SSLC History Chapter 5 Important Questions Public Opinion in Democracy

Students rely on Social Science Class 10 Kerala Syllabus Important Questions Chapter 5 Public Opinion in Democracy to help self-study at home.

Class 10 History Chapter 5 Important Questions and Answers Public Opinion in Democracy

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 Public Opinion in Democracy Important Questions

Public Opinion in Democracy Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
What ensures democratic communication?
Answer:
Public opinion

Question 2.
Define Public Opinion.
Answer:
Public opinion is the general opinion of the people about the issues affecting them.

Question 3.
Which is the first agency that influences a child’s opinion formation?
Answer:
Family

Question 4.
What do political parties use to promote their views before elections?
Answer:
Manifesto

Question 5.
What type of literacy includes knowledge of internet and cyber awareness?
Answer:
Digital

SSLC History Chapter 5 Important Questions Public Opinion in Democracy

Question 6.
What do you mean by Peer groups?
Answer:
Peer Groups are groups of similar age and with similar interests and goals. Peer groups tend to be similar in their beliefs, values and ideals.

Question 7.
What is civil society and why is it important in a democracy?
Answer:
Civil society is an important idea in democracy. It includes organisations, groups, and people who work for the welfare of the society. They do this voluntarily, without government control or profit motive, and they represent different views and ideas.

Question 8.
Explain the role of Family and educational institutions in developing public opinion.
Answer:
Family: A child’s socialisation process starts from the family and the traditional beliefs and perceptions of the family, influences opinion formation. The child is a participant or a witness in the discussion held in the family in which politics, beliefs, religion, literature, etc. are all topics. In this way, the family has the first place in the formation of the child’s opinion on various issues.

Educational Institutions: Educational institutions play a major role in shaping and developing the child’s knowledge, rights, duties, scientific thinking, critical thinking, and culture. All knowledge and skills are acquired by the child mainly through educational institutions. The process of education helps a person to fonn an independent and rational opinion on any subject. Educational institutions play an important role in shaping children’s understanding of various subjects. Activities in school such as school parliament, club activities, sports and cultural activities act as a platform in developing democratic and civic sense among the students. Such activities provide enough avenues for the learners to express their opinions and that develops skills in forming public opinion.

Question 9.
Write any three factors that hinder the formation of public opinion.
Answer:
Illiteracy, Digital divide, Poverty.

Question 10.
Explain the role of public opinion in a democratic system.
Answer:
Democracy is a political system that ensures equal participation of all the people of a country. As a system that ensures public participation, democratic governments formulate their policies and programmes by considering the opinions and interest of the people.In a democratic system, civil society makes the mlers responsible through constant criticism.In such a society, the people are fully aware of the rights and duties of citizens. Arbitrary and dictatorial tendencies are prevented in a society with strong public opinion and the rights and freedom of citizens are protected. In a society with strong public opinion, every issue is critically evaluated and it makes political parties responsible. Public opinion, as the consolidated opinion of the people, plays a key role in democratic systems.

Question 11.
Differentiate between Media Literacy and Digital Literacy.
Answer:
Media literacy is the ability to access, analyse, evaluate, create new messages and communicate the messages received through various forms of media. Content creation and the way it shapes our perceptions and how we critically interpret news and messages are all included in this. It includes the way we shape our perceptions and critically interpret news and messages.

Digital literacy is the ability to find information from the digital world and evaluate them efficiently using digital equipment and technology. This includes basic computer knowledge, effective use of internet, navigation of digital platforms, critical evaluation of online content, cyber awareness, etc. Digital literacy is how we effectively use digital tools and technology to find out and evaluate information from digital spaces.

Question 12.
Peer group is one of the important agency to shape public opinion.Explain.
Answer:
Debates and discussions among peer group members are important factors influencing public opinion formation. Peer group members share almost common characteristics in terms of personality, attitudes and behaviour which are important factors influencing public opinion formation. They all share some common characteristics in their personal experiences and social influences. Peer group members can influence each other on the policies of the government, various social issues and political parties. Such peer group discussions are helpful in eliciting common opinions, correcting existing ones and arriving at correct opinions. This debate and discussion lead,to the formation of public opinion.

SSLC History Chapter 5 Important Questions Public Opinion in Democracy

Question 13.
How do political parties influence the formation of public opinion in a democratic system?
Answer:
Political parties and their activities are at the forefront of shaping, and mobilising public opinion in the democratic system of government. Both ruling and the opposition parties play a role in shaping public opinion.The main objective of political parties is to make the public think about common public issues politically. Each political party publishes journals, pamphlets, manifestos, posters, write ups etc. to create public opinion in their favour. Along with that conference, demonstrations, rallies and seminars are all organised for the formation of public opinion. Every party tries to mobilise the people in its favour by presenting their views and ideas, and making them involved in public affairs, and ensuring participation in the electoral process. During the election campaign parties try to sway public opinion in their favour. Even after the completion of the election process, the political parties keep on campaigning on public issues. When political parties go overboard and engage in personal attacks and negative propaganda, the election commission intervenes and controls them.

Question 14.
Explain how art and literature contribute to the formation of public opinion with examples.
Answer:
“Chandalabhikshuki” by Mahakavi Kumaran Asan is a work that had a strong influence in forming public opinion against social evils based on the caste system, such as untouchability. Art, literature, and cinema of each era influence the formation of the public opinion of the times. “Patta Bakki”, “Adukkalayil Ninnu Arangathekku”, and so on were some of the plays that had a significant role in changing the social life of Kerala. Literary works of Rabindranath Tagore, Subramania Bharathi and Vallathol Narayana Menon inspired the Indian freedom movement.The art forms such as Ottanthullal, Chakyarkoothu, etc could form strong public opinion against the then existing social evils, customs, and thereby ignite social revolution. Various art forms and literary works influence our tastes and interests.

Question 15.
Media play an important role in shaping public opinion. Substantiate the statement.
Answer:
Media play an important role in shaping public opinion. News, discussions and advertising programmes available through traditional media (print media, radio and television) and new media (Digital and social media) have a great influence on people. Media can bring an issue to public attention and shape public opinion on it.

a) Newspapers: Newspapers play an important role in bringing all political and social events before the public. Newspapers are able to strengthen the democratic process by bringing current issues to the people and at the same time bring the opinion of the people to the government. Therefore, fore newspapers play a key role in shaping public opinion. The influence of newspapers help not only in forming public opinion but also in changing and diverting it according to certain interests. Sometimes some news does not necessarily have to be factual and it can mislead the public opinion. Due to vested interest, wrong news might reach people through online newspapers, etc. There is a criticism that impartial approach and accuracy in the news are not often from the side of the media.

b) Radio, Television: Radio and television are serving as a mirror to social life. While the print media considers only the literate community, radio and television play an important role in forming ideas and knowledge among the illiterate community. Radio and television play a significant role in sharing the opinions and thoughts of the people in society about various policies and programmes of the government.

c) Social media: Today, social media and all mainstream media have an important role in forming public opinion. In the modem age, almost all people in society communicate through digital platforms. Everybody should recognise such traps in the digital world. We have to acquire digital and media literacy.

Question 16.
Define Public opinion and explain the role of the given agencies in shaping public opinion.
• Social Institutions and Organisations
• Opinion Poll
Answer:
Public opinion is the general opinion of the people about the issues affecting them. It can be the position or opinion generally held by a section of society on a particular issue.

• Social Institutions and Organisations: Various social institutions and organisations working in society play a crucial role in shaping public opinion. Religious institutions, caste-religious organisations, student movements, youth movements, women’s equality movements, trade unions, human rights movements, merchant associations, environmental organisation etc. play their own role in shaping public opinion.

• Opinion polls: Opinion polls are a very effective way to gather information about public attitudes and opinions on various social, cultural, political and economic issues. A sample of population is approached for their views regarding specific issues. By using the information public opinion can be formed. There are various professional agencies working to conduct opinion polls.

Question 17.
Write the characteristics of Public opinion.
Answer:
The influence of public opinion on social life, governance and politics is enormous. Public opinion is formed when responsible citizens brings out the problems in the society to the attention of others, it is an effective social control over the government and it encourages debate that empowers democracy. Public opinion is considered as one of the essential criteria of democracy. Social and cultural background of individuals, attitude, belief, preconceptions, leadership skills, education etc are the factors that influence public opinion.

  • Public opinion reflects diverse opinions.
  • Public opinion is not necessarily the views and opinions of the majority of people but, is the creation of a general consensus on a topic.
  • Public opinion may change with the circumstances, time and new knowledge.
  • Public opinion is always formed not only on political matters but also in relation to Socio-economic and cultural matters.
  • There is no fixed place from where one can express public opinion and anyone can express their opinion from any where.
  • Public opinion ensures democratic communication.

Question 18.
There are some factors that hinder the formation of public opinion in society. Which are they? Explain.
Answer:
Democracy will be stronger where public opinion is strong. The limitations of democracy can be corrected and guided in the right direction with strong public opinion. However, there are some factors that hinder the formation of public opinion in society.

Illiteracy: Illiterate people have only limited knowledge about public issues. They may not have the capacity to form rational opinions.

Digital Divide: The digital divide is the gap in accessing modern information technology such as the internet, computer, and smartphone. This hinders the formation of effective public opinion.
Poverty: Groups experiencing poverty are often isolated from public affairs. Hence, they are not able to participate in the formation of public opinion appropriately.

Unhealthy political activity and lack of democracy in political parties: Partisanship in political activities and polarisation among the people are factors that hinder the formation of public opinion.
Unhealthy practices during the election campaigns: Unhealthy practices that are used to influence voters during election times often hinder the formation of real public opinion.

In addition to these, corruption, regionalism, other socioeconomic, cultural and parochial group interests, and hero worship are all factors that undermine true public opinion.

SSLC History Chapter 5 Important Questions Public Opinion in Democracy

Question 19.
Define Public Opinion.
Answer:
Public opinion is the general opinion of the people about the issues affecting them.

Question 20.
Citizens empowered through public opinion will strengthen the …………………….
Answer:
Democracy

Question 21.
How is public opinion formed?
Answer:
Public opinion is formed when responsible citizens bring social problems to the attention of others.

Question 22.
What are the factors that influence public opinion?
Answer:
Factors that influence public opinion include social and cultural background, attitude, belief, preconceptions, leadership skills, and education.

Question 23.
Public opinion is formed through both ……………………. and informal processes.
Answer:
formal

Question 24.
What are the different agencies that contribute to the formation of public opinion?
Answer:
Family, educational institutions, Peer groups, media, political parties, social institutions and organisations, opinion polls, art and literature.

Question 25.
Define Peer Groups
Answer:
Peer Groups are groups of similar age and with similar interests and goals. Peer groups tend to be similar in their beliefs, values and ideals.

SSLC History Chapter 5 Important Questions Public Opinion in Democracy

Question 26.
Why is illiteracy a barrier to the formation of strong public opinion?
Answer:
Illiterate people have only limited knowledge about public issues. They may not have the capacity to form rational opinions.

Question 27.
Write any two factors that hinder the formation of public opinion.
Answer:
Digital divide, Poverty.

Question 28.
What are the benefits of having strong public opinion in a democratic society?
Answer:
Strong public opinion prevents arbitrary and dictatorial tendencies, protects the rights and freedom of citizens, ensures critical evaluation of issues, and makes political parties responsible.

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Students rely on Social Science Class 10 Kerala Syllabus Important Questions Chapter 4 Wealth and the World to help self-study at home.

Class 10 History Chapter 4 Important Questions and Answers Wealth and the World

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 Wealth and the World Important Questions

Wealth and the World Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
In which year did the Cold War end?
Answer:
1991

Question 2.
What caused the end of the Cold War?
Answer:
The disintegration of the Soviet Union

Question 3.
Which economic system gives importance to banks and stock markets over production?
Answer:
Finance Capitalism

Question 4.
Who funded the newly independent countries after the Second World War?
Answer:
The United States

Question 5.
State True or False.
The United States and the Soviet Union are the two superpowers emerged after World War II.
Answer:
True

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 6.
Write the names of the countries that came under Axis Power.
Answer:
Italy, Germany, Japan

Question 7.
The Munich Agreement is a prime example of ……………………
Answer:
Western appeasement

Question 8.
League of nations was founded on ………………………
Answer:
January 10, 1920

Question 9.
Name the countries under Triple Alliance.
Answer:
Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

Question 10.
England, Russia and France were together known as ……………………..
Answer:
Triple Entente

Question 11.
The First World War lasted from ……………………. to …………………………
Answer:
1914 to 1918.

Question 12.
Complete ‘b’ by analysing the relation of ‘a’.
a. Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary: Triple alliance
b. England, Russia, France: ………………………..
Answer:
Triple Entente

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 13.
The silver and gold collected as wealth were known as ………………………
Answer:
Bullion

Question 14.
Who named the region ‘America’?
Answer:
Martin Waldseemuller

Question 15.
Finance Capitalism works with the aim of making ……………………
Answer:
huge profits.

Question 16.
United Nation Organization was formed with the aim of ensuring …(a) …………………. and ………………. (b) ………………….
Answer:
(a) global peace,
(b) security

Question 17.
World War II begins with Germany’s invasion of Poland on …………………
Answer:
September 1, 1939

Question 18.
…………………. advocated for the unification of regions in Eastern Europe inhabited by Slavic people.
Answer:
The Pan-Slav Movement

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 19.
………………. led by Germany, aimed to unite the Teutonic (Germanic) people.
Answer:
The Pan-German Movement

Question 20.
Which among the following countries was a member of Triple Entente?
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) Italy
(d) Austria-Hungary (MARCH 2022)
Answer:
(a) France

Question 21.
How did Industrial Revolution cause conflicts among nations?
Answer:
As a result of industrial revolution, production, profits and capital investment increased.

  • With the increase in products, the colonial powers competed to find a market for their products.
  • Their competition to make more colonies resulted in conflicts among nations.

Question 22.
‘Fascism was a product of the First World War’- Discuss.
Answer:
Both allies were devastated by the First World War. Many European governments lost their power. People were in misery. Their entire system was grasped by inflation, unemployment, and poverty. Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany rose to power, capitalising on the political and economic chaos prevailing then. Economic destruction, rivalry against the victors, aimlessness, etc., facilitated these forces to grab power. All these led to the emergence of fascism.

Question 23.
It was the conflicting ideologies that led to the ‘Cold War’. Evaluate.
Answer:
The USA and USSR were partners during the Second World War. but they broke apart after the war. The US led a group of capitalist countries, while the USSR led a group of socialist countries. This led to the Cold War. Ideological differences led to political and diplomatic battles during this time, establishing an atmosphere for decades of rising tensions around the world.

Question 24.
Mow does colonisation differ from imperialism?
Answer:
Using political powers and military’ Forces, the European countries economically exploited the Latin American, Asian and African countries. This is called colonisation. But the distinctive phase of flow of finance capital to colonies is known as imperialism.

Question 25.
Define the following.
a. Pan-Slav Movement
b. The Pan-German Movement
Answer:
a. The Pan-Slav Movement advocated for the unification of regions in Eastern Europe inhabited by Slavic people. Serbia, a Balkan nation, led this movement and Russia supported this.

b. Pan-German Movement: The Pan-German Movement, led by Germany, aimed to unite the Teutonic (Germanic) people. The goal of this movement was to expand German influence into Central Europe and the Balkan region.

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 26.
What are the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles signed with Germany after the First World War? Answer:

  • All of Germany’s colonies were partitioned by the Allies. Germany had to pay a huge amount as war reparations.
  • The Allies took over the rich mining areas and blamed Germany for the war.
  • Germany was disarmed.

Question 27.
What are the objectives of the United Nations Organisation? (First Term – 2023)
Answer:

  • Save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war
  • To protect international treaties and laws.
  • To foster the social and economic development of countries.

Question 28.
Write a note on Non-Aligned movement.
Answer:

  • Movement formed after the Second World War. It was a unity of nations that did not become part of a capitalist or socialist bloc.
  • NAM was formed in the conference held at Bandung in Indonesia in 1955.
  • The first conference was held in Belgrade in 1961.

Question 29.
Why pepper is important to Europeans?
Answer:
Europeans relied on spices, particularly pepper, to preserve food and for medicinal purposes. These spices were traditionally obtained through trade routes passing via Constantinople. However, after the closure of this route, Europeans were compelled to explore and establish a sea route to Asia to secure access to these valuable commodities.

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 30.
Write the geographical location of the Atlantic Islands and its importance.
Answer:
The Atlantic Islands are located to the west of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean. Notable among them are Madeira, Azores, Canary and Cape Verde. These islands served as agricultural lands and strategic port centres. The Portuguese, who initially controlled many of these islands, used them as key bases for their operations in Africa and as stopover points for ships travelling to Asia to restock food and water. Later, the Canary Islands became a colony of Spain.

Question 31.
How New World was transformed as America.
Answer:
Spain was another country that took part in geographical expeditions. They, too, had a long coast and seafaring heritage just like the Portuguese. They received the patronage of King Ferdinand and Isabella, the rulers of Spain. With the financial aid of Spain in 1492, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, reached the Bahamas Islands located in the southeastern region Vasco da Gama of North America. This journey led to the discovery of a previously unknown continent for Europeans. The event paved the way for the invasion and exploitation of the region by Europeans, which came to be known as the “New World.” Eventually, this region was named America.

Question 32.
List out the explorers and Expeditions.
Answer:

Explorers Expeditions
Vasco da Gama Reached Calicut, India
Christopher Columbus Landed in the Americas
Amerigo Vespucci Realised it was a new continent

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 33.
List out the merits and demerits of industrial revolution.
Answer:

Merits Demerits
Rise of factories Exploitation of labourers
Increase in production Poverty, epidemics
New employment opportunities Long working hours and low wages for women and children
Rise of cities and urbanisation Rise of slums
Urban life Busy and polluted cities
Better living conditions Miserable life for labourers in cities

Question 34.
Geographical explorations had far-reaching consequences. What are they?
Answer:

  • The Atlantic coast emerged as the most important trade route, connecting Europe with the Americas, Asia, and Africa. This shift led to a decline in Mediterranean trade and the rise of Atlantic trade.
  • Large parts of the Americas, Africa, and Asia came under European invasion and colonisation.
  • Efforts were made by Europeans to monopolise the trade of pepper and other spices from Asia.
  • Gold and silver were transported in large quantities from South America to Europe, with a portion of this wealth eventually reaching India.
  • The development of the triangular trade system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Question 35.
Explain the causes of the First World War. (March 2023)
Answer:
Causes of the First World War

  • Disputes between the imperialist powers
  • Competition between European countries for colonies
  • Formation of military alliances
  • Formation of aggressive nationalist movements -Imperialist Crisis
  • The conflicts between the imperialist powers and the competition between the European countries for colonial gains led to the formation of military alliances
  • Formation of Aggressive nationalism
  • Aggressive nationalists considered their own nations as supreme and justified whatever the actions of their nations.

Question 36.
Finance capitalism works with the aim of making huge profits. Justify.
Answer:
FinanciaLexchanges are more important at this stage than industrial production and population welfare. Banks, stock market and investment institutions play a crucial role in this economy. This system allows for the accumulation of more wealth without any production or technological change. Finance capitalism allows big corporates to exert influence beyond military’ power and war. Such companies invest in different countries and make profits. Finance Capitalism works with the aim of making huge profits. Common people and those involved in traditional occupations continued to suffer the consequences.

They lose the resources they could have used freely and are controlled by capitalists. Uncontrolled exploitation of resources also leads to environmental problems. New technologies and related changes in society have led to the emergence of these economic changes. Capitalism developed through several stages over five centuries. It highlights the role of economic factors and systems in determining the course of history. Along with this, this period also witnessed the collapse of human values before capitalist interests.

Question 37.
Define the following terms.
a. UN Organisation
b. League of Nations
c. Bullion coin
d. Fascism
e. Agrarian revolution
Answer:
a. UN Organisation: After the Second World War, the United Nations Organisation was formed with the aim of ensuring global peace and security. It was established on October 24, 1945.

b. League of Nations: Woodrow Wilson, the American President, proposed the idea of forming an international organisation to maintain world peace and ensure freedom for all nations. Based on this proposal, the League of Nations was established on January 10,1920, to restore global peace and security.

c. Bullion Coin: The silver and gold collected as wealth were known as Bullion. The value and amount of the metals in the coins were considered for the transactions. E.g., the value of the gold in a gold coin would be considered as its value in transaction.

d. Fascism: The term “Fascism” is derived from the Latin word ’fasces’, which refers to ‘a bundle of rods and an Axe’ symbolising authority and power, a representation of the rule of Roman emperors.

e. The term ‘Agrarian Revolution’ is used to refer to the series of changes that took place in England’s
agricultural sector in the 17th century. Major changes associated with the Agrarian Revolution:

  • Small farms were consolidated to form large farms protected by fencing (Enclosure Movement)
  • Crop rotation was introduced
  • Use of new agricultural implements.

Question 38.
Write the factors that affected colonisation.
Answer:

  • Wealth was extracted from the colonies and flowed into European countries
  • natives lost their economic and political rights over their own regions
  • indigenous cultures in the colonies faced destruction
  • Western lifestyles and practices spread across the colonies
  • Christianity was propagated in colonised regions

Question 39.
Merchant capitalism is termed as a New changing economic order. Substantiate.
Answer:
Geographical exploration paved the way for notable changes in global trade. Individuals who had been
involved in trade before these explorations became very wealthy and were referred to as merchant capitalists. This economic system was known as Merchant Capitalism. In this system, merchants supplied raw materials to artisans living in rural areas. The artisans manufactured goods in cottage-based production. After compensating the artisans for their labour, the merchants sold the finished products and made profits. These merchants acted as intermediaries between producers and consumers. England started industries using the wealth gained through colonisation. Those who invested their wealth in this way became the owners of industries and made huge profits. With this, merchant capitalism gave way to industrial capitalism.

Question 40.
What are the major changes that took place in the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:

  • production was mechanised
  • advancement in metallurgy leading to the production of better tools
  • steam was used as a source of energy
  • transport facilities developed
  • production shifted from cottages to factories

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 41.
Write a note on First world war
Hints:
a. Imperialist Rivalry
b. Extreme Nationalism
Answer:
a. The new imperialist nations could expand their influence only by capturing territories controlled by the older imperialist powers. Germany’s unprecedented progress in economic and industrial sectors caused concern for France and England. With much of Asia and Africa already under British and French control, Germany turned its focus towards regions under the Ottoman Empire. To achieve this, they planned the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad railway line. This project alarmed England, France, and Russia, as they feared it could threaten the security of their territories. Consequently, tensions and hostilities began to escalate among these nations.

b. Extreme nationalism refers to an intense and emotional devotion to one’s country, often involving its excessive glorification. This concept is often related to racism. Many nations argued that regions inhabited by a particular race rightfully belong to that race alone. Such arguments were used by many nations to justify territorial expansion and conquest. In countries like Germany and Serbia, extreme nationalism grew in alarming proportions. Movements such as Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism serve as examples of organisations promoting such extreme nationalist ideologies.

Question 42.
Write a note on the formation of Military alliances with respect to the aftermath of first world war.
Answer:

  • The competition for colonies and the rise of extreme nationalism created fear and mistrust among European nations. This atmosphere of suspicion led to the formation of military alliances.
  • Two military alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente.
  • Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, was the site of a significant event that further fuelled tensions.

Conflicts arose across various parts of the world between countries belonging to the two major alliances. These conflicts often stemmed from attempts to seize colonies held by rival nations. The situation escalated as allied nations joined forces with their respective allies, intensifying the clashes.
SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World 1
Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, was the site of a significant event that further fuelled tensions. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo, where former French president Mitterrand visited. The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was a Serbian nationalist. Due to the existing conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, Austria accused Serbia of orchestrating the assassination. This led Austria-Hungary to declare war against on Serbia on July 28, 1914. As allied nations aligned themselves with their respective sides, the conflict expanded into a World War.

Aftermath of the First World War:

  • Millions of soldiers and civilians lost their lives
  • Industrial and agricultural sectors were devastated
  • marked the beginning of the decline of European global domination
  • Freedom movements in Asia and Africa gained momentum.
  • Formation of the League of Nations
  • Italy, Germany, and Spain transitioned to totalitarian regimes

Question 43.
Differentiate between the policies of Italy and Germany.
Answer:

ITALY GERMANY
• The ideology was known as Fascism in Italy.
• Founder: Benito Mussolini
• In 1922, Mussolini organised the March on Rome, using threats and terror to seize power.
• Rose to power following the march.
• Formed a militia called the Blackshirts.
• Banned all non-Fascist political parties.
• Enmity towards socialists, labour, and peasant organisations.
• The ideology was referred to as Nazism in Germany.
• Founder: Adolf Hitler
• In 1923, Hitler led a march to Berlin and was subsequently imprisoned.
• Initiated efforts to secure power through elections.
• Established a militia known as the Brownshirts.
• In the 1933 elections, he failed to win a majority but came to power through manipulations.
• Initiated efforts to eliminate Communists, Socialists, Democrats, and Jews.• Formed the Gestapo (secret police) to gather intelligence and suppress opposition.
• Hitler’s aggression led to World War II.

Question 44.
Write the background of second world war.
OR
What are the causes and consequences of second world war (MODEL 2023)
Hints:
a. Treaty of Versailles
b. The failure of league of nations
c. Formation of military alliances
d. Policy of appeasement
Answer:
a. Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty that Germany signed with the Allies after World War I. Its provisions sowed the seeds of World War II. Under this treaty, Germany lost its colonies and territories it held. Germany was disarmed and huge war reparations were imposed on Germany. In short, World War II was a German revolt against the Treaty of Versailles and its architects.

b. The failure of league of nations
The League of Nations formed after World War I was unable to resolve disputes or enforce international disarmament. The league failed to act when Japan, Italy, and Germany launched offensives.

c. Formation of military alliances
Imperialist rivalry led to the formation of the following military alliances.
SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World 2
Later Soviet Union and USA became part of the allied powers

Munich agreement
Hitler laid claim to the Sudetenland, the most industrialised region of Czechoslovakia. Hitler’s argument was based on the large German population living in Czechoslovakia. Instead of resisting Hitler’s argument, France and Britain ceded the Sudetenland to Germany in a treaty signed in Munich, Germany in 1938. This is called the Munich Agreement. This treaty was not ratified by Czechoslovakia. The Soviet Union, which supported them, was not invited to the talks.

d. Policy of appeasement

  • The Soviet Union, which came into being after the Russian Revolution, spread socialist ideas around the world.
  • The Munich Agreement is a prime example of Western appeasement.

The Soviet Union, which came into being after the Russian Revolution, spread socialist ideas around the world. This was a threat to other western capitalist countries. For this reason, they saw the Soviet Union as their enemy. They saw fascist aggression as a means of countering the spread of socialist ideas. The Munich Agreement is a prime example of Western appeasement. These appeasement policies gave Hitler confidence and he continued his offensives aggressively. World War II begins with Germany’s invasion of Poland on September 1,1939. Results of the war:

  • Millions lost their lives
  • Famines and epidemics spread throughout the world
  • The European economy collapsed
  • Colonisation and imperialism faced setbacks
  • Europe’s hegemony came to an end
  • The United Nations Organization was formed
  • Totalitarianism ended in Italy and Germany
  • Colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence
  • The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as global powers

United Nations Organisation
After the Second World War, the United Nations Organisation was formed with the aim of ensuring global peace and security. It was established on October 24,1945.

Causes of the war

  • The background of the Second World War took place from 1939 to 1945.
  • World War II begins with Germany’s invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.
  • The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty that Germany signed with the Allies after World War I.
  • Germany was disarmed, and huge war reparations were imposed on Germany.
  • Imperialist rivalry led to the formation of military alliances.

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 45.
Who reached Cape of Good Hope in 1488?
Answer:
Bartolomeu Dias

Question 46.
Which two events in the 15th century were significant in launching geographical expeditions?
Answer:

  • The conquest of Constantinople by the Turks
  • The arrival of Portuguese sailors at the Guinea Coast of Africa

Question 47.
Who was the first European to reach India by sea, and when?
Answer:
Vasco da Gama, in 1498, reached the Indian coast at Kappad in Kozhikode after sailing around the Cape of Good Hope.

Question 48.
How did the continent “America” get its name?
Answer:
Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer, recognised it as a new continent. In 1507, cartographer Martin Waldseemuller named it “America” in Vespucci’s honor.

Question 49.
What was the main aim of European nations under mercantilism?
Answer:
The main aim was to collect as much gold and silver as possible because these were seen as signs of wealth and power.

Question 50.
How did countries try to increase their wealth under mercantilism?
Answer:
They tried to export more goods and import less, so they could earn gold and silver from other countries.

Question 51.
What were colonial policies?
Answer:
Colonial policies were rules made by colonial powers to take wealth from their colonies, especially through trade.

Question 52.
What is a Joint Stock Company?
Answer:
it is a company where many people invest money (capital) by buying shares, and the money is used for trade and business.

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 53.
What is meant by Merchant capitalism?
Answer:

  • One of the consequences of European colonisation on native populations was slavery and the slave trade in Africa.
  • Individuals who had been involved in trade before these explorations became very wealthy and were referred to as merchant capitalists. This economic system was known as Merchant Capitalism.
  • The merchants acted as intermediaries between producers and consumers.
  • Merchant capitalism gave way to industrial capitalism.

Question 54.
What was one of the consequences of European colonisation on native populations in Africa?
Answer:
One of the consequences was slavery and the slave trade, where many Africans were captured and sold into forced labour.

Question 55.
What was the economic system associated with early trade and wealthy merchants called?
Answer:
The system was called Merchant Capitalism.

Question 56.
When did the Industrial Revolution take place?
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution took place between 1780 and 1850.

Question 57.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Answer:
It began in the textile industry.

Question 58.
What major change happened in the manufacturing sector during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
Machinery was introduced, and production became mechanised.

Question 59.
Give an example of a country that used its colony to get raw materials.
Answer:
Belgium used its colony Congo to get rubber.

Question 60.
What is imperialism?
Answer:
Imperialism is when a country controls the politics, economy, and society of another region or country.

Question 61.
Which two countries were the most powerful imperial nations by the late 19th century?
Answer:
England and France.

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 62.
What was the Pan-Slav Movement? Who supported it?
Answer:
The Pan-Slav Movement advocated for the unification of Slavic people in Eastern Europe. Serbia led the movement, and Russia supported it.

Question 63.
What was unique about the scale of the First World War?
Answer:
It was the first global war, involving nearly every country either directly or indirectly.

Question 64.
Define extreme nationalism.
Answer:
Extreme nationalism is an intense and emotional devotion to one’s country, often involving excessive glorification and racism. It was used to justify territorial expansion.

Question 65.
What is totalitarianism?
Answer:
Totalitarianism is a system where the government controls every part of people’s lives and takes away individual freedoms and civil rights.

Question 66.
What are the key features of totalitarianism?
Answer:

  • Rejection of democracy
  • Opposition to socialism
  • Support for dictatorship
  • Extreme nationalism

Question 67.
Who was the founder of Fascism in Italy?
Answer:
Benito Mussolini was the founder of Fascism in Italy

Question 68.
What are the major results of World War II?
Answer:

  • Millions lost their lives
  • Famines and epidemics spread throughout the world
  • The European economy collapsed
  • Colonisation and imperialism faced setbacks
  • Europe’s hegemony came to an end
  • The United Nations Organization was formed
  • Totalitarianism ended in Italy and Germany
  • Colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence
  • The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as global powers

Question 69.
What was the aim of the UN organisation?
Answer:
After the Second World War, the United Nations Organisation was formed with the aim of ensuring global peace and security. It was established on October 24, 1945.

SSLC History Chapter 4 Important Questions Wealth and the World

Question 70.
Write the name of countries came under Axis powers ?
Answer:
Italy, Germany, Japan

Question 71.
Define Non-Aligned movement.
Answer:
The Non-Aligned Movement is a coalition of countries that did not belong in either of these camps.

Question 72.
Define the term Finance capitalism.
Answer:
Finance capitalism is an economy in which financial institutions such as banking and insurance play a major role. Finance Capitalism works with the aim of making huge profits.

Question 73.
Cold war ended in ……………………….
Answer:
1991

SSLC History Chapter 3 Important Questions Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

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Class 10 History Chapter 3 Important Questions and Answers Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination Important Questions

Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
State true or false.
a. Commonsense knowledge is formal knowledge.
Answer:
False. This is not a formal knowledge.

Question 2.
How can we acquire commonsense knowledge?
Answer:
This knowledge is acquired through observation, experience and socialisation.

