Prasanna

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 7th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf Download and Class 7 Social Science Chapter 10 Budget: The True Record of Development Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 10 Budget: The True Record of Development Notes Questions and Answers

Budget: The True Record of DevelopmentClass 7 Notes Pdf

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 10 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
What are the expenses mentioned in the conversation?

Answer:
Paying off debts, paying the electricity, Buying medicines, Paying for chitty

Question 2.
Which are the needs in our daily life that we spend money on?
Answer:

• Food
• Health
• Buying dresses
• Entertainment
• Buying vehicles
• Mobile phone bills, internet, and digital services

Question 3.
Complete the list by giving more examples for expected and unexpected expenditure.
Answer:

Expected Expenditure	Unexpected Expenditure
Education	Accident
Medical Expenses	Device replacement
Food	Interest rate hikes

Question 4.
The picture shows the different fields in which the members of Nikhil’s family are engaged. Among them, there are people who engage in occupation and those who do not. Let’s see who they are.

Answer:

Family Members	Area of Activity/ Source of Income	Income Yes/No
Nikhil	Student	No
Father	Tailoring	Yes
Mother	Saleswoman	Yes
Grandfather	Agriculture	Yes
Grandmother	Pensioner	Yes

Question 5.
Which are the sources of income of your family?
Answer:
(Hints: Here are some common sources of family income)
Salaries: Money earned from jobs or work.
Business Profits: Money made if someone in the family owns a business.
Freelance Work: Income from part-time or side jobs, like tutoring or projects.
Investments: Money earned from savings or investments, like stocks or interest from a bank.
Rent: Money received if the family owns property and rents it out.
Pensions: Money from retirement funds if grandparents or parents are retired.
Gifts or Inheritances: Money given by relatives or inherited from family.

Question 6.
Given below is the model of the monthly budget of a family.

a. What is the speciality of this family budget?
b. What suggestions can you give to turn this family budget into a surplus one?
Answer:
a. This family budget shows that expenditure is greater than income.
b. This family can reduce their unnecessary miscellaneous expenditure, which helps them to reduce their deficit and make their budget surplus.

Question 7.
What are the benefits of a family budget?
Answer:

• Recognising different sources of income.
• Adjusting the expenditure to match the income.
• Moderate expenditure is practised.
• Reduces Financial Stress.
• Teaches Financial Responsibility.
• Better Money Management.

Question 8.
Discuss what welfare and developmental activities have been done in your area using government funds and prepare a note.
Answer:
In our area, the government has improved life with several welfare and development activities: Roads and Bridges: New roads and small bridges were built, making travel easier and safer.
Healthcare Centers: Health centers were set up and upgraded, providing nearby medical help. Schools and Education: Schools were renovated, with new classrooms, computer labs, and scholarships for low-income students.
Water Supply and Sanitation: Clean water pipelines and public toilets were installed.
Parks and Playgrounds: New parks and playgrounds were made, and trees were planted to improve the environment.

Question 9.
Categorise the following expenditure as developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditures and list them in the table given below.
Interest
construction of roads
energy generation
construction of schools
epidemic
war
welfare pension
defence
liability
public administration
subsidies
industries
Answer:

Developmental Expenditure	Non-Developmental Expenditure
Construction of roads	Interest
Energy generation	War
Construction of schools	Defence
Epidemic (health spending)	Liability
Welfare pension	Public administration
Subsidies
Industries

Question 10.
The public expenditure of the Central Government from 2018-19 to 2022-23 is given below.

Analyse the graph on the public expenditure of the government and write your conclusions.
Answer:
The expenditure of the government in 2018-19 is 23.14 lakh crores. It increased to 26.87 lakh crores in 2019-20. As compared to 2020-21 (32.09 lakh crores), it was around 37.93 lakh crores in 2021-22. In 2022-23, it was 41.88 lakh crores.

Question 11.
Find more examples of direct and indirect taxes and list them.
Answer:

Direct Taxes	Indirect Tax
Income Tax	Goods and Services Tax (GST)
Corporate Tax	Value Added Tax (VAT)
Property Tax	Entertainment Tax
Gift Tax	Service Tax

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare your family budget after collecting details of income and expenditure from your parents.
Answer:
(Hint: As per the given example below, prepare your family budget with the help of your parents and elders).

Total Income = 7500
Total Income = 7500
Total Expenses: 7100
Savings: 400

Question 2.
Collect the news report on the developmental and welfare activities of the state and central governments and prepare a magazine.
Answer:

Question 3.
The GST rates that we pay on the receipt of goods and services are given below. Find out the services and goods on which each tax is levied and complete the table given below.
Answer:

Tax rates	Goods	Services
0%	Egg, Milk, Bread, Vegetables etc.	Health, Public Transportation etc.
5%	Sugar, coffee powder, Tea powder, edible oil etc.	Economy air travel, Railway etc.
12%	Butter, cheese, ghee, etc.	restaurant services (non-AC), business class air travel, etc.
18%	Biscuits, cake, etc.	I.T services, A.C Hotels, Telecom services etc.
28%	Chocolate, Luxury items like high-end cars etc.	Five-star hotel, cinema etc.

Question 4.
The local self-government institutions also levy different types of taxes, just like the state and central governments. Search, find out and list them.
Answer:
Local self-government institutions like panchayats and municipal corporations levy the following types of taxes:
Property Tax: On residential and commercial properties.
Land and Building Tax: Levied in rural areas based on land value.
Profession Tax: Imposed on businesses and professionals.
Entertainment Tax: On movie screenings and public events.
Water Tax: For water supply services.
Vehicle Tax: On registered vehicles within the area.
Advertisement Tax: Imposed on public advertisements like billboards.

Class 7 Social Science Budget: The True Record of Development Notes Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define the terms.
a. Expected expenditure
b. Unexpected expenditure
Answer:
a) Expected Expenditure: Expected expenditure is the expenditure that is expected in a family for particular period. This can be estimated as monthly and annually. E.g., food, electricity bills, etc
b) Unexpected Expenditure: The expenditure that a family cannot fix in advance for a particular period and which occurs accidentally is termed unexpected expenditure. E,g., natural disasters, diseases, etc.

Question 2.
What is difference between family Expenditure and family income?
Answer:

• Family expenditure: The total amount spent by a family for food consumption and non-food consumption for a particular period is called the family expenditure.
• Family Income: Family Income is the total income of the family in a particular period from different sources. By spending the income effectively, a family can develop the habit of saving, deal with unexpected expenditures and improve the standard of life.

Question 3.
Classify the following items into expected and unexpected expenditure. Education, Interest rate hikes, Medical Expenses, Food, Device replacement, Accident
Answer:

Expected Expenditure	Unexpected Expenditure
Education	Accident
Medical Expenses	Device replacement
Food	Interest rate hikes

Question 4.
How can we reduce the expenditure of a family?
Answer:

• Use locally available resources for food.
• Cultivate your own food resources.
• Use public distribution system and fair price sale counters to the maximum extent possible.
• Limit Transportation Costs.
• Cut Unnecessary Spending.

Question 5.
Meenu saw that her father is planning their family budget for next month. Is there any benefit to this? State your opinion.
Answer:

• Adjusting the expenditure to match the income.
• Reduces Financial Stress.
• Teaches Financial Responsibility.
• Better Money Management.

Question 6.
What are the two major categories of public expenditure? Explain.
Answer:
The public expenditure can be classified into two categories: developmental expenditure and non- developmental expenditure. Expenditures directly related to the economic and social development of the country are called developmental expenditures. Non-development expenditure is the one incurred by the government on a regular basis for national interest and public services.

