, each with its own unique characteristics, functions, and significance in shaping individuals and societies.

Question 29.
(a) Define Socialisation
(b) Explain different agencies of Socialisation .
Answer:
(a) Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of their society or culture. It is a lifelong process that begins at birth and continues throughout one’s life. Socialization occurs primarily through interactions with family, peers, educational institutions, media, and other socializing agents.

During socialization, individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to participate effectively in their social groups and society. It involves learning the cultural practices, language, social roles, and expectations that shape social behavior. Through socialization, individuals develop a sense of self-identity, personal values, and a shared, understanding of societal norms. It helps individuals understand social hierarchies, group dynamics, and the accepted ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving in their particular social context.

(b) Socialization is facilitated by various agencies, each playing a distinct role in shaping individuals’ attitudes, behaviors. and social identities. The key agencies of socialization include:

1. Family: The family is the primary agent of socialization. It is where children first learn social norms, values, and behaviors. Family members transmit cultural practices, language, and beliefs, providing emotional support and socializing children into their gender roles. Families shape individuals’ core values and provide a foundation for social interaction and identity development.

2. School: Schools are formal institutions specifically designed for education and socialization. They play a vital role in socializing children and adolescents beyond the family sphere. In schools, individuals learn academic knowledge, social skills, and ijultural expectations. Schools also foster the development of interpersonal relationships, teach discipline, and expose students to societal values and norms.

3. Peer Group: Peer groups consist of individuals of similar age, social status, and interests. Peers have a significant influence during adolescence and beyond. Peer groups provide opportunities for social interaction, acceptance, and identity exploration. They influence individuals’ fashion choices, language, attitudes, and behaviors, often challenging or reinforcing societal norms established by other socializing agents.

4. Mass Media: Mass media, including television, radio, internet, and print media, is a powerful socializing agent. It plays a crucial role in shaping individuals’ values, beliefs, and behaviors by disseminating information, promoting cultural norms, and providing entertainment. Mass media influences public opinion, social trends, and cultural practices, contributing to the formation of societal attitudes and individual identities.

5. Other Socializing Agencies: Religion, workplace, and other social institutions also contribute to socialization. Religion provides moral guidance, spiritual beliefs, and a sense of community. It helps individuals develop a moral compass and fosters cultural identity and social cohesion. The workplace introduces individuals to professional norms, work ethics, and organizational cultures. Other socializing agencies, such as community organizations, government institutions, and cultural groups, also shape individuals’ socialization experiences.

These agencies of socialization work in conjunction to shape individuals’ social identity, values, beliefs, and behaviors. They contribute to the transmission of societal norms, cultural heritage, and social cohesion. However, it’s important to note that socialization is a complex and dynamic process influenced by multiple factors, and individuals may experience different socializing agents to varying degrees throughout their lives.

Question 30.
Describe different reasons of Social Change.
Answer:
Social change is driven by various factors that interact and influence each other. Some of the key reasons for social change include:

1. Environment: Physical and climatic conditions can be catalysts for social change. Natural disasters, climate change, or ecological shifts can necessitate adjustments in human behavior, resource allocation, and societal structures. Environmental factors can lead to changes in agricultural practices, migration patterns, urbanization, and the development of new technologies to address environmental challenges.

2. Technology: Technological advancements have a profound impact on society and drive social change. Innovations in communication, transportation, iTianu- facturing, and information technology revolutionize the way people live, work, and interact. Technological progress can create new industries, transform labor markets, reshape social relationships, and redefine cultural practices.

3. Economy: Economic factors play a crucial role in shaping social change. Changes in economic systems, such as shifts from agricultural to industrial or from industrial to knowledge-based economies, have profound societal implications. Economic factors influence income distribution, | social class structure, labor practices, consumer behavior, and access to resources. Economic inequality, globalization, market forces, and
economic crises also contribute to social change.

4. Political: Political factors, including changes in governance, policies, and power dynamics, drive social change. Political revolutions, social movements, and shifts in political ideologies can reshape social structures and institutions. Changes in political systems, government policies, laws, and regulations can impact individual rights, social justice, and the distribution of power and resources.

5. Cultural: Cultural factors encompass beliefs, values, norms, traditions, and symbolic systems that guide human behavior and social interactions. Cultural change occurs through processes such as globalization, cultural diffusion, migration, intercultural exchange, and generational shifts. Changing cultural norms and values can influence social roles, family structures, gender relations, and societal attitudes toward issues like race, sexuality, and religion.

It is important to note that these factors often interact and influence each other. Social change is a complex and dynamic process shaped by multiple inter connected factors. Changes in one aspect of society often have ripple effects, triggering adaptations and transformations in other areas. Additionally, the pace and extent of social change can vary across societies and historical periods, leading to diverŠe outcomes and impacts on different social groups.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate items from Column ‘B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

A	B
(i) Australopithecus	Tool maker
(ii) Homo Sapiens	Upright man
(iii) Homo habilis	Southern ape
(iv) Homo erectus	Thinking man

Answer:

A	B
(i) Australopithecus	Southern ape
(ii) Homo Sapiens	Thinking man
(iii) Homo habilis	Tool maker
(iv) Homo erectus	Upright man

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer from the alternative given below: (8 × 1 = 8)
(a) The first Caliph was
(A) Umar
(B) Abu Bakr
(C) Uthman
(D) Ali
Answer:
(B) Abu Bakr

(b) Who founded the Umayyad dynasty?
(A) Abu Muslim
(B) Salah al-Din
(C) AlpArsalan
(D) Muawiya
Answer:
(D) Muawiya

(C) Name the author of the book ‘Shahnama’
(A) Firdausi
(B) Tabari
(C) Baladhuri
(D) Alberuni
Answer:
(A) Firdausi

(d) The capital of the Abbasids:
(A) Medina
(B) Baghdad
(C) Damascus
(D) Nishapur
Answer:
(B) Baghdad

(e) Lazaret cave is situated in
(A) England
(B) France
(C) Germany
(D) East Africa
Answer:
(B) France

(f) Which among the following is an Italian city?
(A) Paris
(B) London
(C) Venice
(D) Tokyo
Answer:
(C) Venice

(g) Who was the first to dissect the human body?
(A) Giotto
(B) Donatello
(C) Filippo Bruneleschi
(D) Andreas Vesalius
Answer:
(D) Andreas Vesalius

(h) Identify the leader of the communist party in China.
(A) Mao Zedong
(B) Confucius
(C) Liang Qichao
(D) Sun Yat-sen
Answer:
(A) Mao Zedong

Question 3.
Arrange the following,in chronological order: (4 × 1 = 4)
• Formation of the Peoples Republic of China.
• Sun Yat-sen established a republic in China.
• The Great leap forward movement.
• Long March
Answer:

1. Sun Yat Sen established a republic in China (1911).
2. Long March (1934)
3. Formation of the Peoples Republic of China. (1949)
4. The Great Leap Forward Movement (1958)

Question 4.
Mark any four among the following on the outline map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)

• Rhine river
• Mediterranean Sea
• Sahara desert
• Constantinople
• Damascus
• Baghdad
Answer:

1. Rhine river
2. Mediterranean sea
3. Sahara desert
4. Constantinople
5. Damascus
6. Baghdad

Answer any 6 questions from 5 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (6 × 2 = 12)

Question 5.
Write any two features of Horninids.
Answer:
Large brain size – Bipedl locomotion – Effective utilization of hand

Question 6.
Name the two rivers associated with Mesopotamian Civilization.
Answer:
Euphrates, Tigris

Question 7.
Distinguish between Calligraphy and arabesque.
Answer:
Calligraphy – Art of beautiful writing Arabesque – Vegetal and geometric designs

Question 8.
What are the measures adopted by Abd al-Malik to retain the Arab Islamic identities?
Answer:
Dinar – Dirham – Dome of the Rock

Question 9.
Point out the features of the Courier system introduced by Genghis Khan.
Answer:
The greatest contribution of Genghis Khan was the courier system called Yam he introduced. This Yam system was a relay system that linked different administrative units of his vast empire. At fixed distances there were horsemen and messengers for carrying messages. To maintain this communication system, the nomadic Mongols had to give one-tenths of their animals (horses or other animals) to the authorities. This was known as Qubkar. After the death of Genghis Khan, the courier system became more efficient. Its speed and reliance had surprised visitors. The great Khans used this relay system to effectively control their far-flung regions.

Question 10.
What do you mean by ‘Yasa’?
Answer:
Yassa (Law) is a collection of the great traditions of the Mongolian tribes. This was seen as the laws of Genghis Khan by his posterity. In history they took this stance to increase the fame of Genghis Khan. But he looked at the people of Bukhara as sinners and condemned them. He asked them to hand over all their hidden wealth as a penance to him. The Yassa of Genghis Khan made things difficult for his successors. Those who kept the memories of Yassa did not have a very good opinion about the way Genghis Khan ruled the country.

Question 11.
Mention the features of the Italian citieis of Venice and Genoa.
Answer:
Vibrant cities – Clergy and feudal lords were not dominant – Rich merchants and bankers governed the city – Citizenship

Question 12.
Elucidate, what is Luddism?
Answer:
Luddism was a Movement that was started against industrialization. Workers who thought that machines were the cause of all their troubles started this movement with the plan of destroying them. This Movement was begun under General Nell Ladd. England suppressed this moment by using the army. Luddism was not a movement that merely wanted to destroy machines. The members of this group demanded minimum wages. They also wanted to stop the exploitation of women and children in the factories and other work places. They were interested in the formation of labour organizations.

Question 13.
Name the Spanish Conquerors who destroyed the Aztec and Inca Civilizations?
Answer:
Cortes and Pizzaro

Question 14.
Who were the Arawaks?
Answer:
In the Caribbean Sea there are hundreds of small islands. They are known as Bahamas, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. On these islands the community called Arawaks or Arawakian Lucayans lived. The violent tribe called Caribs drove away the Arawaks from the Lesser Antilles. Arawaks were peace-loving people. They preferred co-operation to competition. They were experts in making boats. They travelled in the open sea in small wooden boats. They lived by hunting, fishing and farming. They cultivated corn, sweet potatoes, some other root crops and tapioca.

The Arawaks practised joint farming. Thus they tried to feed everyone in the community. This was their highest cultural value. They organized themselves under the elders in the community. Polygamy was , common among them. They were animists. Animism (from Latin anima, “breath, spirit, life”) is the view that entities in nature such as animals, plants, and often even inanimate objects possess a spiritual essence. The ‘shaman’ (the priest) had a big role in theirlives. The shamans worked as healers and as intermediaries between this world and the supernatural world.

Arawaks used golden ornaments. But they were not aware of the value of gold. They would gladly exchange their golden ornaments with the cheap crystal chains of the Europeans. The shine and beauty of the crystal chain was more important to them! They were good weavers. The art of weaving had developed nicely among them. Their swing beds made of coir was a big attraction to the Europeans.

Question 15.
Write any two inventions in the field of railways during the Industrial revolution.
Answer:
The most surprising change in travel was definitely the development of the railway. George Stevenson started the railway age. In 1814 he built the steam engine called rocket. With this engine, a train could go as fast as 35 miles an hour and this was history. Soon railways became a new means of travel and transport. Rail travel was available throughout the year and it was cheap and fast. People and goods could be easily transported.

Railway travel connected two inventions – rails and steam engine. In the 1760s iron rails replaced wooden rails. In the beginning of the 19th century, steam engines began to be used in railways. In 1801 Richard Trevithick developed a machine called Puffing Devil. This machine was useful in dragging trucks around the mines.

In 1814 George Stevenson made a train with the name Blucher. It could climb hills carrying even goods weighing 30 tons. It was Stevenson that built the first rail connecting Stockton and Darlington. In 1830, Liverpool and Manchester were linked by rail. With the opening of this railway line, the railway age dawned.

Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 21. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 16.
Elucidate the contributions of Mesopotamians in the fields of time reckoning and Mathematics.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it.

The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics.
In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some day slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very si ightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Question 17.
Point out the third-century crisis of the Roman empire.
Answer:
The Third century brought the first major signs of internal strain in Rome. From the 230s, th empire found itself fighting on several fronts simultaneously. The Romans were forced to abandon much of the territery while the emperors of this period were constantly fighting against ‘barbarians’. The rapid succession of emperors in the third century is an obvious symptom of the strains faced by the empire in this period.

Question 18.
Write a note on Cathedral-towns.
Answer:
Big churches are called Cathedrals. Although the owners of these cathedrals were monasteries, many people took part in their construction. They helped the construction by giving money, labour or material. The Cathedrals were built with stones. It took years to complete the work. As the construction was in progress, the areas around it were occupied by more and more people who came to live there. Some of the cathedrals became pilgrimage centres. Around them townships came up.

Question 19.
How did Humanist ideas influence the universities in Europe?
Answer:

1. The growth of educational institutions.
2. The content was mainly humanities.
3. Legal studies got much importance.
4. Importance was given to religious and such other subjects.

Question 20.
What is Gold rush? How did it lead to the industrialization in America?
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed. All this led to the industrial progress of North America. Many industrial cities and towns came up and amenities were greatly increased.

Question 21.
Elucidate the three principles of Sun Yat-sen.
Answer:
Nationalism, Democracy, Socialism

Answer any four questions from 22 to 30. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 22.
Explain the differences between Australopithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much outward a little outward	Jaw projecting only
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers plains	Lived in the grassy

Question 23.
How did Mesopotamians write on clay tablets?
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand. The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that the clay slate is dried in the sun. This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates couldn’t be used again for writing other things. By 2600 BCE, the letters became cuneiform and the language was Sumerian. Writing was now used not only for keeping records but also for making dictionaries, giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, etc.

Question 24.
Examine the Social hierarchies in the Roman empire.
Answer:

1. Senators
2. Leading members of the equestrian class
3. Respectable section of the people.
4. Lower class
5. Slaves.

Question 25.
Prepare a short note on the Abbasid revolution.
Answer:
The Umayyads succeeded in decentralizing the Islamic political and administrative structure. But they had to pay a heavy price forthat. In 750, a group called Dawa ousted the Umayyads from power and installed the Abbasids on the throne. The Abbasid family was a rich one in Mecca. They pictured the Umayyad rule as misrule and assured the people that they would bring back the real Islam preached by the Prophet. The Abbasid revolt caused changes not only in the ruling dynasty, but also in the political structure and Islamic culture.

The Abbasid uprising broke out in the distant region of Khurasan. Khurasan had a mixed Arab-lranian Population which is mobilised for various reasons. The Arab soldiers were rriostly from Iraq and they resented the domiance of the Syrians. The Umayyad promises tax concessions and privilages to the civilian of Khurasan. But they never fullfilled it. So the civilians of Khurasan disliked them. The army of Abbasid led by an Iranian slave Abumuslim, who defeated the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan in a battle at the river Zab.

Under Abbasid, Arab influence declined, while the importance of Iranian culture increased. They established their capital at Baghdad. The army and bureaucracy were reorganised on a non-tribal basis to ensure greater participation by Iraq and Khurasan. The abbasid rulers strengthened the religious status and function of the caliphate and patronised Islamic institutions and scholars.