Question 3.
Whose concept is sociological imagination?
Answer:
Charles Wright Mills

Question 4.
The sociological imagination was written by ………………………….. in 1959.
Answer:
Charles Wright Mills

Question 5.
………………………. is the study of society.
Answer:
Sociology

Question 6.
What kind of knowledge is not based on scientific observation?
Answer:
Commonsense

SSLC History Chapter 3 Important Questions Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

Question 7.
Give examples of social institutions.
Answer:
Family and education.

Question 8.
Who found that people commit suicide for social reasons more than personal ones?
Answer:
Emile Durkheim

Question 9.
Complete B by the connection of A.

A. Anu’s family has no steady source of income. Financial problem
B. Income varies with change of season.

Answer:
Environment problems

Question 10.
………………….. is the process of examining how social relationships, social institutions, social structures and social problems affect individuals and society.
Answer:
Social analysis

Question 11.
Write the examples of social structure.
Answer:
The Norms and rules of society

Question 12.
What are the Problems caused on earth due to climate change?
Answer:

  1. Global warming
  2. Ozone depletion
  3. Water scarcity
  4. Ocean acidification

Question 13.
Write the human actions that cause global warming.
Answer:

  1. Burning of plastic
  2. Cutting Down Forests
  3. Using Refrigerators and Air Conditioners
  4. Burning Coal, Oil, and Gas

Question 14.
State any three points of commonsense knowledge approach.
Answer:

  1. Limited to personal views and experiences.
  2. Often provides only a superficial explanation based on stereotypes.
  3. Social realities and problems are not approached through critical thinking.

SSLC History Chapter 3 Important Questions Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

Question 15.
What are the major characteristics of Sociological Imagination?
Answer:

  • Broader individual perspective
  • Understanding of social issues in depth
  • Self-reflection
  • Empathy and tolerance

Question 16.
What were the personal problems that migrants experienced in common?
Answer:

  • Unemployment and job insecurity in cities
  • Lack of affordable housing
  • Urban overcrowding
  • Lack of awareness of legal rights

Question 17.
Define the term social problem.
Answer:
A social problem is a problem or condition that affects a large number of people in society. Problems that affect only a single or a few individuals are not considered as social problems. A social problem is considered as undesirable or detrimental to the society. Poverty, inequality, discrimination, and environmental pollution are some examples.

Question 18.
What are the major social factors?
Answer:
Social factors include various elements of society that influence the behaviour, attitude, opportunities and choices of individuals. These include family, education, peer groups, religion, caste system, economic status, environment, cultural norms, values, governance system, politics, technology, media and many more.

Question 19.
Explain the concept of social analysis and its importance in understanding society.
Answer:
Social analysis is the process of examining how social relationships, institutions, structures, and problems affect individuals and society. It helps us gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing various social situations. By studying these elements, social analysis provides valuable suggestions for solving social problems and improving society as a whole.

Question 20.
Discuss the importance of the study of sociology.
Answer:

  1. It helps to formulate real ideas about society.
  2. It studies social issues
  3. It is helpful in social planning and development
  4. It helps to find solutions to social issues.

Question 21.
Write the factors related to problems.

PROBLEMS FACTORS
Anu’s family has no steady source of income.
Income varies with change of season.
Limited employment opportunities during rainy season, (limitations of the administrative to provide alternative system to intervene and solve economic problems).
Problems faced by people living in different geographical areas.

Answer:

PROBLEMS FACTORS
Anu’s family has no steady source of income. Financial
Income varies with change of season. Environment
Limited employment opportunities during rainy season, (limitations of the administrative to provide alternative system to intervene and solve economic problems). Administrative
Problems faced by people living in different geographical areas. Geographical disparities

Question 22.
Define the terms:
a. social relationship
b. social institutions
Answer:
a. Social relationships are the relations and interactions that individuals develop within society. The basis of social relations is social structures and social institutions. The cooperation, care and affection of the members of the family as a social institution and the deep bonds, contacts and togetherness formed through friendships are examples of social relations.

b. Social institutions are the framework of rules established by society to stabilise and regulate social relations. They define and shape our actions and behaviour while explaining society’s perspectives.
Along with that, it assimilates generally accepted values and reflects them in the actions of individuals, leading society to ‘Wards progress. Examples include family, marriage, religion, political institutions, economic institutions, educational institutions, judicial institutions and so on.

SSLC History Chapter 3 Important Questions Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

Question 23.
Explain any four characteristics of sociological imagination with examples.
Answer:
Sociological imagination has several key characteristics that help individuals understand the relationship between personal experiences and broader social factors:

  • Broadened Individual Perspective: It helps people look beyond personal experiences and understand the wider social reasons behind issues. For example, road accidents may not only be due to careless driving but also poor road construction, legal system failure, or traffic congestion.
  • Understanding Social Issues in Depth: It allows individuals to analyse complex issues like low female labour participation by linking it to gender norms, limited education, and societal expectations rather than blaming individual choices.
  • Self-Reflection: Sociological imagination promotes self-reflexivity, helping individuals critically
    examine their thoughts and actions and understand how society influences them.
  • Empathy and Tolerance: It encourages understanding others’ circumstances. For instance, instead of judging a child for poor academic performance, it helps us consider factors like family background, health issues, or lack of access to resources.

Question 24.
Differentiate between commonsense knowledge approach and Sociological imagination approach.
Answer:

Commonsense Knowledge Approach Sociological Imagination Approach
Limited to personal views and experiences. Its scope is broad as it connects individual experiences to larger social structures.
Often provides only a superficial explanation based on stereotypes. Analyses deeply the impact of social factors on individuals.
Social realities and problems are not approached through critical thinking. Encourage critical thinking about interrelationships between personal experience and social structures.

Question 25.
What are the limitations of commonsense knowledge?
Answer:

  1. Not based on scientific observations or studies
  2. Complex social problems cannot be understood
  3. Provides only partial knowledge
  4. Relies on speculations or practices
  5. Based it self on stereotypes

Question 26.
What is commonsense knowledge? How is it different from social analysis?
Answer:
Commonsense knowledge is the everyday understanding people gain from personal experiences, social practices, and cultural beliefs. It is based on assumptions, stereotypes and is often not scientifically tested. For example, thinking poverty is due to laziness is a commonsense view. In contrast, social analysis is a systematic and scientific way of studying how social relationships, institutions, and structures affect individuals and society. It looks deeper into the root causes of social issues using critical thinking. While commonsense is limited and personal, social analysis provides a broader and clearer understanding of social realities.

Question 27.
Define the terms.
a. Sociology
b. social structure
c. social analysis
Answer:
a. Sociology is the scientific study of society. Sociology can observe, analyse and interpret relationships, social institutions and structures in society. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber were prominent among its early thinkers. Some important concepts used in sociology for social analysis are social relationships, social institutions, social structures, etc.

b. The social structure explains and implements the status, roles, existence and responsibility of individuals in the society. Norms and rules of society are examples of social structure. These provide order and stability to the society.

c. Social analysis is the process of examining how social relationships, social institutions, social structures and social problems affect individuals and society. Social analysis helps us to develop a deeper understanding of the factors that influence various social situations and provide suggestions for their improvement.

Question 28.
Explain how sociological imagination helps in understanding individual and social issues.
Answer:
Sociological imagination helps individuals to go beyond personal views and understand how wider social factors affect their lives. It broadens individual perspectives by showing how social issues like road accidents are influenced by factors such as traffic rules, poor road design, and legal failures. It also deepens the understanding of social issues, like how gender norms, educational inequality, and social expectations reduce women’s participation in the workforce. Sociological imagination enables self-reflection, allowing individuals to critically evaluate their thoughts and understand the social causes behind personal problems. It also develops empathy and tolerance, helping individuals look beyond common assumptions-for example, understanding a child’s poor academic performance as a result of social disadvantages rather than personal failure. This approach builds a more compassionate and informed view of society.

Question 29.
Explain how sociological imagination helps individuals to understand personal problems as part of broader social structures.
Hints:
• broadens an individual’s perspective
• deepens our understanding of social issues
• encourages self-reflection
• develops empathy and tolerance
Answer:
Sociological imagination is the ability to connect individual experiences with larger social structures and historical forces. This concept, introduced by C. Wright Mills, enables individuals to look beyond their personal circumstances and understand the influence of societal factors on their lives.

• One of the key roles of sociological imagination is that it broadens an individual’s perspective. For example, in the case of road accidents, instead of blaming individuals alone, sociological imagination reveals other contributing factors such as traffic rule violations, poor infrastructure, and legal failures. This approach helps people view their problems as part of a collective experience.

• Sociological imagination also deepens our understanding of social issues. Consider women’s low participation in the workforce. A commonsense view might blame women’s lack of interest or ability. However, through sociological imagination, we can identify deeper causes like gender norms, lack of education for girls, and societal expectations about gender roles. These social and cultural factors shape individual outcomes.

• Another benefit of sociological imagination is that it encourages self-reflection. By critically evaluating their own lives and choices, individuals become aware of how larger social forces shape their actions. This also helps them break free from narrow, commonsense-based thinking.

• Additionally, sociological imagination develops empathy and tolerance. For instance, if a student performs poorly in school, commonsense knowledge might label them lazy or unintelligent. However, sociological imagination urges us to consider factors such as family background, health issues, and lack of access to resources, leading to a more compassionate understanding.

SSLC History Chapter 3 Important Questions Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

Question 30.
Why is commonsense knowledge not enough to understand individual and social problems? How does
social analysis and sociology help in better understanding society?
Answer:
Commonsense knowledge refers to the ideas, beliefs, and explanations that people form through daily experiences, practices, and observations. Traditions, personal experiences, and social norms often shape it. However, commonsense knowledge is usually partial, speculative, and not scientifically verified, which limits its ability to understand complex individual and societal problems fully. One major drawback of commonsense knowledge is that it is often based on speculation and routine practices. For example, the belief that one can score high marks only by studying for long hours ignores other important factors like study methods, rest, and revision. Such knowledge is not grounded in scientific study and may mislead individuals. Commonsense also relies heavily on stereotypes.

The idea that all teenagers are rebellious is an example of a generalised belief that ignores the individuality and diversity among teenagers. These stereotypes create misconceptions and can lead to unfair treatment and lack of trust. In addition, commonsense is not capable of identifying the deeper causes of complex issues. For instance, saying that providing temporary shelters alone can solve housing problems ignores factors like unemployment, rising living costs, urban overcrowding, and administrative failure. Similarly, assuming poverty is caused by laziness does not take into account broader economic and social factors. This is where social analysis becomes important. Social analysis is the process of examining how social relationships, institutions, and structures affect individuals and society. It helps identify the deeper causes of issues, such as financial instability, geographical disparities, or institutional failures, that commonsense alone cannot explain.

Question 31.
Differentiate between commonsense knowledge and sociological imagination. How does sociological imagination help us better understand society?
Answer:
Commonsense knowledge and sociological imagination are two different ways of understanding society. Commonsense knowledge is formed through everyday experiences, beliefs, customs, and perceptions. It is often based on personal opinions, stereotypes, and assumptions. On the other hand, sociological imagination is a way of thinking that connects individual experiences to larger social structures. It encourages critical thinking and helps us see the relationship between personal issues and wider social problems. Commonsense knowledge is often limited to personal views and provides superficial explanations. For example, if someone is unemployed, commonsense might suggest that the person is lazy. But sociological imagination encourages us to look deeper maybe the person lost their job due to an economic crisis, lack of education, or structural inequality in society. It reveals the micro-macro connection, how small personal issues are linked to bigger societal forces.

Sociology goes beyond commonsense knowledge. It is a scientific study of society, and sociological enquiry helps explain commonsense ideas using evidence and research. While commonsense may help us in day-to-day situations, sociological imagination helps us engage critically with society and avoid narrow or biased viewpoints.

By using sociological imagination, individuals can:

  • Understand how social structures like economy, education, and family affect their lives.
  • Analyse social behaviour and problems more deeply.
  • Participate meaningfully in social activities.
  • Develop critical thinking, empathy, and tolerance.

Therefore, sociological imagination is not just a skill but a powerful tool. It helps individuals look beyond the surface and truly understand the causes behind social issues. This understanding can lead to better decision-making and positive social change.

Question 32.
Why is commonsense knowledge considered limited?
Answer:
Because it is often based on assumptions, stereotypes, and everyday observations. It lacks scientific study and doesn’t fully explain complex problems.

Question 33.
Name two important early thinkers in sociology.
Answer:
Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim.

Question 34.
What is meant by social structure?
Answer:
Social structure refers to the organised patterns of roles, norms, and institutions that shape society and individual behaviour.

Question 35.
What are social institutions? Give two examples.
Answer:
Social institutions are systems of rules and norms that organise social life.
Examples: Family and education.

SSLC History Chapter 3 Important Questions Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

Question 36.
Mention two human actions that cause global warming.
Answer:

  1. Burning of plastic
  2. Cutting down forests

Question 37.
How does sociological imagination broaden an individual’s perspective?
Answer:
It helps individuals see that problems like road accidents are not just due to individual carelessness but also due to social issues like poor infrastructure, overcrowded transport, and failure in law enforcement. This broadens their thinking beyond personal blame to systemic causes.

Question 38.
How does sociological imagination help in developing empathy and tolerance?
Answer:
It helps individuals understand that others’ behaviours, like a child performing poorly in school, may be influenced by social issues such as poverty, family background, or lack of resources. This awareness fosters empathy and reduces quick judgment based on stereotypes.

Question 39.
Why is sociological imagination important for policy-making and social change?
Answer:
Because it helps to identify the root social causes behind personal and public issues. With this understanding, policies can be made that address the actual problems rather than just symptoms, leading to more effective solutions and long-term social progress.

Question 40.
How does sociological imagination hels to connect personal troubles to public issues?
Answer:
Sociological imagination reveals that many personal troubles-such as unemployment, educational
failure, or poor health, are actually rooted in broader public issues like economic inequality, lack of social services, or systemic discrimination.

Question 41.
Write the characteristic feature of sociological imagination.
Answer:

  • Sociological imagination helps us to understand how social structures influence our lives and that of others.
  • Sociological imagination enables individuals to move beyond their life situations and view their experiences and personal problems in the context of a broader social structure.
  • The social causes behind all personal problems can be identified through sociological imagination.

Question 42.
What is the main difference between commonsense knowledge and sociological imagination?
Answer:
Commonsense knowledge is based on personal experience, cultural beliefs, and everyday assumptions, while sociological imagination connects individual experiences to broader social structures, encouraging deeper and more critical understanding.

Question 43.
How does sociological imagination help individuals engage critically with society?
Answer:
Sociological imagination allows individuals to see the link between personal troubles and public issues. It helps people think beyond their personal experiences and understand the broader context of societal structures and institutions.

SSLC History Chapter 3 Important Questions Social Analysis Through Sociological Imagination

Question 44.
How are commonsense knowledge and sociological imagination interrelated?
Answer:
While they are distinct, they are also interrelated. Sociological enquiry helps clarify and critique
commonsense beliefs, turning everyday experiences into deeper sociological insights. Integrating both can lead to a more nuanced understanding of society.

Question 45.
How does sociological imagination enrich social life?
Answer:
Sociological imagination empowers people to understand the complexity of social life, make informed decisions, and actively participate in social change. It fosters empathy, awareness, and critical thinking about societal roles and responsibilities.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Students rely on Social Science Class 10 Kerala Syllabus Important Questions Chapter 2 Liberty Equality Fraternity to help self-study at home.

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Important Questions and Answers Liberty Equality Fraternity

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Liberty Equality Fraternity Important Questions

Liberty Equality Fraternity Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
Who was the most prominent ruler of the Bourbon dynasty?
Answer:
Louis XIV

Question 2.
Who was the queen of Louis XVI?
Answer:
Marie Antoinette

Question 3.
What tax was levied by the clergy on common peasants?
Answer:
Tithe

Question 4.
What was the tax that all sections of people had to pay to the government?
Answer:
Vingtieme

Question 5.
Which estate did the clergy belong to?
Answer:
First Estate

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 6.
Who wrote “The Social Contract”?
Answer:
Rousseau

Question 7.
Who authored “Two Treatises of Government”?
Answer:
John Locke

Question 8.
Which book by Montesquieu analyses the principles of government?
Answer:
The Spirit of Laws

Question 9.
Which event is considered the beginning of the French Revolution?
Answer:
Fall of the Bastille

Question 10.
Who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen?
Answer:
Olympia de Gouges

Question 11.
What was the name of the paper currency issued in France in 1789?
Answer:
Assignat

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 12.
By which year had the Assignat lost its value?
Answer:
1796

Question 13.
What event involved the killing of about 1,500 prisoners on the streets of Paris?
Answer:
September Massacre

Question 14.
What was the name of the execution device used during the French Revolution?
Answer:
Guillotine

Question 15.
When was the Revolutionary Calendar adopted in France?
Answer:
October 1793

Question 16.
Who founded the Bank of France?
Answer:
Napolean

Question 17.
Against which country did Napoleon implement the Continental System?
Answer:
Britain

Question 18.
Who led the Vienna Conference?
Answer:
Mattemich

Question 19.
Explain the political reasons of the French Revolution.
Answer:
There was a public uprising against the despotic regime that existed in France. The Bourbon dynasty was ruling France for decades. They believed in the divine right of rulers. Although there was a parliament called the Estates General, it was not summoned for a long time. The most prominent of the Bourbon kings was Louis XIV, who declared, “I am the State” Corruption, extravagance and continuous wars waged by Louis XV, who succeeded Louis XIV, put the country and its people in misery. Louis XVI, who came to power later, did not pay much heed to governance. The queen’s extravagance made the people unhappy.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 20.
Find the relation between the two parts of the given section ‘A’ and complete the section ‘B’.
I.
a) Assignat: Paper Currency
b) Tithe: ……………….. 0
II.
a) Directory : System of government
b) Guillotine : …………………….
III.
a) Lycee : Schools
b) Bastille : …………………….
Answer:
I. Tax
II. Machine made to kill people
III. Fort

Question 21.
Define Divine Right Theory.
Answer:
According to the Divine Right Theory, the king is the representative of God. The king derives his authority from God. Flence, they are not accountable to the people but to God. Those who supported the despotic rule believed in this theory.

Question 22.
French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates. Which are they? Explain.
Answer:
a) The Clergy (First Estate): The Catholic Church in France was very powerful and wealthy. The church owned large tracts of land. The clergy was exempted from all types of taxes. Moreover, they levied a tax called the tithe on the common peasants. One-tenth of the total produce was remitted as tax. This made the common peasants resent the clergy.

b) The Nobles (Second Estate): The nobles held the highest positions in government and in the army. They were landowners as well. The nobles, who lived luxuriously, collected various taxes from the people. According to an act of 1749, all sections of people had to pay one-twentieth of their income directly to the government as tax. This tax was known as Vingtieme. The first two estates (the clergy and the nobles) got exempted from the tax by giving a small amount to the king as a gift. The priests and nobles never hesitated to oppose the monarchy to maintain their rights.

c) The Commons (Third Estate): The third estate in France comprised of the middle class, workers and peasants. They were known as Commons. Most of the third estate, which comprised the majority of the population, lived in poverty.

Question 23.
Describe three different ways in which the nobles exploited the common people in 18th-century France.
Answer:

  • Corvee: The right to make the common people work for three or four days a year without paying any reward.
  • Banalite: The additional tax obtained from the monopoly of wine making and the rent for the compulsory use of the landlord’s facilities for the manufacture of grape juice, bread, etc.
  • Banvin: A monopoly tax on the wine produced in the territory of a lord.

Question 24.
Explain the reasons behind the rise and discontentment of the middle class in 18th-century France. Answer:
The rise of the middle class in 18th-century France was due to progress in agriculture and industry, which led to the growth of cities and new job opportunities. Wealthy industrialists, doctors, lawyers, and bankers became part of this class. Despite their education and economic success, they had to pay taxes like the common people and were denied power and status in administration and the army. This led to deep discontentment among them.

Question 25.
What role did Turgot and Necker play in France’s economic reforms, and why did their efforts fail? Answer:
Turgot, an advisor to Louis XVI, introduced reforms to improve agriculture and promote free trade to help the middle class and revive the economy. However, Queen Marie Antoinette opposed his cost-cutting measures, leading to his dismissal. Necker continued the reforms but was removed due to France’s war with England and opposition from the National Assembly. Later, advisors also failed, and eventually, the king had to recall Necker.

Question 26.
What were Rousseau’s main ideas, and how did they influence the French Revolution?
Answer:
Rousseau was a political theorist and educational philosopher who believed in the natural freedom of man. In his work The Social Contract, he argued that the people created the king through a contract for their welfare, and if the king violated it, he lost the right to rule. His statement, “Man is bom free, but everywhere he is in chains,” reflected his opposition to the power structure. His ideas inspired the people to rise against injustice, contributing to the French Revolution.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 27.
Why was the Estates General summoned after 175 years, and what problems arose during its organisation?
Answer:
The Estates General was summoned by Louis XVI, on Necker’s advice, to address the severe economic crisis by imposing new taxes. Problems arose because the three estates met separately and followed the old system of one vote per house, favouring the clergy and nobility. The Third Estate, which represented the majority population, demanded a joint session and more fair representation, but the first two estates rejected their demand.

Question 28.
What major reforms were introduced by the French National Assembly after the Revolution?
Answer:

  • Implemented a unified constitution throughout the country
  • Issued a new paper currency called ‘Assignat’
  • Confiscated the properties controlled by religious leaders
  • Declared complete religious tolerance

Question 29.
Define Continental System.
Answer:
Napoleon’s arch-enemy was Britain. He devised plans to destroy Britain economically as he knew that it would be impossible to conquer Britain, which was a superior naval power. The plan formulated for this purpose is known as the “Continental System”.

Question 30.
What are the main ideas highlighted in the Declaration of Human Rights of France in 1789?
Answer:

  • Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
  • The aim of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and inseparable rights of man. These are the rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
  • The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. Liberty consists of the freedom to do everything that injures no one else.
  • The law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to the society.

Question 31.
What is September Massacre?
Answer:
Thousands of people, including nobles, priests, and supporters of the king, were branded as traitors and imprisoned. When the prisons overcrowded, about one thousand and five hundred people were killed on the streets of Paris. This is known as the infamous “September Massacre”.

Question 32.
Match column ‘A’ with column ‘B’.

A B
Louis XIV Good laws create good citizens
Louis XVI Tennis Court Oath
Rousseau Marie Antoinette
Mirabeau 1 am the State

Answer:
Louis XIV -1 am the State Louis
XVI – Marie Antoinette
Rousseau – Good laws create good citizens
Mirabeau – Tennis Court Oath

Question 33.
Write four reforms passed by the National Assembly.
Answer:

  1. Abolition of slavery
  2. Taking away the special powers vested on the nobility
  3. Abolished the tax the people had to pay to the Catholic Church
  4. Cancellation of additional taxes

Question 34.
Write any four Consequences of French Revolution.
Answer:

  1. Collapse of feudalism in France
  2. The laws of the old regime disappeared.
  3. The land owned by the church became the property of the middle class.
  4. The land under the nobles were confiscated and all kinds of benefits were abolished.

Question 35.
What are the major decisions of the Congress of Vienna?
Answer:

  • Restore the monarchies that existed in the countries of Europe, including France, before the French Revolution.
  • Restore the Bourbon monarchy in France.
  • Recognise Britain’s naval supremacy and Russia’s dominance in Eastern Europe.
  • Recognise Austria’s dominance in Central Europe.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 36.
Complete the timeline given below.
• 1815 – (e)
• 1795 – (d)
• 1792 – (c)
• 1789 – (b)
• 1614 – (a)
Answer:
a) The Estates General was summoned for the last time.
b) Fall of Bastille
c) National Convention came into being
d) New constitution came into being in France
e) Congress of Vienna

Question 37.
What factors led to the rise of the middle class in 18th-century France, and why were they discontented?
Answer:
The rise of the middle class in 18th-century France was due to progress in agriculture and industry, which led to the growth of cities and new job opportunities. Wealth from domestic and colonial trade helped industrialists become part of this class, along with professionals like doctors, lawyers, and bankers. Despite their education and economic progress, they had to pay taxes and were denied proper status and power in administration and the army, leading to deep discontentment.

Question 38.
Who were the Jacobins and the Girondists?
Answer:
The Jacobins were a political and social group that emerged during the French Revolution. They met at the Jacobin Convent in the early days. That is why they were called Jacobins. Robespierre was a major leader of this group. Another major group that participated in the French Revolution were the Girondists. Some of them were members of the National Assembly who came from the Gironde region in south western France. Unlike the Jacobins, they took a moderate position. They were representatives of the upper classes, who were landowners and merchants.

Question 39.
What were the main reasons behind the economic crisis in France during the 1770s, and how did it lead to public unrest?
Answer:
In the 1770s, the French agricultural sector faced a severe crisis. This was due to a decrease in production.

This led to an increase in the price of cereals and bread. Between 1730 and 1789, the price of cereals increased by 60 percent. However, the increase in wages was only 22 percent. A severe shortage of fodder saw a huge decline in livestock. This affected one-third of the population adversely. According to the trade agreement signed by France with Britain, there was a huge reduction in import duties on British products. The French market was flooded with British products and made native artisans unemployed. Thus, disgruntled farmers, artisans, and other workers took to the streets against the government. To overcome the economic crisis, King Louis XVI borrowed huge sums from bankers. In exchange for these loans, the government issued bonds. The empty coffers discouraged bankers from lending more money. One of the main reasons why the middle class, which included bankers, opposed the government was this inequality in taxation. They demanded that rules of taxation should be made equal among all citizens.

Question 40.
Explain the background of the French Revolution.
Hints:
• Despotic regime
• Social System
• Middle class
• Influence of French Thinkers
Answer:
Despotic regime
There was a public uprising against the despotic regime that existed in France. The Bourbon dynasty was ruling France for decades. They believed in the divine right of rulers. Although there was a parliament called the Estates General, it was not summoned for a long time. The most prominent of the Bourbon kings was Louis XIV, who declared, “I am the State”. Corruption, extravagance and continuous wars waged by Louis XV, who succeeded Louis XIV, put the country and its people in misery. Louis XVI, who came to power later, did not pay much heed to governance. Queen’s extravagance made the people unhappy.

Social System
French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates. The clergy in the first, the nobles in the second and the common people in the third estate. The church owned large tracts ofland. The clergy was exempted from all types of taxes. Moreover, they levied a tax called the tithe on the common peasants. One-tenth of the total produce was remitted as tax.

The nobles held the highest positions in government and in the army. The nobles, who lived luxuriously, collected various taxes from the people.

The third estate in France comprised of the middle class, workers and peasants. They were known as Commons. Most of the third estate, which comprised the majority of the population, lived in poverty. They were obliged to pay various taxes to the king, the church and the nobles. In addition, they had to perform services that were unpaid and compulsory. Some of them included:

  • Performing military service when it was necessary
  • Providing free service for the construction of public roads, waterways, bridges, etc.

Middle Class: A middle class emerged in French society in the 18th century. The progress made in the agricultural and industrial sectors of France at that time led to the rise of the middle class. With the growth of the agricultural and industrial sectors, new cities emerged. Those who took advantage of the employment opportunities in the cities progressed economically and became part of the middle class. This middle class, like the common people, also had to pay taxes to the government and the nobility. Despite their educational and economic advancement, they were not given the status or power they deserved in the administration and the army. In short, the middle class had deep discontentment.

Influence of French Thinkers

• Voltaire: Voltaire was a philosopher, historian, satirist, and a philanthropist. Though he was not an atheist, he constantly criticised the clergy through his articles. He was expelled from France due to his stance and writings.

• Rousseau: Rousseau was an educational philosopher and a political theorist. His work, The Social Contract, defined the relationship between the citizen and the state. Rousseau stated, “The people created the king through a contract for their welfare and upliftment. However, the king has violated his responsibilities. Therefore, he has lost the right to rule.” He argued that, “good laws create good citizens.” Rousseau opposed the existing power structure. His ideas were based on naturalism. “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains,” he said. Rousseau’s works inspired the French Revolution.

• Montesquieu: Montesquieu criticised the evils of the church and the tyranny of the state. He advocated limited monarchy and proposed that powers of the government be divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial, to ensure the freedom of individuals. His famous work The Spirit of Laws, analyses the principles of government and the evolution of law and the constitution.

The ideas of the British philosopher John Locke also had a decisive impact on the French. His famous work, Two Treatises of Government, rejected the divine right and tyranny of the king. Economists known as ‘Physiocrats’ also influenced the French people. Prominent among them were Turgot and Necker. Turgot, was an advisor to Louis XVI, who conceived many plans to improve the economic situation of France. These economic policies reflected the interests of the middle class. Encouragement of agriculture and free trade of food items were important among them.

Question 41.
Write a short note about the Estates General meetings.
Answer:
To overcome the severe economic crisis of France in the 18th century, it became necessary to impose new taxes. For this, Louis XVI, on the advice of Necker, decided to summon the French parliament, the Estates General. When the Estates General was convened again after 175 years, disputes arose regarding its organisation. Like the French society, the Estates General was also divided into three. The three estates met separately. The Clergy, which was only a small percentage of the French population, had two hundred and eighty-five members. The nobility, which numbered only about one hundred and forty thousand of the French population, had three hundred and eight members in the House of Representatives. The common people, who constituted the majority, had six hundred and twenty-one members in the House of Representatives. The membership of the first and second estates was by inheritance. However, the members of the Third Estate were elected.

The existing system was one vote for one house. The first two houses supported this. The reason for this was that if the first and second estates came together, they would have a majority to control the government. All the new representatives of the Third Estate presented the grievances and demands of the groups that they represented. However, King Louis XVI did not make any preparations to resolve these problems. The main reason for this was that the king did not have enough knowledge of the parliamentary system.

Though representatives of the Third Estate demanded the meeting of all three estates together, the first two estates refused to do so. Following this, on 17 June 1789, the members of the Third Estate declared themselves the real representatives of the people of France and called their assembly the’ French National Assembly.

With the support of the first two estates, Louis XVI closed the hall where this assembly used to be held and placed it under-military guard. Led by Jean-Sylvian Bailly, the Abbe Sieyes, and Mirabeau, the representatives of the Third Estate met on 20th June at the nearby tennis court. They declared that they would not leave until they draft a constitution for France. This was later known as the “Tennis Court Oath”. This session of the National Assembly later came to be known in history as the “Tennis Court Assembly”.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 42.
Who was ruling France before the public uprising, and what kind of rulers were they?
Answer:
France was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty before the public uprising. The rulers of this dynasty were generally despotic and believed in the divine right of kings.

Question 43.
What was the Estates General and why was it significant?
Answer:
The Estates General was the French parliament. It was significant because it was supposed to represent the people, but it was not summoned for a long time, the last time being in 1614, highlighting the absolute rule of the monarchs.

Question 44.
Flow did the reign of Louis XV affect the country?
Answer:
Louis XV’s reign was marked by corruption, extravagance, and continuous wars, which led to misery for the country and its people. To support his lavish spending, he imposed new taxes on the people.

Question 45.
What role did Queen Marie Antoinette play in the growing discontent among the people?
Answer:
Queen Marie Antoinette often interfered in government matters and was known for her extravagance. King Louis XVI ignored her behavior, which angered the people and added to their unhappiness.

Question 46.
How was French society divided in the 18th century?
Answer:
French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate).

Question 47.
What led to the rise of the middle class in 18th-century?
Answer:
The rise of the middle class was due to progress in agriculture and industry, the growth of cities, and increased trade. Wealthy industrialists, doctors, lawyers, and bankers became part of this middle class.

Question 48.
What was the gabelle?
Answer:
The gabelle was a tax imposed on salt. Originally applied to many products from the 13th century, it later focused only on salt and was widely disliked by the people due to its unfairness.

Question 49.
Who were included in the Third Estate and how were they treated?
Answer:
The Third Estate included the middle class, workers, and peasants. They were the majority population but lived in poverty, paid multiple taxes, and were forced to perform unpaid, compulsory services like military duties and construction work.

Question 50.
Compare First Estate and Second Estate.
Answer:
THE CLERGY (FIRST ESTATE)
The Catholic Church in France was very powerful and wealthy. The church owned large tracts of land. The clergy was exempted from all types of taxes. Moreover, they levied a tax called the tithe on the common peasants. One- tenth of the total produce was remitted as tax. This made the common peasants resent the clergy.

THE NOBLES (SECOND ESTATE)
The nobles held the highest positions in government and in the army. They were landowners as well. The nobles, who lived luxuriously, collected various taxes from the people. According to an act of 1749, all sections of people had to pay one-twentieth of their income directly to the government as tax. This tax was known as Vingtiemc. The first two estates (the clergy and the nobles) got exempted from the tax by giving a small amount to the king as a gift. The priests and nobles never hesitated to oppose the monarchy to maintain their rights.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 51.
What caused the agricultural crisis in Prance during the 1770s?
Answer:
The agricultural crisis was caused by a decrease in production, which led to a rise in the price of cereals and bread. Between 1730 and 1789, cereal prices rose by 60%, while wages increased by only 22%.