Question 7.
A list of items is given below. Categorise them into developmental and non-developmental expenditures.
roads, defence, interest, pension, bridges, epidemic and natural disasters, harbours
Answer:
Development expenditure: The expenditure spent for constructing roads, bridges, harbours
Non-developmental expenditure: Expenses involved in defence, interest, pension, epidemic, and natural disasters come under this.

Question 8.
What are the major divisions of public revenue?
Answer:
Tax revenue and non-tax revenue.

Question 9.
Differentiate between Direct tax and Indirect tax.
Answer:
Direct tax: Direct tax is the tax remitted by the person on whom tax is levied. This means that the taxpayer himself bears the burden of the tax. Income tax and building tax are examples.
Indirect tax: the tax levied on one individual is paid partially or completely by another. Sales tax and entertainment tax are examples of indirect tax.

Question 10.
Define tax.
Answer:
Tax is the amount of money that the public should remit to the government to bear the expenses of welfare activities and developmental activities which are carried out in public interest. The person who remits taxes is called a taxpayer.

Question 11.
Give examples of direct and indirect tax.
Answer:

Direct Taxes	Indirect Tax
Income Tax	Goods and Services Tax (GST)
Corporate Tax	Value Added Tax (VAT)
Property Tax	Entertainment Tax
Gift Tax	Service Tax

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks.
a) ……………is the amount spent by the government for developmental and non- developmental activities.
b) …..is the one incurred by the government on a regular basis for national interest and public services.
c) The person who remits taxes is called as…….
Answer:
a) Public expenditure
b) Non-development expenditure
c) Taxpayer

Question 13.
Define GST.
Answer:
Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a unified indirect tax that came into effect on July 1, 2017, after the 101st amendment of the Constitution, to implement the principle of a unified tax for the nation.

Question 14.
Define terms.
a) Budget
b) GST
c) Public debt
Answer:
a) The budget is a financial document of the expected income and expenditure by the government for a specific financial year.

b) Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a unified indirect tax that came into effect from July 1, 2017, after the 101st amendment of the Constitution, to implement the principle of a unified tax for the nation.

c) The government has to take loans to materialise developmental and welfare activities and to meet various administrative needs when the income is not sufficient to satisfy various needs. The loans thus availed by the government are known as the public debt.

Question 15.
What are the objectives of Fiscal policy?
Answer:

• Accelerate the economic growth
• Create job opportunities
• Regulate additional expenditure
• Eliminate the inequality in the distribution of revenues

Question 16.
What is meant by Internal and external debt?
Answer:
Internal debt: The loans availed by the government from individuals and institutions inside the
country are known as domestic debt.
External debt: Foreign debt is the loan availed from other countries and international organisations. The productive use of these loans helps in materialising welfare and developmental activities, thereby increasing revenue and reducing public debt.

Question 17.
Identify the terms.
a) More income, less expenditure
b) Equal income and expenditure
c) Less income, more expenditure
Answer:
a) Surplus Budget
b) Balanced Budget
c) Deficit Budget

Question 18.
Who is the first Finance minister of India?
Answer:
R. K. Shanmugham Chetty

Question 19.
Write down the tax rates under GST.
Answer:
At present, the consumer has to pay GST at the rates of 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.

Question 20.
Fill in the blanks
a) In our country, the budget is prepared for one financial year starting from ……. to ………
b) The…………presents the budget.
c) The loans thus availed by the government are known as the……..
Answer:
a) April 1st to March 31st.
b) finance minister
c) public debt

Std 7 Social Science Budget: The True Record of Development Notes

• The total amount spent by a family for food consumption and non-food consumption for a particular period is called the family expenditure.
• All the expenditure of a family cannot be fixed in advance.
• Family Expenditure can be categorised into two: Expected Expenditure and Unexpected Expenditure.
• Expected expenditure is the expenditure that is expected in a family for particular period. This can be estimated as monthly and annually.
• The expenditure that a family cannot fix in advance for a particular period and which occurs accidentally is termed unexpected expenditure.
• Family budget is the financial plan that is prepared based on the expected income and expenditure of a family in a particular period.
• The family budget that can be prepared on a monthly or annual basis will differ according to the size, income and needs of the family.
• The family income becomes stable when the income is more than the expenditure or when the income and the expenditure are equal.
• Public expenditure is the amount spent by the government for developmental and non- developmental activities.
• The public expenditure increases as the government expands its activities.
• The public expenditure can be classified into two categories: developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure.
• The public revenue is the wealth that the government collects from various sources to satisfy these needs.
• This is an important factor of the government budget.
• The government needs a huge amount of money for developmental and welfare activities. The government makes revenue from two major sources: Tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a unified indirect tax that came into effect from July 1, 2017, after the 101st amendment of the Constitution, to implement the principle of a unified tax for the nation.
• The budget is a financial document of the expected income and expenditure by the government for a specific financial year.
• In our country, the budget is prepared for one financial year starting from April 1st to March 31st.
• The government has to take loans to materialise developmental and welfare activities and to meet various administrative needs when the income is not sufficient to satisfy various needs. The loans thus availed by the government are known as the public debt.
• Fiscal policy is a comprehensive government policy concerning the public revenue, public expenditure and public debt.
• Fiscal policy prepared by the finance department is implemented through the budget.

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 7th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf Download and Class 7 Social Science Chapter 9 Maps and Technology to Know the Earth Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 9 Maps and Technology to Know the Earth Notes Questions and Answers

Maps and Technology to Know the Earth Class 7 Notes Pdf

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 9 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
The pictures of a globe and a map are given below. Observe them and identify the differences between the two based on the given indicators. (Indicators: Shape,Latitudes/Longitudes, Use)

Answer:

Indicator	Globe	Map
Shape	Spherical, three-dimensional model of the Flat, Earth.	Flat, two-dimensional representation of the Earth.
Latitudes/longitudes	Shows accurate latitudes and longitudes in Latitudes and longitudes may be their true positions and proportions.	Latitudes/longitudes may be distorted due to the flattening of the Earth onto a flat surface.
Use	Used for a general, accurate representation of the entire Earth and global spatial relationships.	Used for detailed study of specific areas, navigation, and for easy portability and accessibility.

Question 2.
Some major characteristics of globes and maps are given below. Classify and list them as ‘characteristics of globes’ and ‘characteristics of maps.’
(a real model of the earth, two-dimensional image of the earth, spherical representation of the earth, representation of the whole earth or a portion of it on a plain surface, gives a comprehensive visual sense of the earth as it is illustrated completely, latitudes and longitudes are illustrated as straight lines, longitudinal lines are illustrated as semicircles and latitudinal lines are illustrated as concentric circles, very useful for collecting information of a specific place and for planning the route for a trip.)
Answer:

Characteristics of globes	Characteristics of maps
a real model of the earth	two-dimensional image of the earth
spherical representation of the earth	representation of the whole earth or a portion of it on a plain surface
gives a comprehensive visual sense of the earth as it is illustrated completely	latitudes and longitudes are illustrated as straight lines
longitudinal lines are illustrated as semicircles and latitudinal lines are illustrated as concentric circles	very useful for collecting information of a specific place and for planning the route for a trip

Question 3.
Classify and list the following maps as physical maps and cultural maps. (physiographic map, soil map, climate map, vegetation map, river map, political map, population map, economic map, transportation map)
Answer:

Physical maps	Cultural maps
physiographic map, soil map, climate map, vegetation map, river map	political map, population map, economic map, transportation map

Question 4.
Columns A and B give the various features on the surface of the earth and the names of the maps on which they are depicted. Connect them with lines.
Answer:

Question 5.
Examine an atlas and find out different types of maps and identify their characteristics.
Answer:

• Political Map- Shows boundaries of countries, states, cities, and capitals, Depicts political divisions without detailed physical features.
• Historical Map- Focuses on past events, such as territorial boundaries, trade routes, and military campaigns, Useful for understanding historical geography and the development of human societies.
• Land Use Map- Shows how land is being used in a given area and helps in urban planning, zoning, and land conservation efforts.
• Vegetation Map -Shows the distribution of different types of vegetation like forests, grasslands, and deserts, Useful in environmental and ecological studies.