Question 26.
Briefly describe the military organization of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need they served as army. In short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the.army there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and the defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Genghis Khan organized his army on the decimal basis. The units were in multiples of 10. (10, 100, 1000,10000, etc.) •
Genghis Khan stopped the old tribal groupings inthe army and distributed thier members into new military units. An individual who tried to move from his allotted group without permission received harsh punishment. The largerst units of soldiers were 10,000. He altered the old steppe social order integrating different lineages and clans.

Question 27.
Write a short note on the Copernican revolution.
Answer:
It was Copernican, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revoiutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous’ book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a eircular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 28.
Illustrate the consequences of the European Colonisation in America.
Answer:
Geographical discoveries definitely had far-reaching impacts on Europe, the Americas and Africa. From the 15th century, some sea routes from Ocean to Ocean were known. But most of these routes were quite unknown to the Europeans. Not even a single ship had ever reached the Caribbean or the Americas. In the Southern Atlantic, nobody had done any exploration. No ship entered there or travelled toward the Pacific or Indian Ocean. But by the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th, all this became old stories. Adventurous navigators reached all these places.

The discovery of the Americas had big repercussions on Europe. The flow of silver and gold from the newly discovered regions helped internationaMrade and industrialization. Between 1500 and 1600, each year hundreds of ships loaded with silver from South American mines reached Spain. But neither Spain nor Portugal made use of it for their internal development or welfare of the common people. They used it to develop trade or to build their naval power.

But England, France, Belgium and Holland benefitted from the discoveries. Their merchants formed joint stock companies and started trade trips. They established colonies in the newly discovered regions and brought new-world products like tobacco, potato, sugar, coco, pepper and rubber into Europe. Soon the American produce became familiar to the Europeans. The Europeans then took them to places like India.

Geographical discoveries were ruinous to the indigenous people of the Americas. Many of the local people there were killed. Their culture and life-styles were destroyed. They had to work like slaves in mines, estates and mills.
Before the coming of the Europeans there were some 70 million indigenes in the Americas. After a century and a half, their number was reduced to 3.5 million. It was wars and diseases that destroyed them.

In the dupl between ancient American and European cultures the Aztec-lnca cultures were completely ruined. Europeans used awar strategy which terrified the local people psychologically and physically. This also showed the differences in their values. The local people did not realize the depth of the greed of the Spaniards for gold and silver.

Question 29.
Why did Industrial Revolution begin in England? Explain.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain. There are many factors that helped Britain to become the first industrial nation.
a) Political stability : As England, Wales and Scotland came together under a single king, there has been political stability in Britain since the 17th century. The country had common laws and a unified currency system. The market in the country had a national character. Since regional authorities did not impose taxes on goods, there was no price increase. This kind of political stability helped Britain.

b) Wide use of money : Since the 17th century, money had been used extensively as a means of transaction. With this, a lot of people began to get cash as wages and salaries instead of goods. By using this cash, people could buy any goods of their choice. This enlarged the market and it helped the Industrial Revolution.

c) The Influence of the Agricultural Revolution :
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, there was an agricultural revolution in Britain. Big landowners bought the small pieces around them and enclosed the fields with fences. Thus there were big estates which helped in the increased production of foodstuff. The people who earned their livelihood by grazing cattle in the open fields could not continue to do so and they became jobless. They went into the big cities seeking jobs. By providing raw materials and labour, the agricultural revolution helped the Industrial Revolution.

d) Cities, trade and wealth : The growth of cities and trade and the availability of wealth helped the Industrial Revolution. From the IS81 century, cities have been growing in Europe. Out of the 19 metropolises, 11 were in Britain. London was the biggest. London became a centre of all markets in the country.

Question 30.
List out the major inventions in the field of Cotton Spinning and Weaving.
Answer:
a) In 1773, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. Using this, the speed in weaving clothes was increased. One worker could now do the work of two. Since spinning (thread-making) was a slow process, enough thread was not available for weaving clothes. This problem was solved by Hargreaves.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the’ strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

e) In 1787 Edmund Cartwright invented power loom. This machine worked with mechanical energy and it drastically increased the speed of weaving. It was easy to work with it. If the thread broke, it would stop automatically. Anything could be woven in this loom. From the 1830s, importance was given by the cotton industry to increase the productivity of workers and not to inventions.

Answer any 2 questions from 31 to 36. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 31.
How did early humans obtain food? Explain.
Answer:
The early people got their food by gathering, hunting, taking the flesh from dead animals and fishing. They gathered vegetarian products like seeds, kernel of nuts, fruits and roots. Some people believe that they stored food but for this there is no clear proof. Although there are many fossils of bones, the fossils of vegetarian stuff have been rare. Remnants of plants and trees that have been burned down by sudden fire last for quite a long time, but archaeologists have not yet found such fossils.

It is natural that the early people collected the flesh of dead animals or the remnants of animals killed by carnivorous beasts. Early hominids ate mammals like rats and squirrels, birds and their eggs, crawling creatures and even insects like termites.

Question 32.
Explain the features of the royal Capital Mari.
Answer:
Mari was the royal capital. The Kings of Mari were Amorites. They dressed differently from the local people. They worshipped gods of Mesopotamia. At the same time in Mari they built a temple for Bhagan who is the god of the plains.
The kings of Mari had to be very alert. Although they allowed shepherds of different tribes to move about in their country, they were watched carefully. The correspondence between the kings and the officials frequently mentions the camps of these shepherds. One official wrote to the king about the fire signals in the nights by which the camps were exchanged. He doubted this might be a warning about some impending attacks.

Mari was situated on the bank of Euphrates between the South and mineral richTurkey-Syria-Lebanon. Mari was a trade centre. Things brought in boats through the Euphrates River were bought and sold here. They included timber, copper, white lead, oil and wine. Mari is an example of a city that progresses well because of trade.

Question 33.
Analyse the reforms introduced by Diocletian and Constantine in the Late Roman empire.
Answer:
Late antiquity means the final and fasinating period in the evolution and the breakup of the Roman empire and refers broadly to the fourth to seventh centuries. During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the people in the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7th century Islam came into being.

There were great changes in the structure of the nation. It was Diocletian (244-305) who brought changes here.
The large areas created administrative inconveniences and therefore Diocletian took steps to solve the problem. He reduced the size of his Empire by removing the strategically and economically unimportant regions. He protected the boundaries by building fortresses. He reorganized the provincial boundaries. He exempted citizens from military service. The Duces (army commanders) were given autonomy.

Constantine (306-334) was the successor of Diocletian. He brought great changes in the administrative set up. The most important among them were new currency system, new capital and economic reforms. He brought out new gold coins called Solidus which weighed 4V4 grams of gold. A lot of these coins were minted. Millions of such coins circulated in the empire. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire these coins remained valuable. Constantine made Constantinople (old Byzantium) his second capital. It was in the modern Istanbul in Turkey and it was covered on all the three sides by oceans. He also formed a new Senate for the new capital.

The emperor invested heavily in the oil mills and crystal factories in villages. Screw-making machines and water mills were introduced. He also re-established the trade relations with the East. The Romans were polytheists. They worshipped many gods and goddesses like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Mars. They built temples and other places of worship for their deities. Their faith did not have any special name or label. Judaism was another religion in Rome. It was also not monolithic as the different ancient Jewish communities followed different ways.

By the 4th and 5th century Christianity began to spread in Rome. Constantine was the first Emperor to become Christian. Later Christianity was made the State religion. In the 4th century AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two – the Eastern and the Western Empire. They were under two Emperors. In the Eastern Roman Empire there was general prosperity. It not only survived the great plague of the 540s which made the Mediterranean area a vast graveyard, but the population went on increasing. But, at the same time, the Western Roman Empire faced political crises. The attacks of the Germanic tribes were the reason for that.

Question 34.
Briefly describe the crisis of the fourteenth century in Europe.
Answer:
Because of reduced prices of agricultural products and increased wages, the income of the landlords was seriously reduced. The landlords then wanted to cancel their agreements with the peasants. The peasants then rose in revolt. There were revolts in Flanders (1323), France (1358) and England (1381).

The peasant revolts were cruelly suppressed. Still they have their importance. The peasants showed that they were not ready to give up the benefits they had. The use of money had increased so much that a going back was not possible. The biggest political change was the rise of despotic kingships. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the European kings increased their military and economic power. They built new powerful nations. Historians call these kings as “New Kings”. Louis XIV of France, Maximilian of Austria, Henry VII of England and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain were the most prominent among them. They were the pioneers in making strong armies, a stable bureaucracy and collection of national taxes. In Europe, Spain had a big role in the trade conducted via the Sea.

Question 35.
Examine the influence of Humanist ideas in the fields of art and architecture.
Answer:
Humanism is an important feature of Renaissance. The Italian cities and universities played a major role in the growth of humanism. The first universities of Europe were started in Italian cities. From 111h century onwards universities in Padua and Bologna there were centres of law studies. Since the main business in the cities was trade, there was a great need for pleaders and notaries. To enact laws and to interpret them and to make written agreements, their service was essential. So law became an important subject in the universities. Since law is an important discipline in Humanities, humanism became a major part of the curriculum.

Art and Literature
Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it.

To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor in the Padua University. This greatly helped the modern anatomical studies. Renaissance Artists wanted to present things as they were.

In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture. The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the.ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal.

Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral. There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Question 36.
Explain the winds of change in Australia.
Answer:
W.E.H Stanner – The Great Austrialian Silence – Henry Reynolds – Why weren’t We Told – Multi culturalism – Human rights

Answer any 2 questions from 37 to 40. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 37.
Analyse the contributions of Islam to the learning and culture of the world.
• Literature
• Philosophy
• History
• Architecture
Answer:
Sufism
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

Pantheism is the belief in one God and his creations. It means man’s soul should ultimately reach the Creator. Deep love for God is the main means becoming one with God. It was a lady ascetic called Rabia in Basra who propagated this idea. She lived in the 9th century. She propagated the love of God through her poems.

It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali. Anybody, without any distinction of religion, status or gender could accept Sufism. Dhul nun al-Misri (his tomb can be seen near the Pyramid of Egypt even now) in 861, declared like this before the Abbasid Khalifa: “I learned true Islam from an old woman, real virtues from a water carrier.” This shows there were no class differences in Sufism. Sufism made religion a personal thing and it posed a serious challenge to Islam.

Philosophy
Islamic philosophers and scientist came out with a parallel view about God and the universe. This was caused because ofthe influence of Greek vision and science. Even in the 7th century, the influence ofthe Greek culture was visible in the Byzantine-Nasanian . empires. In the schools in Alexandria, Syria and Mesopotamia along with other subjects Greek vision, mathematics and medicines were taught.

To translate books in Greek and Syriac-Aramaic into Arabic, the Umayyad-Abbasid Khalifas had employed Christian scholars. During the time of Al-Mamun, translation was an organized activity. The works of Aristotle, Euclid’s “Elements”, Ptolemy’s “Almagest” etc. had attracted the attention of Arab scholars. Indian books on astronomy, mathematics and medicines were translated into Arabic. These books reached Europe and kindled their interest in philosophy and science.

The studies of new subjects encouraged critical research. It affected the intellectual life of the Islamic people. Scholars in groups like Mutazila used Greek rhetoric and logical reasoning to speak against some tenets of Islam. Ibn Sina who was a medical man and a philosopher did not believe in the resurrection of the body on the Day of Judgment.

Although supporters of divine theology opposed his views, his medical books were widely read. The most important of his books was “Canon of Medicine”. It describes 760 types of medicines and the importance of diet. It also describes the influence of climate and environment in our health and also the contagious nature of some diseases. “Canon of Medicine” was used as a text in the medical schools of Europe. There Ibn Sina was known as Avicenna. His books were read by people like Omar Khayyam who was a great poet and scientist.

Literature
The Islamic societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural dominance of the Arabs. Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love.

At the start of the 11th century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies. In the catalogue of Ibn Nadum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalita wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous stories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night. This was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8th century. Later more stories were added to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people – generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories.

History
The tradition of historiography was very much in progress in literate Muslim societies. Scholars, students and ordinary people read history books. The study of history was important as far as the rulers and bureaucrats were concerned. They depicted a good picture of the ruler and his family and his achievements. Two important historians were: Ansab al-Ashraf of Baladhuri and Torikh al-Rusul wal Muluk ofTabri.

Geography
Geography and travel was an important aspect of culture. The knowledge from Greek, Iranian and Indian books and the observations of travellers and% merchants were collected together. Mathematical geography divided the inhabited earth into 7 regions. The position of each city was astronomically determined. The geographical book “The Best Divisions for the Knowledge of Regions” by Al Muqaddasi is a comparative study of the countries and peoples of the world. Al Masoodi’s “Golden Meadows” correlates history and geography. Al Biruni’s “History of India” is an attempt to look beyond , the Islamic world and to study the value of another culture.

Architecture
By the 10th century, an Islamic world came up. Religious buildings are the external symbols of this world. Mosques and mausoleums and tombs are the most important of them. These building which spread from Spain to Central Asia are built in the same pattern. Arcs, domes, minarets, open yards in the centre, etc. are features of this architectural style. Inns where caravans rested, hospitals and palaces were built in the same style as the mosques and mausoleums. The Umayyads had built ‘desert palaces’ in deserts. Examples are Khirbat al Mafjar of Palestine and Quseir Amra of Jordan.

They were luxurious rest houses. The palaces which were built in Roman-Sassanian architectural style were adorned by statues, coloured stones, and portraits of people. The Abbasids built a new royal city in Samara. It was built amidst gardens and streams. It is described in many stories and in the various legends and myths about Harun al Rasheed. The palace of the Abbasid Khalifas in Baghdad and the palace of the Fatimids in Cairo are no more. We can only read about them in literary works.

Question 38.
Explain the three orders of the feudal society existed in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers.
The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches. To take part in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays.

Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows.

The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The Second Order was the nobles. They had a big role in the society. It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. The noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land.

A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families. The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

The Third Order was the farmers. Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers.. The independent farmers had land they got from the nobles. They had to do military services for the noble for at least 40 days a year. On some fixed days of the week, they had to work in the files of the nobles, without getting any payment for it. They also had to dig the land, collect firewood, make fences anpl repair the roads. The women and children also had to help in the field. They had to do additional work like spinning, weaving, making candles, making wine etc. The king collected a special tax called Tailed from the farmers. The priests and nobles were exempted from this tax.

Question 39.
Assess the impact of the Industrial revolution. Areas to be considered:
• Changed lives
• Workers
• Women and children
• Protest movements
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution brought many changes in the life of people. Though it brought ease and comfort to one section of the people, it brought misery and pain to some others. Rich persons invested money in different industries to reap profits. Their income increased dramatically because of proper use of goods, services, knowledge and productivity. But industrialization and urbanization adversely affected common people. Families were separated, cities became crowded and dirty, and the terrible work conditions in the factories made people suffer.

In 1750, in England there were only two cities that had more than 50,000 people. By 1850, this increased to 29. The speed of this growth did not reflect in the life of people. They did not have proper places to live and sanitation facilities. Not even enough drinking water was available. Persons newly coming to the cities were forced to live in the slums in, or close to, the cities. But the rich people built their second homes in villages which were free from pollution.