Question 52.
How did the trade agreement with Britain affect French artisans?
Answer:
The trade agreement with Britain led to a reduction in import duties on British goods, which flooded the French market and resulted in unemployment among native artisans.

Question 53.
What economic steps did King Louis XVI take to overcome the crisis, and what was the result?
Answer:
King Louis XVI borrowed large sums from bankers and issued bonds in return. However, the empty state treasury discouraged bankers from giving further loans.

Question 54.
Why did the middle class oppose the government’s taxation policy?
Answer:
The middle class, including bankers, opposed the government due to the inequality in taxation and demanded that taxation rules be made equal for all citizens.

Question 55.
What were Rousseau’s main ideas in “The Social Contract”?
Answer:
In the Social Contract, Rousseau argued that the people created the king for their welfare, but if the king violated his responsibilities, he lost the right to rule. He believed in natural rights and said, “Man is bom free, but everywhere he is in chains.”

Question 56.
What system of governance did Montesquieu support?
Answer:
Montesquieu supported a limited monarchy and proposed the separation of powers into three branches- legislative, executive, and judicial- to ensure individual freedom.

Question 57.
How did Voltaire contribute to the French people’s awareness of injustice?
Answer:
Voltaire criticised the clergy through his articles, which helped expose corruption and injustice. His writings made people aware of the wrongs in society, although they led to his expulsion from France.

Question 58.
Why was Turgot dismissed from his position as advisor?
Answer:
Turgot was dismissed due to the opposition from Queen Marie Antoinette, who disliked his plans to reduce royal spending.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 59.
What was the Tennis Court Oath, and why was it significant?
Answer:
The Tennis Court Oath took place on 20th June 1789, when members of the Third Estate, led by Jean-Sylvian Bailly, Abbe Sieyes, and Mirabeau, vowed not to leave until they drafted a constitution for France. It was a key event in the French Revolution as it marked the formation of the French National Assembly.

Question 60.
What happened on July 14, 1789, and why is it important in French history?
Answer:
On July 14, 1789, an angry crowd stormed the Bastille, which was a symbol of Bourbon despotism. This event marked the beginning of the French Revolution, leading to widespread violence and the fall of tax collectors.

Question 61.
Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates General after 175 years?
Answer:
King Louis XVI summoned the Estates General on the advice of Necker to impose new taxes and address the severe economic crisis in France.

Question 62.
How many members did each of the three estates have in the House of Representatives during the French Revolution?
Answer:
The Estates General was divided into three estates:

  1. Clergy (First Estate) – 285 members (membership by inheritance)
  2. Nobility (Second Estate) – 308 members (membership by inheritance)
  3. Common People (Third Estate) – 621 members (elected members)

Question 63.
What was the significance of the French Revolution in world history?
Answer:
The French Revolution was one of the most important events in modem world history, as it was a movement by the common people and middle class of France for the rights they were denied. The ideas of the Revolution influenced democracy, human rights, and equality worldwide.

Question 64.
Who was Olympia de Gouges, and what were her contributions to women’s rights?
Answer:
Olympia de Gouges was a playwright and activist who strongly advocated for women’s rights during the French Revolution. In her book, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, she demanded equal rights for women in society, including equal power and legal rights.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 65.
What were some of the achievements of the women’s rights movement during the French Revolution? Answer:
Right to property, Right to divorce, Increased participation of women in social and political matters.

Question 66.
What was the Assignat, and why did it lose its value?
Answer:
The Assignat was a paper currency issued in France in 1789 to stabilise the economy and pay off the national debt. However, the government printed it excessively, leading to massive inflation and rapid devaluation. By 1796, the Assignat had lost its value completely.

Question 67.
What was the “Reign of Terror,” and who led it?
Answer:
The Reign of Terror was a period of extreme violence in France, led by the Committee of Public Safety under leaders like Danton, Hebert, Marat, and Robespierre. Thousands of nobles, priests, and supporters of the king were executed or imprisoned, and many were killed in the September Massacre.

Question 68.
What is the National Convention? and What are its important decisions?
Answer:
The National Convention was a new governing body that replaced the National Assembly in 1792. It declared France a republic and executed King Louis XVI.

Question 69.
What was the Revolutionary Calendar?
Answer:
The Revolutionary Calendar was adopted in October 1793 to replace the Gregorian calendar. It started on 22 September 1792, the day France became a republic. The calendar had ten-day weeks instead of seven-day weeks and was entirely secular. It was used in France until 1801.

Question 70.
What was the main difference between the Jacobins and the Girondists?
Answer:
The Jacobins were radical revolutionaries, led by Robespierre, while the Girondists were moderates who represented the upper classes and sought more gradual reforms.

Question 71.
How did the French Revolution contribute to modern nationalism?
Answer:
The French Revolution helped shape the idea that a nation is not just a monarchy or a geographical area but represents the people. This concept of national identity led to the growth of modem nationalism and inspired democratic governance based on Rousseau’s idea of sovereignty of the people.

Question 72.
What was the Congress of Vienna, and who led it?
Answer:
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting held in 1815 after Napoleon’s defeat, where European nations decided to restore stability in Europe. It was led by the Austrian Chancellor Metternich.

SSLC History Chapter 2 Important Questions Liberty Equality Fraternity

Question 73.
Write any two Administrative reforms implemented by Napoleon in France.
Answer:

  1. Legal reforms – By Napoleonic Code,Feudal laws were abolished, and equality and religious freedom were recognised.
  2. Concordat (An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope) – As per the agreement with the Pope, the freedom of the Catholic Church was restored. Other religious groups were also granted freedom.

Question 74.
Write any two consequences of French Revolution.
Answer:
The most obvious result of the French Revolution was the collapse of feudalism in France.

The laws of the old regime disappeared with the revolution. The land owned by the church became the property of the middle class. The land under the nobles were confiscated and all kinds of benefits were abolished. With the introduction of a unified system of weights and measures (the metric system), the inaccuracy in weights and measures ended. The concept of modern nationalism is a contribution of the French Revolution. It was only after the French Revolution that the existence of a nation began to be expressed through national character, not through monarchy.

The concept of the nation in its full sense came into being after the French Revolution. This declared the idea that France was not just a geographical expression, but the entire people of France. Another concept that grew with nationalism is the democratic system of governance. It was after the French Revolution that the foundation of democratic rule based on Rousseau’s idea of the sovereignty of the people was realised. The French Revolution also influenced the struggles for national independence that took place in Asia and Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Students rely on Social Science Class 10 Kerala Syllabus Important Questions Chapter 1 Humanism to help self-study at home.

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Important Questions and Answers Humanism

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 1 Humanism Important Questions

Humanism Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
The word “Renaissance” means ……………………….
Answer:
Rebirth

Question 2.
The Renaissance is considered as a period of transformation from …………………. (a) …………………… to ……………….. (b) ………………..
Answer:
(a) the medieval feudalism
(b) the modern age.

Question 3.
The two most important civilisations that existed in ancient Europe were the Greek and Roman
civilisations. They are known as ………………………..
Answer:
classical civilisations.

Question 4.
The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, severely affected Italian cities. This
catastrophic event, known as the …………………………
Answer:
Black Death.

Question 5.
………………………… was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period.
Answer:
Donatello

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 6.
The Last Supper and Mona Lisa are world-famous paintings by …………………….
Answer:
Leonardo da Vinci

Question 7.
Sculpture was another equally notable field of ……………………….
Answer:
Renaissance art

Question 8.
………………………. developed in Europe in the second half of the Middle Ages.
Answer:
Gothic style

Question 9.
The Prince was written by …………………………..
Answer:
Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 10.
……………………… established the first printing press in Europe.
Answer:
Johannes Gutenberg

Question 11.
Define the term Renaissance?
Answer:
The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It denotes the revival of ancient Greco-Roman culture, which began around the 14th century. The Renaissance is considered as a period of transformation from the medieval feudalism to the modern age.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 12.
What do you mean by Greco Roman Civilisations?
Answer:
The two most important civilisations that existed in ancient Europe were the Greek and Roman civilisations. They are known as classical civilisations. The Greek civilisation was from 12th to 4th century BCE. The Roman civilisation existed from the 7th century BCE to the 5th century CE.

Question 13.
Explain Bookkeeping.
Answer:
Detailed recording of the income and expenditure of an establishment on a daily basis is called bookkeeping. Bookkeeping is the first step in accounting.

Question 14.
Define black death?
Answer:
The Black Death is the epidemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. Black boils appeared on those who were affected by the disease. That is why the disease is known as Black Death. This epidemic spread through the fleas carried by rats that reached European ports via merchant ships.

Question 15.
What situation gave way for Humanism?
Answer:
When traditional medicines failed to fight the plague, people began to explore the medical sciences of ancient Greece and Rome. The terrors of the plague prompted human beings to contemplate the fleeting nature of life, seek wellness, and focus on their own well-being. This introspection paved the way for the emergence of humanism.

Question 16.
Briefly explain the colonial perspective of European Renaissance.
Answer:
Several arguments have emerged of late challenging the conventional view that the Renaissance originated in Europe. Works like Stolen Legacy by George James, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation by Martin Bernal present alternative perspectives. They are of the view that colonial historians have perpetuated a Eurocentric narrative, portraying Europe as the sole hub of civilisation. They dismissed the contributions of other cultures. According to these critics, this biased approach has led to the marginalisation of non-European cultures, implying that only Europeans are civilised while others are uncivilised.

Question 17.
Define the term Chronicles.
Answer:
Monarchs traditionally appointed court historians to record the events of their kingdoms. These historians documented the events during the reigns of their patrons. Modem historians have labelled these texts as “Chronicles” as they provide a continuous, chronological account of events.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 18.
Differentiate between Reformation and Counter-Reformation.
Answer:

Aspect Reformation Counter-Reformation
Reason Started to protest against some practices in the Catholic Church. Reform movement within the catholic church.
Leaders Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, King Henry VIII. Catholic Church leaders, including the Pope and Ignatius Loyola.
Actions Taken Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses, Protestant churches were formed, and rulers reduced the Church’s power. The Council of Trent was held, indulgences were banned, and missionary work was encouraged.
Main Goal To reform the Church and reduce the Pope’s power, leading to the creation of Protestant churches. To strengthen the Catholic Church and stop people from leaving it.

Question 19.
Following the reformation catholic church initiated a new form of reform. Identify the reform and explain.
Answer:

  • Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself, a movement known as the Counter-Reformation.
  • Counter-Reformation is also known as Catholic Reformation.

As part of this initiative, the Church leadership convened the Council (Synod) of Trent in Northern Italy. The objectives of this council were to correct erroneous tendencies within the Church and to implement reforms. As a result, the sale of indulgences was banned. A list of books (The Index) that the believers should not read was published. The court of inquisition, which was there in Medieval times, was reinstituted. ‘The Society of Jesus, set up by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish priest, also played a prominent part in Counter Reformation. Its members were bound to observe strict discipline and unquestioned obedience. They tried to establish the authority of the Catholic Church by setting up schools and engaging in active missionary work. Counter Reformation succeeded in eliminating a number of wrong tendencies in the Catholic Church. Counter¬Reformation is also known as Catholic Reformation.

Question 20.
Explain the transformation in the field of Astronomy during the renaissance period.
Answer:
Remarkable transformations took place in the field of astronomy during this period. The geocentric model of Ptolemy, which positioned the Earth at the center of the universe, remained unchallenged until the 16th century. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer and priest, challenged this prevailing doctrine. He presented a revolutionary argument that the centre of the universe is not the Earth but the Sun. Through his observations, Copernicus demonstrated that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. Kepler’s path-breaking findings revealed that the speed of planets varied based on their distance from the Sun, which laid the foundation towards the end of the 17th century for Isaac Newton’s formulation of the theory of gravitation. Galileo’s findings provided conclusive evidence in support of Copernicus’ principles.

Question 21.
What are the classifications made by Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni?
Answer:
The classification made by them was:

  • the Ancient Period, spanning up to the 5th century CE;
  • the Medieval Period, extending from the 5th to the 15th century;
  • and the Modem Period, encompassing the era thereafter.

This classification emerged during the Renaissance period. It was introduced by two Italian historians, Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni.

Question 22.
What are the features of Italian cities, and how do they differ from European cities?
Answer:

  • They were more independent, wealthy and dynamic.
  • Traders in these cities were well aware of banking and insurance. Some of them had expertise in technical matters of trade, such as bookkeeping.
  • Many of them had become extremely wealthy through trade.
  • Italian cities got acquainted with the cultures, cities, and lives of the people in the Eastern world. This accelerated the growth of Italian cities. As a result of trade links with the Islamic Empire and the Byzantine empire, enormous wealth flowed into the Italian Cities.
  • Merchants in Italian cities gained a monopoly in the trade between the East and West in the Mediterranean.

Question 23.
What is meant by scholasticism?
Answer:
The Middle Ages were predominantly influenced by the philosophical school of thought known as * scholasticism, which was deeply rooted in Christian theology. Humanism emerged as a departure from Christian theology, emphasising the significance of human experience, worldly life and rational inquiry. Humanists highlighted the uniqueness, emotions, capabilities, literary expression, and communication skills inherent in humanity. This paradigm shift was founded on a transformation from a theological perspective to a human- centered outlook. Humanism also accommodated dissenting voices and criticism, questioning the authority of religious dogma and domination.

Question 24.
Define the role of Architecture in Renaissance.
Answer:
Architecture was another field that witnessed transformation besides painting and sculpture. Filippo Brunelleschi set a new style in architecture. Quite different from the Gothic architectural style of the medieval period, the influence of ancient Greco-Roman (classical) style is evident in the Cathedral he built in Florence. The lofty towers found in Gothic style were replaced with domes (Dumo). Later, in St. Peter’s Basilica, built under the supervision of Michelangelo and Bramante, this style is more evident.

Gothic style: Gothic style developed in Europe in the second half of the Middle Ages. It originated in France. The pointed arch was its striking feature. A large number of churches and universities were built in Europe in this style.

Question 25.
How did the Renaissance influence the modern world?
Answer:
The Renaissance was a period of great cultural, artistic, and intellectual awakening that transformed Europe and had a lasting impact on the modern world. It encouraged people to think critically and explore new ideas in science, art, and literature. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread knowledge quickly, leading to an increase in literacy and education. Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo created masterpieces that set new standards for art and architecture. Writers like William Shakespeare and Dante introduced new literary styles that are still admired today.

In science, thinkers like Copernicus and Galileo challenged traditional beliefs and laid the foundation for modern astronomy and physics. The Renaissance also promoted humanism, which emphasised individual potential and the importance of questioning authority. These ideas influenced later movements like the Enlightenment and the democratic revolutions in many countries. Overall, the Renaissance played a key role in shaping modern education, government, and scientific progress, making it one of the most important periods in world history.

Question 26.
What are the features of Renaissance paintings?
Answer:

  • Landscapes
  • The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth
  • Realistic depiction of the human body
  • The use of oil paint
  • Portraits
  • The representation of divine figures in idealised human forms

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 27.
Explain the renaissance in Italy using the following Hints:
a. Commercialisation
b. Crusades
c. Black Death
Answer:
The commercialisation that occurred in Europe by the 11th century led to the disintegration of the medieval feudal system and the decline of religious supremacy. This led to the emergence and domination of the new wealthy class. As a result, several wealthy families also emerged in Italy.

The Crusades that took place during the medieval period facilitated cultural exchange between the East and the West. Italian cities got acquainted with the cultures, cities, and lives of the people in the Eastern world. This accelerated the growth of Italian cities. Merchants in Italian cities gained a monopoly in the trade between the East and West in the Mediterranean.

The Crusades: The wars fought between believers of Islam and Christianity over Jerusalem, which was considered a holy land by both, are known as Crusades. The crusades that took place from the 11th to 13th century had a profound impact on the political, social and economic lives in both Europe and Asia.

The Bubonic Plague, which empted in the mid-14th century, several affected the Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the ‘Black Death,’ claimed the lives of thousands, resulting in a severe shortage in labour.

The Black Death is the epidemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. Black boils appeared on those who were affected by the disease. That is why the disease is known as Black Death. This epidemic spread through the fleas carried by rats that reached European ports via merchant ships.

Shortage in labour

  • This paved the way for the decline of medieval feudalism, which was heavily reliant on the agricultural sector. Furthermore, it facilitated the emergence of a new commercial middle class.
  • When traditional medicines failed to fight the plague, people began to explore the medical sciences of ancient Greece and Rome. The terrors of the plague prompted human beings to contemplate the fleeting nature of life, seek wellness, and focus on their own well-being. This introspection paved the way for the emergence of humanism.

Question 28.
Explain the role of Art in Renaissance.
a. Painting
b. Sculpture
c. Architecture
Answer:
a. Paintings
Humanistic ideals were reflected profoundly in Renaissance paintings. Painters of the time presented human forms with remarkable accuracy, clarity, and meticulous attention to detail in their works. The knowledge they had acquired about human anatomy facilitated this artistic achievement.

Moreover, painters emphasised rationalism and human emotions, attributing significance to the values of this world. With the influence of humanism, artworks became increasingly precise and realistic. Painters often selected themes that emphasised theological significance for their works. However, Renaissance paintings had certain other distinctive features as well:

  • Landscapes.
  • The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth.
  • Realistic depiction of the human body.
  • The use of oil paint
  • Portraits
  • The representation of divine figures in idealised human forms.

The influence of Greco-Roman art was first evident in Giotto’s works. However, it was Masaccio, a painter who emerged later created a profound impact on all artists who came later. His wall paintings, characterised by their round shape and seeming to protrude from the surface, showcased human figures. Engaging in everyday life experiences. The Last Supper and Mona Lisa are world-famous paintings by Leonardo da Vinci. These paintings speak of the unique way in which da Vinci harmonises colour, shadow and light. He was a versatile genius who scientifically studied the human body.

In the ‘Last Supper,’ emotions like surprise, fear and guilt of Christ’s disciples are vividly etched as Christ reveals that one of them betrayed him. It is widely acknowledged that the enigmatic expressions of the Mona Lisa conceal many unanswered questions masterfully embedded by Leonardo da Vinci.

  • The paintings done on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, along with The Last Judgment,’ have cemented Michelangelo’s status as an immortal artist. His works predominantly feature powerful and graceful human forms.
  • Other notable painters of the Renaissance period include Titian and Raphael. Raphael portrayed humans as wise, moderate, and dignified. In their paintings, beauty and ideas were given equal importance.

b. Sculpture
Sculpture was another equally notable field of Renaissance art. Donatello was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period. He liberated the art of sculpture from the medieval Gothic style, giving his works greater power and individuality. His iconic bronze sculpture, David, showcases a youthful figure standing with his weight shifted onto one leg. Another notable work, ‘Gattamelata, depicts a soldier sitting on horseback, evoking the cavalrymen of ancient Rome. Through this masterpiece, Donatello immortalised a secular hero.

Michelangelo’s sculptures, which depicted Gods in human forms, deviated significantly from the traditional ancient Greco-Roman style. His renowned works, such as the ‘Pieta’, which portrays the Virgin Mary with Jesus Christ on her lap and the majestic sculpture of ‘David ‘, have cemented his legacy as an immortal artist.

C. Architecture
Architecture was another field that witnessed transformation besides painting and sculpture. Filippo Brunelleschi set a new style in architecture. Quite different from the Gothic architectural style of the medieval period, the influence of ancient Greco-Roman (classical) style is evident in the Cathedral he built in Florence. The lofty towers found in Gothic style were replaced with domes (Dumo). Later, in the St. Peter’s Basilica, built under the supervision of Michelangelo and Bramante, this style is more evident.

Question 29.
What is the meaning of the term “Renaissance”?
Answer:
The term “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It refers to the revival of ancient Greco-Roman culture that began around the 14th century in Europe.

Question 30.
What are the classical civilisations referred to during the Renaissance?
Answer:
The classical civilisations referred to during the Renaissance are the ancient Greek and Roman civilisations.

Question 31.
Why is the Renaissance considered a period of transformation?
Answer:
The Renaissance is considered a period of transformation because it marked the shift from medieval feudalism to the modern age, with changes in social, economic, political, and cultural spheres influenced by ancient Greco-Roman ideas.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 32.
Write a note on ‘Black Death’.
Answer:
The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, several affected the Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the ‘Black Death,’ claimed the lives of thousands, resulting in a severe shortage in labour.

Black Death
The Black Death is the epidemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. Black boils appeared on those who were affected by the disease. That is why the disease is known as Black Death. This epidemic spread through the fleas carried by rats that reached European ports via merchant ships.

Question 33.
List some Italian families respective to their cities.
Answer:

Italian Families Cities
Medici Florence
Sforza Milan
Famese Parma
Orsini Naples
Visconti Milan

Question 34.
Define the term Classical civilisations.
Answer:
The two most important civilisations that existed in ancient Europe were the Greek and Roman civilisations. They are known as classical civilisations. The Greek civilisation was from 12th to 4th century BCE. The Roman civilisation existed from the 7th century BCE to the 5th century CE.

Question 35.
Who was a famous student of Plato in ancient Greece?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 36.
What was the dominant philosophical school of thought during the Middle Ages?
Answer:
The Middle Ages were predominantly influenced by the philosophical school of thought known as scholasticism, which was deeply rooted in Christian theology.

Question 37.
How did humanists express their ideas in art and literature?
Answer:
Humanists produced works in regional languages instead of Latin and created paintings and sculptures in the Greco-Roman style, depicting human beings naturally and realistically.

Question 38.
What was the impact of humanism on language and literature?
Answer:
Humanists wrote in regional languages instead of Latin, making literature more accessible to common people and contributing to the development of national identities.

Question 39.
What was the main source of inspiration for humanists?
Answer:
Humanists drew inspiration from ancient Greco-Roman civilisations, studying their literature, philosophy, and art to develop new ideas about human potential and creativity.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 40.
Write the distinctive features of Renaissance painting.
Answer:

  • Humanistic ideals were reflected profoundly in Renaissance paintings. Painters of the time presented human forms with remarkable accuracy, clarity, and meticulous attention to detail in their works.
  • The knowledge they had acquired about human anatomy facilitated this artistic achievement.

Moreover, painters emphasised rationalism and human emotions, attributing significance to the values of this world. With the influence of humanism, artworks became increasingly precise and realistic. Painters often selected themes that emphasised theological significance for their works.

However, Renaissance paintings had certain other distinctive features as well:

  • Landscapes
  • The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth
  • Realistic depiction of the human body
  • The use of oil paint
  • Portraits
  • The representation of divine figures in idealised human forms

Question 41.
Differentiate between Middle age paintings and Renaissance paintings.
Answer:
Middle age paintings tend to emphasise spiritual themes, such as angels and heavenly realms, whereas Renaissance paintings focus on the beauty of the human form, originality and a naturalistic use of colours.

Question 42.
What was the most striking feature of Gothic architecture?
Answer:
The pointed arch was the most distinctive feature of Gothic architecture.

Question 43.
Who was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period?
Answer:
Donatello was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period.

Question 44.
How did Donatello change the art of sculpture?
Answer:
He moved away from the medieval Gothic style, giving his sculptures greater power and individuality.

Question 45.
What were the key themes of Renaissance literature?
Answer:
Renaissance literature focused on individual liberty, secular values, human emotions, and real-life experiences.

Question 46.
How did Renaissance literature differ from medieval literature?
Answer:
It broke away from scholasticism (medieval religious teachings) and emphasised humanism, reason, and personal expression.

Question 47.
Why did many Renaissance writers use regional languages?
Answer:
They wanted their works to be accessible to a wider audience instead of being limited to scholars who knew Latin.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 48.
What political ideas did Niccolo Machiavelli present in ‘‘The Prince”?
Answer:
He believed a ruler’s main duty was to maintain power and security and that leaders should be practical rather than morally idealistic.

Question 49.
How did the Renaissance contribute to the classification of history?
Answer:
SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism 1

  • This classification divides history into three distinct periods:
  • the Ancient Period, spanning up to the 5th century CE;
  • the Medieval Period, extending from the 5th to the 15th century;
  • the Modern Period, encompassing the era thereafter.
  • This classification emerged during the Renaissance period. It was introduced by two Italian historians, Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni.

The transition from medieval Christian tradition to a secular life and thought was also reflected in the realm of historiography. During the Middle Ages, the prevailing notion was that historical events were divinely ordained and supernatural powers governed the course of history. This perspective lost its relevance during the Renaissance period. Instead, human-centered explanations and interpretations gained recognition. Human life became the focus of historical narratives, superseding the chronicles of monks and biographies of priests.

  • Another significant development in historiography during the Renaissance was the growing importance of archaeological evidence and relics. Thus, historians began to place greater emphasis on evidence such as inscriptions, coins, and ancient manuscripts in their narratives. Furthermore, efforts to collect and preserve ancient manuscripts intensified.
  • With the emergence of humanism, critical thinking gained significance in history. Scientific enquiry and studies replaced stories and myths. The contributions of Machiavelli to Renaissance historiography are noteworthy.

Question 50.
How did the Renaissance change the way historical events were interpreted?
Answer:
During the Middle Ages, history was seen as divinely ordained, with supernatural forces guiding events. The Renaissance shilled this perspective towards human-centered explanations, focusing on real-world causes and human agency instead of religious interpretations.

Question 51.
Who introduced the classitication of history into three periods?
Answer:
Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni

Question 52.
How did humanism influence historiography?
Answer:
It promoted critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and fact-based historical writing.

Question 53.
The Renaissance laid the foundation for the …………………….
Answer:
evolution of modem science.

Question 54.
How did Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler expand on Copernicus’s discoveries?
Answer:
Galileo supported Copernicus heliocentric theory with telescope observations, including Jupiter’s moons and Venus phases. Kepler further proved it by discovering that planets move in elliptical orbits.

Question 55.
Who formulated the theory of gravitation?
Answer:
Isaac Newton

Question 56.
What was the geocentric model, and how did Copernicus challenge it?
Answer:
The geocentric model, proposed by Ptolemy, placed the Earth at the center of the universe. Copernicus challenged this by arguing that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the universe. He demonstrated that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.

Question 57.
How did Galileo Galilei support Copernicus heliocentric theory?
Answer:
Galileo provided conclusive evidence in support of Copernicus’ theory by using a telescope to observe celestial bodies.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Important Questions Humanism

Question 58.
How did the Renaissance influence religion in Europe?
Answer:
The Renaissance encouraged critical thinking and humanism, which led scholars to question religious practices and church authority, eventually contributing to the Protestant Reformation.

Question 59.
Why did some rulers support the Reformation?
Answer:
Many secular rulers wanted to reduce the power of the clergy and church courts, especially in taxation and appointments, and saw the Reformation as an opportunity to gain more control.

Question 60.
Who were some key leaders of the Reformation besides Martin Luther?
Answer:
Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin in Switzerland and King Henry VIII in England played significant roles in the spread of the Reformation.

Question 61.
What was the Society of Jesus, and who founded it?
Answer:
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola

Question 62.
Write a note on the Counter-Reformation.
Answer:

  • Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself. This movement is known as the Counter-Reformation.
  • Counter-Reformation is also known as Catholic Reformation.

As part of this initiative, the Church leadership convened the Council (Synod) of Trent in Northern Italy. The objectives of this council were to correct erroneous tendencies within the Church and to implement reforms. As a result, the sale of indulgences was banned. A list of books (The Index) that the believers should not read was published. The court of inquisition, which was there in Medieval times, was reinstituted.

The Society of Jesus, set up by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish priest, also played a prominent part in Counter Reformation. Its members were bound to observe strict discipline and unquestioned obedience. They tried to establish the authority of the Catholic Church by setting up schools and engaging in active missionary work. Counter Reformation succeeded in eliminating a number of wrong tendencies in the Catholic Church. Counter-Reformation is also known as Catholic Reformation.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

Students often refer to SCERT Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes and Class 10 History Chapter 1 Humanism Notes Questions and Answers English Medium that include all exercises in the prescribed syllabus.

SSLC History Chapter 1 Notes Pdf English Medium Humanism

SCERT Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 1 Humanism Notes Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes Kerala Syllabus Humanism

Question 1.
Evaluate the significance of the statement that the Renaissance was a period of transition from the medieval to the modern.
Answer:
From the 14th century onward, a series of changes took place in the social, economic, and political spheres of Europe. Along with the influence of the Greco-Roman cultures of ancient Europe, a tendency to move away from the ideas that existed in the medieval times also gained strength. These changes were particularly evident in Italy, which was part of the ancient Roman civilisation. Historians termed these changes the ‘Renaissance.’ The Renaissance is considered as a period of transformation from the medieval feudalism to the modern age. The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It denotes the revival of ancient Greco-Roman culture, which began around the 14th century. During the Middle Ages, people focused mainly on religion and followed traditional beliefs. But in the Renaissance, there was a revival of art, science, and learning. People started questioning old ideas, exploring discoveries, and emphasising human potential.

Question 2.
Observe the map given below. Identify the cities that existed in medieval Italy.
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 1
Answer:

  1. Florence
  2. Milan
  3. Geona
  4. Pisa
  5. Venice
  6. Parma
  7. Naples
  8. Rome

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

Question 3.
Italian cities were wealthier compared to other European cities. Describe the circumstances that led to this.
Answer:

  • They were more independent, wealthy and dynamic.
  • Traders in these cities were well aware of banking and insurance. Some of them had expertise in technical matters of trade, such as bookkeeping.
  • Many of them had become extremely wealthy through trade.
  • Italian cities got acquainted with the cultures, cities, and lives of the people in the Eastern world. This accelerated the growth of Italian cities. As a result of trade links with the Islamic Empire and the Byzantine empire, enormous wealth flowed into the Italian Cities.
  • Merchants in Italian cities gained a monopoly in the trade between the East and West in the Mediterranean.

Question 4.
Discuss the impact brought about by the outbreak of the plague in 14th century in various fields in Europe.
Answer:
The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, several affected the Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the ‘Black Death,’ claimed the lives of thousands, resulting in a severe shortage in labour. This paved the way for the decline of medieval feudalism, which was heavily reliant on the agricultural sector. Furthermore, it facilitated the emergence of a new commercial middle class. When traditional medicines failed to fight the plague, people began to explore the medical sciences of ancient Greece and Rome. The terrors of the plague prompted human beings to contemplate the fleeting nature of life, seek wellness, and focus on their well-being. This introspection paved the way for the emergence of humanism.

Question 5.
Locate Constantinople on the map. Discuss its geographical significance.
Answer:
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 2
Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) is located between Europe and Asia, on the Bosporus Strait. Its geographical significance comes from its position as a bridge between the two continents, making it a key center for trade and culture. It controlled major trade routes between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, helping it grows into a powerful and wealthy city. Its location also made it a strong defensive city, protected by water on three sides.

Question 6.
Assess the impact of the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks on the intellectual landscape of Italy.
Answer:
In 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This city was a center of many scholars who possessed manuscripts of ancient Greco-Roman literary works. In the aftermath of the Turkish conquest, these scholars migrated to Italian cities, bringing their manuscripts with them. As a result, research and studies, previously confined to universities during the Middle Ages, began to spread to libraries. The convergence of wealth and political freedom created a fertile ground for artistic innovation and cultural experimentation. Consequently, novel ideas began to emerge in the cultural and intellectual spheres.

Question 7.
How did the emergence of humanism impact the course of world.
Answer:
The emergence of humanism brought a significant change in the way people thought about life, knowledge, and society. Before humanism, most knowledge was controlled by the Church, but humanist ideas encouraged people to think logically and question existing beliefs. This led to the growth of education, with more focus on subjects like history, literature, science, and philosophy, resulting in the rise of universities and schools. Humanism also influenced art and literature, inspiring famous artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to create realistic works, while writers like Shakespeare and Dante focused on human emotions and experiences. In science, humanist thinking helped scientists like Galileo and Copernicus make groundbreaking discoveries, leading to the Scientific Revolution. Additionally, humanism promoted ideas of democracy, freedom, and human rights, which later influenced governments where people had more say. The curiosity sparked by humanism also led to the Age of Exploration, where explorers like Columbus and Vasco da Gama discovered new lands, connecting different parts of the world. Overall, humanism played a crucial role in shaping the modern world by encouraging education, innovation, and individual rights.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

Question 8.
Look at the pictures given here and identify the characteristic features of Renaissance paintings reflected in them.
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 3
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 4
This is a depiction of “ Agony in the Garden” by Giovanni Bellini, a renowned Italian Renaissance painter. The scene illustrates Jesus Christ kneeling in prayer on the Mount of Olives while his disciples sleep nearby. In the background, a group of Roman soldiers can be seen approaching to apprehend Jesus Christ.