Question 6.
Observe the maps in your Social Science lab and find out and write their scales.
Answer:
(Hint)

Question 7.
Identify the differences between large-scale and small-scale maps and prepare a note.
Answer:
Large-scale maps and small-scale maps differ mainly in the amount of detail they show and the area they cover. Large-scale maps represent smaller areas in greater detail, with features like streets, buildings, and landmarks clearly visible. They are typically used for city maps or neighbourhood plans. Small-scale maps, on the other hand, cover larger areas with less detail, making them ideal for showing entire countries, continents, or the world. These maps give a broad overview, focusing on general locations rather than specific features. In summary, large-scale maps are detailed for small areas, while small-scale maps provide an overview for larger regions.

Question 8.
Download the maps of panchayats or municipalities and topographical maps with the help of information technology. Based on the scale compare and classify the maps in your Social Science labs, the maps in the atlas and the maps you have downloaded.
Answer:
(Hints)

• Download Panchayats/municipalities and topographical maps (Use Google map or Bhuvan).
• Compare and Classify Maps Based on Scale:
  • Maps in Your Social Science Lab – Shows local areas with medium-scale or large-scale.
  • Maps in the Atlas – Provide an overview of larger regions.
  • Panchayat/Municipality Maps – Medium-scale with details of local features such as roads, buildings, and local landmarks.
  • Topographical Maps – Typically large-scale, showing detailed land features.

Question 9.
Observe the maps in the Social Science lab and identify the relation between the content and the title.
Answer:
The content of a map is directly related to its title, as the title indicates the main theme or focus of the information displayed. For example, a “Political Map” will show country boundaries, capitals, and major cities, emphasising political divisions. A “Physical Map,” however, highlights natural features like mountains, rivers, and plains, focusing on the landforms rather than human-made boundaries. The title of each map guides viewers on what kind of information to expect, helping them understand whether it will cover geographical features, population density, climate zones, or economic activities. This relation between title and content ensures that the map serves its intended purpose clearly and effectively.

Question 10.
Observe maps and find out the scales written as statements.
Answer:
1 cm = 1 km, 1 inch = 10 miles etc.

Question 11.
What is meant by the Representative Fraction, RF = 1:200000. Let’s try to write it.
Answer:
RF 1:200000, which means that 1 unit in the map (such as 1 centimetre, inch, or any other measurement) is equal to 200000 units on the surface of the earth. So, if you measure 1 cm on the map, it represents 200,000 cm (or 2 km) on the surface of the earth.

Question 12.
Find out and write the Representative Fractions (RF) observing the maps.
Answer:
1:900000, 1:500000 etc

Question 13.
Examine the following sketch and complete the table.

Answer:

Geographical Information	Directions
In which direction of the playground is the school building located?	North
In which direction of the school building is the water tank located?	West
To which direction you should move from the school building to reach the toilet?	East
In which part of the water tank is the well located?	South

Question 14.
Given aside is a sketch that depicts the geographical information using different colours and signs. Examine the sketch, identify the colours and signs that represent each geographical area and mark them in the table given below.

Answer:

Question 15.
Observe the map of India and find out between which lines of latitude and longitude India is located.
Answer:
India is situated in the continent of Asia. It lies completely in the Northern hemisphere and Eastern hemisphere between latitudes 8°4’N and 37°6’N and longitudes 68°7’E and 97°25’E.

Question 16.
With the help of ICT, identify the different purposes for which GPS is used in day-to-day life.
Answer:
Navigation, Travel and Tourism, Emergency Services, Agriculture, Fitness and Sports.

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare a sketch of your school and illustrate the details of it using colours and signs.
Answer:
(Hints)

• Draw the outline of the school building.
• Add Key Details (Buildings, Playground, Trees/Plants, Paths and Roads).
• Use Colors and signs.
• Label the Areas.

Question 2.
Collect different types of physical and cultural maps with the help of ICT and prepare a digital album.
Answer:

Question 3.
Collect information on the achievements of ISRO in various remote sensing areas and prepare a wallpaper. Don’t forget to include it in your Social Science Observation Book.
Answer:
(Hints) Prepare a wallpaper by elaborating the given achievements.

• Design the Wallpaper:
  • Background: Use a satellite image of Earth.
  • Main Title: “ISRO’s Achievements in Remote Sensing”.
  • Include icons/Images.
• Achievements of ISRO in Remote Sensing:
  • First Indian Satellite (Aryabhata).
  • INSAT (Indian National Satellite System).
  • IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellites).
  • GSAT and GISAT Satellites.
  • International Collaboration.

Class 7 Social Science Maps and Technology to Know the Earth Notes Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the main purpose of a map?
Answer:
Maps are made by representing the whole earth or a portion of it on a plain surface. Such plain surfaces on which the earth is partially or completely depicted are called maps. We can use maps for Weather Forecasting, Disaster Management, to locate a place, find the route to a destination. scientifically, and understand the geographical features.

Question 2.
What are thematic maps?
Answer:
The maps that focus on a particular topic or specific theme are called Thematic Maps.

Question 3.
What is the difference between Physical and Cultural Maps?
Answer:
Physical Maps – Maps that depict natural features of a region, such as topography, soil, rivers, climate and vegetation.
Cultural Maps – Maps that depict man-made features or cultural features.

Question 4.
Why is it important to use different maps for different geographical features?
Answer:
Different maps are used for representing different geographical features. The information of both different maps, when brought together, will create confusion, making data collection complex. That is why major geographical features are depicted on different maps.

Question 5.
Give examples of maps classified by their function.
Answer:
Political Map, Soil Map, Historical Map.

Question 6.
What is the scale of a map?
Answer:
The ratio between the actual distance on earth and the distance marked on maps is the scale of a map.

Question 7.

Explain the classification of Maps based on Scale with examples.
Answer:
large-scale maps – depicts more information about a small area. For e.g., topographical map, village map
small-scale maps – depicts only less information of an area for e.g., World Map, Map of India, Map of Kerala

Question 8.
What is map reading?
Answer:
Finding or collecting information by examining maps is called map reading.

Question 9.
What is the importance of the title on a map?
Answer:
The title indicates the specific content of the map.

Question 10.
What is the scale of a map?
Answer:
Scale is the ratio between the distance of two places on the ground and the corresponding distance of the same places on the map.

Question 11.
What are the three methods used to record the scale on a map?
Answer:
Statement of scale, Representative Fraction, Linear Scale.

Question 12.
Why are conventional colours and symbols used in maps?
Answer:
People from all countries can read maps made in any country without confusion if we use internationally accepted colours and signs. These colours and signs are used on maps where man- made and natural phenomena are represented together.

Question 13.
Match the Colours/Signs with their Features.

Answer:

Question 14.
What is remote sensing?
Answer:
Collecting information on an object, region or a phenomenon from a distance without direct contact with the help of devices is called remote sensing.

Question 15.
Name three types of platforms used in remote sensing.
Answer:
Balloons, Aeroplanes, Artificial satellites.