Workers: A survey done in 1842 revealed that the longevity of the workers (labourers) in the city was less than those of others. The average life expectancy of workers was 15years in Birmingham, 17 in Manchester and 21 in Derby. This was because in cities many children died at a very young age. Many died even before they reached 5. The increase in the city population was because of migration from the rural areas and not because of increased birth rates there.

Workers died prematurely mainly because of contagious diseases. Cholera and typhoid that came as the result of water pollution and tuberculosis that spread through the atmosphere killed many. In a cholera epidemic in 1832, more than 31,000 workers died.

Until the end of the 19th century, the municipal authorities ignored these dangerous circumstances. There was also no medical expertise to diagnose and treat these diseases.

Women. Children and Industrialization: One of the worst outcomes of industrialization was the exploitation of women and children. Children of poor parents had to work in the fields and also at home. They Worked under strict supervision from their parents or relatives. The village women had to work in the field. They grew cattle and gathered wood. They also made thread using looms.

In the factories of the city, women and children were made to work. The work here was quite different from the work in villages. They had to work in factories and mines for long periods without rest and under strict supervision. They were punished severely for any little mistakes they made. The income from the women and children were needed for meeting the expenses of the family as the men earned very little as they had low wages.

Even when the use of machines became widespread, employers preferred women and children to do the work because they had to be paid much mess than men. The women and childrerf would not protest against bad working conditions. In the cotton industries of Lancashire and Yorkshire, plenty of women and children were employed. In silk¬making, brocade making and sewing, women were the main workers. In the iron industry at Birmingham also they worked along with children.

Children were made to labour hard. Machines like the spinning jenny were made in such a way that children with small bodies and fast fingers could work them. Since children could move in between the many thickly laid machines in the factory, they were preferred in the cotton mills. Even on Sundays they had to work cleaning the machines. Thus they were denied rest and even clean air. Accidents were common in the factories. Some even died in factories as they fell on to the machines being tired and sleepy.

The work in the mines was also dangerous. Accidents were usual there. These were caused by the upper portions of the mines crumbling or because of the explosions carried out there. Mine owners employed children to draw the carts filled with coal along the underground rails. Since entrances were narrow and small, children were preferred by the cruel owners. The children carried loads of coal. Working in the mines was looked upon as training for working in the factories.

Evidences from the factory records show that there were children of even less than ten years working there. It is true that the self-confidence and economic situation of the working women were better. But the adverse circumstances in which they worked, the children they lost at birth or infancy, and the dirty’ slums in which they were forced to live spoiled the little satisfaction they got from the wages they earned.

Question 40.
Prepare an essay on the state systems of Central and South America.
Hints:
• The Aztecs
• The Incas
• The Mayas
Answer:
In Central and South America there were some famous civilizations. The most noteworthy of them were the Aztec and Mayan culture of Central America and the Inca culture of South America. They were highly organized nations. These urban civilizations were made possible because of the surplus production of corn. The huge architectural marvels built by the Aztec, Mayan and Inca cultures still make us stare at them in awe and wonder.

The Aztecs: Aztec culture is centred round Mexico. In the 12th century, the Aztecs from the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the various tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people they also collected tributes. The Aztec society was hierarchical. There were different classes in the society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other I high officials belonged to this class. Hereditary nobles were a small minority. They occupied the highest posts in the government, army I and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from I among themselves as their leader and he continued I to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to I be representative of the sun on earth.

Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions. Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the Aztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In between these fertile inlands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces and pyramids there. Since the Aztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

The Mayans : The Mayan culture of Mexico developed between 11 and 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the Mayans were politically less powerful than the Aztecs. The centre point of Mayan culture was corn cultivation. When corn was planted, when it was growing, and when harvested there were different religious rituals connected with it. The Mayans had surplus crops. The extra income they had helped the administrators, priests and chiefs to invest and develop architecture, astronomy and mathematics. The Mayans have given great contributions in writing, architecture, mathematics and astronomy They had formed a picture script. Scholars could read their picture-script writing only partially.

The Incas of Peru: Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who rules of the land. The capital of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12th century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles.
The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor. Newly defeated tribes were successfully integrated with the empire. Each subject was to speak the language of the royal court, Quechua. The tribal administration was done by a Council or Elders. The Tribes owed their loyalty to the rulers.

Regional rulers gave the emperor military help. For this cooperation they were adequately rewarded. The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than what they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes. Another important occupation of the Incasi was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate itemsfrom Column ‘B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

‘A’	‘B’
Samuel Crompton	The Puffing Devil
Edmund Cartwright	The Mule
George Stepheson	The Powerloom
Richard Trevithick	The Blutcher

Answer:

A	B
Samuel Crompton	The Mule Edmund
Edmund Cartwright	The Powerloom
George Stepheson	The Blutcher
Richard Trevithick	The Puffing Devil

Question 2.
Answer any four amoung the following.
(i) Identify the author of Almagest
A) Dante Alighieri
B) Franscesco Petrarch
C) Cicero
D) Ptolemy
Answer:
D) Ptolemy

(ii) Who was the first to dissert the human body?
A) Donatello
B) Andreas Vesalius
C) Ibn Sina
D) Ibn Rushd
Answer:
B) Andreas Vesalius

(iii) The Pieta’ is associated with
A) Michelangelo Buonarroti
B) Donatello
C) Filippo Brunelleschi
D) Francesco Barbaro
Answer:
A) Michelangelo Buonarroti

(iv) Martin Luther was a native of _____ .
A) Switzerland
B) England
C) Germany
D) Spain
Answer:
iv) Germany

(v) The term‘wise man’is related with „
A) Homo Habilis
B) Homo Erectus
C) Homo Sapiens
D) Australopithecus
Answer:
C) Homo Sapiens

(vi) The Altamira Cave is situated in
A) France
B) Kenya
C) Ethiopia
D) Spain
Answer:
D) Spain

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (4 × 1 = 4)
• Formation of Chinese Communist Party.
• Sun Yat-Sen established a Republic in China
• Formation of the Peoples Republic of China
• The Long March in China
Answer:

1. Sun Yatsen established a republic in China – 1911.
2. Formation of Chiese Communist Party -1921
3. The Long March in China – 1934
4. Formation of the Peoples Republic of China – 1949

Question 4.
Mark any four amoung the following on the outline map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)
A) Bagdad
B) Damascus
C) Mecca
D) Medina
E) Brazil
F) Peru

Answer:

1. Baghdad
2. Damascus
3. Mecca
4. Medina
5. Brazil
6. Peru

Answer any 8 questions from 5 to 14. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 5.
Write any two features of Hominoids.
Answer:
• Emerged 24 mya
• Ape
• Quadrupeds
• Flexible forelimbs

Question 6.
List out any two administrative measures of Abd al- Malik
Answer:

1. Arabic as the language of administration.
2. Islamic coinage.
3. Introduction of gold dinar and silver dirham.
4. Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the courier system of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
Genghiskhan had fashioned a rapid courier system that connected the distant areas of his regime. Fresh mounts and despatch riders were placed in outposts at regularly spaced distances. For the maintenance of this courier system called ‘Yam’ the Mongol nomads contributed a tenth of their herd-either horses or livestock – as provisions. This was called thequbcurtax.

Question 8.
Prepare a short note on Yasa.
Answer:
Genghiskhan premulgaged the code of law called ‘Yasa’ at the Quriltai in 1206. It meant ‘law’, ‘decree’ or ‘order’. It was concerned with administrative regulations. The organisation of the hunt, the army and the postal system. The Yasa was a compilation of the customary traditions of the Mongol tribes.

Question 9.
Write a short note on Michelangelo Buonarroti.
Answer:
Michelangelo Buonarotti was skilled equally as painter, sculpter and architect. He was immortalised by the ceiling he painted in the sistine chapel, the sculpture called The Pieta’ and his design of the dome of St.Peter’s Church, all in Rome.

Question 10.
How did Venice and Genoa differ from the other parts of Europe?
Answer:
Venice and Genoa were vibrant Italian cities. The clergy and powerful feudal lords were not politically dominant here. Rich merchants and bankers actively participated in governing the city and this helped the idea of citizenship to strike roof.

Question 11.
Write a short note on the mutual perceptions among the natives of America and the Europeans.
Answer:
Europeans looked at the indigenes of America as uncivilized people. But the French philosopher Rousseau pointed out that such people should be respected, because they had not polluted their culture. Many people think that the term “noble savage” would be appropriate to them. But the world famous poet William Wordsworth came out with another view. He said that those who live in close proximity with nature will have less imaginative and emotional strength. In short, the indigenes were seen either as uncivilized or as noble savages or as people with less emotional and imaginative power.

The indigenes thought the things they exchanged with the Europeans as mere gifts. But for greedy Europeans the things they got – like fish and hides – were goods to be sold in the Western markets. The price of the things the Europeans sold to the indigenes depended on the supply. The indigenes did not have any idea about the markets in far-away Europe.

Sometime European gave a lot of things but sometimes only very little in exchange for the items they got from the indigenes. They used to wonder why this was so as they had no idea about the market prices. The greed of Europeans often made the indigenes sad. In their greed to get more and mor6 hides they killed a lot of otters. The indigenes were afraid that the animals would take revenge en them. The indigenes and Europeans had different concepts about forests. In the forests the indigenes imagined many invisible things. But the Europeans simply wanted to clear the forests and convert them into corn fields.

Jefferson wanted a country with Europeans and small fields. The indigenes cultivated the land fortheirown use. They did not do it for selling or profit. Therefore acquiring land in their view was a serious mistake. This is what made Jefferson think that they were uncivilized.

Question 12.
Write a short note on the winds of change in Australia.
Answer:
In 1968, people were electrified by a lecture by the anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner, entitled “The Great Australian Silence’ – the silence of historians about the aborigines. From the 1970s there was an eagerness to understand natives not as anthropological curiosities but as communities with distinct cultures. Underlying it all was the urgent question which it all was the urgent question which Henry Reynolds later articulated in a powerful book, ‘Why weren’t We Told?’ This condemned the practice of writing Australian history as though it had begun with Captain Cook’s ‘discovery’.

Question 13.
Name the two Japanese cities where nuclear bombs were dropped in 1945.
Answer:

1. Hiroshima
2. Nagasaki

Question 14.
Prepare a short note on the Cultural Revolution of 1965 in China.
Answer:
In 1965 Mao launched the Great Proletarin Cultural Revolution to counter his critics. The Red Guards, mainly students and the army was used for a campaign against old culture, old customs and old habits. Ideology was more important than having professional knowledge. Denuncitations and slogans replaced rational debate

Answer any two questions from 15 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 15.
Briefly explain the ways through whchi the early humans obtained food.
Answer:

♦ Food gathering
♦ Hunting
♦ Scavenging
♦ Fishing

Question 16.
Write a short note on the cuneiform writing system of the Mesopotamians.
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and put it into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With the sharp end of a red cut obliquely, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once the surface dried, signs could not be pressed on to a tablet: so each transaction, however, minor, required a separate written tablet. By 260Q B:CE or so, the letters became cuneiform, and the langage was Sumerian.

Question 17.
Prepare a short note on the Third Century crises in the Roman Empire.
Answer:
As far as the Roman Empire was concerned, the 1st and 2nd centuries were those of peace, development and economic growth. But in the 3rd century the Empire began to show signs trouble. It was foreign attacks that caused the problem.
In 225 AD the Sassanian Dynasty came to power in Iran and this was a great threat to the Roman Empire. When the Iranian Army marched forward with Euphrates in sight, it became a big crisis for the Roman Empire. In one of his famous stone inscriptions it is written that Shapur I, who was the ruler of Iran, destroyed a Roman army numbering 60,000 and captured Antioch, the Eastern capital of the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire faced attacks by Barbarians. The Romans scornfully called the Tribal people who lived in the northern border of the Roman Empire as Barbarians to mean that they were uncivilized. These Tribat Groups belonged to the Germanic race and included Alamannis, Franks and Goths. They started . infiltrating into the Rhine-Danube boundaries. Between 233 and 280, they attacked the Roman Provinces that lay between Black Sea and Alps in Southern Germany. The Romans were forced to quit from areas on the other side of River Danube. During this period Emperors had to spend a lot of time in the battle fronts. In 47 years, 25 emperors ascended the throne and this shows the extent of the crisis the Roman Empire faced.

Question 18.
What were the motives behind the voyage of discovery?
Answer:
♦ Economic
♦ Religious
♦ Political
The exploratory geographical voyages definitely had economic, religious and political goals.

Economic goals : The main inspiration behind geographical discoveries was economic. The European economy was facing a crisis. The Great Plague and wars reduced the population in Europe considerably. Trade was reduced. There wasn’t enough silver and gold for making coins. Distance trade also was in problems. In 1453, the Turk conquered Constantinople and this was a big shock. Although the Italians tried to trade with the Turks, they had to give higher taxes. With this, the land- route trade between Europeans and the Eastern countries became difficult. In short the goals of the European were making huge profits through trade and collecting valuable metals like silver and gold.

Religious : The desire to propagate Christianity to the world outside Europe also prompted the Europeans to embark upon voyages of discovery. Europeans were ready to undertake any adventure to spread Christianity to other lands. Along with the navigators there were also missionaries and priests , in their adventurous journeys.

Political: The Crusades had caused an increase in the trade between Europe and Asia. The products of Asia, especially spices, were in great demand in Europe. The rulers of Europe realized that through trade they could get political power. They thought that the newly discovered lands could be made their colonies and there they could establish their political power. They also wanted regions which were strategic so that it would help them in wars. Thus the European rulers encouraged voyages of discovery.

Answer any four questions from 19 to 24. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 19.
Assess the importance of Mari in Mesopotamian civilization.
Answer:
Mari was the royal capital. The Kings of Mari were Amorites. They dressed differently from the local people. They worshipped gods of Mesopotamia. At the same time in Mari they built a temple for Bhagan who is the god of the plains. The kings of Mari had to be very alert. Although they allowed shepherds of different tribes to move about in their country, they were watched carefully. The correspondence between the kings and the officials frequently mentions the camps of these shepherds. One official wrote to the king about the fire signals in the nights by which the camps were exchanged. He doubted this might be a warning about some impending attacks.

Mari was situated on the bank of Euphrates between the South and mineral rich Turkey-Syria-Lebanon. Mari was a trade centre. Things brought in boats through the Euphrates River were bought and sold here. They included timber, copper, white lead, oil and wine. Mari is an example of a city that progresses well because of trade.

Question 20.
Briefly explain the late antiquity in the Roman Empire.
Answer:
Late antiquity means the final and fasinating period in the evolution and thp breakup of the Roman empire and refers broadly to the fourth to seventh centuries. During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the people in the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7th century Islam came into being.

There were great changes in the structure of the nation. It was Diocletian (244-305) who brought changes here.
The large areas created administrative inconveniences and therefore Diocletian took steps to solve the problem. He reduced the size of his Empire by removing the strategically and economically unimportant regions. He protected the boundaries by building fortresses. He reorganized the provincial boundaries. He exempted citizens from military service. The Duces (army commanders) were given autonomy.

Constantine (306-334) was the successor of Diocletian. He brought great changes in the administrative set up. The most important among them were new currency system, new capital and economic reforms. He brought out new gold coins called Solidus which weighed 4!4 grams of gold. A lot of these coins were minted. Millions of such coins circulated in the empire. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire these coins remained valuable. Constantine made Constantinople (old Byzantium) his second capital. It was in the modern Istanbul in Turkey and it was covered on all the three sides by oceans. He also formed a new Senate for the new capital.