This is the renowned diptych oil painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Piero della Francesca, titled “Diptych of Federico da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza.”
Answer:
The paintings reflect key features of Renaissance art. One important feature is realism, as the people in the paintings look natural with detailed facial features, clothing, and backgrounds. Another feature is perspective, which creates a sense of depth, making the background appear far away instead of flat. Renaissance art also focused on human emotions and individuality, showing expressions and feelings rather than stiff, lifeless figures. The use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) adds depth and makes the figures appear more three-dimensional. Additionally, Renaissance artists were inspired by Greek and Roman art, which can be seen in the balanced composition and realistic human forms. The paintings also show a mix of religious and secular themes, as one painting depicts a biblical scene while the other features real historical figures. These elements together make Renaissance art more lifelike, expressive, and advanced compared to medieval paintings.

Question 9.
Discuss the features of Renaissance painting and prepare a note.
Answer:

  1. Landscapes.
  2. The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth
  3. Realistic depiction of the human body.
  4. The use of oil paints.
  5. Portraits.
  6. The representation of divine figures in idealised human forms.

Question 10.
Identify and list the common features of Renaissance paintings and sculptures.
Answer:

  1. Humanism
  2. Influence of Greco-Roman styles
  3. Anatomical Accuracy: Artists studied the human body, making sculptures and paintings more accurate in muscle and body movement
  4. Detailed Backgrounds and Landscapes: Nature, buildings, and realistic settings were carefully painted to enhance storytelling
  5. Human Emotion and Individuality: Paintings and sculptures show real emotions, unique facial features, and human experiences

Question 11.
Prepare a digital album describing the influence of humanism on Renaissance art.
Answer:
(Hints: Based on the following hints given below, prepare a digital album)
Digital Album: The Influence of Humanism on Renaissance Art
Title: The Influence of Humanism on Renaissance Art
Subtitle: Exploring the Artistic Revolution of the Renaissance
Suggested Cover Image: The School of Athens by Raphael
Introduction: Humanism shifted art from religious themes to realistic, human-centered depictions. Renaissance artists focused on depth, perspective, and emotions.
Realism & Naturalism: Artists studied anatomy and nature, making figures lifelike. Examples: Mona Lisa, The Birth of Venus.
Perspective & Depth: Linear perspective created three-dimensional effects in paintings. Examples: The School of Athens, The Last Supper.
Human Emotion & Individuality: Portraits captured expressions and personality. Examples: David (Michelangelo), Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione.
Greco-Roman Influence: Inspired by classical art, emphasising balance and beauty. Examples: The Birth of Venus, David.
Secular Themes & Portraits: Focus on real people, scholars, and rulers alongside religious themes. Examples: Amolfini Portrait, Portrait of a Man.
Conclusion: Humanism transformed art, making it realistic, expressive, and innovative.
Quote: “A man paints with his brain, not with his hands”. – Michelangelo.

Question 12.
“Every prince ought to desire to earn the reputation of being merciful, and not be cruel; at the same time, he should also be careful that no one else misuses that mercy. A prince, therefore, should not care for the ill repute of being cruel while ensuring solidarity and loyalty among the subjects.” Machiavelli’s perspective about a king is given above. Based on this, discuss the ideas put forward by Machiavelli about monarchy. Examine to what extent humanism is reflected in this.
Answer:
Machiavelli’s Ideas on Monarchy and Humanism
Machiavelli believed a ruler should be strong and practical rather than overly kind. In The Prince, he argued that:

  • Power & Control: A king must ensure stability.
  • Fear vs. Love: Being feared is better than being loved.
  • Practicality Over Morality: A ruler should act based on reality, not just ideals.
  • Avoiding Weakness: Too much mercy can lead to disorder.

Humanism in Machiavelli’s Ideas:

  • Focused on human intelligence and reason, not religious rules.
  • Encouraged rulers to use strategy and real-world experience over morality.
  • His ideas reflect humanism by emphasising logic, leadership, and human decision-making over divine authority.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

Question 13.
Prepare an essay on the topic ‘Humanism and Renaissance Literature’.
Answer:
Humanism and Renaissance Literature
The Renaissance (14th – 17th century) brought a shift in literature through humanism, which focused on human potential, emotions, and real-life experiences.
How Humanism Influenced Renaissance Literature:
Use of Vernacular Languages: Writers used local languages instead of Latin. (Example: Dante’s Divine Comedy)
Focus on Human Emotions & Individuality: Literature explored personal struggles and feelings. (Example: Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet)
Realistic Characters & Stories: Writers portrayed human strengths and weaknesses.
Political & Social Ideas: Some works discussed leadership and power. (Example: Machiavelli’s The Prince)
Printing Press Impact: Helped spread knowledge and books to more people.
Conclusion: Humanism made literature more realistic, emotional, and people-centered, shaping modern storytelling and ideas.

Question 14.
Elucidate the role of Renaissance in making historiography scientific.
Answer:
The Renaissance made historiography more scientific by introducing a rational and evidence-based
approach. Historians Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni classified history into Ancient, Medieval, and Modem periods, marking a shift from religious narratives to structured analysis. The transition from theological to human-centred explanations replaced divine interpretations with a focus on human actions. Archaeological evidence, inscriptions, and manuscripts gained importance, emphasising factual accuracy. Humanism promoted critical thinking, replacing myths with logical inquiry. Thinkers like Machiavelli applied analytical methods, making history more systematic, secular, and evidence-driven. This transformation laid the foundation for modem historiography.

Question 15.
Conduct a panel discussion on the contribution made by Renaissance science to the progress of modern society.
Answer:
(Hints: Based on the following hints, conduct a panel discussion in your class.)
Moderator: Welcome! Let’s discuss how Renaissance scienee shaped modem society.
Student 1: Copernicus and Galileo proved that the Earth orbits the Sun, leading to modem astronomy.
Student 2: Vesalius improved medical knowledge by studying the human body, helping modem doctors.
Student 3: Newton discovered the laws of motion and gravity, which are still used in physics and space travel.
Student 4: Leonardo da Vinci designed early flying machines and studied anatomy, inspiring modem inventions.
Moderator: The Renaissance helped in astronomy, medicine, physics, and engineering, shaping the world today. Thank you!

Question 16.
The influence of humanism became the reason for Reformation; justify this statement.
Answer:
Humanism played a big role in the Reformation because it encouraged people to think critically and question traditional beliefs. Humanist scholars like Erasmus wrote satirical works that criticised the Catholic Church’s practices. Other reformers, such as John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Savonarola, also pointed out problems in the Church, especially the sale of indulgences. The Renaissance focus on education and individual thinking led Martin Luther to challenge the Church by writing his Ninety-Five Theses. Although he initially wanted only a debate, his ideas spread quickly, leading to the Protestant Reformation. Additionally, many rulers supported the Reformation because they wanted to reduce the Church’s power over taxation and appointments. Leaders like Zwingli, Calvin, and Henry VIII helped establish new branches of Christianity, further spreading the Reformation. Overall, humanism encouraged people to think for themselves, leading them to question and eventually reform the Church.

Question 17.
Compare and contrast reformation and counter-reformation.
Answer:

Aspect Reformation Counter-Reformation
Reason Started to protest against some practices in the Catholic Church. Reform movement within the catholic church.
Leaders Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, King Henry VIII. Catholic Church leaders, including the Pope and Ignatius Loyola.
Actions Taken Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses, Protestant churches were formed, and rulers reduced the Church’s power. The Council of Trent was held, indulgences were banned, and missionary work was encouraged.
Main Goal To reform the Church and reduce the Pope’s power, leading to the creation of Protestant churches. To strengthen the Catholic Church and stop people from leaving it.

Question 18.
Conduct a seminar in the class on the topic “Influence of Renaissance oil different spheres”. Areas to be considered:
Art, Literature, Religion, Politics, History, Science
Answer:
(Hints)
Seminar Plan: Influence of Renaissance on Different Spheres
1. Introduction

  • Greet the audience and introduce the topic.
  • Briefly explain what the Renaissance was (14th – 17th century revival of art, culture, and learning).
  • Highlight its impact on various aspects of society.

2. Influence on Different Spheres
Answer:
A. Art

  • The Renaissance led to a shift from religious themes to realism and human emotions in paintings and sculptures.
  • Famous artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.
  • Example: Mona Lisa (Da Vinci) and Sistine Chapel Ceiling (Michelangelo).

B. Literature

  • Writers moved from religious texts to humanist themes.
  • Use of vernacular languages instead of Latin.
  • Key figures: William Shakespeare, Dante Alighieri, Geoffrey Chaucer.
  • Example: Shakespeare’s Hamlet explored human emotions and philosophy.

C. Religion

  • Rise of Reformation due to critical thinking and questioning of Church practices.
  • Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses (1517) led to Protestantism.
  • Counter-Reformation by the Catholic Church to address corruption.

D. Politics

  • Growth of nation-states and decline of feudalism.
  • Political thinkers like Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince, advising rulers on power and strategy.
  • The monarchs gained more control, reducing the power of the Pope.

E. History

  • Historians started focusing on human-centered history rather than just religious chronicles.
  • Francesco Petrarch, the “Father of Humanism,” emphasised classical texts.

F. Science

  • The Renaissance promoted scientific inquiry and discoveries.
  • Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory’, challenging the Church’s views.
  • Galileo and Newton advanced physics and astronomy.

3. Conclusion

  • Summarise key points on how the Renaissance transformed society.
  • Emphasise its lasting impact on modern art, literature, politics, and science.

4. Q&A Session

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

Std 10 History Chapter 1 Notes Kerala Syllabus – Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare a flip magazine including the contributions of the Renaissance period in art and literature and exhibit it in the classroom.
Answer:
(Hints)
Steps to Prepare a Flip Magazine on Renaissance Art & Literature

1. Cover Page:

  • Title: “Renaissance: A Golden Era of Art & Literature”
  • Add colorful pictures of famous paintings and books from the period.

2. Art Section:

  • Introduction: Explain how Renaissance art focused on realism, human emotions, and perspective.
    Famous Artists & Their Works:
  • Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
  • Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel Ceiling, David
  • Raphael – School of Athens

3. Literature Section:

  • Introduction: Renaissance literature shifted from religious to humanist themes.
    Famous Writers & Their Works:
  • William Shakespeare – Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet
  • Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy
  • Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales
  • Impact: Use of vernacular languages, storytelling, and character depth.

4. Conclusion:

  • Explain how Renaissance art and literature influenced modem culture.
  • Add a fun fact or a quiz to engage readers.

5. Presentation:

  • Use colorful charts, pictures, and captions.
  • Organise content neatly with flip pages for easy reading.
  • Exhibit it in the classroom for everyone to explore!

Question 2.
Organise a poster exhibition on the topic ‘Inventions in the field of science in the Renaissance period and the contemporary world.’
Answer:
(Hints: Collect the given images and prepare a poster exhibition)
Renaissance Period Inventions (14th – 17th Century )

  • Printing Press – Image of Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press (helped spread knowledge).
  • Heliocentric Model – Diagram of Copernicus’s model of the solar system (Sun at the center).
  • Telescope – Picture of Galileo Galilei and his telescope (used to observe planets).
  • Anatomy Studies – Leonardo da Vinci’s human anatomy sketches.

Contemporary World Inventions

  • Modem Telescope – Hubble Space Telescope (comparison with Galileo’s telescope).
  • DNA Structure – Double-helix model by Watson & Crick.
  • Modern Printing – Digital printing press vs. Gutenberg’s press.
  • Medical Advancements – MRI, X-ray machines, or robotic surgery.

Question 3.
Bhakti Movement in India was a protest like the Reformation in Europe. Discuss the similarities and differences between these two, and prepare a note.
Answer:
Similarities Between Bhakti Movement & Reformation

  • Both were protested religious practices: Bhakti Movement opposed caste rules & rituals, Reformation criticised Church’s corruption.
  • Direct connection with God: Bhakti saints rejected priestly rituals; Refonners like Luther opposed the Pope’s authority.
  • Use of local languages: Bhakti saints preached in regional languages; Reformers translated the Bible for common people.
  • Led to new religious paths: the Bhakti Movement influenced Sikhism; the Reformation led to Protestant Christianity.

Differences between Bhakti Movement & Reformation

Aspects Bhakti Movement (India) Reformation (Europe)
Time Period 7th – 17th century 16th century
Main Cause Opposed caste discrimination and idol worship Opposed Church corruption and sale of indulgences.
Key Leaders Kabir, Mirabai, Guru Nanak, Tulsidas Martin Luther, John Calvin, King Henry VIII

Question 4.
Prepare a digital atlas by marking the important European countries that became the platform for the Renaissance and the Reformation.
Answer:
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 5

Humanism Class 10 Notes Pdf

  • The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It denotes the revival of ancient Greco-Roman culture, which began around the 14th century.
  • The Renaissance is considered as a period of transformation from the medieval feudalism to the modern age.
  • The two most important civilisations that existed in ancient Europe were the Greek and Roman civilisations. They are known as classical civilisations.
  • The Crusades that took place during the medieval period facilitated cultural exchange between the East and the West.
  • The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, severely affected Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the ‘Black Death.
  • The Middle Ages were predominantly influenced by the philosophical school of thought known as scholasticism, which was deeply rooted in Christian theology.
  • The Arabs played a significant role in disseminating the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle throughout Europe.
  • Humanists produced works in regional languages and created paintings and sculptures in the Greco- Roman style.
  • Humanism later became a source and inspiration for transformative changes across various spheres, including painting, architecture, literature, politics, history, science, and religion.
  • Humanistic ideals were reflected profoundly in Renaissance paintings. Sculpture was another equally notable field of Renaissance art. Donatello was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period.
  • Architecture was another field that witnessed transformation besides painting and sculpture. Filippo Brunelleschi set a new style in architecture.
  • The classification of history into three distinct periods:
    • the Ancient Period, spanning up to the 5th century CE;
    • the Medieval Period, extending from the 5th to the 15th century;
    • and the Modern Period, encompassing the era thereafter
  • The Renaissance laid the foundation for the evolution of modern science.
  • The revolutionary discoveries of Copernicus were further elucidated and expanded upon by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler.
  • The Reformation, which originated in Germany, soon spread to other European kingdoms.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

INTRODUCTION

The Renaissance was a period of cultural, artistic, and intellectual rebirth that revived Greco-Roman ideas and bridged the gap between the Middle Ages and modem times. Rooted in humanism, it emphasised human potential, creativity, and reason, shifting focus from religious authority to individual achievement. Emerging in Italy, it spread across Europe, influencing art, literature, science, and historiography. Great thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Copernicus, and Galileo reshaped their fields. The Reformation, influenced by Renaissance ideas, led to major religious reforms. This chapter, ‘Humanism,’ explores the Renaissance’s impact on humanism, art, literature, science, historiography, and religion, shaping the world as we know it today.

Renaissance

  • The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It denotes the revival of ancient Greco-Roman culture, which began around the 14th century.
  • The Renaissance is considered as a period of transformation from the medieval feudalism to the modern age.
  • The two most important civilisations that existed in ancient Europe were Greek and Roman civilisations. They are known as classical civilisations.

Renaissance in Italy

  • The commercialisation that occurred in Europe by the 11th century led to the disintegration of the medieval feudal system and the decline of religious supremacy.
  • Several wealthy families also emerged in Italy.
  • The Crusades that took place during the medieval period facilitated cultural exchange between the East and the West.
  • The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, severel affected the Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the ‘Black Death.
  • The prosperity, political liberty, and social unity of the cities fostered civic sense and self-respect among people.

Human beings at the center

  • The Middle Ages were predominantly influenced by the philosophical school of thought known as scholasticism, which was deeply rooted in Christian theology.
  • Humanists highlighted the uniqueness, emotions, capabilities, literary expression, and communication skills inherent in humanity.
  • The Arabs played a significant role in disseminating the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle throughout Europe.
  • Humanists produced works in regional languages and created paintings and sculptures in the Greco- Roman style.
  • Humanism later became a source and inspiration for transformative changes across various spheres, including painting, architecture, literature, politics, history, science, and religion.

Renaissance Art

  • Middle age paintings tend to emphasise spiritual themes, such as angels and heavenly realms, whereas Renaissance paintings focus on the beauty of the human form, originality and a naturalistic use of colours.
  • Humanistic ideals were reflected profoundly in Renaissance paintings. Painters of the time presented human forms with remarkable accuracy, clarity, and meticulous attention to detail in their works.
  • Sculpture was another equally notable field of Renaissance art. Donatello was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period.
  • Architecture was another field that witnessed transformation besides painting and sculpture. Filippo Brunelleschi set a new style in architecture.

Renaissance Literature

  • Renaissance writers gave importance to individual liberty and secular values.
  • The basic characteristic of Renaissance literature was its breaking away from the scholasticism of the Middle Ages.
  • Printing played a significant role in popularising literature during the Renaissance period.

Renaissance and Historiography

  • The classification divides history into three distinct periods:
  • the Ancient Period, spanning up to the 5th century CE;
  • the Medieval Period, extending from the 5th to the 15th century;
  • and the Modern Period, encompassing the era thereafter.
  • This classification emerged during the Renaissance period. It was introduced by two Italian historians, Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni.

Renaissance and Science

  • The Renaissance laid the foundation for the evolution of modern science.
  • Scientists put forward a groundbreaking view that material forces govern planetary motions.
  • The revolutionary discoveries of Copernicus were further elucidated and expanded upon by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler.
  • Galileo Galilei made seminal discoveries, including satellites of Jupiter and rings of Saturn.
  • The Renaissance also witnessed significant advancements in the field of medicine, particularly anatomy.

The Reformation

  • The influence of the Renaissance extended to the realm of religion also in Europe.
  • The universities of Germany, particularly Wittenberg University, where Martin Luther taught, played an important role in laying the groundwork for the Reformation.
  • The Reformation, which originated in Germany, soon spread to other European kingdoms.
  • Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself, a movement known as the Counter-Reformation.

RENAISSANCE

  • The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It denotes the revival of ancient Greco-Roman culture, which began around the 14th century.
  • The Renaissance is considered as a period of transformation from the medieval feudalism to the modern age.
  • The two most important civilisations that existed in ancient Europe were Greek and Roman civilisations.

They are known as classical civilisations From the 14th century onwards, a series of changes took place in the social, economic, and political spheres of Europe. Along with the influence of the Greco-Roman cultures of ancient Europe, a tendency to move away from the ideas that existed in the medieval times also gained strength.

Characteristic features of these changes:

  • Humanistic Perspective (Humanism)
  • Growth of urban life
  • Progress of trade
  • Rise of national state
  • Individual liberty
  • Rationalism
  • Spread of secular values
  • Monetary economy
  • Importance gained by regional languages
  • Changes in the realms of art and science

Greco-Roman Civilisations
The two most important civilisations that existed in ancient Europe were the Greek and Roman civilisations. They are known as classical civilisations. The Greek civilisation was from 12th to 4th century BCE. The Roman civilisation existed from the 7th century BCE to the 5th century CE.

These changes were particularly evident in Italy, which was part of the ancient Roman civilisation. Historians termed these changes the ’Renaissance.’ The Renaissance is considered as a period of transformation from the medieval feudalism to the modern age. The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It denotes the revival of ancient Greco-Roman culture, which began around the 14th century.

RENAISSANCE IN ITALY

  • The commercialisation that occurred in Europe by the 11th century led to the disintegration of the medieval feudal system and the decline of religious supremacy.
  • Several wealthy families also emerged in Italy.
  • The Crusades that took place during the medieval period facilitated cultural exchange between the East and the West.
  • The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, several affected the Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the ‘Black Death’.
  • The prosperity, political liberty, and social unity of the cities fostered civic sense and self-respect among people.

Florence, Pisa, Naples, Milan, Parma, etc., were the major cities in medieval Italy. Cities in Italy were different from the rest in Europe. The reasons is that:

  • They were more independent, wealthy and dynamic.
  • Traders in these cities were well aware of banking and insurance. Some of them had expertise in technical matters of trade, such as bookkeeping.
  • Many of them had become extremely wealthy through trade.

The commercialisation that occurred in Europe by the 11th century led to the disintegration of the medieval feudal system and the decline of religious supremacy. This led to the emergence and domination of the new wealthy class. As a result, several wealthy families also emerged in Italy.

Bookkeeping
Detailed recording of the income and expenditure of an establishment on a daily basis ¡s called bookkeeping. Bookkeeping is the first step in accounting.

The Crusades that took place during the medieval period facilitated cultural exchange between the East and the West. Italian cities got acquainted with the cultures, cities, and liv es of the people in the Eastern world. This accelerated the growth of Italian cities. Merchants in Italian cities gained a monopoly in the trade between the East and West in the Mediterranean.

Italian Families Cities
Medici Florence
Sforza Milan
Famese Parma
Orsini Naples
Visconti Milan

The Crusades: The wars fought between believers of Islam and Christianity over Jerusalem, which was considered a holy land by both, are known as Crusades. The crusades that took place from the 11th to 13th century had a profound impact on the political, social and economic lives in both Europe and Asia.

The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, several affected the Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the ‘Black Death,’ claimed the lives of thousands, resulting in a severe shortage in labour.

Black Death
The Black Death is the epidemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. Black boils appeared on those who were affected by the disease. That is why the disease is known as Black Death. This epidemic spread through the fleas carried by rats that reached European ports via merchant ships.

  • This paved the way for the decline of medieval feudalism, which was heavily reliant on the agricultural sector. Furthermore, it facilitated the emergence of a new commercial middle class.
  • When traditional medicines failed to fight the plague, people began to explore the medical sciences of ancient Greece and Rome. The terrors of the plague prompted human beings to contemplate the fleeting nature of life, seek wellness, and focus on their own well-being. This introspection paved the way for the emergence of humanism.

Revived interest in the concepts of law and order and governance that had flourished in the ancient Roman Empire began to spread throughout Italy. A section of the population well-versed in ancient Roman law and the Latin language turned their attention to commercial pursuits. This, in turn, sparked a renewed interest in classical languages, literature, institutions and antiquity. Each city aspired to become a centre of art and literature. Under the patronage of rulers and clergy, people sought out, collected, and preserved the remnants of ancient Rome, including paintings, manuscripts, and architectural remains. The rulers realised that, rather than waging wars, commissioning grand buildings and fostering art and literature would be a better way to leave a lasting legacy in the minds of the people.

  • Wealthy patrons beautified their parish churches and actively promoted the construction of monasteries and nunneries as well as cathedrals.
  • In Italian cities such as Florence, Milan, Rome, and Venice, patronage of the arts was considered a civic responsibility.

In 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This city was a centre of many scholars who possessed manuscripts of ancient Greco-Roman literary works. In the aftermath of the Turkish conquest, these scholars migrated to Italian cities, bringing their manuscripts with them. As a result, research and studies, previously confined to universities during the Middle Ages, began to spread to libraries. The convergence of wealth and political freedom created a fertile ground for artistic innovation and cultural experimentation. Consequently, novel ideas began to emerge in the cultural and intellectual spheres.

A Colonial Perspective of European Renaissance: Several arguments have emerged of late challenging the conventional view that the Renaissance originated in Europe. Works like Stolen Legacy by George James, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation by Martin Bernal present alternative perspectives. They are of the view that colonial historians have perpetuated a Eurocentric narrative, portraying Europe as the sole hub of civilisation. They dismissed the contributions of other cultures. According to these critics, this biased approach has led to the marginalisation of non-European cultures, implying that only Europeans are civilised while others are uncivilised.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

HUMAN BEINGS AT THE CENTRE

  • The Middle Ages were predominantly influenced by the philosophical school of thought known as scholasticism, which was deeply rooted in Christian theology.
  • Humanists highlighted the uniqueness, emotions, capabilities, literary expression, and communication skills inherent in humanity.
  • The Arabs played a significant role in disseminating the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle throughout Europe.
  • Humanists produced works in regional languages and created paintings and sculptures in the Greco- Roman style.
  • Humanism later became a source and inspiration for transformative changes across various spheres, including painting, architecture, literature, politics, history, science, and religion.

Scholasticism encouraged knowledge and research, and it prioritised the divine and the afterlife. The concept of Humanism emerged as a departure from Christian theology, emphasising the significance of human experience, worldly life and rational inquiry. Humanists highlighted the uniqueness, emotions, capabilities, literary expression, and communication skills inherent in humanity. This paradigm shift was founded on a transformation from a theological perspective to a human-centered outlook. Humanism also accommodated dissenting voices and criticism, questioning the authority of religious dogma and domination.

During this period, people avidly read ancient Greco-Roman works. Ancient Greco-Roman civilisations served as their primary source of inspiration, and the humanists’ perspective was distinctly different. Greco- Roman art depicted Gods, the wealthy, and the powerful in all their beauty and splendour. However, Renaissance art represented human beings in all their naturalness. The numerous works of art and literature produced during the Renaissance period bear testimony to this shift. Humanism later became a source and inspiration for transformative changes across various spheres, including painting, architecture, literature, politics, history, science, and religion. The Renaissance, in essence, embodies these changes.
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 6
Aristotle was a philosopher who lived in ancient Greece. His ideas paved the background for new questions and debates in the Renaissance period. His works, translated into Latin and regional languages in the 12th and 13th centuries, were widely disseminated throughout Europe. The significance Aristotle placed on the pursuit of truth, coupled with the profound depth of his scholarly endeavors, accounted for the immense interest in his ideas.

RENAISSANCE ART

  • Middle age paintings tend to emphasise spiritual themes, such as angels and heavenly realms, whereas Renaissance paintings focus on the beauty of the human form, originality and a naturalistic use of colours.
  • Humanistic ideals were refected profoundly in Renaissance paintings. Painters of the time presented human forms with remarkable accuracy, clarity, and meticulous attention to detail in their works.
  • Sculpture was another equally notable field of Renaissance art. Donatello was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period.
  • Architecture was another field that witnessed transformation besides painting and sculpture. Filippo Brunelleschi set a new style in architecture.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 7
The shift in artistic focus was a hallmark of the Renaissance period, during which fields like painting, sculpture, and architecture underwent profound transformations. Florence, one of the major commercial centres in Europe, was also the centre of Renaissance in Italy.

PAINTING

  • Humanistic ideals were reflected profoundly in Renaissance paintings. Painters of the time presented human forms with remarkable accuracy, clarity, and meticulous attention to detail in their works.
  • The knowledge they had acquired about human anatomy facilitated this artistic achievement.

Moreover, painters emphasised rationalism and human emotions, attributing significance to the values of this world. With the influence of humanism, artworks became increasingly precise and realistic. Painters often selected themes that emphasised theological significance for their works. However, Renaissance paintings had certain other distinctive features as well:

  • Landscapes
  • The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth
  • Realistic depiction of the human body
  • The use of oil paint
  • Portraits
  • The representation of divine figures in idealised human forms

The influence of Greco-Roman art was’ first evident in Giotto’s works. However, it was Masaccio, a painter who emerged later created a profound impact on all artists who came later. His wall paintings, characterised by their round shape and seeming to protrude from the surface, showcased human figures. Engaging in everyday life experiences. The Last Supper and Mona Lisa are world-famous paintings by Leonardo da Vinci. These paintings speak of the unique way in which da Vinci harmonises colour, shadow and light. He was a versatile genius who scientifically studied the human body.
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 8

  • In the ‘Last Supper,’ emotions like surprise, fear and guilt of Christ’s disciples are vividly etched as Christ reveals that one of them betrayed him. It is widely acknow ledged that the enigmatic expressions of the Mona Lisa conceal many unanswered questions masterfully embedded by Leonardo da Vinci.
  • The paintings done on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, along with The Last Judgment, have cemented Michelangelo’s status as an immortal artist. His works predominantly feature powerful and graceful human forms.
  • Other notable painters of the Renaissance period include Titian and Raphael. Raphael portrayed humans as wise, moderate, and dignified. In their paintings, beauty and ideas were given equal importance.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

SCULPTURE
Sculpture was another equally notable field of Renaissance art. Donatello was one of the most important sculptors of the Renaissance period.

He liberated the art of sculpture from the medieval Gothic style, giving his works greater power and individuality. His iconic bronze sculpture, David, showcases a youthful figure standing with his weight shifted onto one leg. Another notable work, ‘Gattamelata’, depicts a soldier sitting on horseback, evoking the cavalrymen of ancient Rome. Through this masterpiece, Donatello immortalised a secular hero.

Michelangelo’s sculptures, which depicted Gods in human forms, deviated significantly from the traditional ancient Greco-Roman style. His renowned works, such as the ‘Pieta’, which portrays the Virgin Mary with Jesus Christ on her lap and the majestic sculpture of ‘David’, have cemented his legacy as an immortal artist.

ARCHITECTURE
Architecture was another field that witnessed transformation besides painting and sculpture. Filippo Brunelleschi set a new style in architecture.

Quite different from the Gothic architectural style of the medieval period, the influence of ancient Greco-Roman (classical) style is evident in the Cathedral he built in Florence. The lofty towers found in Gothic style were replaced with domes (Dumo). Later, in the St. Peter’s Basilica, built under the supervision of Michelangelo and Bramante, this style is more evident.

Gothic style
Gothic style developed in Europe in the second half of the Middle Ages. It originated in France. The pointed arch was its striking feature. A large number of churches and universities were built in Europe in this style.

RENAISSANCE LITERATURE

  • Renaissance writers gave importance to individual liberty and secular values.
  • The basic characteristic of Renaissance literature was its breaking away from the scholasticism of the Middle Ages.

Most Renaissance writers chose to produce their works in regional languages. Prose literature gained prominence during this period. Dante, the renowned author of The Divine Comedy, was a prominent literary figure during the Renaissance period. The poem’s theme revolves around Dante’s imagined pilgrimage through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. However, it also profoundly refects human emotions, patriotism, fascination for natural phenomena, and the longing for a unified and independent Italy. Dante wrote The Divine Comedy in the regional language.

Another world-renowned writer, Petrarch, was a leading exponent of humanism. His sonnets addressing Laura refected a bold and unique style. However, Petrarch remained committed to writing in Latin. Another notable Renaissance writer was Boccaccio, the author of the celebrated work ‘The Decameron’.

Niccolo Machiavelli’s work. The Prince, presents political thoughts. He believed that a ruler’s paramount responsibility is to maintain the authority and security of the state. He also believed that individuals are generally selfish, driven by a desire for power and material prosperity. He advocated that a head of state should remain impartial and avoid showing favouritism or obligation to specific groups among the subjects. In The Prince, Machiavelli portrays an administrator who is different from the traditional medieval feudal administrators.

During the Italian Renaissance, several women recognised the significance of humanism. Among them, the most notable was the humanist and writer Cassandra Fedele. She earned a name through her writings and speeches, emphasising the importance of providing higher education to women. Fedele maintained a lively correspondence with wealthy Italian lords who championed humanism. Her speeches and writings were printed, published, and popularised by several prominent publishing houses.

In due course, the influence of the Renaissance extended beyond Italy, impacting the literature of other countries. Consequently, numerous remarkable works were produced in other parts of the world.
Some of them are given below:

Author Work Country
Erasmus In Praise of Folly Netherlands
Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales England
Thomas More Utopia England
Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote Spain
Francois Rabelais Gargantua and Pantagruel France

Printing played a significant role in popularising literature during the Renaissance period. Johannes Gutenberg established the first printing press in Europe. The printing machine, which was set up in the 15th century, was made of metal and was of movable type. The influence of the printing press on the society of that period includes the dissemination of knowledge, Progress in literacy, Spread of Humanist Ideas, and Rise of the Reformation. With the invention of the printing press, people started reading literary works extensively.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

RENAISSANCE AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 9

  • This classification divides history into three distinct periods:
    • the Ancient Period, spanning up to the 5th century CE;
    • the Medieval Period, extending from the 5th to the 15th century;
    • the Modern Period, encompassing the era thereafter.
  • This classification emerged during the Renaissance period. It was introduced by two Italian historians,
    Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni.

The transition from medieval Christian tradition to a secular life and thought was also reflected in the realm of historiography. During the Middle Ages, the prevailing notion was that historical events were divinely ordained and supernatural powers governed the course of history. This perspective lost its relevance during the Renaissance period. Instead, human-centered explanations and interpretations gained recognition. Human life became the focus of historical narratives, superseding the chronicles of monks and biographies of priests.

  • Another significant development in historiography during the Renaissance was the growing importance of archaeological evidence and relics. Thus, historians began to place greater emphasis on evidence such as inscriptions, coins, and ancient manuscripts in their narratives. Furthermore, efforts to collect and preserve ancient manuscripts intensified.
  • With the emergence of humanism, critical thinking gained significance in history. Scientific enquiry and studies replaced stories and myths. The contributions of Machiavelli to Renaissance historiography are noteworthy.