Question 16.
Remote Sensing can be classified into three. Which are they? Explain.
Answer:
Terrestrial Remote Sensing – The method by which the geographical features are copied using cameras from the ground level.
Aerial Remote Sensing – The method by which the photographs of geographical areas are copied with the help of a camera fixed on an aeroplane.
Satellite Remote Sensing – The process by which the information on geographical areas are collected using platforms fixed on artificial satellites.

Question 17.
What is the difference between GIS and GPS?
Answer:
A software based computer technology is used to make such products after analysing geographical information. This technology is known as Geographic Information System (GIS). Technology that identifies the location of an aeroplane, its altitude, direction and the time taken to reach a destination accurately is known as Global Positioning System (GPS).

Question 18.
Write any three benefits of GIS.
Answer:
Transport, Irrigation, Education.

Question 19.
Explain the working of GIS.
Answer:

Question 20.
How does GPS technology assist in tracking moving objects?
Answer:
GPS calculates the location, direction of movement, speed, and time taken for moving objects like vehicles, aeroplanes, and ships.

Std 7 Social Science Maps and Technology to Know the Earth Notes

• Plain surfaces on which the earth is partially or completely depicted are called maps.
• Maps can be classified based on two factors: The function of the map and the scale on which maps are made.
• Maps can generally be classified into two based on their functions: Physical Maps and Cultural Maps.
• The maps that focus on a particular topic or specific theme are called Thematic Maps. Classification of Maps Based on Scale are large-scale maps and small-scale maps. Finding or collecting information examining maps is called map reading.
• The factors that help in map reading are Title, Scale, Direction, Latitude and Longitude, Conventional colours/symbols, and Index.
• Statement of Scale, Representative Fraction and Linear Scale are the three methods used to record the scale on a map.
• Remote sensing, Geographic Information System, and Global Positioning System are the modern techniques of geographical study.
• Collecting information on an object, region or a phenomenon from a distance without direct contact with the help of devices is called remote sensing.
• A software based computer technology is used to make such products after analysing geographical information.
• This technology is known as Geographic Information System.
• Technology that identifies the location of an aeroplane, its altitude, direction and the time taken to reach a destination accurately is known as Global Positioning System.

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 7th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf Download and Class 7 Social Science Chapter 8 Power to the People Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 8 Power to the People Notes Questions and Answers

Power to the People Class 7 Notes Pdf

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 8 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Find out the following from Nivin’s post.

a. What is referred to in the post?
b. What are discussed in grama sabhas?
c. Who presides over a grama sabha?
d. What is the system in cities which is equal to grama sabhas?
e. Who is the convenor of the grama sabha?
Answer:
a. Grama Sabha
b. Development of the locality, day-to-day problems of the people
c. Panchayat President
d. Ward Sabha
e. Ward Member

Question 2.
Find out and list what activities are going on in the grama sabha from the notice.

Answer:

• Regional developmental activities – discussion and planning.
• Honouring the talented persons.
• To select the beneficiaries for individual concession.
• ‘Let’s Proceed’- Women Empowerment Programme.

Question 3.
Consolidate the facts that you have understood on the functioning of grama sabhas and prepare a note.
Answer:
Grama Sabhas play a key role in grassroots democracy by involving local communities directly in decision-making processes. They facilitate discussions and planning for regional development activities, ensuring projects align with local needs. Additionally, Grama Sabhas honor talented individuals, boosting community pride, and select beneficiaries for government concessions transparently to ensure fair resource distribution. Through initiatives like the ‘Let’s Proceed’ Women Empowerment Programme, Grama Sabhas also promote gender equality by empowering women and encouraging their active participation in community and economic activities.

Question 4.
Prepare a notice with the help of the teacher and organise the class sabha.
Answer:

Question 5.
Find out the vision of Gandhiji concerning the development of villages.

Answer:

• Attain self-sufficiency in catering to the major needs of the village.
• Villages should aim to become fully self-reliant republics.
• Engage in mutual cooperation with others only when necessary.
• The primary interest of villages should be to increase food production and the cultivation of essential crops like cotton for clothing needs.
• A designated space should be available in the village for livestock.
• Recreation and entertainment facilities are needed for both adults and children.
• Utilise land effectively for growing crops and other essential produce.

Question 6.
Discuss the features of decentralisation and write a description.
Answer:
Decentralisation is a governance approach that distributes power from central authorities to local governments, fostering more region-focused development. This system prioritises regional development by addressing the unique needs of each area, thereby promoting balanced growth between urban and rural communities. It empowers ordinary people by enhancing their participation in local governance, giving them a stronger voice in decisions that affect their lives. Decentralisation also strengthens the local economy, as targeted initiatives can boost regional industries and employment. Additionally, it prioritises immediate developmental needs like healthcare, education, and infrastructure based on the community’s priorities. Importantly, decentralisation creates leadership opportunities for women and marginalised groups, giving them valuable experience in administration and fostering a more inclusive governance process.

Question 7.
Conduct a panel discussion, including more details about the two committees (Balwantrai Mehta Committee and Ashok Mehta Committee).
Answer:
(Hints) Conduct a panel discussion by including given points..
Balwantrai Mehta Committee

• Democratic decentralisation of power through the creation of a 3-layered Panchayati Raj system.
• The administration had to be handed over to the local governing bodies named Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad.
• The functions, organisations, responsibilities, funding, and duties were all laid down in the report for each of the institutions.
• Proper representation of the SC, ST, and OBCs had to be provided.

Ashok Mehta Committee

• Reservation for the seats based on the weaker section.
• Keep two seats always for women.
• Adequate all the financial resources for panchayats.
• Requirement for the constitutional sector.

Question 8.
Conduct a quiz in the class based on the 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution.
Answer:

• In which name is the rural administrative decentralisation system known in India? – Panchayati Raj.
• What is the basic unit of the Panchayati Raj system? – Gram Panchayat or village panchayat.
• What is the duration of a Panchayat? – Five years.
• What is the reservation policy for women in the 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts? – One-third.

Question 9.
Find out and list the recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee and Ashok Mehta Committee that were included in the 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution.
Answer:

• The three-tier panchayat system.
• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Reservation.
• Direct Elections to Panchayats.
• Greater Financial Devolution.

Question 10.
Find out the details of your local self-government institutions.
Answer:
(Hints) Fill the table according to your areas details as the example given below.

Grama Panchayat	Vaniyamkulam Grama Panchayat
Ward member of the Grama Panchayat	Smt. Kavitha
President of the Grama Panchayat	Manoharan
Block Panchayat	Mala
President of the Block Panchayat	Madhavan
District Panchayat	Eloor
President of the District Panchayat	Shiny
Municipality	Thottakyad
Councillor of the Municipality	Ameena
Chairperson of the Municipality	Joseph
Corporation	Varkala
Councillor of the Corporation	Lakshmi
Mayor	Prashanth

Question 11.
Which are the services that your family availed from the local self-governments? Discuss.
Answer:
Register births/deaths, Mother and child development, Sanction permission for building construction, Garbage treatment granting, etc.

Question 12.
Prepare a questionnaire to interview the people’s representatives in your area to know more about the responsibilities of local self-government institutions.
Answer:
1. What are the main responsibilities of the local self-government institutions in your area, and which services do you prioritise for the community?
2. How do you ensure that community needs, such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, are adequately addressed?
3. What steps are taken to involve the local community in decision-making processes, and how can citizens actively participate in local governance?
4. Can you share examples of recent projects or developmental initiatives led by the local self- government that have positively impacted our area?
5. What challenges do you face in fulfilling the responsibilities of the local self-government, and how do you work to overcome these challenges?