The emperor invested heavily in the oil mills and crystal factories in villages. Screw-making machines and water mills were introduced. He also reestablished the trade relations with the East.The Romans were polytheists. They worshipped many gods and goddesses like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Mars. They built temples and other places of worship for their deities. Their faith did not have any special name or label. Judaism was another religion in Rome. It was also not monolithic as the’ different ancient Jewish communities followed different ways.

By the 4th and 5th century Christianity began to spread in Rome. Constantine was the first Emperor to become Christian. Later Christianity was made the State religion. In the 4th century AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two – theEastern and the Western Empire. They were under two Emperors. In the Eastern Roman Empire there was general prosperity. It not only survived the great plague of the 540s which made the Mediterranean area a vast graveyard, but the population went on increasing. But, at the same time, the Western Roman Empire faced political crises. The attacks of the Germanic tribes were the reason for that.

Question 21.
Explain the military organisation of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
The military achievements of Genghiskhan were astounding and they were largely a result of his ability to innovate and transform different aspects of steppe – combat into extremely effective military strategies. The horse-riding skills of the mongols and the Turks provided speed and mobility to the army. Genghiskhan learnt the importance of siege engines and naphtha bombardment very quickly. Genghiskhan worked to systematically erase the old tribal identities of the different groups who joined his confederacy. His army was organised according to the old steppe system of decimal units in divisions of 10s, 100s, 1000s and 10000 soldiers. He divided the old tribal groupings and distributed their members into new military units. The new military contingents were required to serve under his four sons and specially chosen captains of his army units called noyan.

Question 22.
Analyse the causes of Fourteenth Century crisis in Europe.
Answer:
In the beginning 6f the 14th century, the economic growth of Europe was reduced drastically. There were three reasons for that.
a) Change in the climate.
b) Lack of trade.
c) Plague.
By the end of the 13th century, there were significant changes in the climate of Northern Europe. The warm climate disappeared and instead cold climate came. This climatic change adversely affected cultivation. It was difficult to cultivate on higher areas. Storms and disturbances in the sea affected shipping and trade. This reduced the income to the people and the government. Government was not getting enough taxes both from the peasants as well as traders. Then there was the plague or Black Death. It killed a lot of people and brought the economy to a standstil I. It took a long time for Europe to overcome this sorry state of affairs.

Question 23.
Briefly explain about the Copernican Revolution.
Answer:
lt was Copernicus, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. Hfe started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection. Johannes” Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 24.
What is Gold Rush? Analyse its impacts on North America.
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed.

Answer any two questions from 25 to 28. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 25.
Compare the features of Australopithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much	Jaw projecting only
outward a	little outward
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers	Lived in the grassy plains

Question 26.
Explain the contributions of Mesopotamian people in the fields of time recokoning and Mathematics.
Answer:

Question 27.
Analyse tthe social hierarchy existed in Ancient Rome.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics. In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Question 28.
Evaluate of the achievements of the Aztecs.
Answer:
The Aztecs : Aztec cuIture is centred round Mexico. In the 12th century, theAztecs from the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the vanous tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people they also collected tributes. The Aztec society was hierarchical.

There were different classes in the society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other high officials belonged to this class. Hereditary nobles were a small minority. Theyoccupied the highest posts in the government, army and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from among themselves as their leader and he continued to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to be representative of the sun on earth. Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions.

Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the ztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In etween these fertile mlands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces andpyramids there. Since theAztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

Answer any two questions from 29 to 31. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 29.
Explain the contributions of Islam in the fields of learning and culture.
Hints:
• Sufism
• Philosophy and medicine
• Literature
• Architecture
Answer:
Sufism
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of Ipxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

Pantheism is the belief in one God and his creations. It means man’s soul should ultimately reach the Creator. Deep love for God is the main means becoming one with God. It was a lady ascetic called Rabia in Basra who propagated this idea. She lived in the 9th century. She propagated the love of God through her poems. It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali.

Anybody, without any distinction of religion, status or gender could accept Sufism. Dhul nun al-Misri (his tomb can be seen near the Pyramid of Egypt even now) in 861, declared like this before the Abbasid Khalifa: “I learned true Islam from an old woman, real virtues from a water carrier.” This shows there were no class differences in Sufism. Sufism made religion a personal thing and it posed a serious challenge to Islam.

Philosophy
Islamic philosophers and scientist came out with a parallel view about God and the universe. This was caused because of the influence of Greek vision and science. Even in the 7th century, the influence of the Greek culture was visible in the Byzantine-Nasanian empires. In the schools in Alexandria, Syria and Mesopotamia along with other subjects Greek vision, mathematics and medicines were taught. To translate books in Greek and Syriac-Aramaic into Arabic, the Umayyad-Abbasid Khalifas had employed Christian scholars.

During the time of Al-Mamun, translation was an organized activity. The works of Aristotle, Euclid’s “Elements”, Ptolemy’s “Almagest” etc. had attracted the attention of Arab scholars. Indian books on astronomy, mathematics and medicines were translated into Arabic. These books reached Europe and kindled their interest in philosophy and science.

The studies of new subjects encouraged critical research. It affected the intellectual life of the Islamic people. Scholars in groups like Mutazila used Greek rhetoric and logical reasoning to speak against some tenets of Islam. Ibn Sina who was a medical man and a philosopher did not believe in the resurrection of the body on the Day of Judgment. Although supporters of divine theology opposed his views, his medical books were widely read.

The most important of his books was “Canon of Medicine”. It describes 760 types of medicines and the importance of diet. It also describes the influence of climate and environment in our health and also the contagious nature of some diseases. “Canon of Medicine” was used as a text in the medical schools of Europe. There Ibn Sina was known as Avicenna. His books were read by people like Omar Khayyam who was a great poet and scientist.

Literature
The Islamic societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen’as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural
dominance of the Arabs. Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love.

At the start of the 11th century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies. In the catalogue of I bn Nadum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalila wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous stories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night. This was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8th century. Later more stories were added to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people – generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories.

Architecture
By the 10th century, an Islamic world came up. Religious buildings are the external symbols of this world. Mosques and mausoleums and tombs are the most important of them. These building which spread from Spain to Central Asia are built in the same pattern. Arcs, domes, minarets, open yards in the centre, etc. are features of this architectural style. Inns where caravans rested, hospitals and palaces were built in the same style as the mosques and mausoleums. The Umayyads had built ‘desert palaces’ in deserts. Examples are Khirbat al Mafjar of Palestine and Quseir Amra of Jordan.

They were luxurious rest houses. The palaces which were built in Roman-Sassanian architectural style were adorned by statues, coloured stones, and portraits of people. The Abbasids built a new royal city in Samara. It was built amidst gardens and streams. It is described in many stories and in the various legends and myths about Harun al Rasheed. The palace of the Abbasid Khalifas in Baghdad and the palace of the Fatimids in Cairo are no more. We can only read about them in literary works.

Question 30.
Analyse the features of the three orders of Feudalism existed in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers. The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches. To take part in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays.

Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows. The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes.

The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the, word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The Second Order was the nobles. They had a big role in the society. It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became ‘ huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs. The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. The noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land.

A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families. The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

The Third Order was the farmers. Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers. The independent farmers had land they got from the nobles. They had to do military services for the noble for at least 40 days a year. On some fixed days of the week, they had to work in the files of the nobles without getting any payment for it. They also had to dig the land, collect firewood, make fences and repair the roads. The women and children also had to help in the field. They had to do additional work like spinning, weaving, making candles, making wine etc. The king collected a special tax called Tailed from the farmers. The priests and nobles were exempted from this tax.

Question 31.
Prepare an eassy on Industrial revolution. Areas to be considered:
• Coal and Iron
• Cotton spinning and weaving
Answer:
Coal and Iron
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18lh century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

The solution to this problem was found by the Darby family of Shropshire. In 50 years, three generations of this family (grandfather, father and son) brought a revolution in the refining of iron. In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717) developed the first blast furnace which could maintain very high degree of heat. In it coke could be used. Coke was made by removing the sulphur and other impurities from coal. With this there was no need for charcoal. The iron that was made from the blast furnace of Darby was strong and of a higher quality.

Darby II (1711-1768) made cast iron from iron. This would not break easily. Henry Cort (1740-1823) made two important discoveries – the puddling furnace to remove impurities from pig iron and the rolling mill to produce rails. These discoveries helped in producing many different kinds of iron products.

Cotton spinning and weaving
a) In 1773, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. Using this, the speed in weaving clothes was increased. One worker could now do the work of two. Since spinning (thread-making) was a slow process, enough thread was not available for weaving clothes. This problem was solved by Hargreaves.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

e) In 1787 Edmund Cartwright invented power loom. This machine worked with mechanical energy and it drastically increased the speed of weaving. It was easy to work with it. If the thread broke, it would stop automatically. Anything could be woven in this loom.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriates itmes from column’B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

A	B
a) W.E.H. Stanner	Why Weren’t We Told
b) Andreew Jackson	The problem of Indian Administration
c) Hendry Reynolds	The Great Austrialian Silence
d) Lewis Maeriam	Presidenetof U.S.A.

Answer:

A	B
a) W.E.H. Stanner	The Great Austrialian Silence
b) Andreew Jackson	Presidenetof U.S.A.
c) Hendry Reynolds	Why Weren’t We Told
d) Lewis Maeriam	The problem of Indian Administration

Question 2.
Choose the correct asnwer from the given altematices: (4 × 1 = 4)
i) The person wto propagated the protestant ideas in Switzerland:
Answer:
a) Martin Luther
b) Ignatius Loyola
c) Uinch Swingly
d) Erasmus
Answer:
c) Uinch Swingly

ii) The sculptor who made The Pieta
Answer:
a) Donatello
b) Michelangelo
c) Giotto
d) Francesco Barbaro
Answer:
b) Michelangelo

iii) Who was the first to dissect the human body?
a) Andreas Vesalius
b) IbnSina
c) Cicero
d) Filippo Brunelleschi
Answer:
a) Andreas Vesalius

iv) The author of ‘On Pleasure’:
a) Dante
b) Cassandra Fidle
c) Thomas More
d) LOrenzo valla
Answer:
d) LOrenzo valla

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological Oder:
• Cortes defeated the Aztees
• Cabral reached Brazil
• Eric Williams Published ‘Capitalism and Salvery’
• Columbus reached Bahamas.
Answer:
Columbus reached Bahamas – 1492
Cabral reached Brazil – 1500
Cortes defeated the Aztecs – 1521
Eric Williams published ’Capitalism and Slaveryl – 1940

Question 4.
Find out the relation between two parts of item ’a’ and fill in the blacks of item ‘b’ accordingly:
a) Chaghtai – Transoxiana
b) Jo Chi – ______
Answer:
Russian Steppes

ii) a) Quriltai – Assembly
b) Yasa – ______
Answer:
Code of Law

iii) a) Tama – Military contingent
b) Noyan – ______
Answer:
Army Captain

iv) a) Qubcur – Tax
b) Yam – ______
Answer:
Courier System

Question 5.
Mark the following places on the outline map of the world provided:
• Mecca
• Baghdad
• Damascus
• Cairo
Answer:

1. Mecca
2. Bagdad
3. Damascus
4. Cairo

Answer all questions from 6 to 9. Each carries 2 scores. (4 × 2 = 8)

Question 6.
Point out the differences between the Roman Empire and the Iranian Empire.
Answer:
The majority of the Iran people belonged to iranianrace. But in the Roman Empire, there were many regions and different cultures. In the Roman Empire many different kinds of people stayed together under one common government. In the Roman Empire, there was also much diversity in languages. The Iranians used Aramaic language. But in the Roman Empire there were different languages. Latin and Greek were the administrative languages. The upper classes in the Eastern part of the Empire used Greek wheas those in the Western part used Latin In their writing. Different from Iran, all the people who lived in the Roman Emeire were the subjects of a single Emperor.

Question 7.
Write any two reforms of Abd-al-Malik.
Answer:

1. The Arabic and Islamic identities were strongly emphasised during his regin.
2. The adoption of Arbic as the language of administration and the introduction of an Islamic coinage. The gold coin (dinar) and silver coin (dirham).
3. He built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

Question 8.
The Aztecs gave importance to education.’ Substantiate.
Answer:
Aztecs had given great importance to education. They made sure that all children attended schools. The schools where the children of the nobles were studying were called Calmecac. Here they got training to be army leaders and religious leaders. Other students studied at the schools called Telpochcalli. Here they studied things like history, myths, traditional and ritualistic songs. Boys were given military and agricultural training. They were also trained in other professions. Girls were given training to do household jobs.

Question 9.
Write a short note on Long March.
Answer:
In 1934, Mao and his followers left their camps to escape from the attacks by Kuomintang. Their destination was Yanan, 6000 miles away. This march became a historical event and is called the Long March. The Communists who reached Yanan formulated their plans. They gave importance to suppress the war lords, bring land reforms and fight against the foreign imperial powers. This helped them to make a strong social base.

Answer all questions from 10 to 11. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 10.
List out of the achievements made by the Mesopotamian people in the field of time reckoning.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics. In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one. Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Question 11.
Point out the three principles of Sun Yat-Sen.
Answer:
Sun Yat-sen was worried about China’s fate. For the reconstruction of the country, he prepared a scheme. This is called “Three Principles” or San-Min Doctrine orTridemism. The three principles are nationalism, democracy and socialism.
Nationalism meant driving away the Manchus and other imperialists. Democracy meant establishing a democratic government. Socialism meant controlling capital and bringing equality in land ownership.

Answer any 5 questions from 12 to 17. Each carries 3 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 12.
How did the early humans obtain their food?
Answer:
The early people got their food by gathering, hunting, taking the flesh from dead animals and fishing. They gathered vegetarian products like seeds, kernel of nuts, fruits and roots. Some people believe that they stored food but for this there is no clear proof. Although there are many fossils of bones, the fossils of vegetarian stuff have been rare. Remnants of plants and trees that have been burned down by sudden fire last for quite a long time, but archaeologists have not yet found such fossils. It is natural that the early people collected the flesh of dead animals or the remnants of animals killed by carnivorous beasts. Early hominids ate mammals like rats and squirrels, birds and their eggs, crawling creatures and even insects like termites.

Question 13.
Compare the features of Australo pithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus

1. Smaller brain
2. Larger back teeth
3. Heavierjaws

Homo

1. Larger brain
2. Samallerteeth
3. Jaws with a reduced outward protrusion.

Question 14.
Explain briefly about the Mesopotamian city life.
Answer:
Narrow winding streets indicate that wheeled carts could not have reached many homes. Narrow winding streets and the irregular shape of house plots indicate an absence of town planning in Ur. There were no street drains. Drains and clay pipes were instead, found in the inner courtyards of the ur houses. House roofs sloped inwards and rain water was channelled via the drainpipes into sumps in the inner courtyards. Lights came into the rooms not from windows but from doorways opening into the courtyards. This would also have given families their privacy. There were superstitions about houses. There was a town cemetery in Ur in which the graves of royalty and commoners have been found.