Chronicles
Monarchs traditionally appointed court historians to record the events of their kingdoms. These historians documented the events during the reigns of their patrons. Modern historians have labelled these texts as “Chronicles” as they provide a continuous, chronological account of events.

RENAISSANCE AND SCIENCE

  • The Renaissance laid the foundation for the evolution of modern science.
  • Scientists put forward a groundbreaking view that material forces govern planetary motions.
  • The revolutionary discoveries of Copernicus were further elucidated and expanded upon by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler.
  • Galileo Galilei made seminal discoveries, including satellites of Jupiter and rings of Saturn.
  • The Renaissance also witnessed significant advancements in the field of medicine, particularly anatomy.
    “In the year sixteen hundred and nine the light of Science shone in his modest house in Padua as Galileo set out to prove that the Sun is fixed and the earth is on the move ”,

This is the introduction of the play on the life of Galileo by the famous German play wright Bertolt Brecht. Until the 16th century, the belief that the earth was the centre of the universe prevailed. These lines refer to the attempts made by Galileo, who challenged and negated the geocentric belief.
Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers 10
Remarkable transformations took place in the field of astronomy during this period. The geocentric model of Ptolemy, which positioned the Earth at the center of the universe, remained unchallenged until the 16th century. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer and priest, challenged this prevailing doctrine. He presented a revolutionary argument that the centre of the universe is not the Earth but the Sun. Through his observations, Copernicus demonstrated that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. Kepler’s path-breaking findings revealed that the speed of planets varied based on their distance from the Sun, which laid the foundation towards the end of the 17th century for Isaac Newton’s formulation of the theory of gravitation. Galileo’s findings provided conclusive evidence in support of Copernicus’ principles.

The Swiss scientist Paracelsus conducted extensive research on the causes of diseases and tried to develop remedies. Meanwhile, Andreas Vesalius pioneered the study of human anatomy through the meticulous dissection of cadavers, thereby contributing substantially to the field of human anatomy.

THE REFORMATION

  • The influence of the Renaissance extended to the realm of religion in Europe.
  • The universities of Germany, particularly Wittenberg University, where Martin Luther taught, played an important role in laying the groundwork for the Reformation.
  • The Reformation, which originated in Germany, soon spread to other European kingdoms.
  • Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself. This movement is known as the Counter-Reformation.

Satirical works penned by humanists like Erasmus, coupled with critiques from John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Savonarola, laid the groundwork for protests against certain practices and beliefs within the Catholic Church. One contentious issue was the sale of indulgences, where the Church would collect money from believers. Church authorities proclaimed that purchasing indulgences would redeem individuals of their sins. The money thus collected was proposed to fund the construction of hospitals and cathedrals. However, when Johann Tetzel, a Dominican monk, arrived in Germany to promote the sale of indulgences. Martin Luther, a priest, responded by pasting his famous ‘Ninety-Five Theses’ on the doors of the Wittenberg Cathedral in 1517. This pivotal event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Initially, Luther’s intention was merely to spark an ideological debate. So, he wrote his theses in Latin instead of German. However, his work was translated into German without his knowledge and, as a result, was widely disseminated. Subsequently, Luther severed his ties with the Church.

The interests of secular rulers who wished to limit the powers of the clergy and church courts further encouraged the Reformation. Many rulers had grown dissatisfied with the extensive powers of the clergy, particularly in matters of taxation and ecclesiastical appointments. Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin in Switzerland assumed leadership in the Reformation movement. In England, King Henry VIII led the Reformation, and the Anglican Church emerged there with the monarch serving as its head. This development led to the establishment of the National Church.

Humanism Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Questions and Answers

COUNTER REFORMATION

  • Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself. This movement is known as the Counter-Reformation.
  • Counter-Reformation is also known as Catholic Reformation.

As part of this initiative, the Church leadership convened the Council (Synod) of Trent in Northern Italy. The objectives of this council were to correct erroneous tendencies within the Church and to implement reforms. As a result, the sale of indulgences was banned. A list of books (The Index) that the believers should not read was published. The court of inquisition, which was there in Medieval times, was reinstituted.

The Society of Jesus, set up by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish priest, also played a prominent part in Counter Reformation. Its members were bound to observe strict discipline and unquestioned obedience. They tried to establish the authority of the Catholic Church by setting up schools and engaging in active missionary work. Counter Reformation succeeded in eliminating a number of wrong tendencies in the Catholic Church. Counter-Reformation is also known as Catholic Reformation.

Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Extra Questions Malayalam Medium Kerala Syllabus സമാന്തരശ്രേണികൾ

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Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala Syllabus Malayalam Medium

Question 1.
x, y, z ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ അടുത്തടുത്ത മൂന്ന് പദങ്ങളാണ്. ചുവടെ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന വയിൽ ഏതാണ് ശരി?
(a) y = x + z
(b) 2y = x + z
(c) y = x – z
(d ) x = y + z
Answer:
(b) 2y = x + z

Question 2.
1, 6, 11, 16, ………………….. എന്ന സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ മൂന്ന് പദം
(a) 101
(b) 102
(c) 100
(d) 103
Answer:
(a) 101

Question 3.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ 13-ാം പദം 20 ആണ്. 1-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും 25-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും തുക എന്താണ്?
(a) 30
(b) 50
(c) 40
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 40

Question 4.
10-ാം പദത്തിൽ നിന്ന് 15-ാം പദത്തിലേക്കുള്ള ദൂരം 11 ആണ്. 10-ാം പദത്തിൽ നിന്ന് 20-ാം പദത്തിലേ ക്കുള്ള ദൂരം എന്താണ്?
(a) 33
(b) 10
(c) 22
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 22

Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Extra Questions Malayalam Medium Kerala Syllabus സമാന്തരശ്രേണികൾ

Question 5.
\(\frac{1}{7}, \frac{2}{7}, \frac{3}{7}\) …….. എന്ന ശ്രേണിയിൽ 100 ഒരു പദമാകു ന്നത് ഏത് സ്ഥാനത്താണ്?
(a) 100
(b) 300
(c) 700
(d) 200
Answer:
(c) 700

Question 6.
a, a – 1, a – 2, a – 3 ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണി ആണ്.
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) 10-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = -1
b) a – 9

Question 7.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ 10-ാം പദം 25 ഉം പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം ഉം ആണ്.
a) 15-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
b) 5-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
= 10-ാം പദം + 5 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം
= 25 + 5 × 4 = 45

b) 5-00 10-ാം പദം – 5 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം
= 25 – 5 × 4 = 5

Question 8.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ അടുത്തടുത്ത പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക 119 ആണ്.
a) ഈ 7 പദങ്ങളുടെ നടുവിൽ വരുന്ന പദം ഏതാണ്?
b) മധ്യപദത്തിന്റെ ഇരുവശത്തും തൊട്ടടുത്തുള്ള രണ്ടു പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) -y = 17
b) 2 × 17 = 34

Question 9.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം \(\frac{1}{2}\) ആണ്.
a) 15-ാം പദം 5-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) 5-ാം പദം 20 ആണെങ്കിൽ ശ്രേണിയുടെ ഒന്നാം പദം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) 15-ാം പദവും 5-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം
= പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 10 മടങ്ങ് = 10 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 5

b) ഒന്നാം പദം = 5-ാം പദം – പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തി ന്റെ 4 മടങ്ങ്
= 20 – 4 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) =18

Question 10.
□ , 10, □ , □ , 31എന്നിവ ഒരു സമാന്തര ശ്രേണി യിലെ അടുത്തടുത്ത 5 പദങ്ങളാണ്.
Answer:
a) പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) കളങ്ങളിലെ പദങ്ങൾ എഴുതുക.
Answer:
a) പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 3 മടങ്ങ് = 31 – 10 = 21
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = \(\frac{21}{3}\) = 7

b) 3, 10, 17, 24, 31

Question 11.
ഒരു മട്ടത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ കോണുകൾ സമാന്തര ശ്രേണിയിലാണ്.
a) നടുവിൽ വരുന്ന കോൺ എന്താണ്?
b) കോണുകൾ എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) നടുവിലെ പദം = \(\frac{180}{3}\) = 60
b) വലിയ കോൺ = 90
അതിനാൽ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 30°
കോണുകൾ 30, 60, 90°

Question 12.
ഒരു പഞ്ചഭുജത്തിന്റെ കോണുകളുടെ തുക 540 ആണ്.കോണുകൾ ആരോഹണക്രമത്തിൽ എഴു തിയാൽ സമാന്തരശ്രേണി ലഭിക്കും.
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ നടുവിലെ പദം ഏതു കോൺ ആണ്?
b) ആദ്യപദം 42 ആണെങ്കിൽ അടുത്തടുത്ത രണ്ടു പദങ്ങൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) നടുവിലെ പദം = \(\frac{540}{5}\) = 108
നടുവിലെ കോൺ = 108°
b) 1-ാം പദവും 3-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 2 മടങ്ങ് 108 – 42 = 66 = 2 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 33

Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Extra Questions Malayalam Medium Kerala Syllabus സമാന്തരശ്രേണികൾ

Question 13.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം 10 ആണ്.
a) ആറാം പദവും ഒന്നാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) ഒരേ വ്യത്യാസങ്ങൾ ഉള്ള രണ്ടു പദസ്ഥാന ങ്ങൾ എഴുതുക.
Answer:
a) 6-ാം പദവും 1-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള 6-00
വ്യത്യാസം പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 5 മടങ്ങ് = 5 × 10 = 50
b) 7-00 BO 2-30 BZO, 8-20 260 3-00 60, ഇവ ഒരേ വ്യത്യാസം തരുന്നു.

Question 14.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ 5 പദങ്ങ ളുടെ തുകയും അതേ ശ്രേണിയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ 8 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുകയും തുല്യമാണ്.
a) 6-ാം പദം, 7-ാം പദം, 8-ാം പദം ഇവയുടെ തുക എന്താണ്?
b) 7-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) 70 – 70 = 0
b) 6-ാം പദം, 7-ാം പദം, 8-ാം പദം ഇവയുടെ തുക = 0.
അതിനാൽ, 7-ാം പദം = \(\frac{0}{3}\) = 0

Question 15.
√2, √8, √18…ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയാണ്.
a) പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) 1-ാം പദവും 11-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) √8 – √2 = 2√2 – √2 = √2
b) 1-ാം പദവും 11 -ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാ സം = പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 10 മടങ്ങ്
= 10√2

Question 16.
സമചതുരങ്ങളുടെ ശ്രേണി നോക്കുക.
Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Extra Questions Malayalam Medium Kerala Syllabus സമാന്തരശ്രേണികൾ 1
a) സമചതുരങ്ങൾ ഉണ്ടാക്കാൻ എടുത്ത കമ്പുകളുടെ എണ്ണം ശ്രേണി ആയി എഴുതുക.
b) ശ്രേണിയെ നിങ്ങളുടെ വാക്കിൽ വിശദീകരി ക്കുക
c) 10-ാം പദം ഉണ്ടാക്കാൻ എത്ര കമ്പുകൾ വേണം?
Answer:
a) 4, 7, 10,….
b) 3 ന്റെ ഗുണിതങ്ങളെക്കാൾ 1 കൂടുതൽ ഉള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ശ്രേണി,
c) 3 × 10 + 1 = 31

Question 17.
കമ്പുകൾ കൊണ്ട് ഉണ്ടാക്കിയ ത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ ശ്രേണിയാണിത്.
Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Extra Questions Malayalam Medium Kerala Syllabus സമാന്തരശ്രേണികൾ 2
a) ത്രികോണങ്ങൾ ഉണ്ടാക്കാൻ എടുത്ത കമ്പുക ളുടെ എണ്ണം ശ്രേണി ആയി എഴുതുക.
b) ശ്രേണിയെ നിങ്ങളുടെ വാക്കിൽ വിശദീകരി ക്കുക
c) 50-ാം പദം ഉണ്ടാക്കാൻ എത്ര കമ്പുകൾ വേണം?
Answer:
a) 3, 5, 7,….
b) 2 ന്റെ ഗുണിതങ്ങളെക്കാൾ 1 കൂടുതൽ ഉള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ശ്രേണി
c) 2 × 50 + 1 = 101

Question 18.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ 3-ാം പദം 12 ഉം 5-ാം പദം 20 ഉം ആണ്.
a) പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) ആദ്യപദം എന്താണ്?
c) ശ്രേണി എഴുതുക.
Answer:
a) 3-ാം പദവും 5-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 2 മടങ്ങ്
= 2 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം
= 20 – 12 = 8
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = \(\frac{8}{2}\) = 4

b) ആദ്യപദം = 3-ാം പദം – 2 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം

c) 4, 8, 12,…
= 12 – 2 × 4 = 4

Question 19.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ 4-ാം പദം 54 ഉം 9-ാം പദം 99 ഉം ആണ്.
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) ശ്രേണിയുടെ ഏതെങ്കിലും രണ്ടു പദങ്ങളുടെ വ്യത്യാസം 900 ആകുമോ? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?
Answer:
a) 4-ാം പദവും 9-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം
=പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 5 മടങ്ങ്
5 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 99 – 54 = 45
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = \(\frac{45}{5}\) = 9

b) സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയിലെ ഏതു രണ്ടു പദങ്ങളു ടെയും വ്യത്യാസം പൊതുവ്യത്യാസ ത്തിന്റെ ഗുണിതമാണെന്ന് നമുക്കറിയാം.
ഇവിടെ 9 ന്റെ ഗുണിതമാണ് 900, അതിനാൽ, ശ്രേണിയുടെ രണ്ടു പദങ്ങളുടെ വ്യത്യാസം 900 ആകാം.

Question 20.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയിലെ 1-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും 19-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും തുക 50 ആണ്. അതിന്റെ 1-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും 20-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും തുക
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) അതിന്റെ 7-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും 13-ാം പദത്തി ന്റെയും തുക എന്താണ്?
c) 10-ാം പദം കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക.
Answer:
a) പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 54 – 50 = 4
b) 7-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും 13-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും തുക = 50
c) 10-ാം പദം = \(\frac{50}{2}\) = 25

Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Extra Questions Malayalam Medium Kerala Syllabus സമാന്തരശ്രേണികൾ

Question 21.
7 സമ്മാനങ്ങൾ വാങ്ങുന്നതിനായി 700 രൂപ ഉപയോഗിച്ചു . ഓരോ സമ്മാനത്തിന്റെയും വില തൊട്ടു താഴെയുള്ളതിനേക്കാൾ 20 രൂപ കൂടുത ലാണ്.
a) നാലാമത്തെ സമ്മാനത്തിന്റെ വില എത്ര?
b) ആദ്യത്തെ സമ്മാനത്തിന്റെ വില എത്ര?
c) സമ്മാനങ്ങളുടെ വില അവരോഹണക്രമത്തിൽ എഴുതുക.
Answer:
a) 4-ാം പദം = \(\frac{700}{7}\) = 100
b) ആദ്യപദം നാലാമത്തെ പദത്തേക്കാൾ 3 × 20 കൂടുതലാണ്.
അതായത്,100 + 3 × 20 = 160
c) 160, 140, 120, 100, 80, 60, 40

Question 22.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ 5-ാം പദം 10 ഉം 10-ാം പദം 5 ഉം ആണ്.
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) ആദ്യപദം എന്താണ്?
c) 15-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) 5-ാം പദവും 10-ാം പദവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം = പൊതുവ്യത്യാസത്തിന്റെ 5 മടങ്ങ 5 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം =5 – 10 = 5
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = \(\frac{-5}{5}\) = -1
b) ആദ്യപദം = 5-ാം പദം 4 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം
= 10 – 4 × -1 = 14
c) 15-ാം പദം = 10-ാം പദം + 5 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 5 + 5 × -1 = 0

Question 23.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ 7-ാം പദം 30 ഉം പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം 3 ഉം ആണ്.
Answer:
a) 13-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
b) ആദ്യപദം എന്താണ്?
c) ആദ്യ 13 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) 13-ാം പദം = 7-ാം പദം + 6 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 30 + 6 × 3 = 48
b) ആദ്യപദം + 13-ാം പദം = 2 × 7-ാം പദം = 60 ആദ്യപദം = 60 – 13-ാം പദം
= 60 – 48 = 12
c) ആദ്യ 13 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക = 390

Question 24.
ഒരു പഞ്ചഭുജത്തിലെ കോണുകൾ ആരോഹണ ക്രമത്തിൽ എഴുതിയാൽ സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയിലാണ്. ആദ്യപദം 42°
a) നടുവിലെ പദം എന്താണ്?
b) അടുത്തടുത്ത രണ്ടു പദങ്ങളുടെ വ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
c) പഞ്ചഭുജത്തിന്റെ വലിയ കോൺ കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക.
Answer:
a) ഒരു പഞ്ചഭുജത്തിന്റെ കോണുകളുടെ തുക
(n – 2) × 180 = (5 – 2) × 180 = 540
നടുവിലെ പദം = \(\frac{540}{5}\) = 108°

b) ഒന്നാം പദത്തിന്റെയും മൂന്നാം പദത്തിന്റെയും വ്യത്യാസം = 2 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം
2 × പൊതു വ്യത്യാസം = 108 – 42 = 66
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = \(\frac{66}{2}\) = 33
c) വലിയ കോൺ(5-ാം പദം) = 1-ാം പദം + 4 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം
=42 + 4 × 33 = 174
കോണുകൾ 429, 75, 108, 1419, 1749,

Question 25.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ അടുത്തടുത്ത 8 പദ ങ്ങളെ രണ്ടറ്റങ്ങളിൽ നിന്ന് ജോഡി ആക്കി എഴുതിയിരിക്കുന്നു. (9, 58), (16, 51), (23,44), (30, 37)
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
b) ഈ പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) 6-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും 5-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും ജോഡി (30, 37) ആണ്.
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 7

b) ഓരോ ജോഡിയുടെയും തുക = 67
അതിനാൽ, പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക = 4 × 67 = 268

Question 26.
4, 7, 10,… എന്ന സമാന്തരശ്രേണി പരിഗണിക്കുക.
a) 13-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
b) ആദ്യത്തെ 25 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക എന്താണ്?
c) 8, 14, 20,… എന്ന സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ 25 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക കണ്ടുപിടി ക്കുക.
Answer:
a) 13-ാം പദം = 1-ാം പദം + 12 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 4 + 12 × 3 = 40
b) ആദ്യത്തെ 25 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക = 13-ാം പദം × 25= 40 × 25 = 1000
c) ശ്രേണിയിലെ ഓരോ പദവും ആദ്യത്തെ ശ്രേണിയിലെ പദങ്ങളുടെ 2 മടങ്ങാണ്.
അതിനാൽ, തുക = 2 × 1000 = 2000

Question 27.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക 65 ഉം ആദ്യത്തെ 9 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക 189 ഉം ആണ്.
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ 3-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
b) ശ്രേണിയുടെ 5-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
c) ശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) 3-ാം പദം = \(\frac{65}{5}\) = 13
b) 5-ാം പദം = \(\frac{189}{9}\) = 21
c) 2 × പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = 21 – 13 = 8
പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം = \(\frac{8}{2}\) = 4

Question 28.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയിൽ 20 പദങ്ങളുണ്ട്. ആദ്യത്തെയും അവസാനത്തെയും പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക 67 ആണ്.
a) 2-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും 19-ാം പദത്തിന്റെയും തുക എന്താണ്?
b) 10-ാം പദം 32 ആണെങ്കിൽ 11-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
c) ആദ്യ പദം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
a) 67
b) 35
c) 3

Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Extra Questions Malayalam Medium Kerala Syllabus സമാന്തരശ്രേണികൾ

Question 29.
ഒരു സമാന്തരശ്രേണിയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ 9 പദങ്ങ ളുടെ തുക 144 ഉം അടുത്ത 6 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക 231 ഉം ആണ്.
a) ശ്രേണിയുടെ 5-ാം പദം എന്താണ്? b) ശ്രേണിയുടെ 8-ാം പദം എന്താണ്?
c) ശ്രേണിയുടെ പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
ഉത്തരം സ്വയം കണ്ടെത്തുക.
ആദ്യത്തെ 9 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക 144 ആണെങ്കിൽ 5-ാം പദം കണ്ടെത്തുക
ആദ്യത്തെ 15 പദങ്ങളുടെ തുക = 144 + 231 = 375, എങ്കിൽ 8-ാം പദം കണ്ടെത്തുക.
5-ാം പദവും 8-ാം പദവും ഉപയോഗിച്ച് പൊതുവ്യത്യാസം കണ്ടെത്തുക

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Practicing with SSLC Malayalam Kerala Padavali Class 10 Notes Pdf Unit 1 Chapter 1 കഥകളതിമോഹനം Kathakalathimohanam Notes Questions and Answers improves language skills.

Kathakalathimohanam Class 10 Notes Question Answer

Class 10 Malayalam Kathakalathimohanam Notes Question Answer

Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1 Kathakalathimohanam Notes Question Answer

പാഠപുസ്തകത്തിലെ ചോദ്യങ്ങളും അവയുടെ ഉത്തരങ്ങളും
Question 1.
പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിക്ക് കവി നൽകുന്ന വിശിഷ്ടഭോജ്യങ്ങൾ എന്തെല്ലാം? അവയുടെ സവിശേഷതയെന്ത്? കണ്ടെത്തി അവതരിപ്പിക്കുക.
Answer:
ദ്രോണപർവം എന്ന അദ്ധ്യായത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കത്തിൽ കവി കിളിയെ സംബോധന ചെയ്യുകയും കിളിക്ക് ഇഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട ഭക്ഷണം വാഗ്ദാനം ചെയ്യുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. കിളിക്ക് കഥപറയാനുളള ഊർജ്ജവും ആഗ ഹവും ജനിക്കാൻ വേണ്ടിയാണ് കവി ഇപ്രകാരം ചെയ്യുന്നത്. കവിയുടെ കാതുകൾക്ക് കുളിർമ്മയുണ്ടാക ത്തക്ക വിധം കഥ പറയുന്നതിനാണ് കവി ഉദ്ദേശിക്കുന്നത്.

കൊഴുത്ത പാൽ തിളപ്പിച്ച് പഞ്ചസാരപ്പൊടിയും മറ്റും ചേർത്ത് കുറുക്കി കുഴമ്പാക്കി ഒരു വെള്ളി പാത ത്തിൽ കവി തയ്യാറാക്കിവച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. കൂടാതെ കദളിപ്പഴം നന്നായി ഉടച്ച് തേൻ ചേർത്ത് ശർക്കര, വെല്ലം എന്നിവ ചേർത്ത് വേറെ വച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. ഇവയെല്ലാം ഇഷ്ടം പോലെ ഭക്ഷിക്കാമെന്ന് കവി പറയുന്നു. ദാഹം തോന്നുകയാണെങ്കിൽ കുടിക്കാൻ കരിക്കിൻവെള്ളം, നീലക്കരിമ്പിൻ ചാറ്, പാൽ, തേൻ എന്നിവയുമുണ്ട്. പക്ഷികൾക്ക് ആസ്വദിച്ച് കഴിക്കാൻ പറ്റിയ വിഭവങ്ങൾ തന്നെയാണ് കവി തെരഞ്ഞെടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നത്. ഇതിൽ നിന്നും കിളിമകളോടുളള കവിയുടെ വാത്സല്യം വ്യക്തമാണല്ലോ.

Question 2.
“കർണ്ണസുഖം ഞാൻ പറകയില്ലാരോടും”.
കർണ്ണന്റെ ഈ നിലപാട് വർത്തമാനകാല സമൂഹത്തിൽ എത്രമാത്രം പ്രസക്തമാണ്? വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് കുറിപ്പ് തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:
ദുര്യോധനന്റെ അംഗരാജ്യത്തിന്റെ അധിപനാണ് കർണ്ണൻ. അസ്ത്രപ്രയോഗത്തിന്റെ കാര്യത്തിൽ അർജ്ജു നന് കിടനിൽക്കുന്ന വീരൻ. കേൾക്കാൻ ഇമ്പമുളള കാര്യങ്ങൾ പറഞ്ഞ് മറ്റുളളവരെ പ്രീതിപ്പെടുത്താ നൊന്നും കർണ്ണൻ ശ്രമിക്കാറില്ല. ഭീഷ്മർ ശരശയ്യയിൽ വീഴാനിടയായപ്പോൾ, പരാജയപ്പെട്ട് പിൻവാങ്ങാ നൊരുക്കമില്ലാതിരുന്ന ദുര്യോധനൻ കർണ്ണനോട് സേനാപതിയാകാൻ ആവശ്യപ്പെടുകയുണ്ടായി. ഈ അവസരത്തിലാണ് വീരനായ കർണ്ണന്റെ മഹത്വം നാം മനസ്സിലാക്കുന്നത്. തന്നെക്കാൾ വീരനും, ഗുരുവു മായ ദ്രോണാചാര്യർ ഉള്ളപ്പോൾ മറ്റൊരാൾ സേനാപതിയാകുന്നതിനെ കർണ്ണൻ എതിർക്കുന്നു. ആരെയും പ്രീതിപ്പെടുത്താൻ വേണ്ടി ഒന്നും പറയാത്ത കർണ്ണന്റെ ഈ നിലപാട് ശ്ലാഘനീയമാണ്. തൻകാര്യം നേടാൻ വേണ്ടി എന്ത് അധർമ്മവും ചെയ്യാൻ യാതൊരു മടിയുമില്ലാത്ത സമൂഹമാണ് എക്കാലത്തുമുളളത്. വർത്ത മാനകാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ ഇത്തരം ആദർശങ്ങൾ കാത്തുസൂക്ഷിക്കുന്നവർ വളരെ വിരളമാണ്. കർണ്ണന് എളു പ്പത്തിൽ നേടിയെടുക്കാമായിരുന്ന സേനാപതിയുടെ സ്ഥാനം യാതൊരു നഷ്ടബോധവുമില്ലാതെ ത്യജി ക്കാൻ കർണ്ണന് കഴിയുന്നു. ചെറിയ ഒരു ആനുകൂല്യം കിട്ടാൻ വേണ്ടി മാതാപിതാക്കളെപ്പോലും തളളിപ്പ റയുന്ന ഇന്നത്തെ തലമുറയ്ക്ക് കർണ്ണനിൽ നിന്നും പലതും പഠിക്കാനുണ്ട്.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Question 3.
• “പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ! തെളി-
ഞ്ഞെഞ്ചെവി രണ്ടും കുളുർക്കപ്പറക നീ.”
• “കർണ്ണനും മന്ദസ്മിതം ചെയ്ത ചൊല്ലിനാൻ കർണ്ണസുഖം ഞാൻ പറകയില്ലാരോടും.”
ചെവി രണ്ടും കുളുർക്കപ്പറക, കർണ്ണസുഖം എന്നീ പ്രയോഗങ്ങൾ ശ്രദ്ധിച്ചല്ലോ. കർണ്ണസുഖത്തെ വ്യത്യസ്തമായി ആവിഷ്കരിച്ചിട്ടുള്ള സന്ദർഭങ്ങളാണ് ഇത്. രണ്ടു സന്ദർഭങ്ങളിലും ആശയത്ത വ്യത്യസ്തമാക്കുന്നതെന്തെല്ലാം? സ്വാഭിപ്രായം സമർഥിക്കുക.
Answer:
കവി പഞ്ചവർണക്കിളിയോട് തന്റെ രണ്ട് ചെവിയും കുളിർക്കത്തക്കവിധം പറയാൻ ആവശ്യപ്പെടുന്നത് മഹാഭാരതം കഥ കേൾക്കാനുള്ള ആഗ്രഹം കൊണ്ടാണ്. മഹാൻമാരായ കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളുടെ വീരകഥ കൾ കേട്ട് സന്തോഷിക്കാൻ സ്വാഭാവികമായും കവിക്ക് ആഗ്രഹം കാണുമല്ലോ. ഇവിടെ ചെവി കുളിർപ്പി ക്കുക എന്നതിന് സന്തോഷിപ്പിക്കുക എന്ന സാമാന്യാർഥമേയുള്ളൂ. എന്നാൽ കർണനോട് ദുര്യോധനൻ സേനാപതിയാകാൻ പറഞ്ഞപ്പോഴുള്ള കർണന്റെ പ്രതികരണത്തിൽ സാമാന്യത്തിൽക്കവിഞ്ഞ ഒരു അർഥ തലമുണ്ട്. ഇവിടെ കർണ്ണസുഖം എന്നതിന് മറ്റുള്ളവരോട് തൻകാര്യം നേടാൻ വേണ്ടി പറയുന്ന ഇഷ്ട വാക്ക് എന്നാണർത്ഥം. സാധാരണ മനുഷ്യരിൽ അന്തർലീനമായിക്കിടക്കുന്ന ഒരു സ്വഭാവമാണ് ഇത്. പക്ഷേ കർണനിൽ നിന്നും അത് പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കണ്ട എന്നാണ് ഇവിടെ സൂചന.

Question 4.
• ആദരാലെങ്കിലും കോരി വിളമ്പിയാൽ
സ്വാദില്ലയെന്നു വരുമിനി നിർണ്ണയം – കല്യാണസൗഗന്ധികം (കുഞ്ചൻ നമ്പ്യാർ)
• “ചൊല്ലുന്നതുണ്ടു കനക്കെച്ചുരുക്കി ഞാൻ” – എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ
മുകളിൽ നൽകിയ കവിവചനങ്ങൾ ഭാഷയുടെ ഏതെല്ലാം സവിശേഷതകളാണ് വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നത്? കാവ്യഭാഗങ്ങൾ വിശദമാക്കി കുറിപ്പ് തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:
കല്യാണസൗഗന്ധികം ശീതങ്കൻ തുളളലിന്റെ മുഖവുരയായി കവി നടത്തുന്ന ഈശ്വരവന്ദനത്തിന്റെ അവ സരത്തിലാണ് മേൽപ്പറഞ്ഞ വരികൾ ഉളളത്. കവി തന്റെ വായനക്കാർക്ക് കാവ്യം സമർപ്പിക്കുമ്പോൾ വായനക്കാരെ പരിഗണിക്കണം. പ്രസക്തമല്ലാത്ത കാര്യങ്ങൾ അനാവശ്യമായി പറഞ്ഞാൽ വായനക്കാർ തന്നെ പരിഹസിക്കുകയും ബഹിഷ്ക്കരിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുമെന്ന് നമ്പ്യാർ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നതാണ് സന്ദർഭം. അങ്ങനെ തന്നോട് കൂറ് പുലർത്തുന്ന ആളുകളെ മുഷിപ്പിക്കാൻ താൻ ആഗ്രഹിക്കുന്നില്ല. ഭക്ഷണം കഴി ക്കാനിരിക്കുന്ന ഒരാളുടെ പാത്രത്തിലേക്ക് ആഹാരം ആവശ്യത്തിലധികം വിളമ്പിയാൽ അതിന് രുചിയില്ലാ ത്തതായി അനുഭവപ്പെടുമെന്നാണ് കവി പറയുന്നത്.

പഞ്ചസാര തന്നെ ആവശ്യത്തിൽ കൂടുതൽ ചേർക്കു കയാണെങ്കിൽ രുചി കുറയുമല്ലോ ? ചുരുക്കത്തിൽ ഒരു സാഹിത്യകൃതിയിലായാലും, സംഭാഷണത്തി ലോ, പ്രസംഗത്തിലോ ആയാലും ഭാഷ പ്രയോഗിക്കുന്നത് മിതമായും ഔചിത്യദീക്ഷയോടും കൂടിയായി രിക്കണം. ഇതാണ് കവിയുടെ വിവക്ഷ. ഭാഷാപരമായ മിതത്വം പാലിക്കേണ്ടത് കവിയുടെ ഏറ്റവും പ്രധാന ധർമ്മമാണ്. “ചൊല്ലുന്നതുണ്ട് കനക്കെ ചുരുക്കി ഞാൻ’ എന്ന് കവി പറയുന്നത് ഈ അർത്ഥത്തിലാണ്. ആവശ്യത്തിലേറെ വലിച്ച് നീട്ടുകയോ, പരത്തിപ്പറയുകയോ ചെയ്താൽ ഭാഷയുടെ ജീവൻ തന്നെ ഇല്ലാ താകും. കനത്ത ആശയങ്ങൾ സംഗ്രഹിതമായി പറയുന്ന കവിയാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ. അദ്ധ്യാത്മരാമായണം, മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ടുകൾ സൂക്ഷ്മമായി അപഗ്രഥിച്ചാണ് ഇക്കാര്യം ബോധ്യമാകും.