Question 13.
Complete the list by identifying the different sources of revenue of local self-government bodies from the conversation given above.
Answer:

• Various types of taxes
• Licensing Fees
• Fines and Penalties
• Rent from Properties

Question 14.
Prepare a brief note on the local self-government institution to which you belong and present it in the class.
Answer:
I belong to the local self-government institution known as the Gram Panchayat (or Municipality, if it’s an urban area). This institution is responsible for managing and addressing local needs in the community, such as maintaining roads, water supply, sanitation, health services, and public spaces. It also implements welfare programs, assists in education and development projects, and promotes women’s and marginalised groups’ participation in governance. The Gram Panchayat or Municipality collects revenue from local taxes, service fees, and grants from the State and Central- Governments to fund these activities. This local governance structure ensures that our community has access to essential services and contributes to grassroots development.

Question 15.
‘If I become a Panchayat President/Chairperson of the Municipality/ Mayor of the Corporation’ – Present your ideas in the class.
Answer:
If I become the President of the Panchayat (or Chairperson of the Municipality/Mayor of the Corporation), I would focus on making our community a healthier, cleaner, and more inclusive place for everyone. Here are some of my key priorities:

Improving Health and Sanitation: I would ensure clean drinking water, regular garbage collection, and well-maintained public toilets. I’d organise health camps and promote awareness about hygiene and preventive healthcare.

Better Roads and Public Transport: I would work on repairing and maintaining roads, creating safe pathways, and improving local transport options to make it easier for people to travel within the area.

Educational and Employment Opportunities: I would support local schools with resources and offer skill-training programs for youth to help them secure better job opportunities. Libraries and digital learning centres could also benefit the community.

Green and Clean Environment: I would promote tree-planting drives and plastic waste reduction and set up more green spaces for people to enjoy. Waste recycling and eco-friendly practices would be a priority.

Empowering Women and Marginalized Groups: I’d encourage their active participation in community activities and governance, ensuring their voices are heard. Self-help groups and women’s entrepreneurship would receive special support.

Transparent and Inclusive Governance: I would hold regular community meetings to listen to people’s needs and ensure transparency in decision-making and budget spending. By involving everyone, I would work towards building a community that thrives on participation, fairness, and mutual respect.

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Interview with the people’s representative to learn about the activities of local self-government institutions.
Answer:
(Hints) Here’s a sample interview script for gathering information from a local people’s representative about the activities of local self-government institutions:

Interviewer: Thank you for meeting with us today. To start, could you share with us the main responsibilities of the local self-government in our community?

Representative: Certainly! Our local self-government focuses on basic services like water supply, sanitation, road maintenance, and health services. We also work on implementing welfare programs, managing schools, and supporting local development initiatives.

Interviewer: What are some of the recent projects that the local government has completed or is currently working on?

Representative: One of our major projects has been improving the local water supply and constructing new sanitation facilities. We’ve also launched a green initiative to plant more trees and reduce waste in public spaces.

Interviewer: How does the local self-government involve the community in decision-making?

Representative: We hold regular meetings where community members can voice their concerns and offer suggestions. We also encourage people to participate in planning processes through Gram Sabhas (or Ward Committees, in urban areas).

Interviewer: What steps are taken to support and empower women and marginalised groups within the community?

Representative: We have specific programs that focus on skill development, entrepreneurship, and education for women and marginalized groups. We also ensure reserved seats in local government bodies to promote their participation in decision-making.

Interviewer: Lastly, could you tell us about the main challenges faced by local self-governments in fulfilling their responsibilities?

Representative: Funding can be a major challenge, as we rely on grants and limited local taxes. Managing resources effectively and meeting the needs of a growing population can also be difficult, but we are committed to finding solutions.

Question 2.
Conduct a field trip to the panchayat/municipality/corporation office to learn about the functioning of local self-government institutions directly and prepare a digital documentation.
Answer:
(Hints) Here’s a suggested outline to help organise a field trip to the Panchayat/Municipality/ Corporation office and create à digital documentation of the experience:
Introduction to Local Self-Government: Briefly explain what local government is and why it’s important for the community.

Structure and Key Roles: Describe who works at the office (like the Mayor or Panchayat President) and their main duties.

Departments and Services: List the important departments (like health, sanitation, and education) and what services they provide.

Citizen Involvement: Mention how people in the community can participate, like attending meetings or sharing suggestions.

Highlights and Learnings: Summarize what you learned from the visit and why local government is valuable for the community.

Question 3.
Observe the grama sabha/ward sabha of your area, collect information and prepare a report.
Answer:
On November 10, 2024, I attended the Gram Sabha at [Village Name]. The meeting, held at the Panchayat Hall, was presided over by the Panchayat President, [President’s Name], with attendance from local officials and about 50 community members. Key issues discussed included road conditions, water supply, waste management, and public health services. The community also selected beneficiaries for various welfare schemes like the old age pension and housing assistance. There was active participation from women and marginalised groups, and the meeting emphasised the importance of community involvement in local governance. The session concluded with decisions on prioritising infrastructure and sanitation projects.

Question 4.
Conduct a debate on the topic of “Women’s Reservation in the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments.”
Answer:
(Hints) Conduct a debate based on the pros and cons given below.
Pros:

• Increased Representation: Guarantees more women in local governance roles.
• Empowerment of Women: Boosts confidence and social status of women leaders.
• Community Welfare Focus: Women prioritise health, education, and sanitation issues.
• Role Models for Youth: Inspires young girls to pursue leadership.
• Promotes Gender Equality: Ensures fairer gender representation in politics.
• Legal Protection: Secures women’s voices and interests in governance.

Cons:

• Tokenism: Women may be seen as symbolic leaders without real power.
• Dependency on Quotas: Could discourage women from entering politics independently.
• Quantity Over Quality: Focuses on numbers, not necessarily effectiveness.
• Social Resistance: Women often face societal discrimination in leadership roles.
• Lack of Training: Many women lack the experience needed for effective governance.
• Influence from Male Relatives: Some women leaders face pressure to follow male family members’ decisions.

Question 5.
Prepare a Class Development Plan by including the ideas on development that were put forward while the ‘class sabha’ was conducted. Present it in the school parliament. Then, release it in the school assembly in the presence of the members of the School Development Committee.
Answer:
(Hints) On the basis of the given ideas on development, prepare a Class Development Plan.

• Academic Growth
• Skill Development
• Physical and Mental Well-being
• Community and Environmental Responsibility
• Extracurricular Activities

Class 7 Social Science Power to the People Notes Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the correct option from the following.
a) How often is the grama sabha convened?
i. Once a month
ii. Once in three months
iii. Once in a year
iv. Every week

b) Who is responsible for convening the grama sabha?
i. The Mayor
ii. The Ward Member
iii. The Panchayat President
iv. The Village Chief
Answer:
a) Once in three months,
b. The Ward Member

Question 2.
Write true or false.
a) In cities, the grama sabha is called a ward sabha.
b) The grama sabha is only for elected members and not for everyone in the ward.
Answer:
a.True, b. False

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks.
a) Gandhiji believed that the soul of India lies in the _______
b) The _______ is the platform for ensuring equality of status and equal rights among citizens.
Answer:
a. villages
b. grama sabha

Question 4.
Match the Following

Column A	Column B
Grama Sabha	Three-tier System
Ward Sabha	Two-tier System
Balwantrai Mehta Committee	Self-governing body in a village
Ashok Mehta Committee	City-level governing body

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Grama Sabha	Self-governing body in a village
Ward Sabha	City-level governing body
Balwantrai Mehta Committee	Three-tier System
Ashok Mehta Committee	Two-tier System

Question 5.
Write a note on Centralisation and Decentralisation of Power.
Answer:
Democracy becomes meaningful when power is decentralised to all people and not simply vested with some. Thus, in a political or administrative system, the transfer of power legally to the people to take decisions and execute them is called decentralisation of power. The power to take decisions and execute them in administrative matters is centred on some people is called centralisation of power. Here, the common people comparatively do not get the opportunity to become a part of administrative affairs.