Question 15.
Examine the causes of Crusades.
Answer:
The main goal of the Crusades was recapturing Jerusalem which is the holy land of the Christians. Christians believe that the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus took place here. Thus Jerusalem is their most holy land. Jerusalem was once part of the Byzantine Empire. In 638, the Arabs captured it. But the Christians were given full protection by them. There was no ban on visiting places including Jerusalem by Christian merchants, pilgrims, diplomats, and travellers. But in 1076, Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and from then they started persecuting the Christians there. This increased the enmity of Christians towards Muslims.

Many Normans, Hungarians and Slavs became Christians around this time. Muslims were the only rivals of Christians. The Peace of God movement in Europe also made the circumstances rife for the Crusades. This Movement recognized and encouraged the fight against the enemies of the Christian God and non-believers in Christianity.

The Crusaders gradually lost their zeal. They gave themselves to a life of luxury. Moreover Christian rulers began to fight among themselves to get more territory. In the meantime Salah ad-din (Saladin) built an Egyptian-Syrian Empire and gave a call for Jihad (holy war) against Christians. In 1187 he defeated the Crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem. The harsher attitude of the muslim state towards its Christian subject. The greater influence of Italian mercantile communities i nthe trade between the east and the west.

Question 16.
Analyse the concept of a ’Fourth order’ in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
By the 11th century, the cities began to grow again. The reason for this was the surplus agricultural production. As the farmers began to produce enough grain to sustain the people in the cities, – the cities began to grow. The farmers who had surpluses needed centres where they could sell their surplus, and where they could buy their work tools and clothes. This caused the growth of small markets and centres for selling things. Slowly they began to show features of cities.

There was a square area, a church inside, roads alang which there were shops and homes of merchants and an office where the administrators of the area met. Some cities grew around forts, estates of bishops and big churches. The majority of the city people were independent farmers or escaped serfs. These serfs did most of the unskilled jobs. There were different kinds of shops, big and small, and traders in the city. Gradually the cities needed specialized people like bankers and solicitors. In big cities the population could be as many as 30,00ti. These cities were called the 4th order.

Question 17.
What was ’Gold Rush’? Analyse its impact in America.
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed.

Answer any 2 questions from 18 to 20.Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 18.
Analyse the role of nobility in the medieval European Society.
Answer:
The Nobles were the second order. They had a central role in social process. It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

The nobles enjoyed a privileged status and had absolute control over their property. They could raise droops. They were the lord of all the people settled on their land. They owned vast tracts of lands which contained their own dwellings, their private fields and pastures and the homes and fields of their tenant- peasants. Their home was called Manor. A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In asmall manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families.

The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

From the 9th century onwards, there used to be regional wars in Europe. The peasant soldiers were not competent enough to win these battles. There was a need for a good cavalry. This need resulted in the formation of a new group of people known as knights. The knights were soldiers or warriors. They were related to the nobles. The noble gave the knight an area of land called fief and the knight pledged to protect it. Fief could be transferred hereditarily. A fief could be anything between 1000 to 2000 acres.

It had a house in which the knight and family could live, a church, a watermill and a vinery. The land was used by the knight and he promised to fight for the noble. To maintain their physical fitness the knights engaged in different kinds of training and sports. A knight.could serve more than one noble. But his real loyalty was to his particular noble who had given him his fief.

Question 19.
Artists used art and architecture as a way to express humanism.’ Substantiate.
Answer:
Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it. To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor in the Padua University. This greatly helped the modern anatomical studies. Renaissance Artists wanted to present things as they were.

In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture. The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal. Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral. There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Question 20.
Explain the major reforms of the Meiji Government in the fields of education and economy.
Answer:
In 1868 there was an open revolt against the Shoguns. The revolutionaries drove away the Shogun from Edo and brought the emperor there. Edo was renamed Tokyo (Capital of the East) and was declared as the capital of the nation. The new emperor took the title Meiji or Enlightened and became the official ruler of the country. This revolution of 1868 was known as the Meiji Restoration. A slogan that summed up the ideals of the Meiji Era was Fukoku Kyohei, meaning enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army or Rich Country and Strong Army.

It became the principle that led to the modernization and transformation of Japan. Japan realized that a strong economy and a strong army were needed to resist the foreigners. The administrative system of Japan was reorganized. The new government tried to formulate a system called the Emperor System. It was a system that followed the European model. They sent officials to Europe to study about it thoroughly and then only they implemented it. In its education system it followed the European model. In the 1870s, stress was laid on the studies of Japanese history so that students could develop loyalty to their nation. The Educational Ministry strictly controlled the curriculum. It chose the text books and gave training to teachers.

Education also stressed developing a moral culture in the students. The children were asked to respect and show loyalty to their nation and become good citizens. To unify the country, the Meiji administration brought a new administrative system. The old boundaries of villages were changed. Each administrative unit had to run schools and give health facilities to its people.

It also worked as an agency for the recruitment of soldiers to the army. Everyone who had passed 20 years of age had to do compulsory military service for a fixed minimum period. Japan organized a strong army. The army started demanding a more aggressive foreign policy to conquer new regions. This led to wars with both Russia and China and in both the wars Japan came out victorious. The demand of people for greater democracy was against the aggressive policy of the government. Japan developed economically and built an empire, suppressing democracy at home.

Answer any 2 questions from 21 to 24. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 21.
Analyse the development of writing system in ancient Mesopotamia.
• Development of writing
• The system of writing
• Literacy
• The uses of writing
Answer:
a) The development of writing: All societies have languages. Certain sounds in the language give certain meanings. This is a verbal exchange. When speech sounds are represented in visible forms, we have writing or script. Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand. The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that the clay slate is dried in the sun. This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates bouldn’t be used again for writing other things.

b) System of Writing : A cuneiform symbol does not represent a mere consonant or vowel sound, but a number of letters. Therefore a Mesopotamian script writer had to learn hundreds of symbols. He should have had the competence to handle a wet clay slate and write on it before it goes dry. Thus writing on the clay slate was a highly skilled job. It was an intellectual exercise which translated the sound system of a language into a visible format.

c) Uses of Writing : Writing has given man invaluable contributions. There was a close tie between the writing of Mesopotamia and its urban life and trade. It was the kings that linked writing with trade. Writing was used to store information and to exchange messages.

Many saw Mesopotamian writing as a sign proclaiming the dominance of Mesopotamian urban culture. The writing helped in communicating with other regions culturally and economically and to do the buying and selling on the basis of written agreements. In short, writing made trading easier. Writing helped in maintaining accounts and in keeping laws recorded. It was also useful for literary creations.

Question 22.
Critically evaluate the economic and social condi-tions of ancient Roman Society:
Hints :
• Economic expansion
• Controlling workers
• Social hierarchies
Answer:
In the Roman Empire there were many ports, mines, quarries, brick-making kilns, factories producing olive oil etc. Things like wheat, wine, olive oil etc. were manufactured in large scale. But they also got more from outside. They imported them from Spain, the Gallic provinces, North Africa, Egypt and Italy. Wines and olive oil were brought in huge amphorae (tall jar or jug). Plenty of broken pieces of these jars and jugs have been found by archaeologists.

In the Roman Empire trade in Spanish olive oil had achieved great progress. In the 140-160 period the trade had reached its peak. During this period the Spanish olive oil was taken in jars called Dressel 20. From the Mediterranean sites plenty of such jars have been found. It shows that Spanish olive oil was much traded. Evidence shows that the Spanish producers of olive oil were able to capture the market from Italian competitors. They succeeded as they gave high quality olive oil at cheaper prices.

The success the Spanish producers of olive gained in the olive oil market was repeated by North African producers of olive oil. In the 3rd and 4th centuries the olive oil market was under the control of the olive estates of this region. But in the 5th and 6th centuries – the monopoly of the North African producers was lost. Oriental countries like Egypt, Southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine captured the olive oil and wine markets.

In the Roman Empire there were extraordinarily fertile places. Strabo and Pliny point out that Compania (Italy), Cicily, Faiyum (Egypt), Galilee, .Byzantia (Tunisia), Southern Gaul and Baetica (Southern Spain) were very rich and they had dense populations. The best wine came from Compania. Cicily and Byzantia exported wheat to Rome in large quantities. People cultivated every inch of land in Galilee. Spanish olive oil came mainly from the estates in southern Spain. Romans were much advanced in technology. They developed the technology to use water power to work mills. They also developed the water energy technique to mine gold and Silver in the mines of Spain.

Roman Empire also had an organized commercial banking chain. Cash was extensively used. All these are proofs of the strength of Roman economy. There were also problems like exploitation of workers and use of slaves. Slavery was a very deep rooted evil system that was prevalent in the ancient times. In the Mediterranean region and in the Near East, slavery had deep roots. Even Christianity did not challenge slavery. But it is wrong to assume that all the work in the Roman Economic System was carried out by slaves.

During the Republican times, in most of the areas of Italy, slaves were made to do all the work. Under Augustus there were 3 million slaves. In those days the Italian population was only 7.5 million. But slaves were not used in all areas of the Empire. In many places work was got done by giving wages to people. Slaves were considered an investment. The upper classes of the Roman society did not show any mercy to the slaves.

For managing labour, agricultural writers and owners gave much attention. They gave the greatest importance to supervision. The owners of land believed that unless the workers are supervised nothing would work out properly. Writer like Columella, wrote handbooks on farming practice. To make the supervision on the paid workers and slaves, they were divided into smaller teams called gangs. Columella recommended that workers should be divided into teams of 10. If you divided them into smaller teams, it would be easy to find out who are really working and who are not. It shows a lot of importance was given to the management of labour.

Pliny the elder, the author of Natural history condemned the use of slave gangs as the worst method of organising production, mainly because slaves who worked in gangs were usually chained together by their feet. He also described the condition of workers in the Frankin cense factories of Alexandria. In the Roman society there were different social groups. Historian Tacitus divides the main social groups into 5:

a) The Senators (Paters)
b) The top class cavalry men (Equites)
c) The Respectable Middle Class
d) The Lower Class people who were interested in circus and colourful shows (Plebs sordida or humiliores).
e) Slaves

During the late empire, the first two categories mentioned by Tacitus had merged into a unified and expanded aristocracy. The middle class now consisted of the considerable mass of persons connected with imperial service in the bureaucracy and army. But also the prosperous merchants and farmers in the eastern provinces. Below them the vast mass of lower classes known as humiliores. They were rural labourers, workers in industrial and mining establishments, migrant workers, self employed artisans, casual labourers and slaves.

Question 23.
Analyse the major discoveries and changes that brought by the Industrial Revolution in the following fields:
Answer:
Coal and Iron
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18th century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

The solution to this problem was found by the Darby family of Shropshire. In 50 years, three generations of this family (grandfather, father and son) brought a revolution in the refining of iron. In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717)developed the first blast furnace which could maintain very high degree of heat. In it coke could be used. Coke was made by removing the sulphur and other impurities from coal. With this there was no need for charcoal. The iron that was made from the blast furnace of Darby was strong and of a higher quality.

Darby II (1711-1768) made cast iron from iron. This would not break easily. Henry Cort (1740-1823) made two important discoveries – the puddling furnace to remove impurities from pig iron and the rolling mill to produce rails. These discoveries helped in producing many different kinds of iron products.

Cotton spinning and weaving
a) In 1773, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. Using this, the speed in weaving clothes was increased. One worker could now do the work of two. Since spinning (thread-making) was a slow process, enough thread was not available for weaving clothes. This problem was solved by Hargreaves.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented”the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

e) In 1787 Edmund Cartwright invented power loom. This machine worked with mechanical energy and it drastically increased the speed of weaving. It was easy to work with it. If the thread broke, it would stop automatically. Anything could be woven in this loom.

Steam Power
In 1698, Thomas Savery invented a pump that worked on steam power. It was used to drain water from mines. It was called Miner’s Friend. It worked very slowly. Moreover when the pressure increased the boiler burst. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented another steam engine. This helped in draining water from the mines in a better way. But the steaming chamber became cold too soon and thus energy was lost and this was a defect of this machine.

In 1769, James Watt developed his steam engine. Until then all the steam machines were used only in the mines. From mere pumps, James Watt changed steam engines to a driving force. His steam engines were suitable for different industries. In 1775, with the help of his friend Mathew Bouton, James Watt established a factory in Birmingham for producing steam engines. This factory produced steam engines one after the other. By the end 18th century, stream energy of Watt replaced water power.

Canal and Railways
An important thing that took place during the Industrial Revolution was the changes in the modes of travel. These changes were first visible in the construction of canals and railways. Canals were first made to transport coal to the cities. Taking coal by road was expensive and slow. Since a lot of coal was needed, there was a great need for canals. The most famous of the early canals was Worsley Canal built by James Brindley (1716-72). Transporting coal to the city was its aim. When the canal was completed, the price of coal was reduced to half.

Question 24.
Explain the features of the Central and South American civilisations.
Areas to be considered :
• The Aztecs
• The Mayas
• The Incas
Answer:
In Central and South America there were some famous civilizations. The most noteworthy of them were the Aztec and Mayan culture of Central America and the Inca culture of South America. They were highly organized nations. These urban civilizations were made possible because of the surplus production of corn. The huge architectural marvels built by the Aztec, Mayan and Inca cultures still make us stare at them in awe and wonder.

The Aztecs: Aztec culture is centred round Mexico. In the 12th century, the Aztecs from the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the various tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people they also collected tributes. The Aztec society was hierarchical. There were different classes in the society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other high officials belonged to this class.

Hereditary nobles were a small minority. They occupied the highest posts in the government, army and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from among themselves as their leader and he continued to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to be representative of the sun on earth.

Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions. Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the Aztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In between these fertile islands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces and pyramids there. Since the Aztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

The Mayans : The Mayan culture of Mexico developed between 11 and 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the Mayans were politically less powerful than the Aztecs. The centre point of Mayan culture was corn cultivation. When corn was planted, when it was growing, and when harvested there were different religious rituals connected with it. The Mayans had surplus crops. The extra income they had helped the administrators, priests and chiefs to invest and develop architecture, astronomy and mathematics.

The Mayans have given great contributions in writing, architecture, mathematics and astronomy. They had formed a picture script. Scholars could read their picture-script writing only partially. The Incas of Pern: Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who rules of the land. The capital, of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12th century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles.

The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor. Newly defeated tribes were successfully-integrated with the empire. Each subject was to speak the language of the royal court, Quechua. The tribal administration was done by a Council or Elders. The Tribes owed their loyalty to the rulers.

Regional rulers gave the emperor military help. For this cooperation they were adequately rewarded. The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than Vvhat they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes. Another important occupation of the Incas was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Previous Year Question Paper September 2021.