Question 5.
• “കർണ്ണനാമംഗനരാധിപനെന്നുടെ-
യുണ്ണികൾക്കേറ്റം പ്രധാനനായുള്ളവൻ
കുണ്ഡലമറ്റതാ വേറേ കിടക്കുന്നു,
ഗണ്ഡസ്ഥലമതാ പിന്നെയും മിന്നുന്നു.
വില്ലാളികളിൽ മുമ്പുള്ളവൻ തന്നുടെ
വില്ലാ വേറേ കിടക്കുന്നിതീശ്വര!
കണ്ടാൽ മനോഹരനാമവൻ തന്നുടൽ
കണ്ടാലുമൻപോടു നായും നരികളും
ചെന്നു കടിച്ചു വലിക്കുന്നതിങ്ങനെ

വന്നതിനെന്തൊരു കാരണം ദൈവമേ!”
ശ്രീമഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ട് – സ്ത്രീപർവം

• സംഭ്രമത്തോടൊരു ബാണം പ്രയോഗിച്ചാ
നമ്പർ കോൻ തന്നുടെ നന്ദനനർജുനൻ.
വാരണവീരൻ തലയറ്റു വിറ്റു
വീരൻ ഭഗദത്തൻ തന്റെ തലയറ്റു
നാലാമതാനതൻ വാലുമരിഞ്ഞിട്ടു
കോലാഹലത്തോടു പോയിതു ബാണവും.”

ശ്രീമഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ട് ദ്രോണപർവം
മുകളിൽ നൽകിയ വരികൾക്കും പാഠഭാഗത്തിനും യോജിച്ച താളം കണ്ടെത്തി അവതരിപ്പിക്കുക. കവിതയുടെ ഭാവത്തിനനുസരിച്ച് താളത്തിൽ വ്യത്യാസം വരുത്തേണ്ടതുണ്ടോ? ചർച്ചചെയ്യുക. മുകളിൽ നൽകിയ കാവ്യഭാഗങ്ങളും പാഠഭാഗവും വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് പ്രയോഗഭംഗി, ശബ്ദഭംഗി, വാങ്മയ ചിത്രങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ കണ്ടെത്തി എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ കൃതികളിലെ വർണ്ണനയുടെ സവിശേഷതകളെക്കുറിച്ച് ഉപന്യാസം തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:
a) ഇവിടെ കവി സ്വീകരിച്ചിട്ടുളളത് കാകളീവൃത്തത്തിന്റെ ഈണവും താളവുമാണ്. കാകളി ഒരു പ്രസിദ്ധ മായ കിളിപ്പാട്ട് ശീലാണ്. ഓരോ വരിയിലും പന്ത്രണ്ട് അക്ഷരം വീതം വേണം. ഒരേ കവിതയിൽ തന്നെ വ്യത്യസ്ത ഭാവങ്ങൾ കവി ആവിഷ്ക്കരിച്ചുവെന്ന് വരാം. കവിതയുടെ ഭാവം മാറുന്നതനുസ രിച്ച് താളത്തിൽ മാറ്റം വരുത്തുന്നത് കൊണ്ട് കുഴപ്പമൊന്നുമില്ല.അത് ചിലപ്പോൾ ആസ്വാദ്യത വർദ്ധി പ്പിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യും.ശോകം എന്ന ഭാവം ആവിഷ്ക്കരിക്കുമ്പോൾ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന താളം ആഹ്ലാ ദഭാവം ആവിഷ്ക്കരിക്കുമ്പോൾ യോജിക്കുകയില്ല എന്ന കാര്യം വ്യക്തമാണല്ലോ?

b) ഉപന്യാസം
ഒരു ലബ്ധപ്രതിഷ്ഠനായ കവിയെന്ന നിലയിൽ എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ വർണ്ണനകൾ ഏറെ പ്രശംസപിടിച്ച് പറ്റി യിട്ടുണ്ട്. വർണ്ണനയുടെ മുഹൂർത്തങ്ങൾ, അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ടുകളിൽ ധാരാളമായി കാണാം. അടിസ്ഥാനപരമായി ഒരു ഭക്തകവിയായിരുന്ന എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ, ഈശ്വരന്റെ അപദാനങ്ങൾ വാഴ്ത്തു മ്പോൾ മികച്ച വർണ്ണനകൾ പിറവിയെടുക്കുകയാണ്. ഈശ്വരനാമങ്ങൾ മാലപോലെ കോർത്തിണക്കി നടത്തുന്ന അത്തരം വർണ്ണനകൾ ഭക്തി സംവർദ്ധകമാണ്. യുദ്ധം വർണിക്കാൻ തുടങ്ങുമ്പോഴാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ പ്രതിഭ മിന്നിത്തിളങ്ങുന്നത്. അർജ്ജുനൻ ഭഗദത്തനെ കൊല്ലുന്ന ഭാഗം ചിത്രീകരിച്ചിരി ക്കുന്ന വരികളാണ് ചോദ്യത്തിൽ ഉദ്ധരിച്ചിട്ടുളളത്. കവിയുടെ യുദ്ധവർണ്ണനകളിൽ ഏറ്റവും മികച്ച ഒരു വർണ്ണനയാണ് ഇത്. ഏത് കാര്യവും നമ്മുടെ കൺമുന്നിൽ സംഭവിക്കുന്നത് പോലെ വർണ്ണിച്ച് ഫലിപ്പിക്കാനുളള കവിതയുടെ കഴിവ് അപാരമാണ്. നവരസങ്ങൾ വർണിക്കുമ്പോൾ മറ്റൊരു എഴു അച്ഛനെയാണ് നാം കാണുന്നത്. സ്ത്രീപർവ്വത്തിലെ ഗാന്ധാരീവിലാപത്തിന്റെ വർണ്ണന കരുണരസം കരകവിയുന്ന വിധമാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളത്.

‘കഥകളതിസാഗരം’ എന്ന പാഠഭാഗത്ത് എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ വർണ്ണനാപാടവം എത്രമാത്രം പ്രകടമാണ് എന്ന് പരിശോധിച്ചാൽ, ഭാവവർണ്ണനയിലുളള കവിയുടെ മിടുക്ക് കണ്ട് നാം അതിശയിക്കാതിരിക്കില്ല. കിളിയെ വർണ്ണിക്കുന്നഭാഗം നോക്കുക. കവിയുടെ വാൽസല്യം വാരിക്കോരിയൊഴിച്ചിരിക്കുകയാണി വിടെ. സ്വന്തം മകളൊടെന്ന പോലെയുളള സ്നേഹവും പരിഗണനയും കണ്ട് വായനക്കാർ സന്തുഷ്ട രാവും. കിളിയെ സംബോധന ചെയ്തിരിക്കുന്ന രീതി, കിളിക്ക് വച്ചു നീട്ടുന്ന ഭക്ഷണപദാർത്ഥങ്ങൾ ഇവയുടെയൊക്കെ വർണ്ണന ആരുടെയും മനം മയക്കും. ഈ അവസരത്തിൽ കവി പ്രയോഗിച്ചിരി ക്കുന്ന പദങ്ങളും ബിംബകൽപ്പനകളും ഏറെ ഹൃദ്യമാണ്. കദളിപ്പഴവും, ശർക്കരയും, വെല്ലവും പാൽക്കുഴമ്പുമൊക്കെ കണ്ട് വായനക്കാരന്റെ നാവിലും കൊതിയൂറും. ഇങ്ങനെ വായനക്കാരെക്കൂടി തന്റെ കവികർമ്മത്തിൽ പങ്കാളികളാക്കാനാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ വർണ്ണനകൾ പരിശ്രമിക്കുന്നത്.

ദുര്യോധനനും, കർണ്ണനുമായി നടക്കുന്ന സംഭാഷണം വർണ്ണിക്കുന്ന ഭാഗത്തിനും പ്രത്യേക ചാരുത യുണ്ട്. ഈ വർണ്ണനയിൽ നിന്നും കർണ്ണന്റെയും ദുര്യോധനന്റെയും സ്വഭാവങ്ങൾ അതിലുളള അന്തരം വ്യക്തമാകും. ആരോടും, കർണ്ണസുഖത്തിന് വേണ്ടി മാത്രം സംസാരിക്കാത്ത യഥാർത്ഥ ഗുരുഭക്തി യുടെയും വിനയത്തിന്റെയും പ്രതിരൂപമായ കർണ്ണനെയാണ് ഈ വർണ്ണനയിൽ നാം കാണുന്നത്. ഓരോ വർണ്ണനയ്ക്കും അനുയോജ്യമായ പദങ്ങൾ ആണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പ്രയോഗിക്കുന്നത്. പ്രയോഗ ഭംഗിയും ശബ്ദഭംഗിയും വാങ്മയ ചിത്രങ്ങളും എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ വർണ്ണനകളിൽ ഏറെ കാണാം. കവിത യുടെ ബാഹ്യസൗന്ദര്യം വർദ്ധിപ്പിക്കാനുളള ശ്രമങ്ങളും വർണ്ണനയിൽ കവി നടത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ട്. ദ്വിതീയാ ക്ഷരപ്രാസം, ആദിപ്രാസം, അന്ത്യപ്രാസം എന്നിവയോടൊക്കെ കവിക്ക് പഥ്യമുണ്ട്. ഇതും എഴുത്ത ച്ഛന്റെ വർണ്ണനകളെ മനോഹരമാക്കുന്ന മികച്ച ഘടകങ്ങളാണ്.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Extra Questions and Answers

അധികചോദ്യങ്ങളും ഉത്തരങ്ങളും
Question 1.
നെഞ്ചം തെളിഞ്ഞ് എന്ന് കവി വർണ്ണിക്കുമ്പോൾ തെളിയുന്ന ഭാവം ഏത്?
a പ്രതികാരം
b വാൽസല്യം
c ദേഷ്യം
d ശോകം
Answer:
b വാൽസല്യം

Question 2.
ഭരദ്വാജ നന്ദനൻ എന്ന പദത്തിന്റെ ശരിയായ അർത്ഥം എന്ത്?
a ഭരദ്വാജന്റെ നന്ദനൻ
b ഭരദ്വാജനും നന്ദനനും
c ഭരദ്വാജനാകുന്ന നന്ദനൻ
d ഭരദ്വാജനോ നന്ദനനോ
Answer:
a ഭരദ്വാജന്റെ നന്ദനൻ

Question 3.
എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കാവ്യഭാഷയുടെ രണ്ട് സവിശേ ഷതകൾ പാഠ്യഭാഗത്ത് നിന്ന് കണ്ടെത്തി എഴുതുക.
Answer:
മാനകമായ ഒരു കാവ്യഭാഷ കൈരളിക്ക് സമ്മാ നിച്ച കവിയായിരുന്നു എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ. സംസ്കൃത ത്തിന്റെ ആധിപത്യം മുറുകി നിന്നിരുന്ന കാലഘട്ട ത്തിൽ ഔചിത്യദീക്ഷയോടെ സംസ്കൃത പദങ്ങൾ തെരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത് മലയാളവുമായി കൂട്ടിച്ചേർക്കാൻ കവി ശ്രമിച്ചു. ഈ ഔചിത്യം കാവ്യഭാഷയുടെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ പ്രത്യേകതയാണ്. മന്നവ, കേൾക്ക ഭരദ്വാജനന്ദനനിന്നുളള യോദ്ധാക്കളിൽ പ്രബലാ ധിപൻ എന്നീ വരികളിൽ കവി.യുടെ കാവ്യഭാഷ യുടെ ശരിയായ അടയാളം കാണാവുന്നതാണ്.

Question 4.
പാഠഭാഗത്ത് തെളിയുന്ന കർണ്ണന്റെ സ്വഭാവ ത്തിന്റെ മൂന്ന് പ്രത്യേകതകൾ കണ്ടെത്തി എഴു
തുക.
Answer:
വളരെക്കുറച്ച് മാത്രമെ കർണ്ണൻ പാഠഭാഗത്ത് നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നവരികളിൽ പരാമർശിക്കപ്പെടു ന്നുള്ളവെങ്കിലും കുറഞ്ഞ സമയത്തിനുളളിൽ കർണ്ണൻ മൊഴിയുന്ന വാക്കുകളിൽ നിന്നും അദ്ദേ ഹത്തിന്റെ ധീരമായ പ്രവർത്തികളിൽ നിന്നും കർണ്ണന്റെ സ്വഭാവസവിശേഷതകൾ നമുക്ക് വായി ച്ചെടുക്കാം.

അനാവശ്യമായി ആരെയും ആശ്രയിക്കുകയോ, പുകഴ്ത്തുകയോ ചെയ്യാത്ത ആളാണ് കർണ്ണൻ. അധികാരികളുടെയോ വേണ്ടപ്പെട്ടവരുടെയോ പ്രീതി പിടിച്ച് പറ്റാൻ വേണ്ടി കർണ്ണൻ ഒന്നും ചെയ്യു കയോ പറയുകയോ ഇല്ല. ഗുരുവിനോടും മുതിർന്ന വരോടും ഏറെ ബഹുമാനവും ഭക്തിയുമുളള യോദ്ധാവാണ് കർണ്ണൻ.

Question 5.
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവോ’ എന്ന കവി തയിൽ കിളിയോട് മധുരമായി സംസാരി ക്കാൻ ആവശ്യപ്പെടുന്നതിലൂടെ കവി ആഗ്രഹി ക്കുന്നതെന്ത്?
Answer:
കിളിയുടെ മധുരമായ ശബ്ദം തന്റെ കാതുക ൾക്ക് ആനന്ദവും കുളിർമയും നൽകണം എന്ന താണ്.

Question 6.
‘കർണ്ണസുഖം ഞാൻ പറകയില്ലാരോടും’ – ഇത് ആരുടെ വാക്കുകളാണ്
Answer:
കർണ്ണന്റെ വാക്കുകളാണ്.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Question 7.
എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ടിൽ, ഭീഷ് മർ ശരശയനത്തിൽ വീണ ശേഷം ദുര്യോധ നൻ ആരെയാണ് ആദ്യം സേനാപതിയാകാൻ ക്ഷണിച്ചത്?
Answer:
കർണ്ണനെ

Question 8.
‘കനക്കെച്ചുരുക്കി ഞാൻ’ എന്ന പ്രയോഗത്തി ന്റെ സാരം എന്ത്?
Answer:
കാര്യങ്ങൾ അതിവിസ്താരമില്ലാതെ എന്നാൽ സാരാംശം ഒട്ടും ചോർന്നുപോകാതെ നന്നായി സംഗ്രഹിച്ച് അവതരിപ്പിക്കും എന്നതാണ്

Question 9.
അർജ്ജുനന്റെ ബാണം ഏത് നത്തിന്റെ തല യും വാലുമാണു് അറുത്തതെന്ന് കവിതയിൽ പറയുന്നു?
Answer:
അർജ്ജുനന്റെ ബാണം ഒരു ആനയുടെ (വാര ണവീരന്റെ തലയും മറ്റൊരു ആനയുടെ (നാ ലാമത്തെ ആനയുടെ) വാലുമാണ് അറുത്ത തെന്ന് കവിതയിൽ പറയുന്നു.

Question 10.
ദുര്യോധനൻ ആരെയാണ് ‘മാനിയായുള്ള വൻ” എന്ന് വിശേഷിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
കവി ദുര്യോധനനെയാണ് (സുയോധനനെ) ‘മാനിയാളവൻ’ എന്ന് വിശേഷിപ്പിക്കുന്നതു്.

Question 11.
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവോ’ എന്ന കവിത യിൽ കിളിക്ക് നൽകാനായി പ്രത്യേകം തിരഞ്ഞ ടുത്ത പഴം ഏതാണ്?
Answer:
കദളിപ്പഴം.

Question 12.
ദുര്യോധനൻ കർണ്ണനോട് സേനാപതിയാകാ ൻ അഭ്യർത്ഥിച്ചത് ആരുടെ പതനത്തിനു ശേ ഷമാണ്?
Answer:
ഭീഷ്മരുടെ പതനത്തിനു ശേഷം.

Question 13.
‘വാരണവീരൻ’ എന്ന പ്രയോഗം ഏത് മൃഗത്തെ യാണ് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
ആനയെ.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Question 14.
പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിക്ക് കവി നൽകുന്ന രണ്ട് വിശി പ ദോജ്യങ്ങളും അവയുടെ സവിശേഷതയും:
Answer:
• കുറുക്കിക്കൊഴുത്ത പാൽ പഞ്ചസാരപ്പൊടി ചേർത്തത് ഇത് ഏറെ ശ്രദ്ധയോടെയും സ്നേഹത്തോടെയും പാചകം ചെയ്ത്, വറ്റിച്ചു കട്ടിയാക്കിയതും സ്വാദിഷ്ടവുമാണ്.
• കദളിപ്പഴം തേനും ശർക്കരയും ത്ത് ഉടച്ചത്. നല്ലയിനം കദളിപ്പഴങ്ങൾ തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത്, മൃദുവായി കൈകൊണ്ട് ഞെരടിയുടച്ച്, തേനും പലതരം ശർക്കരക ളും ചേർത്താണ് ഇത് തയ്യാറാക്കുന്നത്.

Question 15.
‘ചെവി രണ്ടും കുളുർക്ക പാക’ എന്ന പ്രയോഗം കൊണ്ടു് കവി എന്താണ് അർത്ഥമാക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
കിളിയുടെ മധുരമായ, നിഷ്കളങ്കമായ സംസാ രം കേട്ട് തന്റെ കാതുകൾക്കും മനസ്സിനും സന്തോഷവും ആശ്വാസവും കുളിർമയും ഉണ്ടാ കണം എന്നാണ് കവി ഈ പ്രയോഗം കൊണ്ട് അർത്ഥമാക്കുന്നത്.

Question 16.
‘മാവ് സങ്കടമുണ്ടാകയില്ലതും’ – കർണ്ണൻ ര്യോധനന് നൽകുന്ന ഉറപ്പ് എന്തായിരുന്നു?
Answer:
ദ്രോണാചാര്യരെ സേനാധിപനാക്കുന്നതിൽ ദുര്യോധനന് യാതൊരു ദുഃഖവും ഉണ്ടാകേണ്ട തില്ലെന്നും, താൻ അതിൽ പരിഭവിക്കുന്നില്ലെ ന്നും, എല്ലാം രാജ്യനന്മയ്ക്ക് ഉതകുമെന്നുമുള്ള ഉറപ്പാണ് കർണ്ണൻ ഈ വാക്കുകളിലൂടെ നൽ കുന്നത്.

Question 17.
എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ടുകളിൽ സാധാരണ യായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന രണ്ടു് പ്രധാന വൃത്ത ങ്ങൾ ഏതെല്ലാം?
Answer:
എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ടുകളിൽ സാധാരണ യായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന രണ്ട് പ്രധാന വൃത്ത ങ്ങളാണ് കാകളിയും കേകയും വിവരണങ്ങ ൾക്കും ആഖ്യാനങ്ങൾക്കും കാകളിയും, ശോകം, ഭക്തി തുടങ്ങിയ ഭാവങ്ങൾ അവതരിപ്പിക്കാൻ കേകയും അദ്ദേഹം ഉപയോഗിക്കാറുണ്ട്.

Question 18.
‘നെഞ്ചം തെളിഞ്ഞു കുറുക്കിക്കൊഴുത്ത പാൽ’ എന്നതിലെ ‘നെഞ്ചം തെളിഞ്ഞു’ എന്ന പ്രയോ രം എന്തിനെ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു?
Answer:
‘നെഞ്ചം തെളിഞ്ഞു’ എന്ന പ്രയോഗം കവി അതീവ ശ്രദ്ധയോടെയും, സ്നേഹത്തോടെയും, മന സ്സിന്റെ ഏകാഗ്രതയോടെയുമാണ് പാൽകുറു ക്കിയത് എന്ന് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് ചെയ്യുന്ന പ്രവൃത്തിയിലുള്ള ആത്മാർത്ഥതയെയും അർ പണമനോഭാവത്തെയും കാണിക്കുന്നു.

Question 19.
ദുര്യോധനന്റെ ഏത് മാനസികാവസ്ഥയാണു് കർ ന്റെ മരണശേഷം ‘വന്നതിനെന്തൊരു കാ ദൈവമേ’ എന്ന വിലാപത്തിൽ പ്രകടമാ രണം കുന്നത്
Answer:
കർണ്ണന്റെ ദാരുണമായ അന്ത്യം കണ്ടുനിൽക്കേ ണ്ടി വന്ന ദുര്യോധനന്റെ അഗാധമായ ദുഃഖം, നിസ്സഹായത, വിധിയിലുള്ള വിശ്വാസമില്ലാ യ്മ, ഈശ്വരനോടുള്ള പരിഭവം എന്നീ മാന സികാവസ്ഥകളാണ് ഈ വിലാപത്തിൽ പ്രകട മാകുന്നത്.

Question 20.
‘കോലാഹലത്തോടു പോയിതു ബാണവും’ ഇവിദെ അർജ്ജുനന്റെ അസ്ത്രത്തിനു ലഭിക്കുന്ന സവിശേഷതയെന്ത്?
Answer:
ഇവിടെ അർജ്ജുനന്റെ അസ്ത്രം കേവലം ഒരു ആയുധം എന്നതിനപ്പുറം, ഒരു വ്യക്തിയെ പോലെ ആരവത്തോടെയും ബഹളത്തോടെ യും (കോലാഹലത്തോടും ലക്ഷ്യസ്ഥാനത്തേക്ക് കുതിക്കുന്നതായി വർണ്ണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് അസ്ത്രത്തിന്റെ അമാന്യമായ ഊർജ്ജത്തെ യും തടുക്കാനാവാത്ത സംഹാരശേഷിയെയും മാണ് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Question 21.
സന്ദർഭം വ്യക്തമാക്കി ആശയം വിശദമാക്കുക:
‘ആദരാലെങ്കിലും കോരി വിളമ്പിയാൽ സ്വാദി ല്ലയെന്നു വരുമിനി നിർണ്ണയം.’
Answer:
സന്ദർഭം: കുഞ്ചൻ നമ്പ്യാരുടെ ‘കല്യാണസൗ ഗന്ധികം’ തുള്ളലിലെ വരികളാണിത്. ഭീമ സേനൻ കല്യാണസൗഗന്ധികം തേടിപ്പോകുന്ന വഴിക്കുള്ള അനുഭവങ്ങളും കാഴ്ചപ്പാടുകളും നമ്പ്യാർ തന്റേതായ ശൈലിയിൽ വിവരിക്കുന്ന തിനിടയിലാണ് ഈ പരാമർശം വരുന്നത്.

ആശയം: എത്രയധികം ആദരവോടും ഹത്തോടെയുമാണ് വിളമ്പുന്നതെങ്കിലും അ ല്ലെങ്കിൽ അളവിൽ കൂടുതൽ വാരിക്കോരി വിളമ്പിയാലും, ഭക്ഷണത്തിന് യഥാർത്ഥ രുചി യില്ലെങ്കിൽ അത് രുചിയില്ലാത്തതായിത്തന്നെ അനുഭവപ്പെടും എന്നത് തീർച്ചയാണ്. ഇവി ടെ ഭക്ഷണം ഒരു പ്രതീകമാണ്. ബാഹ്യ മായ ഉപചാരങ്ങൾക്കോ പ്രകടനങ്ങൾക്കോ അപ്പുറം, ചെയ്യുന്ന കാര്യങ്ങളിൽ ആത്മാർത്ഥ തയും ഗുണമേന്മയും ഇല്ലെങ്കിൽ ഫലം നിരാശാ ജനകമായിരിക്കും എന്നൊരു സാമൂഹിക വിമർ നവും ഇതിലുണ്ട്.

Question 22.
‘ദ്രോണരാമാചാര്യൻ താനിരിക്കെയെന്തുമാനിച്ചു മറ്റുള്ളാർ നിർത്തുന്നിതു ചദ?
Answer:
സന്ദർഭം: എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ ‘മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ട് ദ്രോണപർവ്വത്തിൽ, ഭീഷ്മർ ശരശയനത്തി ലായ ശേഷം ദുര്യോധനൻ കർണ്ണനെ സൈന്യാ ധിപനാകാൻ ക്ഷണിക്കുമ്പോൾ കർണ്ണൻ പറ യുന്ന മറുപടിയിലെ ഭാഗമാണിത്.

ആശയം: ആചാര്യനായ ദ്രോണർ ജീവിച്ചിരിക്കു മ്പോൾ, അദ്ദേഹത്തെക്കാൾ യോഗ്യത കുറ ഞ്ഞ മറ്റൊരാളെ ആദരിച്ച് സൈന്യത്തിന്റെ നേതൃത്വം ഏൽപ്പിക്കുന്നത് ഉചിതമല്ല എന്നാണ് കർണ്ണന്റെ പക്ഷം. ദ്രോണരോടുള്ള ബഹുമാ നവും, സ്ഥാനമാനങ്ങൾ ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നതിലുള്ള ഔചിത്യബോധവും, തന്റെ ഊഴം വരുന്നതു വരെ കാത്തിരിക്കാനുള്ള സന്നദ്ധതയും കർ ന്റെ ഈ വാക്കുകളിൽ പ്രകടമാണ്.ഇത് കർണ്ണന്റെ നീതിബോധത്തെയും വ്യക്തമാ ക്കുന്നു.

Question 23.
‘കണ്ടാൽ മനോഹരനാമവൻതന്നുടൽ കണ്ടാ മുൻപോടു നായും നരികളും ചെന്നു കടിച്ചു വലിക്കുന്നതിങ്ങനെ വന്നതിനെന്തൊരു കാരണം ദൈവമേ!’
Answer:
സന്ദർഭം: ‘മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ട്” ദ്രോണപർവ്വ ത്തിൽ, കർണ്ണൻ യുദ്ധത്തിൽ മരിച്ചുവീണ ശേഷം, അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ മൃതദേഹം കുറുക്ക ന്മാരും നായ്ക്കളും കടിച്ചു വലിക്കുന്ന ദയനീയ മായ കാഴ്ച കണ്ട് ദുര്യോധനൻ വിലപിക്കുന്ന നാന്ദർഭത്തിലെ വരികളാണിവ.

ആശയം: അതിമനോഹരമായ ശരീരത്തോടു കൂടിയവനും വീരശൂരനുമായ കർണ്ണന് ഇത്ര യും ദാരുണമായ ഒരന്ത്യം വന്നല്ലോ എന്നും, അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ശരീരം ഇപ്പോൾ മൃഗങ്ങൾ ദക്ഷി ക്കുന്ന അവസ്ഥയിലായല്ലോ എന്നുമുള്ള ദുര്യോ ധനന്റെ അതിയായ വേദനയും നൈരാശ്യ വുമാണ് ഈ വരികളിൽ നിറഞ്ഞുനിൽക്കു ന്നത്. യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ഭീകരതയും മനുഷ്യശരീര ത്തിന്റെ നിസ്സാരതയും വിധി വൈപരീത്യവും ഈ വരികൾ ശക്തമായി ധ്വനിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ‘ദൈ വമേ’ എന്ന വിളിയിൽ ദുര്യോധനന്റെ നിസ്സഹാ യതയും സങ്കടവും നിറഞ്ഞുനിൽക്കുന്നു.

Question 24.
സന്ദർഭം വ്യക്തമാക്കി ആശയം വിശദമാക്കുക: ‘പിന്നെ ഞാൻ പക്ഷേ മരിക്കുന്നതുമുണ്ടു.’
Answer:
സന്ദർഭം: എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാ ട്ടിൽ, ദ്രോണപർവ്വത്തിൽ, ഭീഷ്മർക്ക് ശേഷം സേനാപതിയാകാൻ ദുര്യോധനൻ ക്ഷണിക്കു മ്പോൾ, ദ്രോണാചാര്യരാണ് ആ സ്ഥാനത്തിനു ഏറ്റവും യോഗ്യനെന്ന് പറഞ്ഞശേഷം കർണ്ണൻ പറയുന്ന വാക്കുകളാണിത്.

ആശയം: ദ്രോണാചാര്യർക്ക് ശേഷം, അല്ലെങ്കിൽ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ അഭാവത്തിൽ, താൻ സൈന്യ ത്തിന്റെ നേതൃത്വം (ഭരണം) ഏറ്റെടുക്കാൻ തയ്യാറാണ് എന്നാണ് കർണ്ണൻ ഇതിലൂടെ വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നത്. ഇത് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ആത്മ വിശ്വാസത്തെയും രാജ്യത്തോടുള്ള കൂറിനെ യും സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നതോടൊപ്പം, സ്ഥാനമാന ങ്ങളുടെ ക്രമത്തിലുള്ള അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ശ്രദ്ധ യും പ്രകടമാക്കുന്നു. ‘പക്ഷേ’ എന്ന വാക്ക് ഒരു പക്ഷേ, ദ്രോണർ ഉള്ളപ്പോൾ തന്റെ ഊഴം വരില്ല എന്നൊരു സൂചനയും നൽകുന്നു.

Question 25.
‘വെള്ളിത്തളികയിൽ മേളിച്ചു വെവ്വേറെ വെച്ചിരി ക്കുന്നതെടുത്തു ഭുജിച്ചാലും സന്ദർഭം വ്യക്ത മാക്കി ആശയം വിശദമാക്കുക:
Answer:
സന്ദർഭം: ‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ!’ എന്ന കവിതയിൽ, കിളിക്കുവേണ്ടി തയ്യാറാക്കിയ പല വിശിഷ്ടഭോജ്യങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് വിവരിച്ച ശേഷം കവി കിളിയെ ക്ഷണിക്കുന്ന ഭാഗമാ ണിത്

ആശയം: കിളിക്കുവേണ്ടി തയ്യാറാക്കിയ സ്വാദി ഷമായ വിഭവങ്ങളെല്ലാം ഒരു വെള്ളിപ്പായ ത്തിൽ ആകർഷകമായി വെവ്വേറെയായി ക്രമീ കരിച്ചു വെച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. അവയെല്ലാം കിളിക്ക് ഇഷ്ടാ നുസരണം ഭക്ഷിക്കാം എന്നാണ് കവി സ്നേഹ ത്തോടെ പറയുന്നത്. ഇത് കിളിയോടുള്ള കവി യുടെ വാത്സല്യത്തെയും ആതിഥ്യമര്യാദയ യുമാണ് കാണിക്കുന്നത്.

Question 26.
‘കർണ്ണസുഖം ഞാൻ പറകയില്ലാരോടും’എന്ന കർണ്ണന്റെ നിലപാട് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ സ്വഭാവ ത്തിന്റെ ഏതെല്ലാം സവിശേഷതകളിലേക്കാണ് വിരൽ ചൂണ്ടുന്നത്? വിശകലനം ചെയ്യുക
Answer:
കർണ്ണസുഖം ഞാൻ പറകയില്ലാരോടും’ എന്ന കർണ്ണന്റെ പ്രഖ്യാപനം അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ഉന്നത മായ വ്യക്തിത്വത്തിന്റെയും ധീരമായ നിലപാടു കളുടെയും പ്രതിഫലനമാണ്. ഇത് പ്രധാന മായും ചൂണ്ടിക്കാണിക്കുന്നത് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ സത്യസന്ധതയും ആർജ്ജവവുമണ്. മുഖ സ്തുതിക്കോ മറ്റുള്ളവരെ പ്രീതിപ്പെടുത്താനോ വേണ്ടി അസത്യം പറയാനോ നിലപാടുകളിൽ വെള്ളം ചേർക്കാനോ അദ്ദേഹം തയ്യാറല്ല. ഇതി ലൂടെ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ആത്മാഭിമാനവും വ്യക്ത മാകുന്നു.