Question 6.
Write the features of Decenteralisation of Power.
Answer:

• Importance to regional development.
• Common people have more power and participation in the administration.
• Development of the local economy.
• Developmental needs get prioritised.
• Women and the marginalised get leadership and administrative experience.

Question 7.
Differentiate between the recommendations of Balwantrai Mehta Committee and Ashok Mehta Committee.
Answer:

The Recommendations of Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957)	The Recommendations of Ashok Mehta Committee (1978)
The three-tier panchayat system – Grama Panchayat, Panchayat District Parishad.	The two-tier system – Mandal Panchayat, District Parishad.
The power for planning and execution to be given to Panchayat Committees and supervision and organisation for District Parishad.	The District Parishad shall have the charge over the district-level planning. Mandal panchayats are in charge of the villages.
Direct election in Grama Panchayats.	Constitutional validity for panchayat institutions.
Indirect election in District Parishad and Panchayat Committee.	Reservation for Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe.

Question 8.
Write a short note on the Panchayat Raj System.
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj system came into existence first in Rajasthan as per the recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru  the project in Nagaur district in Rajasthan on October 2nd, 1959. The Panchayati Raj system came into existence in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal the same year.

Question 9.
Why was it decided to give constitutional powers to local self-government bodies in India?
Answer:
It was decided to give constitutional powers to strengthen local self-government bodies and create a uniform structure across the country.

Question 10.
What was the purpose of the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution?
Answer:
The purpose of the 73rd Amendment was to introduce the Panchayati Raj Act, which gave more powers to local self-government bodies in rural areas.

Question 11.
What change did the 74th Amendment bring to local governance?
Answer:
The 74th Amendment introduced the Nagarpalika Act, which provided more powers to local self- government bodies in urban areas.

Question 12.
Match the following.

Column A	Column B
73rd Amendment	1992
74th Amendment	Strengthening local governance
Purpose of Amendments	Nagarpalika Act
Year of Amendments	Panchayati Raj Act

Answer:

Column A	Column B
73rd Amendment	Panchayati Raj Act
74th Amendment	Nagarpalika Act
Purpose of Amendments	Strengthening local governance
Year of Amendments	1992

Question 13.
Write the difference between 73rd and 74th Amendment.
Answer:

73rd Constitutional Amendment Panchayati Raj System	74th Constitutional Amendment Nagarpalika System
Formation of grama sabhas	Formation of ward sabhas
Tenure of administration – five years	Tenure of administration – five years
Reservation for the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe	Reservation for the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe
Reservation for Women	Reservation for Women
The election charge was given to the State Election Commission	The election charge was given to the State Election Commission
Finance Commission once in five years	The election charge was given to the State Election Commission
Three-tier Panchayat system – Grama Panchayat, Block Panchayat, District Panchayat	Two types of Urban Local Self Government bodies Nagar Panchayat, Municipal (Municipality/Corporation in Kerala)

Question 14.
Write a short note on People’s Planning.
Answer:
After the 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution, the process of decentralisation of power introduced in Kerala in 1996 is known as ‘People’s Planning’ (Janakeeyasuthranam). The ‘People’s Planning’ system has given more power and responsibilities to the local self-government system which also ensured more officials, institutions and funds to implement them. As a result of these constitutional amendments, 33% reservation is accorded to women in the local self-government systems. Further, as per the amendment of the Panchayati Raj Act 2005, the representation of women in local self-government bodies was elevated to 50%. 10% of the total plan fund of local self- government bodies has been allocated to projects exclusively meant for women. Kerala, thus, became a model for the country through the effective implementation of the decentralisation process.

Question 15.
Write down any five responsibilities of local self-government institutions.
Answer:

• Register births/deaths
• Collect statistical data
• Supervision and responsibility of primary schools
• Mother and child development
• Sanction permission for building construction

Question 16.
What are the different major sources of income for local self-government institutions?
Answer:
The panchayat has different sources of income. For example, there are funds and grants from the State and Central governments. Besides, panchayats get revenue from building tax, professional tax, entertainment tax, etc. The fee from permits and registration, the user fee from bus stands, markets and playgrounds owned by the panchayat and the fine that is levied by the panchayat also come under its revenue. The revenue will be different for different panchayats based on the nature of the locality. The different types of loans that are approved by the government, the shares from beneficiaries and the contributions that are accepted based on certain conditions come under the revenue of the panchayat.

Question 17.
What are the major challenges of local self-government institutions?
Answer:

• A condition in which the plan share is not available on time.
• A situation in which decentralisation is not executed completely.
• The less participation of people in grama sabhas.
• Dip in panchayat’s own revenue in the rural sector.
• Inadequacy of infrastructure.

Std 7 Social Science Power to the People Notes

• The ward member, who is the convenor of the grama sabhas.
• The developmental activities that were planned and executed through grama sabhas and ward sabhas.
• Gandhiji considered the grama swaraj a self-governing body.
• In a political or administrative system, the transfer of power legally to the people to take decisions and execute them is called decentralisation of power.
• The word ‘Panchayat’ was formed from the Sanskrit words ‘pancha’ (five) and ‘ayat’ (meeting).
• The Government of India Act came into existence in 1935.
• The local self-government bodies got more powers with the 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution in 1992.
• The Panchayati Raj Act came into existence through the 73rd Amendment.
• The Nagarpalika Act was introduced with the 74th Amendment.
• The process of decentralisation of power introduced in Kerala in 1996 is known as ‘People’s Planning’ (Janakeeyasuthranam).
• 33% reservation is accorded to women in the local self-government systems.
• Panchayats get revenue from building tax, professional tax, entertainment tax, etc.
• The major challenges of local self-government are:
  • A condition in which the plan share is not available on time.
  • A situation in which decentralisation is not executed completely.
  • The less participation of people in grama sabhas.
  • Dip in panchayat’s own revenue in the rural sector.
  • Inadequacy of infrastructure.

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 7th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf Download and Class 7 Social Science Chapter 7 From Food Production to Food Security Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 7 From Food Production to Food Security Notes Questions and Answers

From Food Production to Food Security Class 7 Notes Pdf

Class 7 Social Science Chapter 7 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
What kind of food crops does Neetu cultivate for daily purposes?
Answer:

• Eggplant
• Brinjal
• Yard long beans
• Snake gourd
• Lady’s finger
• Spinach
• Yam
• Sorghum

Question 2.
How is surplus production used?
Answer:

• Gave some to Keerthi’s house
• Sold to market

Question 3.
What are the benefit of such farming?
Answer:

• Pesticide free
• Availability of healthy and fresh vegetables

Question 4.
What are the benefits of mixed farming?
Answer:

• Livestock can utilise crop residues and by-products, reducing waste and improving water use efficiency.
• Provides multiple income streams, ensuring more stable and reliable farm revenue.
• Promotes biodiversity.
• Reduces the environmental impact through integrated pest management and reduced reliance on chemical inputs.

Question 5.
You have learned about the different types of farming methods in our country, expand the below list by adding more features.