Time: 21/2 Hours
Maximum: 80 Sores

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate items from Column ‘B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

A	B
The Mule	Richard Arkwright
The Powerloom	James Hargreaves
The Waterframe	Samuel Crompton
The Spinning Jenny	Edmund Cartwright

Answer:

A	B
The Mule	Samuel Crompton
The Powerloom	Edmund Cartwright
The Waterframe	Richard Arkwright
The Spinning Jenny	James Hargreaves

Question 2.
Choose the correct answerfrom the alternative given below: (8 x 1 = 8)
(a) The founder of the Urnayyad dynasty:
(A) Hussain
(B) Muawiyya
(C) Abbas
(D) Ali
Answer:
(B) Muawiyya

(b) Who wrote ‘Shahnama’?
(A) Masudi
(B) Firdausi
(C) Tabari
(D) Baladhuri
Answer:
(B) Firdausi

(c) The Capital of the Abbasids:
(A) Damascus
(B) Baghdad
(C) Bukhara
(D) Samarqand
Answer:
(B) Baghdad

(d) Who was the first to dissect the human body?
(A) Donatel lo
(B) Andreas Vesalius
(C) Cicero
(D) Petrarch
Answer:
(B) Andreas Vesalius

(e) Who designed the Duomo of Florence?
(A) Michelangelo
(B) Dante Alighieri
(C) Giotto
(D) Filippo Brunelleschi
Answer:
(D) Filippo Brunelleschi

(f) The Padua university is situated in:
(A) Haly
(B) Belgium
(C) China
(d) Greece
Answer:
(A) Haly

(g) Who devoped wrought iron from pg-iron?
(A) John Wilkinson
(B) Abraham Darby-II
(C) Henry Cort
(D) John Kay
Answer:
(B) Abraham Darby-II

(h) WhoisregardedasthefounderofModemChina?
(A) Chiang Kai-shek
(B) Deng Xiaoping
(C) Sun-Yat-Sen
(D) Kemal Ataturic
Answer:
(C) Sun-Yat-Sen

Choose the correct answer from the alternative given below: (8 × 1 = 8)

Question 3.
The founder of the Urnayyad dynasty:
(A) Hussain
(B) Muawiyya
(C) Abbas
(D) Ali
Answer:

1. Sun Yat Sen established a Republic in China (1911).
2. Formation of the Chinese Communist Party (1921).
3. The Long March (1934).
4. Formation of the Peoples Republic in China (1949).

Question 4.
Mark any four among the following on the outline map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)
(a) Mediterranean Sea
(b) Sahara Desert
(c) Rome
(d) Spain
(e) Medina

Answer:
a) Mediterranean sea
b) Sahara desert
c) Rome
d) Spain
e) Medina
f) Egypt

Answer any 6 questions from 5 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (6 × 2 = 12)

Question 5.
Mention the features of Hominoids.
Answer:
Smaller brains – quadrupeds – flexible forelimbs

Question 6.
Write any two features of Hominids.
Answer:
Bigger brain – Upright posture walking on two ledgs – specialisation in the use of hands.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Quiriltai.
Answer:
Assembly of chiefs – In 1206 Yasa was declared in Quiriltai.

Question 8.
Explain what is Yasa.
Answer:
The memories of Genghiskhan were cherished by his successors. It was his Yassa (Law) that helped him to be remembered by posterity. In the Assembly of Chiefs (Quriltai) in 1206 Genghis Khan declared his Yassa. It contained administrative controls and laws regarding the organization of hunting, army and postal system. By the middle of the 13th century the Mongols began to use the word Yassa to mean the “Laws of Genghis Khan”. Thus the Yassa of Genghis Khan helped him in keeping memory alive.

Question 9.
What is Humanism?
Answer:
Humanists gave importance to ways of good conduct. They suggested how people should talk politely and dress decently. They also pointed out the characteristics a cultured person should have. Humanism taught that people have the capacity to make a good life even without power and wealth. It taught that human nature had different aspects and some of them were against the three special aspects which the feudal society thought essential for attaining a satisfactory life.

Question 10.
Describe the term ‘Renaissance man’.
Answer:
The term Renaissance Man is used to mean a person with different interests and capabilities. It was a common term used for showing that a person is an exceptional one. Since the famous people or the geniuses of those times came from different countries, this term was used to refer to any one of them. The leaders of Renaissance were people that were simultaneously experts in scholarship, diplomacy, theology and art.

Question 11.
Write any two features of Renaissance architecture.
Answer:
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture. The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal. Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral. There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they ^ were known by their personal names.

Question 12.
What istheCopernican Revolution?
Answer:
It was Copernican, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory. The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 13.
What is Luddism?
Answer:
Luddism was a Movement that was started against industrialization. Workers who thought that machines were the cause of all their troubles started this movement with the plan of destroying them. This Movement was begun under General Nell Ladd. England suppressed this moment by using the army. Luddism was not a movement that merely wanted to destroy machines. The members of this group demanded minimum wages. They also wanted to stop the exploitation of women and children in the factories and other work places. They were interested in the formation of labour organizations.

Question 14.
Write any two consequences of Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
a) The Industrial Revolution brought many changes in the life of people. Though it brought ease and comfort to one section of the people, it brought misery and pain to some others. Rich persons invested money in different industries to reap profits. Their income increased dramatically because of proper use of goods, services, knowledge and productivity. But industrialization and urbanization adversely affected common people. Families were separated, cities became crowded and dirty, and the terrible work conditions in the factories made people suffer.

In 1750, in England there were only two cities that had more than 50,000 people. By 1850, this increased to 29. The speed of this growth did not reflect in the life of people. They did not have proper places to live and sanitation facilities. Not even enough drinking water was available. Persons newly coming to the cities were forced to live in the slums in, or close to, the cities. But the rich people built their second homes in villages which were free from pollution.

Workers: A survey done in 1842 revealed that the longevity of the workers (labourers) in the city was less than those of others. The average life expectancy of workers was 15 years in Birmingham, 17 in Manchester and 21 in Derby. This was because in cities many children died at a very young age. Many died even before they reached 5. The increase in the city population was because of migration from the rural areas and not because of increased birth rates there.

Workers died prematurely mainly because of contagious diseases. Cholera and typhoid that came as the result of water pollution and tuberculosis that spread through the atmosphere killed many. In a cholera epidemic in 1832, more than 31,000 workers died. Until the end of the 19th century, the municipal authorities ignored these dangerous circumstances. There was also no medical expertise to diagnose and treat these diseases.

Women, Children and Industrialization: One of the worst outcomes of industrialization was the exploitation of women and children. Children of poor parents had to work in the fields and also at home. They worked under strict supervision from their parents or relatives. The village women had to work in the field. They grew cattle and gathered wood. They also made thread using looms.

In the factories of the city, women and children were made to work. The work here was quite different from the work in villages. They had to work in factories and mines for long periods without rest and under strict supervision. They were punished severely for any little mistakes they made. The income from the women and children were needed for meeting the expenses of the family as the men earned very little as they had low wages.

Even when the use of machines became widespread, employers preferred women and children to do the work because they had to be paid much mess than men. The women and children would not protest against bad working conditions. In the cotton industries of Lancashire and Yorkshire, plenty of women and children were employed. In silk- making, brocade making and sewing, women were the main workers. In the iron industry at Birminghm also they worked along with children.

Children were made to labour hard. Machines like the spinning jenny were made in such a way that children with small bodies and fast fingers could work them. Since children could move in between the many thickly laid machines in the factory, they were preferred in the cotton mills. Even on Sundays they had to work cleaning the machines. Thus they were denied rest and even clean air. Accidents were common in the factories. Some even died in factories as they fell on to the machines being tired and sleepy.

The work in the mneswas also dangerous. Accidents were usual there. These were caused by the upper portions of the mines crumbling or because of the explosions camed out there. Mine owners employed children to draw the carts filled with coal along the underground rails. Since entrances were narrow and small, children were preferred by the cruel owners. The children carried loads of coal. Working in the mines was looked upon as training for working in the factories. Evidences from the factory records show that there were children of even less than ten years working there.

It is true that the self-confidence and economic situation of the working women were better. But the adverse circumstances in which they worked, the children they lost at birth or infancy, and the dirty slums in which they were forced to live spoiled the little satisfaction they got from the wages they earned.

Question 15.
Point out any two features of the life of the native peoples of North America.
Answer:
As each new European settlement developed in America, the indigenes were forced to withdraw from their land. They withdrew after signing agreements showing that they had sold their lands. They were given only petty sums for ttjeir land. The Europeans often offered bigger amounts to the indigenes but actually gave them only smaller sums when the signing was done and thus they cheated the indigenes. Even the people in authority did not feel anything wrong in getting the land from the indigenes by questionable methods. The indigenes did not give up their land without a fight. Between 1865 and 1890, the US army had to suppress a series of riots. Around this time the Metis in Canada made an armed conflict. Later they gave up their armqd struggle.

Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 21. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 16.
Write any three ways by which early humans obtained food.
Answer:
The early people got their food by gathering, hunting, taking the flesh from dead animals and fishing. They gathered vegetarian products like seeds, kernel of nuts, fruits and roots. Some people believe that they stored food but for this there is no clear proof. Although there are many fossils of bones, the fossils of vegetarian stuff have been rare. Remnants of plants and trees that have been burned down by sudden fire last for quite a long time, but archaeologists have not yet found such fossils.

It is natural that the early people collected the flesh of dead animals or the remnants of animals killed by carnivorous beasts. Early hominids ate mammals like rats and squirrels, birds and their eggs, crawling creatures and even insects like termites.

Question 17.
Write a short note on the life of the Arawakian Lucayos.
Answer:
In the Caribbean Sea there are hundreds of small islands. They are known as Bahamas, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. On these islands the community called Arawaks or Arawakian Lucayans lived. The violent tribe called Caribs drove away the Arawaks from the Lesser Antilles. Arawaks were peace-loving people. They preferred co-operation to competition. They were experts in making boats. They travelled in the open sea in small wooden boats. They lived by hunting, fishing and farming. They cultivated corn, sweet potatoes, some other root crops and tapioca.

The Arawaks practised joint farming. Thus they tried to feed everyone in the community. This was their highest cultural value. They organized themselves under the elders in the community. Polygamy was common among them. They were animists. Animism (from Latin anima, “breath, spirit, life”1) is the view that entities in nature—such as animals, plants, and often even inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence. The ‘shaman’ (the priest) had a big role in their lives. The shamans worked as healers and as intermediaries between this world and the supernatural world.

Arawaks used golden ornaments. But they were not aware of the value of gold. They would gladly exchange their golden ornaments with the cheap crystal chains of the Europeans. The shine and beauty of the crystal chain was more important to them! They were good weavers. The art of weaving had developed nicely among them. Their swing beds made of coir was a big attraction to the Europeans.

Question 18.
Explain the reasons for the beginning of Industrial Revolution in Britain.
Answer:
Industrial Revolution started in Britain. There are many factors that helped Britain to become the first industrial nation.
a) Political stability : As England, Wales and Scotland came together under a single king, there has been political stability in Britain since the 17th century. The country had common laws and a unified currency system. The market in the country had a national character. Since regional authorities did not impose taxes on goods, there was no price increase. This kind of political stability helped Britain.

b) Wide use of money : Since the 17th century, money had been used extensively as a means of transaction. With this, a lot of people began to get cash as wages and salaries instead of goods. By using this cash, people could buy any goods of their choice. This enlarged the market and it helped the Industrial Revolution.

c) The Influence of the Agricultural Revolution : Prior to the Industrial Revolution, there was an agricultural revolution in Britain. Big landowners bought the small pieces around them and enclosed the fields with fences. Thus there were big estates which helped in the increased production of foodstuff. The people who earned their livelihood by grazing cattle in the open fields could not continue to do so and they became jobless. They went into the big cities seeking jobs. By providing raw materials and labour, the agricultural revolution helped the Industrial Revolution.

d) Cities, trade and wealth : The growth of cities and trade and the availability of wealth helped the Industrial Revolution. From the 1891 century, cities have been growing in Europe. Out of the 19 metropolises, 11 were in Britain. London was the biggest. London became a centre of all markets in the country.

Question 19.
How did the ‘Gold Rush’ lead to the growth of industries in America?
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed.

Question 20.
Evaluate the economic development of Australia under European Settlement?
Answer:
Sheep farms – Mines – Labourers – Canberra

Question 21.
What are the three principles of Sun-Yat-Sen?
Answer:
Nationalism – Democracy – Socialism

Answer any four questions from 22 to 30. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 22.
Point out the differences between Australopithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much	Jaw projecting only
outward	a little outward
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers	Lived in the grassy plains

Question 23.
Examine the legacy of Mesopotamians in Time reckoning and Mathematics.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it.

The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics.
In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded havebeen discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was The Peace of God movement in Europe also made the circumstances rife for the Crusades. This Movement divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Question 24.
Elucidate the third century crisis in the Roman Empire.
Answer:
The Third century brought the first major signs of internal strain in Rome. From the 230s, th empire found itself fighting on several fronts simultaneously. The Romans were forced to abandon much of the territery while the emperors of this period were constantly fighting against ‘barbarians’. The rapid succession of emperors in the third century is an obvious symptom of the strains faced by the empire in this period.

Question 25.
Analyse the reasons and impact of the Crusades.
Answer:
The main goal of the Crusades was recapturing Jerusalem which is the holy land of the Christians. Christians believe that the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus took place here. Thus Jerusalem is their most holy land. Jerusalem was once part of the Byzantine Empire. In 638, the Arabs captured it. But the Christians were given full protection by them. There was no ban on visiting places including Jerusalem by Christian merchants, pilgrims, diplomats, and travellers. But in 1076, Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and from then they started persecuting the Christians there. This increased the enmity of Christians towards Muslims. Many Normans, Hungarians and Slavs became- Christians around this time. Muslims were the only rivals of Christians. recognized and encouraged the fight against the enemies of the Christian Gqpl and non¬believers in Christianity.

The Crusaders gradually lost their zeal. They gave themselves to a life of luxury. Moreover Christian rulers began to fight among themselves to get more territory. In the meantime Salah ad-din (Saladin) built an Egyptian-Syrian Empire and gave a call for Jihad (holy war) against Christians. In 1187 he defeated the Crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem. Thus one century after the first Crusade, Jerusalem again came under the Turks: Saladin treated the Christians quite humanely. They allowed them to keep the area of the sepulchre of Jesus. But, at the same time, he converted many Christian Churches into mosques. Once again Jerusalem became as Muslim city.

The 3rd Crusade took place in 1189. It was the loss of the city of Jerusalem that prompted the Pope to give a call for another battle. In this war, the Crusaders did not get much benefit. They were able to capture some cities along the shores of Palestine. Christian pilgrims were given the right to visit Jerusalem at will. But in 1291 the Mamluks of Egypt, the rulers there, drove away all the Crusaders from Palestine. Europe slowly lost its interest in the Crusades. European nations began to give emphasis to their internal political and cultural development.

Question 26.
Explain the Military organisation of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need they served as army, in short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the army there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and the defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Genghis Khan organized his army on the decimal basis. The units were in multiples of 10. (10, 100, 1000,10000, etc.)
Genghis Khan stopped the old tribal groupings inthe army and distributed thier members into new military units. An individual who tried to move from his allotted group without permission received harsh punishment. The largerst units of soldiers were 10,000. He altered the old steppe social order integrating different lineages and clans.

Question 27.
Illustrate the factors affecting social and economic relations during the feudal period.
Answer:
A) Agriculturists worked for their lords and in return got military protection. The nobles (lords) had extensive legal rights over the farmers. Thus feudalism was widespread not only in the economic field but also in the social and political field. From the 11th century there had been considerable growth in agriculture and people greater longevity than before. The population increased and the prosperity made cities grow richer. The farmers had surplus produce and they needed a market to sell their extra crops. Then people met and made arrangements for buying and selling things. There were provisions to buy the tools and the clothes they needed. There are evidences to show that there were changes in the technology by the 11th century.