തനിക്ക് ശരിയെന്ന് തോന്നുന്നത് ആരുടെയും മുഖം നോക്കാതെ വെട്ടിത്തുറന്നു പറയുന്ന ധൈര്യവും ഈ വാക്കുകളിൽ കാ ണാം. ദ്രോണരെപ്പോലുള്ള മഹാരഥൻമാർ ഉള്ളപ്പോൾ താൻ ആ സ്ഥാനം ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നത് ശരിയല്ലെന്ന് പറയുന്നതിലൂടെ, കേവലം അധി കാരമോഹിയല്ല താനെന്നും, ഔചിത്യബോ ധവും നീതിബോധവും ഉളള വ്യക്തിയാണ ന്നും കർണ്ണൻ തെളിയിക്കുന്നു. ഈ നിലപാട് കർണ്ണനെന്ന കഥാപാത്രത്തിന് കൂടുതൽ ഗാംഭീ ര്യവും സ്വഭാവദാർഢ്യവും നൽകുന്നു.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Question 27.
അർജ്ജുനന്റെ ബാണപ്രയോഗം വർണ്ണിക്കുന്ന ഭാഗത്തിലെ (‘സംഭ്രമത്തോടൊരു ബാണം-‘) ശബ ഭംഗിയും ചലനാത്മകതയും വിശകലനം ചെയ്യുക.
Answer:
സംഭ്രമത്തോടൊരു ബാണം പ്രയോഗിച്ചാ…’ എന്നു തുടങ്ങുന്ന ഭാഗത്ത് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ അർ ജ്ജുനബാണത്തിന്റെ അസാമാന്യമായ ശക്തി യും വേഗതയും അതിമനോഹരമായി ആവിഷ് കരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. ‘വാരണവീരൻ തലയറ്റു വില്ല റ്റു വീരൻ ഭഗദത്തൻ തന്റെ തലയറ്റു നാലാമ താനതൻവാലുമരിഞ്ഞിട്ടു എന്ന വരികളിലെ അറ്റു എന്ന ശബ്ദത്തിന്റെ ആവർത്തനം (അന്ത്യപ്രാ സം,അനുപ്രാസം) അസ്ത്രം ഓരോ ലക്ഷ്യത്തെ യും തകർത്തെറിയുന്നതിന്റെ വേഗതയും താളവും വായനക്കാരെ അനുഭവിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് കാവ്യഭാഗത്തിന് സവിശേഷമായ ശബ ഭംഗി നൽകുന്നു.

ഒരു ലക്ഷ്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന് മറ്റൊ ന്നിലേക്ക് മിന്നൽ വേഗത്തിൽ പായുന്ന അസ്ത്ര ത്തിന്റെ ചിത്രം ‘കോലാഹലത്തോടു പോയി ബാണവും) വാക്കുകളിലൂടെ വരച്ചിടുന്നതിൽ കവി വിജയിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് വർണ്ണനയ്ക്ക് വലിയ ചലനാത്മകത നൽകുന്നു. ‘സംഭ്രമം’കോ ലാഹലം’ തുടങ്ങിയ പദങ്ങൾ യുദ്ധരംഗത്തിന്റെ തീവ്രതയും അസ്ത്രത്തിന്റെ ഭീകരമായ ഊർ ജ്ജവും ധ്വനിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. കാകളി വൃത്തത്തിന്റെ ഒഴുക്കുള്ള താളം ഈ ചലനാത്മകതയ്ക്ക് ശക്തി പകരുന്നു.

Question 28.
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ’ എന്ന കവിത യിൽ തെളിയുന്ന കവിയുടെ കിളിയോടുള്ള വാത്സല്യം ഉദാഹരണസഹിതം വ്യക്തമാക്കുക.
Answer:
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ!’ എന്ന കാവ്യ ഭാഗത്തിലുടനീളം കവിക്ക് കിളിയോടുള്ള അള വറ്റ വാത്സല്യം പ്രകടമാണ്. ‘പെൺകിടാവേ’ എന്ന സ്നേഹമസൃണമായ സംബോധനയിൽ തന്നെ ഈ വാത്സല്യം തുളുമ്പുന്നു. കിളിയുടെ ശബ്ദം കേട്ട് എൻചെവി രണ്ടും കുളുർക്കപ്പറക എന്ന് കവി ആഗ്രഹിക്കുന്നത്, കിളിയുടെ സാന്നി ധ്യവും സംസാരവും തനിക്ക് എത്രമാത്രം സ ന്തോഷം നൽകുന്നു എന്നതിന്റെ തെളിവാണ്. കിളിക്കുവേണ്ടി ‘നെഞ്ചം തെളിഞ്ഞു. അതീവ ശ്രദ്ധയോടെ തയ്യാറാക്കുന്ന വിഭവങ്ങളുടെ നീ ണ്ട് പട്ടിക ‘കുറുക്കിക്കൊഴുത്ത പാൽ’, ‘കദളി പഴങ്ങൾ… മെല്ലെത്തിരുമ്മിയുടച്ചു തേനും വീഴ് ത്തി’, ‘നീലക്കരിമ്പിന്റെ ചാറുമിളന്നീരും പാലും മധുവും’ ഇതെല്ലാം കവിയുടെ അകൃത്രിമമായ സ്നേഹത്തെയും കരുതലിനെയും സൂചിപ്പി ക്കുന്നു. വെള്ളിത്തളികയിൽ വെവ്വേറെയായി ഭക്ഷണം ഒരുക്കുന്നതും, ‘ആവോളം ഭക്ഷി ക്കാനും കുടിക്കാനും ക്ഷണിക്കുന്നതും ഈ വാത്സല്യത്തിന്റെ ആഴം വർദ്ധിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.

Question 29.
കർണ്ണന്റെ വീരമൃത്യുവിനുശേഷമുള്ള ദുര്യോ ധനന്റെ വിലാപത്തിൽ പ്രതിഫലിക്കുന്ന പ്രധാന വികാരങ്ങൾ എന്തെല്ലാം?
Answer:
കർണ്ണന്റെ മരണശേഷമുള്ള ദുര്യോധനന്റെ വിലാപം അഗാധമായ ദുഃഖവും നൈരാശ്യവും നിറഞ്ഞതാണ്. തന്റെ ഏറ്റവും പ്രിയപ്പെട്ടവനും പ്രധാനപ്പെട്ടവനുമായ (‘എന്റെ ഉണ്ണികൾക്കേറ്റം പ്രധാനനായുള്ളവൻ’ കർണ്ണന്റെ വേർപാട് ദുര്യോധനനെ തളർത്തുന്നു. കർണ്ണന്റെ ഭൗതി കസൗന്ദര്യവും ‘കണ്ടാൽ മനോഹരനാമവൻ തന്നുടൽ) തേജസ്സും (‘ഗണ്ഡസ്ഥലതാ പിന്നെ യും മിന്നുന്നു) ഓർത്തുള്ള ദുഃഖത്തോടൊപ്പം, അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ശരീരം മൃഗങ്ങളാൽ അപമാനി ക്കപ്പെടുന്നതിലുള്ള രോഷവും നിസ്സഹായതയും പ്രകടമാണ്. വന്നതിനെന്തൊരു കാരണം ദൈവമേ!’ എന്ന ചോദ്യത്തിൽ; വിധിയുടെ ക്രൂരതയോടുള്ള അവിശ്വാസവും ഈശ്വരനേ ടുള്ള പരിഭവവും അടങ്ങിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഈ വിലാപം കർണ്ണനോടുള്ള ദുര്യോധനന്റെ ആഴ മേറിയ സ്നേഹബന്ധത്തിന്റെയും തകർന്ന പ്ര തീക്ഷകളുടെയും നേർചിത്രം നൽകുന്നു.

Question 30.
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവോ’ എന്ന കവിത യിൽ കവി കിളിയുമായി സ്ഥാപിക്കാൻ ശ്രമിക്കു ന്ന വൈകാരികബന്ധം എങ്ങനെയുള്ളതാണ്’?
Answer:
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ!’ എന്ന കവി തയിൽ കവി കിളിയുമായി സ്ഥാപിക്കാൻ ശ്രമി ക്കുന്നത് വാത്സല്യം നിറഞ്ഞതും സ്നേഹോഷ് മളവുമായ ഒരു വൈകാരികബന്ധമാണ്. പെൺകിടാവേ എന്ന സംബോധനയിൽ ത്തന്നെ ഒരു പിതാവിന് കുട്ടിയോടുള്ളതുപോ ലെയുള്ള ലാളനയുണ്ട്. കിളിയുടെ ശബ്ദം കേട്ട് കാതുകൾ കുളിരണിയണം എന്ന ആഗ്രഹം. കിളിയുടെ സാന്നിധ്യം നൽകുന്ന സന്തോഷത്തെ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. കിളിക്കു വേണ്ടി ഏറെ ശ്രദ്ധയോടെയും സ്നേഹത്തോ ടെയും (‘നെഞ്ചം തെളിഞ്ഞു. വിഭവസമ ദ്ധമായ ഭക്ഷണം തയ്യാറാക്കുന്നതും വെള്ളി അളികയിൽ വിളമ്പുന്നതും ഈ സ്നേത്തി ന്റെയും കരുതലിന്റെയും ആഴം വ്യക്തമാക്കു ന്നു. കേവലം ഒരു പക്ഷിയാടുള്ള ഇഷ്ടത്തിന പുറം, ഒരു കൂട്ടുകാരിയോടുള്ളതുപോലെ ആഴ ത്തിലുള്ള ഒരു സൗഹൃദവും അടുപ്പവും സ്ഥാപിക്കാനാണ് കവി ശ്രമിക്കുന്നത്.

Question 31.
കവിതയുടെ ഭാവത്തിനനുസരിച്ച് താളത്തിൽ വ്യത്യാസം വരുത്തേണ്ടതിന്റെ പ്രാധാന്യം ചർച്ച ചെയ്യുക (നമ്മൾ ചർച്ച ചെയ്ത കിളിപ്പാട്ട് ഭാഗ ഇളെ അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കി).
Answer:
കവിതയുടെ ഭാവത്തിനനുസരിച്ച് താളത്തിൽ വ്യത്യാസം വരുത്തുന്നത് അതിന്റെ ആസ്വാ ദ്യതയിലും ആശയ സംവേദനത്തിലും നിർണ്ണാ യകമായ പങ്കുവഹിക്കുന്നു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളി പാട്ട് ഭാഗങ്ങൾ ഇതിന് മികച്ച ഉദാഹരണമാണ്. കർണ്ണന്റെ മരണത്തിൽ ദുര്യോധനൻ വിലപി ക്കുന്ന സന്ദർഭം (‘കർണ്ണനാമംഗരാധിപനെ ന്നുടെ…’) കേര പോലുള്ള വിഷാദഛായയുള്ള വൃത്തത്തിൽ, പതിഞ്ഞ താളത്തിൽ ആലപി ക്കുമ്പോളാണ് അതിലെ ശോകഭാവം പൂർണ്ണ മായി അനുഭവവേദ്യമാകുന്നത്. നേരെമറിച്ച്, അർജ്ജുനന്റെ ബാണപ്രയോഗം സംഭ്രമത്തോ ടൊരു ബാണം…’) വർണ്ണിക്കുമ്പോൾ കാകളി വൃത്തത്തിന്റെ ദ്രുതവും ഊർജ്ജസ്വലവുമായ താളം യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ തീവ്രതയും വീരരാവും പ്രതിഫലിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഒരേ വൃത്തത്തിൽത്തന്നെ, ഭാവത്തിനനുസരിച്ച് ആലാപന വേഗ ത, ശബത്തിലെ ഏറ്റക്കുറച്ചിലുകൾ, ഊന്നൽ ന ൽകേണ്ട വാക്കുകൾ എന്നിവയിൽ മാറ്റം വരു ത്തിയും താളത്തിൽ വൈവിധ്യം കൊണ്ടുവരാം. ഇത് കവിതയിലെ വൈകാരികാംശങ്ങളെ വായ നക്കാരിലേക്കോ ശ്രോതാക്കളിലേക്കോ കൂടു തൽ ശക്തമായി എത്തിക്കാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു. ഭാവരസങ്ങൾക്ക് അനുയോജ്യമായ താളം ന ൽകുന്നതിലൂടെയാണ് കവിൽ കേവലം അ രങ്ങളുടെ കൂട്ടമല്ലാതായി. ജീവസ്സുറ്റ ഒരനു ഭവമായി മാറുന്നത്.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Question 32.
എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ ‘മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ടിൽ’ യുദ്ധവർണ്ണനകൾക്ക് നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള പ്രാധാന്യ വും അവയുടെ അവതരണരീതിയിലെ സവിശേ ഷതകളും വിശദമാക്കുക. (ഗദവധം പോലു ള്ള സന്ദർഭങ്ങൾ ഉദാഹരണമായി ഉപയോഗി ക്കുക).
Answer:
ആമുഖം:
മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ പിതാവായ തുഞ്ചത്തെഴു അച്ഛന്റെ ‘മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ട് മലയാള സാഹിത്യത്തിലെ ഒരു നാഴികക്കല്ലാണ്. ഭക്തി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പശ്ചാത്തലത്തിൽ രചിക്ക പ്പെട്ട ഈ കൃതി, ഇതിഹാസകഥയെ സാധാര ണക്കാർക്ക് പ്രാപ്യമാക്കിയതോടൊപ്പം ധാർമ്മി കവും ആത്മീയവുമായ വെളിച്ചം പകർന്നു ഈ ബൃഹദ്ഗ്രന്ഥത്തിൽ, യുദ്ധവർണ്ണനകൾക്കി സവിശേഷമായ സ്ഥാനമുണ്ട്. അവ കേവലം പേ രാട്ടങ്ങളുടെ വിവരണങ്ങൾ എന്നതിനപ്പുറം, ധർമ്മാധർമ്മങ്ങളുടെ സംഘട്ടനം, മനുഷ്യവികാ രങ്ങളുടെ തീവ്രത, വീര്യം, ശോകം, യുദ്ധത്തി ന്റെ നിരർത്ഥകത എന്നിവയെല്ലാം പ്രതിഫലി പ്പിക്കുന്നു. കിളിപ്പാട്ട് ശൈലിയുടെ തനതായ സാധ്യതകൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ ഈ വർണ്ണനകളെ അവിസ്മരണീയമാക്കി.

അവതരണരീതിയിലെ സവിശേഷതകൾ:
വീരരസത്തിന്റെ പ്രാധാന്യം എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ യുദ്ധവർണ്ണനകളിൽ വീരരസത്തിന് മുഖ്യസ്ഥാ നമുണ്ട്. കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളുടെ അസാമാന് മായ ധീരതയും പോരാട്ടവീര്യവും അദ്ദേഹം ശക്തമായ ഭാഷയിൽ അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഒര ദത്തൻ, അർജ്ജുനൻ, കർണ്ണൻ, ഭീഷ്മർ തു ങ്ങിയ വീരന്മാരുടെ പരാക്രമങ്ങൾ വായന ക്കാരിൽ ആവേശം ജനിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഭഗദത്തവ ത്തിൽ, ഭഗദത്തന്റെയും അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ഗജ വീരനായ സുപ്രതികളെയും പോരാട്ടവീര്യം എടുത്തുപറയുന്നുണ്ട്.

ചലനാത്മകമായ വർണ്ണനകൾ: യുദ്ധരംങ്ങളുടെ വേഗതയും ചലനാത്മകതയും വാക്കുകളിലൂടെ പകർത്താൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛന് സവിശേഷമായ കഴിവുണ്ട്. അർജ്ജുനന്റെ ബാണപ്രയോഗം വർണ്ണിക്കുന്ന, ‘സംഭ്രമത്തോടൊരു ബാണം പ്രയോഗിച്ചാനുവൽ കോൻതന്നുടെ നന്ദനന് ജുനൻ. വാരണവീരൻ തലയറ്റു വിറ്റു വീരൻ ഭഗദത്തൻ തന്റെ തലയറ്റു നാലാമതാനതത് വാലുമരിഞ്ഞിട്ടു കോലാഹലത്തോടു പോയി യു ബാണവും’ എന്ന ഭാഗം ഇതിന് ഉത്തമോദ ഹരണമാണ്. ഒരൊറ്റ ബാണം വിവിധ ലക്ഷ ങ്ങളെ ഭേദിച്ച് ‘കോലാഹലത്തോടെ മുന്നോട്ട് പായുന്നതിന്റെ ചടുലമായ ചിത്രം ഇവിടെ കാണാം.

ശലഭംഗി: അനുപ്രാസങ്ങളും (വിശേഷിച്ച് ദ്വിത് യാക്ഷരപ്രാസം) മറ്റ് ശബ്ദാലങ്കാരങ്ങളും ഉപ യോഗിച്ച് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ തന്റെ വർണ്ണനകൾക്ക് ശ്രവ്യസുഖം നൽകുന്നു. ഭഗദത്തവധത്തിലെ ‘അറ്റു’ എന്ന ശബ്ദത്തിന്റെ ആവർത്തനം (അന്ത്യപ്രാസസമാനം) അസ്ത്രപ്രയോഗത്തി ന്റെ വേഗതയും സംഹാരശക്തിയും വർദ്ധിപ്പി ക്കുന്നു. കാകളി പോലുള്ള വൃത്തങ്ങളുടെ താളം യുദ്ധരംഗങ്ങൾക്ക് ഊർജ്ജം പകരുന്നു. വാങ്മയചിത്രങ്ങൾ (മാനസികചിത്രങ്ങൾ): വാക്കുകൾകൊണ്ട് വ്യക്തവും ശക്തവുമായ മാനസികചിത്രങ്ങൾ സൃഷ്ടിക്കാൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛ കഴിഞ്ഞു. ആയുധങ്ങളുടെ പ്രയോഗം, രഥങ്ങ ളുടെ ഗതി, വീരന്മാരുടെ പതനം, രക്തച്ചൊ രിച്ചിൽ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം വായനക്കാരന്റെ മന സ്സിൽ തെളിഞ്ഞു കാണുന്നതുപോലെ അദ്ദേ ഹം വർണ്ണിക്കുന്നു. അർജ്ജുനന്റെ ബാണം ഒന്നി ലധികം ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളെ തകർക്കുന്നതിന്റെ ചിത്രം ഇതിനുദാഹരണമാണ്.

യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ഭീകരത വീരരസത്തോടൊപ്പം തന്നെ യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ക്രൂരതയും ഭീകരതയും എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ വരച്ചുകാട്ടുന്നു. മരണം, അംഗ ഭംഗം, രക്തച്ചൊരിച്ചിൽ, പ്രിയപ്പെട്ടവരുടെ വേർപാട് എന്നിവയെല്ലാം യാഥാർത്ഥ്യബോധ ത്തോടെ അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. കർണ്ണന്റെ ത ദേഹം നായ്ക്കളും നദികളും കടിച്ചു വലി ക്കുന്ന രംഗം യുദ്ധം വരുത്തിവെക്കുന്ന ദുരന്ത ത്തിന്റെ നേർക്കാഴ്ചയാണ്.

ധർമ്മാധർമ്മ വിചിന്തനം: എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ യുദ്ധ വർണ്ണനകൾ കേവലം സംഭവവിവരണങ്ങൾ മാത്രമല്ല, അവ ധർമ്മാധർമ്മങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ചിന്തകളുമായി ബന്ധിപ്പിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. അധ ർ പക്ഷത്തിന്റെ പതനവും ധർമ്മത്തിന്റെ വിജയവുമാണ് ആത്യന്തികമായി അദ്ദേഹം ലക്ഷ്യമിടുന്നത്. കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളുടെ പ്രവൃത്തി കളെ ഈ ധാർമ്മിക ചട്ടക്കൂടിൽ നിന്നുകൊ ണ്ടാണ് അദ്ദേഹം വിലയിരുത്തുന്നത്.

കിളിപ്പാട്ട് ശൈലിയുടെ പ്രത്യേകതകൾ:
കിളിയെക്കൊണ്ട് കഥ പറയിക്കുന്ന രീതി, വർണ്ണ നകൾക്ക് ഒരുതരം ലാളിത്യവും അടുപ്പവും ന ൽകുന്നു. ഭക്തിയുടെ അന്തരീക്ഷം നിലനിർ ത്താനും ഈ ശൈലി സഹായിക്കുന്നു. സങ്കീർ ണ്ണമായ യുദ്ധതന്ത്രങ്ങളും സംഭവങ്ങളും പോ ലും ലളിതമായി അവതരിപ്പിക്കാൻ കിളിപ്പാട്ട് രീതിക്ക് സാധിക്കുന്നു.

ഉദാഹരണം (ഭഗദത്തവധം):
ഭഗദത്തവധം എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ യുദ്ധവർണ്ണന യുടെ മികച്ച ഉദാഹരണമാണ്. അർജ്ജുനന്റെ അസ്ത്രത്തിന്റെ ശക്തി, ഭഗദത്തന്റെയും ആന യുടെയും വീരമൃത്യു. യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ അനിവാര്യ മായ നാശനഷ്ടങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം ഇവിടെ വ്യക്തമായി ചിത്രീകരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. സംഭാ
യോടൊരു ബാണം’, ‘കോലാഹലത്തോടു പോയിതു ബാണവും’ തുടങ്ങിയ പ്രയോഗ ങ്ങൾ രംഗത്തിന്റെ തീവ്രതയും ചലനാത്മകതയും നൽകുന്നു.

എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ ‘മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ടിലെ യുദ്ധവർണ്ണനകൾ കേവലം ബാഹ്യമായ വിവര ണങ്ങളല്ല, മറിച്ച് ഇതിഹാസത്തിന്റെ ആന്തരി കസത്തയും ധാർമ്മികമായ സന്ദേശവും പ്രതി ഫലിപ്പിക്കുന്നവയാണ്. വീര്യം, ശോകം, ഭക്തി തുടങ്ങിയ വിവിധ രസങ്ങളെ സമന്വയിപ്പിച്ച് മലയാളികൾക്ക് എക്കാലവും ആസ്വദിക്കാനും ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാനും കഴിയുന്ന വിധത്തിലാണ് അദ്ദേഹം അവ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്.

Question 33.
കർണ്ണൻ എന്ന കഥാപാത്രത്തെ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിലെ സവിശേഷതകൾ ‘ദ്രോ പർവ്വത്തിലെ സന്ദർഭങ്ങളെ അടിസ്ഥാനമാ ക്കിവിലയിരുത്തുക.(ദുര്യോധനനുമായുള്ള സംഭാഷണം, മരണരംഗം എന്നിവ പരിഗണി ക്കുക).
Answer:
മഹാഭാരതത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും സങ്കീർണ്ണവും ദുര ന്തപൂർണ്ണവുമായ കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളിൽ ഒരാളാണ് കർണ്ണൻ. തുഞ്ചത്തെഴുത്തച്ഛൻ ‘മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ടി’ലൂടെ കർണ്ണനെ അവതരിപ്പിക്കുമ്പോ ൾ, ആ കഥാപാത്രത്തിന്റെ എല്ലാ മാനുഷിക മായ സവിശേഷതകളും ദൗർബല്യങ്ങളും ഹൃദയ സ്പർശിയായി ആവിഷ്കരിക്കുന്നു. ദ്രോണപ ർവ്വത്തിലെ കർണ്ണനുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട സന്ദർ ഭങ്ങൾ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ സ്വഭാവത്തിന്റെ വിവിധ തലങ്ങളിലേക്ക് വെളിച്ചം വീശുന്നു.

കർണ്ണന്റെ അസാമാന്യമായ ധീരതയും ആത്മാ ഭിമാനവും എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പല സന്ദർഭങ്ങളിലും എടുത്തുപറയുന്നു. വൻപനാം കർണ്ണൻ’ എന്ന വിശേഷണം തന്നെ ഇത് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. തന്റെ കഴിവുകളിലുള്ള ആത്മവിശ്വാസവും ആരോ ടും തലകുനിക്കാത്ത പ്രകൃതവും അദ്ദേഹത്തിനു ണ്ടായിരുന്നു.

ഭീഷ്മരുടെ പതനത്തിനുശേഷം ദുര്യോധനൻ സേനാപതിസ്ഥാനം വാഗ്ദാനം ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ കർണ്ണന്റെ പ്രതികരണം ശ്രദ്ധേയമാണ്. ‘ദ്രോണ രാമാചാര്യൻ താനിരിക്കെയെന്തു മാനിച്ചു മറ്റു
ളാർ നിർത്തുന്നിതു പട’ എന്ന് ചോദിക്കുന്ന തിലൂടെ ദ്രോണാചാര്യരോടുളള ബഹുമാനവും സ്ഥാനക്രമത്തിലുള്ള തന്റെ ശ്രദ്ധയും അദ്ദേഹം വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നു. ‘കർണ്ണസുഖം ഞാൻ പറകയ ില്ലാരോടും’ എന്ന പ്രസ്താവന, മുഖസ്തുതിക്ക് വഴങ്ങാത്ത, സത്യസന്ധമായ നിലപാടുകളുള്ള വ്യക്തിയാണ് താനെന്ന് പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കുന്നു ഇത് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ നീതിബോധത്തെയും ഉന്ന തമായ വ്യക്തിത്വത്തെയും കാണിക്കുന്നു.

കർണ്ണന്റെ ജീവിതത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും നിർണ്ണാ യകമായ ഘടകം ദുര്യോധനനോടുള്ള അചഞ്ച ലമായ കൂറാണ്. തനിക്ക് അംഗീകാരവും സ്ഥാന വും നൽകിയ ദുര്യോധനനുവേണ്ടി സ്വന്തം ജീവൻ പോലും ബലിയർപ്പിക്കാൻ അദ്ദേഹം തയ്യാ റായിരുന്നു. ഈ കൂറ് പലപ്പോഴും അധർമ്മ പക്ഷത്ത് നിലയുറപ്പിക്കാൻ അദ്ദേഹത്തെ നിർ ബന്ധിതനാക്കിയെങ്കിലും ഒരു സുഹൃത്ത് എന്ന നിലയിലുള്ള അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ വിശ്വസ്തത ചോദ്യം ചെയ്യപ്പെടാത്തതാണ്.

ദ്രോണപർവ്വത്തിൽ കർണ്ണന്റെ മരണം അതീവ ദയനീയവും ഹൃദയസ്പർശിയുമായിട്ടാണ് എഴു അച്ഛൻ ചിത്രീകരിക്കുന്നത്. ‘കർണ്ണനാമം ഗന രാധിപനെന്നുടെയുണ്ണികൾക്കേറ്റം പ്രധാനനാ യുള്ളവൻ’ എന്ന് ദുര്യോധനൻ വിലപിക്കു മ്പോൾ, കർണ്ണന്റെ മഹത്വവും ദുര്യോധനനുമാ യുള്ള ആത്മബന്ധവും വ്യക്തമാകുന്നു. കുണ്ഡ ലമറ്റതാ വേറെ കിടക്കുന്നു, ഗണ്ഡസ്ഥലമാ പി ന്നെയും മിന്നുന്നു’ എന്ന വർണ്ണന മരണശേ ഷവും മായാത്ത അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ തേജസ്സിനെ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. എന്നാൽ ‘കണ്ടാൽ മനോഹര നാമവൻതന്നുടൽ കണ്ടാലുമൻ പോടു നായും നരികളും ചെന്നു കടിച്ചു വലിക്കുന്നതിങ്ങനെ എന്ന രംഗം ആരുടെയും കരളലിയിക്കുന്ന താണ്. ഇത് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ദുരന്തനായക പരി വേഷത്തിന് ആക്കം കൂട്ടുന്നു. ജന്മംകൊണ്ടും കർമ്മംകൊണ്ടും പലവിധ പ്രതിസന്ധികൾ ന മിടേണ്ടിവന്ന കർണ്ണന്റെ ദാരുണമായ അന്ത്യം, വിധിയുടെ വൈപരീത്യത്തെയും യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ക്രൂരതയെയും ഓർമ്മിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.

എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കഥാപാത്രസൃഷ്ടിയിലെ വൈദ ഗ്ദ്ധ്യം:
എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ കർണ്ണനെ കേവലം ഒരു വില്ല നായോ നായകനായോ മാത്രം ചിത്രീകരിക്കു ന്നില്ല. മറിച്ച്, അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ സങ്കീർണ്ണമായ മാനസികാവസ്ഥകളും ധാർമ്മികമായ സംഘർ ഷങ്ങളും തന്മയത്വത്തോടെ അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. സംഭാഷണങ്ങളിലൂടെയും സംഭവവിവരണങ്ങളി ലൂടെയും കർണ്ണന്റെ വ്യക്തിത്വം മിഴിവോടെ തെളിയിക്കാൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛന് കഴിഞ്ഞിട്ടുണ്ട്. ഇത് വായനക്കാരിൽ കർണനോട് സഹാനു ഭൂതി ജനിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.

എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ തൂലികയിൽ വിരിഞ്ഞ കർണ്ണൻ, മലയാളികളുടെ മനസ്സിൽ ചിരപ്രതി ഷ്ഠ നേടിയ കഥാപാത്രമാണ്. അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ധീരത, വിശ്വസ്തത, ആത്മാഭിമാനം, നീതി ബോധം, ഒടുവിലെ ദാരുണമായ അന്ത്യം എന്നിവയെല്ലാം മനുഷ്യജീവിതത്തിന്റെ സങ്കീർ ണതകളെയും ധാർമ്മികമായ സമസ്യകളെയും കുറിച്ച് നമ്മെ ഓർമ്മിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. കർണ്ണന്റെ കഥാപാത്രസൃഷ്ടിയിലൂടെ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ തന്റെ കാവ്യാത്മകമായ കഴിവും മനുഷ്യസ്വഭാവത്തെ ക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ആഴത്തിലുള്ള ധാരണയും വെളി പ്പെടുത്തുന്നു.

Question 34.
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവോ’ എന്ന കവിത യും എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ട് ശൈലിയും തമ്മിൽ കിളിയെ സംബോധന ചെയ്യുന്ന കാര്യത്തിൽ എന്തു സമാനതകളും വ്യത്യാസങ്ങളുമാണുള്ള ത? (‘കിളി’ ഒരു കഥാപാത്രമാകുന്നതും കേവലം സംബോധിതയാകുന്നതും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം ചർച്ച ചെയ്യുക).
Answer:
മലയാളകവിതയിൽ ‘കിളി’ ഒരു പ്രിയപ്പെട്ട കാവ്യ ബിംബമാണ്. കിളിയെ സംബോധന ചെയ്യു
ആ രീതിയിലും കിളിക്ക് നൽകുന്ന സ്ഥാന ത്തിലും വ്യത്യസ്ത കവികളും കാവ്യപ്രസ്ഥാന ങ്ങളും വൈവിധ്യം പുലർത്തുന്നു. ‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണ ക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ!’ എന്ന ലളിതഗാനസ്വഭാവ മുള്ള കവിതയും, തുഞ്ചത്തെഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ട് എന്ന സാഹിത്യരൂപവും കിളിയെ അഭിസംബോധന ചെയ്യുന്നുണ്ടെങ്കിലും, അവ യുടെ ലക്ഷ്യത്തിലും സമീപനത്തിലും കാര്യമ ായ സമാനതകളും വ്യത്യാസങ്ങളും കാണാൻ കഴിയും.

സംബോധനയിലെ വാത്സല്യം: രണ്ടു സന്ദർഭ ങ്ങളിലും കിളിയെ സംബോധന ചെയ്യുന്നത് വാത്സല്യത്തോടെയും സ്നേഹത്തോടെയു മാണ്. ‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ! എന്ന വിളിയിൽത്തന്നെ ലാളനയും സ്നേഹവും നിറ ഞ്ഞുനിൽക്കുന്നു. എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ കിളിപ്പാട്ടു കളിൽ ‘ചൊല്ലുകെൻ പൈങ്കിളിപ്പെണ്ണേ’, ‘ഓമന പൈങ്കിളി’ തുടങ്ങിയ സംബോധനകൾ ഉപയേ നിക്കുന്നതും ഈ വാത്സല്യം പ്രകടമാക്കുന്നു കിളിക്ക് നൽകുന്ന പ്രാധാന്യം; ‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണ ക്കിളി’ കവിതയിൽ കിളി തന്നെയാണ് കേന്ദ്ര ബിന്ദു. കവിയുടെ സ്നേഹപ്രകടനങ്ങളും ഭക്ഷ വിവരണങ്ങളും കിളിയെ ഉദ്ദേശിച്ചുള്ള താണ്. കിളിപ്പാട്ടിലാകട്ടെ, കിളി കഥാഖ്യാന ത്തിന്റെ മാധ്യമമായി വർത്തിക്കുന്നു, അതിലൂടെ കിളിക്ക് ഒരു പ്രധാനസ്ഥാനം ലഭിക്കുന്നു മധുരമായ ശബ്ദത്തോടുള്ള ഇഷ്ടം ‘പഞ്ചവർ ണ്ണക്കിളി’കവിതയിൽ തെളിഞ്ഞെൻചെവി രണ്ടും കുളുർക്കപ്പറക നീ” എന്ന് കവി കിളിയുടെ മധുര ശബ്ദം കേൾക്കാൻ ആഗ്രഹിക്കുന്നു. കിളി പാട്ടുകളിലും കിളി മധുരമായി കഥ പറയണം എന്നാണ് സങ്കൽപ്പം.