Answer:

Subsistence farming	Mixed farming	Cultivation of plantation crops	Cultivation of commercial crops
Production for own consumption.	The same fertiliser can be used for multiple crops.	Cost of production is relatively low.	High capital investment.
Cultivation is possible even in small plots of land.	Lower cost of production.	Large-scale production.	Provides raw materials.
Profit is not the primary objective.	Provides multiple income.	Long-term income.	Use of modem technology.
Traditional agricultural tools are mostly used.	Promotes biodiversity.	Conserving soil and ecosystem.	Large-scale production of agricultural products.

Question 6.

a. Which of the crops seen in the picture are used for food?
b. Which are the other crops?
Answer:
a. Maize, Rice, Wheat
b. Rubber, Tea, Cotton

Question 7.
Find the crops of our country and complete the list.
Answer:

Food crops	Cash crops
Rice	Cotton
Wheat	Rubber
Maize	Tea
Pulses	Coffee
Millets	Jute

Question 8.
From the table given below, you can understand which crops grow in which states. Identify those states on the map and colour them.

Crops	States
Wheat	Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
Cotton	Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana and Rajasthan
Rice	West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar

Answer:

Question 9.
Mention the agricultural seasons in our country.
Answer:
Three distinct cropping seasons: –

• Kharif
• Rabi
• Zaid

Question 10.
Can all crops be grown everywhere? Why? Make a note.
Answer:
No, not all crops can be grown everywhere because different crops have specific requirements for climate, soil type, water availability, and growing season. For example, rice needs a lot of water and warm temperatures, so it grows well in tropical and subtropical regions. Soil types vary in nutrients and drainage properties, which can affect crop growth. Farmers must choose crops that are suitable for their local environmental conditions to ensure good yields and sustainable farming practices.

Question 11.
Find more Agro-based industries that use agricultural products as raw materials and add them to the list.
Answer:

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS	INDUSTRY
Cotton	Textile industry
Sugarcane	Sugar industry
Jute	Textile industry
Wheat	Food industry

Question 12.

See the above images of minerals and areas where minerals are mined.
a. What are Minerals?
b. Where do we get these from?
c. What is the use of these?
Answer:
a. Minerals are metallic and non-metallic compounds found in the Earth’s crust
b. We get minerals from the Earth’s crust, where they are extracted through mining processes.
c.

• Technology: Components for electronics, batteries, and computers.
• Industry: Manufacturing processes and machinery.
• Energy: Coal, uranium, and other resources for power generation.
• Agriculture: Fertilizers to enrich soil.
• Healthcare: Pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

Question 13.
Important mineral-based industries.
Answer:

• Iron and Steel industry
• Copper industry
• Aluminium industry
• Cement industry
• Glass industry
• Ceramic Industry

Question 14.
What are the following minerals used for? Find their usages and complete the list.
Answer:

Minerals	Usage
Hematite	Manufacturing of iron bars
Silica (sand)	Glass manufacturing
Bauxite	Aircraft and electrical equipment
Diamond	Jewellery
Coal	Railway, Iron and Steel production
Petroleum	Fuel, lubricant

Question 15.
Above mentioned are some of the problems faced by the Indian agriculture sector during the pre-independence and post-independence period. What are the reasons for this?
Answer:

• The land tax system implemented by the British
• Limited infrastructure
• Outdated technology
• Food shortage
• Decline in agricultural productivity

Question 16.
Discuss and make notes on how the Green Revolution helped to eradicate food shortage and poverty in India.
Answer:
Green Revolution in India: Eradicating Food Shortage and Poverty
Introduction to the Green Revolution in India:

• Initiated in the mid-1960s to address severe food shortages and dependence on food imports.
• Focused on high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice, improved irrigation infrastructure, use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and agricultural mechanisation.

Key Aspects and Strategies:
1. High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs):

• Introduction of new wheat and rice varieties with higher productivity.
• Notable varieties: IR8 rice and Kalyan Sona wheat.

2. Irrigation Expansion:

• Large-scale development of irrigation projects (dams, canals, tube wells).
• Improved water management practices.

3. Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides:

• Increased use of nitrogen-based fertilisers and chemical pesticides to boost crop growth and protect against pests.

4. Mechanization:
Adoption of tractors, harvesters, and other machinery to enhance efficiency and reduce labour costs.

Impact on Food Shortage:

1. Increased Food Production:

• Substantial rise in wheat and rice production.
• Wheat production: From 12 million tons in the early 1960s to over 50 million tons by the late 1970s.
• Rice production: Significant increase, though less pronounced than wheat.

2. Food Self-Sufficiency:

• India transformed from a food-importing country to self-sufficiency in food grains.
• Reduction in dependency on foreign aid and food imports.

3. Reduction in Hunger and Famine:

• Alleviation of severe hunger and prevention of famines, particularly in drought-prone regions.

Impact on Poverty:
1. Increased Farmer Incomes:

• Higher crop yields and productivity led to increased incomes for farmers, especially those with access to land, water, and capital.

2. Rural Employment:

• Creation of employment opportunities in agriculture and related sectors (transport, marketing, processing).
• Increased demand for agricultural labour during planting and harvesting seasons.

3. Economic Growth:

• Boost rural economies through increased agricultural productivity.
• Stimulation of secondary industries (agro-chemicals, machinery, seed production).

4. Reduction in Rural Poverty:

• Significant reduction in rural poverty levels due to increased agricultural incomes.
• Enhanced living standards and improved access to education and healthcare.

Challenges and Limitations:
1. Environmental Concerns:

• Soil degradation, water pollution, and decline in biodiversity due to excessive use of chemical inputs.

2. Resource Strain:

• Over-extraction of groundwater and unsustainable irrigation practices.

3. Health Impacts:

• Health issues arising from exposure to chemical fertilisers and pesticides.

4. Loss of Crop Diversity:

• Focus on wheat and rice led to neglect of other important crops, affecting dietary diversity.

Question 17.
Many people in our society are unable to meet even their basic needs. What can we call the condition of not being able to fulfil such needs?
Answer:
Poverty

Question 18.
Complete the sun diagram by finding out other causes that lead to poverty.

Answer:
Causes of poverty are:

• Traditional practises
• War
• Political instability
• Economic downturn
• Inadequate social policies
• Natural disasters

Question 19.
a. Find Kerala’s position among Indian states according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index.
b. Find out how much of Kerala’s poverty has decreased in 2019-2021 compared to 2015- 2016.
c. Find out how Kerala has achieved this and make a note
Answer:
a. Among the states, Kerala ranks first position
b. Poverty decreased by 0.15 per cent
c.
1. Strong Emphasis on Education:

• High Literacy Rates: Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates in India. The state government has historically prioritised education, ensuring universal access to primary and secondary education.
• Quality of Education: Investment in the quality of education, including better school infrastructure, qualified teachers, and innovative teaching methods, has led to high educational attainment among its population.

2. Strong Healthcare System:

• Universal Healthcare: Kerala has a well-established public healthcare system that provides accessible and affordable healthcare services to its residents.
• Health Indicators: The state boasts impressive health indicators, such as low. infant mortality rates and high life expectancy, due to its focus on preventive and primary healthcare.

3. Social Welfare Programs:

• Comprehensive Social Safety Nets: Kerala has implemented various social welfare programs aimed at reducing poverty and inequality. These include pensions for the elderly, widows, and disabled individuals, as well as welfare schemes for marginalised communities.
• Public Distribution System (PDS): An effective PDS ensures food security by providing essential commodities at subsidised rates to the poor.

4. Infrastructure Development:

• Rural Development: Investment in rural infrastructure, including roads, electrification, and sanitation, has improved the quality of life in rural areas and reduced urban-rural disparities.
• Urban Amenities: Kerala’s cities and towns are equipped with better urban infrastructure and services, enhancing living conditions for urban residents.