Farmers began to use ploughs and flat boards made of iron. These ploughs could make the furrow deeper and the flat boards could level the field to suit the needs of cultivation. This helped in the better use of soil fertility.
There were changes in the manner in which the animals were connected the ploughs. Instead tying the plough to their necks, it was now connected to their shoulders. This helped the animals to use their strength in a better way.

1. The horseshoes prevented the horses from getting diseases of the hoof.

2. There was increase in the use of energy from wind and water. All over Europe there were mills that worked with water or wind power for grinding the grins and squeezing out the juice from grapes or apples.

3. There were revolutionary changes in the use of land. Instead cultivating the fields at two stages, farmers started cultivating at three stages.

4. Farmers divided their fields into 3. One field was used for cultivating wheat and such autumnal crops for their consumption. During spring the second field was used for cultivating oats and barley. The third field was left barren. Each year this field was used for cultivating the things they needed more. With these innovating methods there was increase in food production.

Rich farmers contributed a lot of money to the Church. From the 12th century huge churches known as cathedrals were built in France. They belonged to the ashrams or monasteries. Building cathedrals took many years. Even as the cathedral was being built the area around it became crowded and by the time the cathedrals were completed they became big pilgrimage spots. Small towns began to grow around them and they were known as cathedral towns.

Question 28.
Examine the crisis of the Fourteenth Century in Europe.
Answer:
Because of reduced prices of agricultural products and increased wages, the income of the landlords was seriously reduced. The landlords then wanted to cancel their agreertients with the peasants. The peasants then rose in revolt. There were revolts in Flanders (1323), France (1358) and England (1381). The peasant revolts were cruelly suppressed. Still they have their importance. The peasants showed that they were not ready to give up the benefits theyhad. The use of money had increased so much that a going back was not possible.

The biggest political change was the rise of despotic kingships. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the European kings increased their military and economic power. They built new powerful nations. Historians call these kings as “New Kings”. Louis XIV of France, Maximilian of Austria, Henry VII of England and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain were the most prominent among them. They were the pioneers in making strong armies, a stable bureaucracy and collection of national taxes. In Europe, Spain had a big role in the trade conducted via the Sea.

Question 29.
Write a note on the features of Aztec Society.
Answer:
The Aztecs: Aztec culture is centred round Mexico. In the 12th century, the Aztecsfrom the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the various tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people tljey also collected tributes.

The Aztec society was hierarchical. There were different classes in the society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other high officials belonged to this class. Hereditary nobles were a small minority. They occupied the highest posts in the government, army and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from among themselves as their leader and he continued to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to be representative of the sun on earth.

Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions. Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the Aztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In between these fertile islands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces and pyramids there. Since the Aztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

Question 30.
Give an account of the Incas of Peru.
Answer:
The Incas of Peru : Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who rules of the land. The capital of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12th century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles. The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor.

Newly defeated tribes were successfully integrated with the empire. Each subject was to speak the language of the royal court, Quechua. The tribal administration was done by a Council or Elders. The Tribes owed their loyalty to the rulers. Regional rulers gave the emperor military help. For this cooperation they were adequately rewarded. The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than what they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes. Another important occupation of the Incas was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Answer any 2 questions from 31 to 36. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 31.
Explain the replacement and regional continuity models of human origin.
Answer:
Regional Continuity Model: This model says that modern people originated in different places. The early homo sapiens in many places slowly evolved as modem people and that is why the modern people in various parts of the world look different from one another at first sight. The regional differences in the features of people are the basis for such a view.

Replacement Model: This model says that modern man originated in Africa. The spokesmen of this model say that modem people appeared in place of the old species of people everywhere. As evidence to their claim, they put forward the hereditary and anatomical similarity of modern people. This model points out that modern people are qaite similar everywhere because they originated in the same place – Africa. The first fossils of modem people were discovered from Omo in Ethiopia. This evidence substantiates the Replacement Model.

Question 32.
Evaluate the chief features of the city of Mari in Mesopotamia.
Answer:
Mari was the royal capital. The Kings of Mari were Amorites. They dressed differently from the local people. They worshipped gods of Mesopotamia. At the same time in Mari they built a temple for Bhagan who is the god pf the plains.
The kings of Mari had to be very alert. Although they allowed shepherds of different tribes to move about in their country, they were watched carefully. The correspondence between the kings and the officials frequently mentions the camps of these shepherds.

One official wrote to the king about the fire signals in the nights by which the camps were exchanged. He doubted this might be a warning about some impending attacks. Mari was situated on the bank of Euphrates between the South and mineral rich Turkey-Syria-Lebanon. Mari was a trade centre. Things brought in boats through the Euphrates River were bought and sold here. They included timber, copper, white lead, oil and wine. Mari is an example of a city that progresses well because of trade.

Question 33.
Describe the system of writing developed by the Mesopotamians.
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand. The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that the clay slate is dried in the sunt This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates couldn’t be used again for writing other things. By 2600 BCE, the letters became cuneiform and the language was Sumerian. Writing was now used not only for keeping records but also for making dictionaries, giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, etc.

Question 34.
Write an account of the Abbasid Revolution.
Answer:
The Umayyads succeeded in decentralizing the Islamic political and administrative structure. But they had to pay a heavy price forthat. In 750, a group called Dawa oysted the Umayyads from power and installed the Abbasids on the throne. The Abbasid family was a rich one in Mecca. They pictured the Umayyad rule as misrule and assured the people that they would bring back the real Islam preached by the Prophet. The Abbasid revolt caused changes not only in the ruling dynasty, but also in the political structure and Islamic culture.

Question 35.
Bring out the features of the Protestant Reformation.
Answer:
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. The leader of this movement was a young priest named Martin Luther (1433-1546). He started strong propaganda against the vices and evil practices that were rampant in the Catholic Church at that time. He argued that there was no need for an intermediary between an individual and God. He asked his followers to rely entirely on God. He taught that only good faith and would lead them to a good life and to heaven.

The religious reform movement caused a split in the Catholic Church. The Churches in Germany and Switzerland ended all their relations with the Catholic Church and the Pope. The people who went out of the Catholic Church were named “Protestants” as they protested against the Church. The ideas of Luther were propagated in Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingl (1484-1534). Later John Calvin (1509-64) gave a Strong leadership to the Protestant Movement there.

The reformers had the support of merchants. Therefore they got great support in the cities. But in the rural areas, the Catholic Church was able to maintain its supremacy. Among the German reformists there were also the Anabaptists who wanted radical changes in Christianity. They considered the concept of heaven as freedom from all kinds of social persecutions. Anabaptists argued that since all people were created equal there was no need for anybody to pay taxes. They also taught that people should have the right to elect their own priests. The farmers who were suffering under the feudal lords were deeply impressed by these new ideas and they welcomed them.

The farmers of Germany who were inspired by the ideas of Luther and Anabaptists organised strong protests against their persecutors. But Luther was not in agreement with those who wanted radical changes. So he exhorted the German rulers to suppress the peasant revolts. In 1525, with the support of Luthe br, the protests were successfully suppressed.
But Radicalism survived all these oppositions. In France the radicals joined with the Protestants. The Catholic authorities in France were cruelly persecuting the Protestants there. The Protestants argued that they have a right to remove the Persecutor and elect a new person according to the will of the people. Following this, France also, like other European countries, recognized the Protestant religion.

The Catholic Church allowed the Protestants to have their own way of worship. In England also there was a reform movement. The rulers of England ended all their relations with the Pope. The King or Queen of England became the Head of the Church there. To face the Protestant Revolt, the Catholic Church began to bring in reforms. These efforts of the Church to reform itself are collectively called Counter Reformation. The priests of Spain and Italy stressed the importance of living simple lives and serving the poor. are called Jesuits. Their goal was to serve the poor and enlarge their knowledge of other faiths.

Question 36.
Point out the consequences of the Geographical explorations.
Answer:
Geographical discoveries definitely had far-reaching impacts on Europe, the Americas and Africa. From the 15th century, some sea routes from Ocean to Ocean were known. But most of these routes were quite unknown to the Europeans. Not even a single ship had ever reached the Caribbean or the Americas. In the Southern Atlantic, nobody had done any exploration. No ship entered there or travelled toward the Pacific or Indian Ocean. But by the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th, all this became old stories. Adventurous navigators reached all these places.

The discovery of the Amen cas had big repercussions on Europe. The flow of silver and gold from the newly discovered regions helped international trade and industrialization. Between 1500 and 1600, each year hundreds of ships loaded with silver from South American mines reached Spain. But neither Spain nor Portugal made use of it for their internal development or welfare of the common people. They used it to develop trade or to build their naval power.

But England, France, Belgium and Holl,d benefited from the discoveries. Their merchants formed joint stock companies and started trade trips. They established colonies in the newly discovered regions and brought new-world products like tobacco, potato. sugar, coco, pepper and rubber into Europe. Soon the American produce became familiar to theEuropeans. The Europeans then took them to places like India. Geographical discoveries were ruinous to the indigenous people of the Americas. Many of the local people there were killed. Their.culture and life-styles were destroyed. They had to work like slaves in mines, estates and mills.

Before the coming of the Europeans there were some 70 million indigenes in the Amencas. After a century and a half, their number was reduced to 3.5 million. It was wars and diseases that destroyed them. In the duel between ancient American and European cultures the Aztec-Inca cultures were completely wined. Europeans used a war strategy which terrified the local eople psychologically and physically. This also showed the differences in their values. The local eople did not realize the depth of the greed of the Spaniards for gold and silver.

Answer any 2 questions from 37 to 40. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 37.
Mention the important features of the Roman Empire: Areas to be considered:
(a) Social hierarchies
(b) Late antiquity
Answer:
In the Roman society there were different social groups. Historian Tacitus divides the main social groups into 5:
a) The Senatois(Paters)
b) The top dass cavalry men (Equites)
C) The Respectable Middle Class
e) The Lower Class people who were interested in circus and cdourful shows (Plebs sordida or humiores).
e) aves

Late antiquity means the final and fasinating period in the evolution and the breakup of the Roman emre and refers broadly to the fourth to seventh centuries. During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the peoe In the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7’ century Islam came Into being. There were great changes in the structure of the nation. It was Diodetian (244-305) who brought changes here.

The large aeas created admirstrattve inconveniences and therefore Diocletian took steps to solve the problem. He reduced the size of his Empire by removing the strategically and economically unimportant regions. He protected the boundaries by building fortresses. He reorganized the provincial boundaries. He exempted citizens from military service. The Duces (amy commanders) were given autonomy.

Question 38.
Summarise the contributions of Islam in the fields of learning and culture.
Hints:
(a) Sufism
(b) Literary works
(c) Architecture
Answer:
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

Pantheism is the belief in one God and his creations. It means man’s soul should ultimately reach the Creator. Deep love for God is the main means becoming one with God. It was a lady ascetic called Rabia in Basra who propagated this idea. She lived in the 9th century. She propagated the love of God through her poems.

It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali. Anybody, without any distinction of religion, status or gender could accept Sufism. Dhul nun al-Misri (his tomb can be seen near the Pyramid of Egypt even now) in 861, declared like this before the Abbasid.Khalifa: “I learned true Islam from an old woman, real virtues from a water carrier.” This shows there were no class differences in Sufism. Sufism made religion a personal thing and it posed a serious challenge to Islam.

Islamic philosophers and scientist came out with a parallel view about God and the universe. This was caused because of the influence of Greek vision and science. Even in the 7th century, the influence of the Greek culture was visible in the Byzantine-Nasanian empires. In the schools in Alexandria, Syria and Mesopotamia along with other subjects Greek vision, mathematics and medicines were taught. To translate books in Greek and Syriac-Aramaic into Arabic, the Umayyad-Abbasid Khalifas had employed Christian scholars. During the time of Al-Mamun, translation was an organized activity.

The works of Aristotle, Euclid’s “Elements”, Ptolemy’s “Almagest” etc. had attracted the attention of Arab scholars. Indian books on astronomy, mathematics and medicines were translated into Arabic. These books reached Europe and kindled their interest in philosophy and science.

The studies of new subjects encouraged critical research. It affected the intellectual life of the Islamic people. Scholars in groups like Mutazila used Greek rhetoric and logical reasoning to speak against some tenets of Islam. Ibn Sina who was a medical man and a philosopher did not believe in the resurrection of the body on the Day of Judgment. Although supporters of divine theology opposed his views, his medical books were widely read. The most important of his books was “Canon of Medicine”. It describes 760 types of medicines and the importance of diet. It also describes the influence of climate and environment in our health and also the contagious nature of some diseases. “Canon of Medicine” was used as a text in the medical schools of Europe. There Ibn Sina was known as Avicenna. His books were read by people like Omar Khayyam who was a great poet and scientist.

The Islamic Societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural dominance of the Arabs.

Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love.

At the start of the 11,h century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies. In the catalogue of Ibn Nadum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalila wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous ptories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night. This was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8lh century. Later more stories were added to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories. From the 9th century the cultural dimensions began to increase.

Biographies, moral codes, books of politics, history and geography began to be included in the cultural expansion. The tradition of historiography was very much in progress in literate Muslim societies. Scholars, students and ordinary people read history books. The study of history was important as far as the rulers and bureaucrats were concerned. They depicted a good picture of the ruler and his family and his achievements.

Geography and travel was an important aspect of culture. The knowledge from Greek, Iranian and Indian books and the observations of travellers and merchants were collected together. Mathematical geography divided the inhabited earth into 7 regions. The position of each city was astronomically determined. The geographical book “The Best Divisions for the Knowledge of Regions” by Al Muqaddasi is a comparative study of the countries and peoples of the world. Al Masoodi’s “Golden Meadows” correlates history and geography. Al

Biruni’s “History of India” is an attempt to look beyond the Islamic world and to study the value of another culture. By the 10th century, an Islamic world came up. Religious buildings are the external symbols of this world. Mosques and mausoleums and tombs are the most important of them. These building which spread from Spain to Central Asia are built in the same pattern. Arcs, domes, minarets, open yards in the centre, etc. are features of this architectural style. Inns where caravans rested, hospitals and palaces were built in the same style as the mosques and mausoleums. The Umayyads had built ‘desert palaces’ in deserts. Examples are Khirbat al Mafjar of Palestine and Quseir Amra of Jordan.

They were luxurious rest houses. The palaces which were built in Roman-Sassanian architectural style were adorned by statues, coloured stones, and portraits of people. The Abbasids built a new royal city in Samara. It was built amidst gardens and streams. It is described in many stories and in the various legends and myths about Harun al Rasheed. The palace of the Abbasid Khalifas in Baghdad and the palace of the Fatimids in Cairo are no more. We can only read about them in literary works.

In the history of the Islamic nations in the Middle Ages three levels of human culture converge. In the 7th century, we can see these three – religion, community and nation converging. In the next 5- centuries, these levels separate. As we enter the modern era, we can see the influence of Islam lessening in nation and government. We can see that many subjects handled by politics are pot religiously sanctioned. The Muslim Community is one in followingthe Sharia laws in personal matters and conventions. Efforts are being made everywhere to modernise the Muslim communities. Some thinkers and the Sufism were trying to do that.