വ്യത്യാസങ്ങൾ:
കിളിയുടെ സ്ഥാനം,കർത്തവ്യം: പഞ്ചവർണ്ണ ക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ! ഇവിടെ കിളി പ്രധാന മായും സംബോധിതയാണ്. കവിയുടെ ഹം, ലാളന, ഭക്ഷണവിഭവങ്ങൾ എന്നിവ സ്വീക രിക്കുന്നവളാണ് കിളി കിളിയുടെ പ്രതികരണം (മധുരമായി സംസാരിക്കുക എന്നത് കവിആഗ്ര ഹിക്കുന്നുണ്ടെങ്കിലും, കിളി ഒരു നാജീ കഥാ പാത്രമായി കഥയെ മുന്നോട്ട് കൊണ്ടുപോകു ന്നില്ല.

എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ട്: ഇവിടെ കിളി ഒരു സാഹിത്യ സങ്കേതമാണ്. ആഖ്യാതാവാണ് ഭഗ വായോ മഹർഷിമാരുടെയോ വാക്കുകൾ കിളി ആവർത്തിക്കുന്നതായാണ് സങ്കൽപ്പം. ഇതിഹാസകഥകളും തത്വോപദേശങ്ങളും ജന ങ്ങളിലേക്ക് എത്തിക്കാനുള്ള ഒരു മാധ്യമമായി കിളി വർത്തിക്കുന്നു. കിളി ഇവിടെ ഒരു സജീവ പങ്കാളിയാണ്.

കാവ്യലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ:
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ!’: ഈ കവിത യുടെ പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യം വ്യക്തിപരമായ സ്നേഹ പ്രകടനവും സൗന്ദര്യാസ്വാദനവുമാണ്. കിളി യോടുള്ള വാത്സല്യം, പ്രകൃതിയോടുള്ള ഇഷ്ടം എന്നിവ ഇതിൽ പ്രതിഫലിക്കുന്നു.

എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ട്: കിളിപ്പാട്ടുകളുടെ പ്ര ധാന ലക്ഷ്യം ഭക്തിപ്രചാരണം, ധാർമ്മികോപ ദേശം, ഇതിഹാസ കഥാകഥനം എന്നിവയാണ്. ഗൗരവമായ വിഷയങ്ങൾ ലളിതമായി അവരു രിപ്പിക്കാൻ കിളി എന്ന മാധ്യമം സഹായിക്കുന്നു.

ആശയവിനിമയത്തിന്റെ സ്വഭാവം:
‘പഞ്ചവർണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ! ഇവിടെ കവി യും കിളിയും തമ്മിൽ നേരിട്ടുളള വൈകാരിക മായ ഒരു ബന്ധമാണുള്ളത്. കവി കിളിയോട് സംസാരിക്കുന്നു. കിളി കേൾക്കുന്നു (അല്ലെ ങ്കിൽ പ്രതികരിക്കുമെന്ന് കവി കരുതുന്നു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ട്: ഇവിടെ കവി കിളിയോട് കഥ പറയാൻ ആവശ്യപ്പെടുന്നു. കിളി അത് ശ്രോ താക്കൾക്ക് വായനക്കാർക്ക് വേണ്ടി പറയു ന്നു. ഇതൊരു ആഖ്യാനപരമായ ചട്ടക്കൂടാണ്.

കിളി ഒരു കഥാപാത്രമാകുന്നതും സംബോധി തയാകുന്നതും:
‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളി’ കവിതയിൽ കിളി ഒരു കേന്ദ്ര വിഷയമാണെങ്കിലും, ഒരു കഥയിലെന്നപോലെ സജീവമായി പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്ന കഥാപാത്രമല്ല. മറിച്ച്, കവിയുടെ വികാരങ്ങളുടെയും വർ നകളുടെയും ലക്ഷ്യസ്ഥാനമാണ്.

കിളിപ്പാട്ടിൽ കിളി ഒരു സാങ്കൽപ്പിക കഥാപാത്ര മാണ്. കഥയിലെ ഒരു കഥാപാത്രമല്ലെങ്കിലും, കഥ പറയുന്നയാൾ എന്ന നിലയിൽ അതിന് ഒരു സവിശേഷമായ ‘കഥാപാത്രസ്വഭാവം’കെ വരുന്നു. അത് കേവലം സംബോധിതയല്ല. മറിച്ച് ഒരു ദൗത്യം നിർവഹിക്കുന്നവളാണ്.

‘പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളിപ്പെൺകിടാവേ!’ എന്ന കവിത യിലും എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കിളിപ്പാട്ടിലും കിളിയെ വാത്സല്യത്തോടെ സംബോധന ചെയ്യുന്നു ണ്ടെങ്കിലും, അവയുടെ കാവ്യപരമായ ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങ ളും കിളിക്ക് നൽകുന്ന സ്ഥാനവും വ്യത്യസ്ത മാണ്. ആദ്യത്തേതിൽ കിളി സ്നേഹഭാജനവും സൗന്ദര്യത്തിന്റെ പ്രതീകവുമാകുമ്പോൾ, രണ്ടാ മത്തേതിൽ അത് ജ്ഞാനത്തിന്റെയും ഭക്തി യുടെയും സന്ദേശവാഹികയായ ആഖ്യാതാ വായി മാറുന്നു. ഈ വ്യത്യാസങ്ങൾ മലയാള കവിതയിൽ ‘കിളി’ എന്ന ബിംബം എത്ര വൈ വിധ്യത്തോടെ ഉപയോഗിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു എന്നതിന് തെളിവാണ്.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Notes Unit 1 ഭാഷ പൂത്തും സംസ്കാരം തളിർത്തും

ആമുഖം

ആശയവിനിമയോപാധികളിൽ ഏറ്റവും മുഖ്യമായ ഭാഷ, ഏറ്റവും വികസിതമായ രൂപത്തിൽ സ്വായത്ത മാക്കിയിട്ടുളളത് മനുഷ്യർ മാത്രമാണ്. ഭാഷകളിൽ തന്നെ മാതൃഭാഷയോട് വല്ലാത്തൊരു ആത്മബന്ധം തന്നെ മനുഷ്യർക്കുണ്ട്. അത് മാതാവിനെപോലെ ഓരോ മനുഷ്യന്റെയും വ്യക്തിത്വ രൂപീകരണത്തെ സ്വാധീ നിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. ഭാഷയ്ക്ക് ഭാഷണം എന്ന പ്രയോജനം മാത്രമല്ല ഉളളത്. രചനയ്ക്കും ഭാഷ ഉപയോഗിക്കാം. മാതൃഭാഷയിലൂടെയുളള രചന ഏറെ ആസ്വാദ്യവും ഹൃദ്യവുമാണ്. സാഹിത്യകൃതികളിൽ ഭാഷ, പ്രത്യേ കിച്ചും മാതൃഭാഷ കൈകാര്യം ചെയ്യപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നതെപ്രകാരമാണെന്ന് മനസ്സിലാക്കാൻ ഉപകരിക്കുന്ന പാഠ ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് മൂന്നാമത്തെ യൂണിറ്റിലുളളത്.

ഗ്രന്ഥകാരപരിചയം (പ്രവേശകം)

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1 1
മലയാള കഥാ സാഹിത്യത്തിൽ ആധുനികതയ്ക്ക് അടിത്തറപാകിയ എഴുത്തുകാ രിൽ പ്രമുഖനാണ് ഓട്ടുപുലാക്കൽ വേലുക്കുട്ടി വിജയൻ എന്ന ഒ.വി. വിജ യൻ.പാലക്കാട് ജില്ലയിലെ, മങ്കരയിൽ 1930 ജൂലൈ രണ്ടിന് അദ്ദേഹം ജനിച്ചു. സാഹി ത്യത്തിലെ ഒരു ബഹു മുഖ പ്രതിഭയായിരുന്നു അദ്ദേഹം. ചെറുകഥാകൃത്ത്, നോവ ലിസ്റ്റ്, കാർട്ടൂണിസ്റ്റ്, പത്രപ്രവർത്തകൻ എന്നിങ്ങനെ പലനിലകളിലും അദ്ദേഹം അറി യപ്പെടുന്നു. അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ആദ്യ നോവലായ ഖസക്കിന്റെ ഇതിഹാസം ഏറെ ചർച്ചചെയ്യപ്പെട്ടു. ഗുരുസാഗരം, ധർമ്മപുരാണം, മധുരം ഗായതി, പ്രവാചകന്റെ വഴി, തലമുറകൾ എന്നിവയാണ് പ്രധാന നോവലുകൾ. ഒ.വി.വിജയന്റെ കഥകൾ, ഒരു നീണ്ട രാത്രിയുടെ ഓർമ്മയ്ക്ക്, കടൽത്തീരത്ത്, കാറ്റുപറഞ്ഞ കഥ മുതലാ യവയാണ് കഥാസമാഹാരങ്ങൾ. കേന്ദ്ര കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാഡമി അവാർഡുകൾ, എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പുര സ്ക്കാരം, പദ്മഭൂഷൺ തുടങ്ങിയ ബഹുമതികൾ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന് ലഭിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. 2005 മാർച്ച് 30 ന് അദ്ദേഹം അന്തരിച്ചു.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Notes Question Answer Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1

പ്രവേശക ചോദ്യവും ഉത്തരവും

Question 1.
കഥ മാത്രമല്ല, എല്ലാം വൈകാരികമായി അവതരിപ്പിക്കാൻ ഭാഷ വേണം. മാതൃഭാഷ വേണം. ചർച്ച ചെയ്യുക.
Answer:
ഒ.വി. വിജയന്റെ പ്രസിദ്ധ നോവലായ ഖസാക്കിന്റെ ഇതിഹാസത്തിലെ ഒരു ഭാഗമാണ് ഇവിടെ പ്രവേ ശകമായി നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നത്. ആശയ വിനിമയത്തിനായാലും കഥപറയാനായാലും ഭാഷ ആവശ്യ മാണ്. അത് മാതൃ ഭാഷയാണെങ്കിൽ ഏറ്റവും നന്ന്. ഭാഷയ്ക്ക് കേവലമായ ആശയ വിനിമയം എന്ന ധർമ്മത്തിനുപരി മറ്റ് പലതും അനുഷ്ഠിക്കാനുണ്ട്. ഭാഷയിലൂടെ സാഹിത്യം രചിക്കാം, മറ്റ് അനവധി വിജ്ഞാന ധാരകൾ നമുക്ക് പകർന്ന് കിട്ടാം. എന്തായാലും ഒരു കാര്യം ഉറപ്പാണ്. ഏത് കാര്യമാ യാലും അത് വൈകാരികമായി അവതരിപ്പിക്കണമെങ്കിൽ മാതൃഭാഷയുടെ സഹായം തന്നെ വേണം. മാതൃഭാഷ അമ്മയെപ്പോലെയാണ്. മറ്റ് ഭാഷകൾക്കില്ലാത്ത എന്തോ ഒരു അടുപ്പം നമുക്ക് മാതൃഭാഷ യുമായുണ്ട്. ഭാഷയ്ക്ക് സംസ്ക്കാരവുമായി ബന്ധമുണ്ട്. ഭാഷ സംസ്ക്കാരം തന്നെയാണെന്ന് വില യിരുത്തപ്പെട്ടിട്ടുണ്ട്. ഭാഷയുമായി ഇത്തരമൊരു വൈകാരികബന്ധം കാത്ത് സൂക്ഷിക്കാൻ നമുക്ക് കഴിയുന്നത് കൊണ്ടാണ് മാതാവിന്റെ മഹത്വം അതിന് ലഭിക്കുന്നതും.

Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala State Syllabus Maths Chapter 1

Students often refer to SSLC Maths Textbook Solutions and Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Arithmetic Sequences Important Extra Questions and Answers Kerala State Syllabus to clear their doubts.

SSLC Maths Chapter 1 Arithmetic Sequences Important Questions and Answers

Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala Syllabus

Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Kerala Syllabus Extra Questions

Question 1.
x, y, z are the three consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence. Which of the following is correct?
(a) y = x + z
(b) 2y = x + z
(c) y = x – z
(d ) x = y + z
Answer:
(b) 2y = x + z

Question 2.
The first three digit term of the arithmetic sequence 1, 6, 11, 16 …….. is
(a) 101
(b) 102
(c) 100
(d) 103
Answer:
(a) 101

Question 3.
13th term of an arithmetic sequence is 20. What is the sum of Is’ and 25s’ term?
(a) 30
(b) 50
(c) 40
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 40

Question 4.
Distance from 10” term to 15:,: term is 11. What is the distance from 10;- term to 20,r- term?
(a) 33
(b) 10
(c) 22
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 22

Question 5.
The position at which 100 becomes a term of the sequence \(\frac{1}{7}, \frac{2}{7}, \frac{3}{7}\)
(a) 100
(b) 300
(c) 700
(d) 200
Answer:
(c) 700

Question 6.
a, a – 1, a – 2, a – 3 is an arithmetic sequence.
a) What is the common difference of the sequence ?
b) What is its 10th term?
Answer:
a) Common difference = – 1
b) a – 9

Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala State Syllabus Maths Chapter 1

Question 7.
10th term of an arithmetic sequence is 25 and its common difference 4
a) What is the 15th term?
b) What is the 5th term?
Answer:
a) 15th term = 10th term + 5 × common difference
= 25 + 5 × 4 = 45

b) 5th term = 10th term – 5 × common difference = 25 – 20 = 5

Question 8.
Sum of the 7 consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence is 119.
a) Which term comes in the middle of these 7 terms?
b) What is the sum of two terms on either side of the middle term just closer to it?
Answer:
a) -y = 17
b) 2 × 17 = 34

Question 9.
Common difference of an arithmetic sequence is \(\frac{1}{2}\)
a) What is the difference between 5th term and 15th term?
b) If 5th term is 20 then what is the first term of the sequence?
Answer:
a) Difference is 10 times common difference. It is 10 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 5
b) First term = 5th term – 4 times common difference = 20 – 4 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 18

Question 10.
□ , 10, □ , □ , 31 are five consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence.
a) What is the common difference ?
b) Write the terms in the boxes.
Answer:
a) Difference between second term and fifth term is three times common difference
3 × common difference = 31 – 10 = 21
Common difference is \(\frac{21}{3}\) = 7

b) 3, 10, 17, 24, 31

Question 11.
Angles of a right triangle are in arithmetic sequence.
a) Which angle comes in the middle?
b) What are the angles?
Answer:
a) Middle term = \(\frac{180}{3}\) = 60
b) Largest term (third angle )= 90°. So common difference is 30°
Angles are 30°, 60°, 90°

Question 12.
Angle sum of a pentagon is 540? .The angles when arranged in the ascending order makes an arithmetic sequence.
a) Which angle comes as the middle term of the sequence?
b) If the first term is 42° then what is the difference between two adjacent terms?
Answer:
a) Middle term of the arithmetic sequence is \(\frac{540}{5}\) = 108
Middle angle is 108°

b) Difference between first term and third term is two times common difference It is 108 – 42 = 66.
Common difference is 33.

Question 13.
Common difference of an arithmetic sequence is 10
a) What is the difference between sixth term and first term?
b) Write two term positions having the same difference.
Answer:
a) Difference between sixth term and first term is five times common difference.
It is 5 × 10 = 50

b) Difference 7th term – 2nd term, 8th term – 3rd term gives the same difference.

Question 14.
Sum of the first five terms of an arithmetic sequence and sum of the first eight terms of the same arithmetic sequence are equal.
a) What is the sum of sixth, seventh and eighth terms of the sequence ?
b) What is the seventh term?
Answer:
a) 70 – 70 = 0
b) Sum of sixth , seventh , eighth term is 0. So 7th term is \(\frac{0}{3}\) = 0

Question 15.
√2, √8, √18… is an arithmetic sequence
a) What is the common difference?
b) What is the difference between first term and eleventh term?
Answer:
a) Common difference is √8 – √2 = 2√2 – √2 = √2
b) Difference is ten times common difference. It is 10√2

Question 16.
Look at the sequence of squares
Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala State Syllabus Maths Chapter 1 1
a) Write the number of sticks used for making squares as sequence
b) Describe the sequence in your own words
c) How many sticks are needed to make 1O’* term?
Answer:
a) 4, 7, 10…
b) This is the sequence of numbers 1 more than multiple of 3
c) 3 × 10 + 1 = 31

Question 17.
This the sequence of triangles made by sticks
Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala State Syllabus Maths Chapter 1 2
a) Write the number of sticks used for making triangles as a sequence
b) Describe this sequence in your own words.
c) How many sticks are needed to make 50th term of the sequence?
Answer:
a) 3, 5, 7…
b) This is the sequence of numbers 1 more than multiple of 2
c) 2 × 50 + 1 = 101

Question 18.
Third term of an arithmetic sequence is 12 and its fifth term20
a) What is the common difference?
b) What is the first term ?
c) Write the sequence numerically
Answer:
a) Difference between fifth term and third term is two times common difference.
2 × common difference = 20 – 12 = 8, Common difference = 4
b) First term = third term – 2 common difference = 12 – 8 = 4
c) 4, 8, 12…

Question 19.
The 4th term of an.arithmetic sequence is 54 and its 9th term is 99.
(a) What is the common difference of the sequence ?
(b) Will the difference between any two terms of this sequence be 900 ? Why ?
Answer:
a) Difference between ninth term and fourth term is five times common difference.
5 times common difference = 99 – 54 = 45, common difference is 9

(b) We know that difference between two terms of an arithmetic sequence is a multiple of common difference.
Here 900 is the multiple of 9. So 900 can be the difference between two terms.

Question 20.
The sum of 1st and 19th terms of an arithmetic se-quence is 50. The sum of its 1st and 20th terms is 54.
a) What is the common difference of the sequence ?
b) What is the sum of its 7th and 13th terms ?
c) Find its 10th term.
Answer:
a) Common difference = 54 – 50 = 4
b) Sum of 7th and 13th term is 50
c) Tenth term is = \(\frac{50}{2}\) = 25

Question 21.
700 rupees is used for purchasing 7 prizes . Cost of each prize is 20 rupees more than the cost of the prize just below it.
a) What is the cost of fourth prize?
b) What is the cost of first prize?
c) Write costs of prizes in the decending order.
Answer:
a) Fourth term = 100
b) First prize is 3 × 20 more than fourth term. It is 100 + 3 × 30= 16
c) 160, 140, 120, 100, 80, 60, 40

Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala State Syllabus Maths Chapter 1

Question 22.
5th term of an arithmetic sequence is 10 and 10th term is 5.
a) What is the common difference of the sequence?
b) Find the first term?
c) What is its 15th term?
Answer:
a) Difference between 10th term and 5th term is five times common difference.
5 – 10 = 5 common difference
common difference = \(\frac{-5}{5}\) = -1 5
b) First term = 10 – 4 × -1 = 14
c) Fifteenth term = tenth term + 5 × common difference = 5 + -1 × 5 = 0

Question 23.
7th term of an arithmetic Sequence is 30 and common difference 3
a) What is its 13th term ?
b) What is its first term?
c) What is the sum of first 13 terms?
Answer:
7th term of an arithmetic Sequence is 30 and common difference 3
a) 13th term = seventh term + six times common difference
13th term = 30 + 6 × 3 = 48

b) First term + thireenth term = 2 × 7 th term = 60
First term = 60 – 48 = 12
OR
First term = seventh term -6 times common difference = 12

c) Sum of the first 13 terms = 390

Question 24.
Angles of a pentagon are in arithmetic sequence when arranged in the ascending order. First term is 42°
a) What is its middle term?
b) What is the difference between two adjacent terms?
c) Find the largest term of the pentagon
Answer:
a) Angle sum of a pentagon (n – 2) × 180
= 3 × 180 = 540
Middle term = \(\frac{540}{5}\) = 108

b) Difference between third term and first term is two times common difference
2 × common difference = 108 – 42 = 66,
Common difference = 33
c) Fifth term = 108 + 2 × 33 = 108 + 66 = 174
Angles are 42°, 75°, 108°, 141°, 174°

Question 25.
Eight consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence are written as pairs taking terms equidistant from both ends (9, 58), (16, 51), (23,44), (30, 37)
a) What is the common difference of the sequence ?
b) What is the sum of these terms?
Answer:
a) 6th and 5th terms are paired as (30, 37). Common difference is 3
b) Pair sum 67. Sum of terms = 4 × 67 = 268

Question 26.
Consider the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10…
(a) What is its 13th term ?
(b) What is the sum of its first 25 terms ?
(c) Find the sum of first 25 terms of the arithmetic sequence 8, 14, 20
Answer:
Consider the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10…
(a) Thirteenth term = first term + 14 times common difference
13th term = 4 + 12 × 3 = 40
(b) Sum of first 25 terms = thireenth term × 25 = 40 × 25 = 1000
(c) Each term is two times the terms of the first sequence
Sum = 2 × 1000 = 2000

Question 27.
The sum of the first 5 terms of an arithmetic sequence is 65 and the sum of the first 9 terms is 189.
a) What is the 3rd term of the sequence ?
b) What is the 5th term of the sequence ?
c) What is the common difference of the sequence ?
Answer:
a) Third term = \(\frac{65}{5}\) = 13
b) Fifth term = \(\frac{189}{9}\) = 21
c) 2 × common difference = 21 – 13 = 8, Common difference is 4

Question 28.
7th term of an arithmetic sequence is 18 and its 18th term is 7.
a) What is the common difference of the sequence ?
b) Find the 25th term of the sequence.
c) What is the sum of first 49 terms of the sequence ?
d) What is the sum of first 50 terms of the sequence ?
Answer:
7 th term of an arithmetic sequence is 18 and its 18th term is 7.
a) 18th term – 7th term = 11 times common difference 7 – 18 = 11 × common difference,
Common difference = – 1

b) 25th term = 18th term + 7 times common difference. It is 7 + 7 × – 1 = 0

c) 25th term is 0. Sum of first 49 terms = 0

d) 50th term = 25th term + 25 times common difference. It is 0 + 25 × -1 = -25
Sum of 50 terms = sum of 49 terms + 50th term = 0 + -25 = -25

Question 29.
There are 20 terms in an arithmetic sequence. Sum of the first and last terms is 67.
a) What is the sum of 2nd and 19th term ?
b) If the 10th term is 32, What is the 11th term ?
c) What is the common difference of the sequence ?
d) What is the first term ?
Answer:
a) 67
b)35
c) 3
d) 5

Arithmetic Sequences Class 10 Extra Questions Kerala State Syllabus Maths Chapter 1

Question 30.
The sum of first 9 terms of an arithmetic sequence is 144 and the sum of next 6 terms is 231.
a) What is the 5th term of the sequence ?
b) What is its 81th term ?
c) What is the common difference of the sequence?
Answer:
Solve the problem yourself.
Sum of first 9 terms is 144 . From this find its 5th term Sum of first 15 terms will be 144 + 231 = 375. Find 8th term.
Using 5th term and 8th term find the common difference

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Summary in Malayalam Class 10 Kerala Padavali

Students can use SSLC Malayalam Kerala Padavali Notes Unit 1 Chapter 1 കഥകളതിമോഹനം Kathakalathimohanam Summary in Malayalam Pdf to grasp the key points of a lengthy text.

Class 10 Malayalam Kathakalathimohanam Summary

Kathakalathimohanam Class 10 Summary

Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali Unit 1 Chapter 1 കഥകളതിമോഹനം Summary

ഗ്രന്ഥകാരപരിചയം
കഥകളതിമോഹനം Summary in Malayalam Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali 1
പ്രാചീന കവിത്രയത്തിലെ ഒരു അംഗമായ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പതിനാറാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലാണ് ജീവി ച്ചിരുന്നത്. മലപ്പുറം ജില്ലയിൽ, തിരൂർ താലൂക്കിൽ, ഇപ്പോൾ തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ് എന്നറിയപ്പെ ടുന്ന സ്ഥലത്താണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ ജനിച്ചത്. ആധുനിക മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ പിതാവ്, കിളി പാട്ട് പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ ഉപജ്ഞാതാവ്, ഭക്തിപ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പ്രചാരകൻ, ലിപി പരി ഷ്ക്കർത്താവ് എന്നിങ്ങനെ ബഹുമുഖമായ കീർത്തി മുദ്രകളുണ്ടായിരുന്ന അതുല്യനായ കവിയായിരുന്നു അദ്ദേഹം. സദാചാരപരമായി അധഃപതിച്ചു കിടന്നിരുന്ന ഒരു ജനതയെ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ ഭക്തിമാർഗ്ഗത്തിലൂടെ നന്നാക്കി അപഥമാർഗ്ഗത്തിൽ നിന്നും കേരളീയരെ കൈപിടിച്ചു യർത്തിയ സാമൂഹിക പരിഷ്ക്കർത്താവും കൂടിയായിരുന്നു അദ്ദേഹം. മലയാള കവിതയ്ക്ക് മാനക മായ ഒരു കാവ്യഭാഷ സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്നതിൽ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ വിജയിച്ചു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ കാവ്യശൈലി ആകർഷ കവും പ്രസാദാത്മകവുമായിരുന്നു.

കൃതികൾ:- അദ്ധ്യാത്മരാമായണം, മഹാഭാരതം കിളിപ്പാട്ടുകളാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റേതെന്ന് വ്യക്തമായി ബോദ്ധ്യം വന്നിട്ടുളള കൃതികൾ. ഭാഗവതം കിളിപ്പാട്ട്, ചിന്താരത്നം, ഹരിനാമകീർത്തനം മുതലായ കൃതികൾ എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റേതാണെന്ന് കരുതുന്നവരുണ്ട്.

പ്രാചീന കവിത്രയത്തിൽ പ്രമുഖനായ എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ മഹാഭാരതം കിളി പാട്ടിലെ ദ്രോണപർവ്വം’ എന്ന ഭാഗത്തുനിന്നുദ്ധരിച്ചിട്ടുളള ഒരു ഖണ്ഡ മാണ് നമ്മുടെ പാഠഭാഗം. ഭീഷ്മപിതാമഹന്റെ സാരഥ്യത്തിൻ കീഴിൽ പത്ത് ദിവസം കുരുക്ഷേത്രയുദ്ധം അരങ്ങേറി. കൗരവപ്പടയുടെ സേനാപതിയാ യിരുന്നു ഭീഷ്മർ. പത്താം ദിവസം അദ്ദേഹം ശരശയ്യയിലായി. സ്വച്ഛന്ദമൃ തുവായ ഭീഷ്മർ സ്വയം പരാജയം ഏറ്റുവാങ്ങിയതായിരുന്നു. അടുത്ത കൗരവസേനാപതിയായി ആരെയാണ് നിയമിക്കേണ്ടത് എന്ന ആലോചന യിൽ ദുര്യോധന മഹാരാജാവ് മുഴുകി. തന്റെ അംഗരാജ്യത്തിന്റെ അധിപ നും, വിശ്വസ്തനും, വില്ലാളിവീരനുമായ കർണ്ണനെ സേനാധിപതിയായി നിയോഗിക്കാമെന്ന് തീരുമാനിച്ച് കർണ്ണനോട് ഇക്കാര്യം അറിയിക്കാൻ ദുര്യോധനൻ തയ്യാറാവുന്നതും അതിന് കർണ്ണന്റെ പ്രതികരണവുമാണ് പാഠഭാഗം.
കഥകളതിമോഹനം Summary in Malayalam Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali 2

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Summary in Malayalam Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali

പാഠസംഗ്രഹം

സാധാരണ ചെയ്യാറുളളതുപോലെ കിളിയെ അഭിസംബോധന ചെയ്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ ദ്രോണ പർവ്വം’ ആരംഭിക്കുന്നത്. അല്ലയോ പഞ്ചവർണ്ണക്കിളി പെൺകിടാവേ, നീ എന്റെ കർണ്ണങ്ങൾക്ക് കുളിർമ്മയു ണ്ടാകത്തക്കവിധം സന്തോഷത്തോടെ കഥ പറയുക. നിനക്ക് ഞാൻ കൊഴുപ്പ് കൂടിയ പാൽ, പഞ്ചസാരപ്പൊടിയും ചേർത്ത് കാച്ചികുഴമ്പാക്കി ഒരു വെള്ളിക്കിണ്ണത്തിൽ വച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. കൂടാതെ നല്ല കദളിപ്പഴം നന്നായി ഉടച്ച് അതിൽ ശർക്കരയും വെല്ലവും മറ്റും ചേർത്ത് മറ്റൊരു വെള്ളിത്തളികയിൽ വച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. നിനക്ക് അതെടുത്ത് ഭക്ഷിക്കാം. നിനക്ക് ദാഹം തോന്നിയാൽ കുടിക്കാനായി നല്ല നീലക്കരിമ്പിന്റെ ചാറും, കരിക്കിൻ വെളളവും പാലും തേനു മൊക്കെ തയ്യാറുണ്ട്.

വളരെ സമർത്ഥരും, ശക്തരുമായ ശത്രുസമൂഹത്തോടേറ്റു മുട്ടി ഭീഷ്മർ ശരശയ്യയിൽ വീണപ്പോൾ യുദ്ധത്തിൽ പരാജയമേ റ്റുവാങ്ങിയ ദുര്യോധനാദികൾ പിന്നെ എന്താണ് ചെയ്തതെന്ന് അല്ലയോ കിളിമകളേ, നീ എന്നോട് പറഞ്ഞാലും. അക്കാര്യം ഞാൻ കഴിയുന്നതും സംഗ്രഹിച്ച് പറയാം.
കഥകളതിമോഹനം Summary in Malayalam Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali 3
ശരശയ്യയിൽ ഭീഷ്മർ വീണപ്പോൾ വീരനായ കർണ്ണനോട് തന്റെ സൈന്യത്തിന്റെ ആധിപത്യം ഏറ്റെടുക്കാൻ ദുര്യോധനൻ പറഞ്ഞു. കർണ്ണൻ അപ്പോൾ ചിരിച്ച് കൊണ്ടുപറഞ്ഞു. പാഴ് വാക്കു കൾ പറഞ്ഞ് ഞാൻ ആരെയും സന്തോഷിപ്പിക്കാറില്ല.ഇവിടെ വീര നായ ദ്രോണാചാര്യൻ ഉളളപ്പോൾ സേനാപതിയാകാൻ മറ്റൊരാളെ അന്വേഷിക്കേണ്ട ആവശ്യമില്ലല്ലോ. അല്ലയോ ദുര്യോധന മഹാരാ ജാവേ, അങ്ങ് കേൾക്കുക, ഭരദ്വാജന്റെ മകനായ ദ്രോണർക്ക് തുല്യ നായ ഒരു യോദ്ധാവ് വേറെ നമുക്കില്ല. ദ്രോണർക്ക് ശേഷം സേനാ പതിയാകാൻ ഞാൻ തയ്യാറാണ്. രാജാവേ, ദ്രോണർ സേനാപതി യാവുകയാണെങ്കിൽ അങ്ങയ്ക്ക് ഒരിക്കലും ദു:ഖിക്കേണ്ടി വരില്ല. ഈ വാക്കുകൾ കേട്ടപ്പോൾ അഭിമാനിയായ ദുര്യോധനൻ ദ്രോണാ ചാര്യനോട് സേനാപതിയാകാൻ ആവശ്യപ്പെടുകയും തുടർന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തെ സേനാപതിയാക്കി അഭിഷേകം ചെയ്യുകയും ചെയ്തു. ഇതാണ് പാഠഭാഗത്തിന്റെ ഉളളടക്കം.

കഥകളതിമോഹനം Summary in Malayalam Class 10 Malayalam Kerala Padavali

കഠിന പദങ്ങളും അർഥവും

എഞ്ചെവി – എന്റെ ചെവി
നെഞ്ചം – നെഞ്ച്, ഹൃദയം
പഞ്ചതാര – പഞ്ചസാര
വെല്ലം – ശർക്കരയുടെ വകഭേദം (നേരിട്ട് കഴിക്കാം)
ഭുജിക്കുക – തിന്നുക
ഇച്ഛ – ആഗ്രഹം
ഭീഷ്മസമാനം – വളരെ വലിയ (പേടിയുണ്ടാക്കുന്ന)
അരിനിവഹം – അതുസമൂഹം
അരി – ശത്രു
ശരശയനം – അമ്പുകൾകൊണ്ടുണ്ടാക്കിയ കിടക്ക
സുയോധനാദികൾ – ദുര്യോധനൻ മുതലായവർ
കർണ്ണസുഖം – പുകഴ്ത്തിപ്പറച്ചിൽ
ആചാര്യൻ – ഗുരു
പടനിർത്തുക – പടനയിക്കുക
ഭരദ്വാജനന്ദനൻ – ഭരദ്വാജന്റെ മകൻ – ദ്രോണർ
പ്രബലാധിപൻ – പ്രബലന്മാരുടെ അധിപൻ
മാനി – അഭിമാനമുളളവൻ
ആശു – പെട്ടെന്ന്