Question 39.
Analyse the features of the three orders of feudalism.
(a) The Clergy
(b) The Nobility
(c) The Peasants
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers. The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect . taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches.

To take part in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays. Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows.

The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the word ‘Lord’ denoting Go is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The Second Order was the nobles. They had a big role in the society. It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. The noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land. A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families.

The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

The Third Order was the farmers. Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers. The independent farmers had land they got from the nobles. They had to do military services for the noble for at least 40 days a year. On some fixed days of the week, they had to work in the files of the nobles without getting any payment for it. They also had to dig the land, collect firewood, make fences and repair the roads. The women and children also had to help in the field. They had to do additional work like spinning, weaving, making candles, making wine etc. The king collected a special tax called Tailed from the farmers. The priests and nobles were exempted from this tax.

Question 40.
Explain the role of Industrial Revolution in the development of Britain:
Areas to be considered:
(a) Coal and Iron
(b) Cotton spinning and Weaving
Answer:
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18th century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

The solution to this problem was found by the Darby family of Shropshire. In 50 years, three generations of this family (grandfather, father and son) brought a revolution in the refining of iron. In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717) developed the first blast furnace which could maintain very high degree of heat. In it coke could be used. Coke was made by removing the sulphur and other impurities from coal. With this there was no need for charcoal. The iron that was made from the blast furnace of Darby was strong and of a higher quality.

Darby II (1711-1768) made cast iron from iron. This would not break easily. Henry Cort (1740-1823) made two important discoveries – the puddling furnace to remove impurities from pig iron and the rolling mill to produce rails. These discoveries helped in producing many different kinds of iron products

a) In 1773, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. Using this, the speed in weaving clothes was increased. One worker could now do the work of two. Since spinning (thread-making) was a slow process, enough thread was not available for weaving clothes. This problem was solved by Hargreaves.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

e) In 1787 Edmund Cartwright invented power loom. This machine worked with mechanical energy and it drastically indreased the speed of weaving. It was easy to work with it. If the thread broke, it would stop automatically. Anything could be woven in this loom. From the 1830s, importance was given by the cotton industry to increase the productivity of workers and not to inventions.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Previous Year Question Paper june 2022.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate items from Column ‘B’ (4 × 1 = 4)

‘A’	‘B’
Flying Shuttle	James Hargreaves
Powerloom	James Watt
Spinning Jenny	John Kay
Steam Engine	Edmund Cartwright

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
Flying Shuttle	John kay Power loom
Powerloom	Edmund Cartwright
Spinning Jenny	James Hargreaves
Steam Engine	James Watt

Question 2.
Answer any 4 of the following questions:
(i) The author of the book ‘Geography
(A) Columbas
(B) Prince Henry
(C) Prierre d’Ailly
(D) Ptolemy
Answer:
(D) Ptolemy

(ii) The school of the children of the Aztec nobility:
(A) Calmecac
(B) Quechua
(C) Quriltai
(D) Chinampas
Answer:
(A) Calmecac

(iii) Montezuma was the king of
(A) Inca
(B) Aztec
(C) Mayan
(D) Roman
Answer:
(B) Aztec

(vi) The pieta’ sculpture is associated with
(A) Lorenzo Valla
(C) Copernicus
(B) Thornas More
(D) Johannes Gutenberg
Answer:
(D) Johannes Gutenberg

(v) The author of imago Mundi’
(A) Pierre d’Ailly
(B) Vasco da Gama
(C) Americo Vespucci
(D) Pizaro
Answer:
(A) Pierre d’Ailly

(vi) ‘The pieta sculpture is assodated with
(A) Leonardo da Vinci
(B) Brunellesehi
(C) Michelangelo
(D) Avicenna
Answer:
(C) Michelangelo

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (4 × 1 = 4)
• Establishment of the Peoples Republic of China
• First Opium War
• Long March in China
• Mathew Perry’s arrival in Japan
Answer:

1. First Opium War (1839-42)
2. Mathew Perry’s arrived in Japan (1853)
3. Long March in China (1934)
4. Exstablishment of the Peoples Republic of China (1949)

Question 4.
Mark any four of the following map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)
a) Rome
b) Egypt
c) Mecca
d) Palestine
e) Mediteranian Sea 1) Red Sea
Answer:
(a) Rome
(b) Egypt
(c) Mecca
(d) Palestine
(e) Mediterranean sea
(f) Red sea

Answer any 8 questions from 5 to 14. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 5.
Write any two features of the Cuniform script.
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and put if into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With the sharp end of a red cut obliquely, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once the surface dried, signs could not be pressed on to a tablet: so each transaction, however, minor, required a separate written tablet.

Question 6.
Name any two Mesopotamian cities.
Answer:

1. ur
2. Mari
3. Uruk
4. Babylon

Question 7.
Write a note on the reforms made by The emperor Constiantine in Rome.
Answer:

1. Introduced the gold coin ‘Solidus’.
2. Second capital constantinople was established.
3. Christianity was dedared as the official religion.
4. Oil mills, glass factories, screw press and water mills were established.

Question 8.
Define Sufism.
Answer:
The rise of Sufisrn was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism.

They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a rId placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer. Pantheism is the belief in one God and his creations.

It means man’s soul should ultimately reach the Creator. Deep love for God is the main means of becoming one with God. It was a lady ascetic called Rabia in Basra who propagated this idea. She lived in the 9th century. She propagated the love of God through her poems.

It was an Iranian Sfi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united th God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali.

Question 9.
Write a note on ‘Quriltai’.
Answer:
Quiriltai was the assembly of Mongol Chieftains. It is connected with warbooty, pastoral land, hunting, postal system, law, family and nation.

Question 10.
Prepare a note on the courier system of the Mongols.
Answer:
Genghiskhan had fashioned a rapid courier system that connected the distant areas of his regime. Fresh mounts and despatch riders were placed in outposts at regularly spaced distances. For the maintenance of this courier system called ‘Yam’ the Mongol nomads contributed a tenth of their herd-either horses or livestock – as provisions. This was called the qubcur tax.

Question 11.
Define the term‘Feudalism’.
Answer:
The term ‘feudalism’ has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed ini medieval Europe. Derived from the German word ‘feud’ which means ‘a piece of land’.

Question 12.
Write any two features of Cathedral Towns.
Answer:
Big churches are called Cathedrals. Although the owners of these cathedrals were monasteries, many people took part in their construction. They helped the construction by giving money, labour or material. The Cathedrals were built with stones. It took years to complete the work. As the construction was in progress, the areas around it were occupied by more and more people who came to live there. Some of the cathedrals became pilgrimage centres. Around them townships came up.

Question 13.
Write a note on protestant – reformatioOn in Germany.
Answer:
Martin Luther gave leadership to the Protestant Reformation in Germeny. He started campaign against the activies of catholic church. He argued that a person did not need priests to establish contect with god. As a result the churches in Germany ard Switzerland broke all the connections with the Catholic church.

Question 14.
Write a note on Arawakiyan – Lucayos.
Answer:
The Arawakian Lucayos lived on a cluster of small islands in the Carribean sea, today known as the Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles. Skilled boat- builders, they sailed the open sea in dugout canoes. They lived by hunting, fishing and agriculture, growing corn, sweat potatoes, tubers and cassava.

Answer any 2 questions from 15 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 15.
Write a note on the geographical features of Mesopotamia.
Answer:
Iraq is a land of diverse environments. In the north-east lie green, undulating plains, gradually rising to tree covered mountain ranges with clear streams and wild flowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops. In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe. To the east, tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication into the mountains of Iran. The South is a desert. The rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern mountains, carry loads of silt and the desert could support the cities.

Question 16.
What is Crusades? Write any two results of it.
Answer:
The crusades are wars between the European Christians and Muslims over the question of Jerusalem. There were three important crusades. The harsher attitude of muslim states towards Christian subjects and greater influence of Italian mercantile communities in the trade between east and west are the impact of crusades.

Question 17.
What do you mean by Copernican Revolution?
Answer:
It was Copernicus, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection. Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 18.
How did the native people of America loose their land?
Answer:
As each new European settlement developed in America, the indigenes were forced to withdraw from their land. They withdrew after signing agreements showing that they had sold their lands. They were given only petty sums for their land. The Europeans often offered bigger amounts to the indigenes but actually gave them only smaller sums when the signing was done and thus they cheated the indigenes. Even the people in authority did not feel anything wrong in getting the land from the indigenes by questionable methods.

The indigenes did not give up their land without a fight. Between 1865 and 1890, the US army had to suppress a series of riots. Around this time the Metis in Canada made an armed conflict. Later they gave up their armed struggle.

Answer any 4 questions from 19 to 24. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 19.
Explain Replacement model and Regional Continuity model.
Answer:
The place of origin of the modern man has been a much discussed topic. Scholars have put forward two contradictory views on this issue. They are Regional Continuity Model and Replacement Model. Regional Continuity Model: This model says that modern people originated in different places. The early homo sapiens in many places slowly evolved as modem people and that is why the modern people in various parts of the world look different from one another at first sight. The regional differences in the features of people are the basis for such a view.

Replacement Model: This model says that modern man originated in Africa. The spokesmen of this model say that modern people appeared in place of the old species of people everywhere. As evidence to their claim, they put forward the hereditary and anatomical similarity of modern people. This model points out that modern people are quite similar everywhere because they originated in the same place – Africa. The first fossils of modem people were discovered from Omo in Ethiopia. This evidence substantiates the Replacement Model.

Question 20.
What are the social groups in Roman society decribed by Tacitus?
Answer:

1. Senators
2. Leading member of the equestrian class
3. Respectable section of the people
4. Lower class
5. Slaves

Question 21.
Write a short note about the first four Caliphs.
Answer:

1. First Caliph-Abu Bakr
2. Second Caliph – Umar
3. Third Caliph-Uthman
4. Fourth Caliph-AN

Question 22.
How did Genghis Khan organise his army?
Answer:
All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need they served as army. In short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the army there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and the defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Genghis Khan organized his army on the decimal basis. The units were in multiples of 10. (10, 100, 1000,10000, etc.)
Genghis Khan stopped the old tribal groupings inthe army and distributed thier members into new military units. An individual who tried to move from his allotted group without permission received harsh punishment. The largerst units of soldiers were 10,000. He altered the old steppe social order integrating different lineages and clans.

Question 23.
Write a note on Mayan culture.
Answer:
The Mayan Culture of Mexico developed remarkably between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, but in the-sixteenth century they had less political power than the Aztecs. Com cultivation was central to their culture, and many religious ceremonies were centered on the planting, growing and harvesting of corn. Efficient agricultural production generated surplus, which helped the ruling classes, priests and chiefs to invest in architecture and in the development of astronomy and mathematics. The Mayas devised a pictographic form of writing that has only been partially deciphered.

Question 24.
Evaluate the role played by Sun-Yat Sen in establishing a republic in China.
Answer:
The Manchu empire was overthrown and a republic established in 1911 underr Sun Yat-Sen who is unanimously regarded as the founder of modern China. His programme was called the Three principles. These were nationalism, democracy and socialism. His ideas became the basis of the political philosophy of the Guomindang.

Answer any 2 questions from 25 to -28. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 25.
Explain the legacy of Mesopotamians to time recokning and mathematics.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it.

The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics.
In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some day slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world

Question 26.
Analyse the contributions made by Islam in the field of literature.
Answer:
Literature
The Islamic societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural dominance of the Arabs.

Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love. At the start of the 11th century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies.

In the catalogue of Ibn Na’dum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalila wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous stories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night, this was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8th century. Later more stories were added to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people – generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories.

Question 27.
Write a note on the influence of humanism on architecture.
Answer:
The city of Rome revived in a spectacular way in the fifteenth century. This inspired a new style in architecture, which was actually a revival of the imperial Roman style – now called ‘classical’. Artists and sculptors were alsoto decorate building with paintings, sculptures and reliefs.

Michelangelo Buonarroti immortalised by the ceiling he painted for the Pope in the sistine chapel, the sculpture called The Pieta’, and his design of the dome of St.Peter’s church, all in Rome. Filippo Brunelleschi, the architect who designed the spectacular Duomo of Florence, had started his career as a sculptor.

Question 28.
Explain ‘Gold Ruch’ and its impact on North America.
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using I thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway I network in Canada was also completed.

Answer any 2 questions from 29 to 31. Each carries 8 scores.

Question 29.
Explain the features of different stages of human evolution:
Areas to be considered:
• Primates
• Hominoids
• Hominids
• Australopithecus
• Homo
Answer:
Primates, a category of mammals, emerged in Asia and Africa, during 36 million years ago. They include monkeys, apes and humans. They have body hair, a relatively long gestation period following birth, mammary glands, different types of teeth, and the ability to maintain a content body temperature.

Hominoids
a) Smaller brains
b) quadrupeds-walking on all fours.
c) flexible forelimbs

Hominids
a) Bigger brain
b) Upright posture
c) Walking on two legs
d) Special ability in the use of hands.

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much	Jaw projecting only
outward	a little outward
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers	Lived in the grassy plains

There are different categories in the Homo Genus. They are the following.
Homo habilis – Tool maker
Homo erectus – Uprightman
Homo sapiens – Thinking man/ wiseman

Question 30.
Explain the features of three orders of feudal society in medieval Europe.
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers. The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and ‘ land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches. To take Rprt in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays.

Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows.

The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers-the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees,
with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The Second Order was the nobles. They had a big role in the society. It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. Ttys noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land. A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families.

The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

The Third Order was the farmers. Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers. The independent farmers had land they got from the nobles. They had to do military services for the noble for at least 40 days a year. On some fixed days of the week, they had to work in the files of the nobles without getting any payment for it. They also had to dig the land, collect firewood, make fences and repair the roads. The women and children also had to help in the field. They had to do additional work like spinping, weaving, making candles, making wine etc. The king collected a special tax called Tailed from the farmers. The priests and nobles were exempted from this tax.

Question 31.
Prepare an eassy on Industrial revolution based on the following hints:
• Coal and Iron
• Canals and Railways
Answer:
Coal and Iron
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18th century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

The solution to this problem was found by the Darby family of Shropshire. In 50 years, three generations of this family (grandfather, father and son) brought a revolution in the refining of iron. In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717) developed the first blast furnace which could maintain very high degree of heat. In it coke could be used. Coke was made by removing the sulphur and other impurities from coal. With this there was no need for charcoal. The iron that was made from the blast furnace of Darby was strong and of a higher quality.

Darby II (1711-1768) made cast iron from iron. This would not break easily. Henry Cort (1740-1823) made- two important discoveries – the puddling furnace to remove impurities from pig iron and the rolling mill to produce rails. These discoveries helped in producing many different kinds of iron products.

Canal and Railways
An important thing that took place during the Industrial Revolution was the changes in the modes of travel. These changes were first visible in the construction of canals and railways. Canals were first made to transport coal to the cities. Taking coal by road was expensive and slow. Since a lot of coal was needed, there was a great need for canals. The most famous of the early canals was Worsley Canal built by James Brindley (1716-72). Transporting coal to the city was its aim. When the canal was completed, the price of coal was reduced to half.