5. Decentralized Governance:

• Local Self-Government: Kerala has effectively decentralised governance, empowering local bodies and communities to make decisions and implement development projects that directly benefit the local population.

6. Economic Factors:

• Remittances: A significant portion of Kerala’s population works abroad, particularly in the Gulf countries. Remittances from these workers contribute substantially to the state’s economy, improving household incomes and reducing poverty.
• Diversified Economy: Kerala’s economy is diversified with significant contributions from agriculture, services, and tourism sectors.

7. Cultural and Social Factors:

• Progressive Social Norms: Kerala’s society has historically been progressive, with a focus on social justice and equity. Social movements and a strong civil society have played crucial roles in advocating for the rights and welfare of marginalised groups.
• Community Participation: Active participation of the community in developmental activities and strong grassroots organisations have been pivotal in implementing and sustaining poverty alleviation programs.

Question 20.
Find out the beneficiaries of the poverty schemes in your area. Also find the similar schemes that exist and make a note.
Answer:
Through the poverty alleviation schemes, people in my village can receive employment and income; it also provides livelihood for the people who are suffering through financial hardship.

• It also ensures food security for the people.
• It also provides pension coverage for old age people.
• It also ensures the health of the people by conducting camps and vaccinations on time.

(By conducting research and engaging with local authorities and community organisations, you can collect detailed information on the beneficiaries of poverty alleviation schemes in your area and identify similar schemes that exist at both the state and central levels.)

Question 21.
Prepare a questionnaire to organise an interview with Kudumbashree unit members in your area in order to understand how Kudumbashree’s work is helpful in poverty alleviation.
Answer:
(Hints: Kudumbashree Interview Questionnaire)

1. Can you please introduce yourself and tell us about your role in the Kudumbashree unit?
2. How long have you been associated with Kudumbashree?
3. Can you give us a brief overview of Kudumbashree’s mission and objectives?
4. What motivated you to join Kudumbashree?
5. What are the main activities and projects undertaken by your Kudumbashree unit?
6. How often do you meet, and what typically happens during these meetings?
7. How has participating in Kudumbashree helped you and your family economically?
8. Can you provide examples of income-generating activities initiated by your unit?
9. Have you received any financial support or loans through Kudumbashree? If yes, how has it impacted your livelihood?
10. Apart from economic benefits, how has Kudumbashree contributed to your personal and social development?
11. How has your participation in Kudumbashree affected your confidence and decision-making abilities?
12. What kind of training and capacity-building programs have you attended through Kudumbashree?
13. How have these trainings improved your skills and knowledge?
14. Is there anything else you would like to share about your experience with Kudumbashree?

Question 22.
Why can’t Food safety be ensured?
Answer:

• Climate change
• Low income
• Industrialisation
• Rise in price
• Imbalance in distribution
• Lack of availability of food
• Economic Pressures
• Emerging Risks
• lack of training and poor hygiene practices
• Resource Limitations

Question 23.
Which are the government agencies that distribute food grains at subsidy rates? Find
Answer:

• Civil suppliers
• Triveni Super Market
• Food Corporation of India
• State food corporation
• Ration shops
• Public distribution system

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Find out and describe the farming practices that use advanced technology as opposed to traditional farming practices.
Answer:
Here are some key advanced technologies used in modern agriculture:
1. Precision Agriculture:

• Uses GPS and satellite imagery to monitor and manage crops and soil.
• Enables farmers to apply water, fertilisers, and pesticides more efficiently.

2. Drones and UAVs:

• Monitor crop health, soil conditions, and irrigation needs from above.
• Provide real-time data and high-resolution images for better decision-making.

3. IoT and Sensors:

• Deploy sensors in fields to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels.
• IoT devices collect and transmit data for real-time analysis and automated adjustments.

4. Automated Machinery:

• Tractors, harvesters, and planting equipment equipped with automation and robotics.
• Reduces labour costs and increases precision in planting, harvesting, and other tasks.

5. Vertical Farming and Hydroponics:

• Grow crops in controlled indoor environments with stacked layers.
• Utilize nutrient-rich water solutions instead of soil, conserving water and space.

Question 2.
Prepare a seminar paper on ‘poverty alleviation programmes and poverty Eradication’.
Answer:
(Hints: using the below programme prepare a seminar report)
1. Growth-oriented approach: The growth-oriented approach assumes that the economic growth of the economy will reduce the magnitude of poverty. It is based on the expectation that the effects of economic growth led to a rapid increase in gross domestic product, and per capita income would spread to poor sections of society.

2. Creation of assets and employment to generate income Expanding self-employment and wage employment programmes are being considered as the major ways of addressing poverty. a) Self Employment Programmes, Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP), Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Swarna Jayanthi Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).

b) Wage Employment Programmes, National Food for Work Programme, Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP) In 2005 Indian Parliament passed the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. The act guaranteed 100 days wages employment to every rural household. NREGP has now been renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP).

3. Providing minimum Basic amenities to people:
a) a) Food Security Programmes: Public Distribution System, Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), Mid-day meal scheme.
b) Social security programmes: Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana, Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, Janasree Bima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana.

Question 3.
Organise interviews with Kudumbashree members regarding the activities of Kudumbashree.
Answer:
(Hint: Based on the following questions, conduct an interview in your locality)
Sample Interview Questions
Activities:
1. Can you describe the specific activities you participate in through Kudumbashree?
2. How do these activities benefit you and your family?
Impact:
1. What changes have you noticed in your community since you started participating in Kudumbashree activities?
2. Can you share a success story from your experience with Kudumbashree?
Challenges:
1. What are the main challenges you face in your Kudumbashree activities?
2. How do you think these challenges can be addressed?

Support and Resources:
1. What type of support do you receive from Kudumbashree (training, financial, etc.)
2. Are there additional resources or support you feel would be beneficial?
By following this plan, you can effectively organise and conduct interviews with Kudumbashree members to gain a comprehensive understanding of their activities and the impact of Kudumbashree on their lives and communities.

Question 4.
Find out the features of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and answer the questionnaire given below.
Answer:

Year of implementation of the scheme	2005
Objective of the scheme	100-day work for the rural people
The first two districts to implement the project in Kerala	Palakkad and Wayanad
Number of working days guaranteed	100
Current daily wages as per the scheme	320 per person
What are the activities included in the scheme	Construction of check dams, ponds, and other water bodies. Activities aimed at improving the moisture retention capacity of the soil. Development of micro-irrigation facilities.

Class 7 Social Science From Food Production to Food Security Notes Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Differentiate between cash crops and food crops.
Answer:
Food crops are grown primarily for direct consumption (either human or animal), while cash crops are grown primarily for commercial sale and profit, not direct consumption.

Question 2.
List the important cropping seasons.
Answer:
Three distinct cropping seasons: –

• Kharif
• Rabi
• Zaid

Question 3.
What are the major differences between mixed farming and subsistence farming?
Answer:
Subsistence Farming

• This is the method in which farmers produce and use only the products required for their sustenance.
• Profit is not the primary objective of this method.
• Traditional agricultural tools are mostly used in this farming.

Mixed Farming

• Mixed farming is the simultaneous cultivation of more than one crop in a given plot of land.
• Along with this, livestock rearing, poultry farming, fish farming, etc. can also be combined.
• Livestock feed comes from agriculture.
• Manure required for agriculture is also obtained from livestock.
• The cost of production will be relatively low.

Question 4.
Explain the origin of Agriculture.
Answer:

• Agricuiture has played a crucial role in transforming human beings from hunter-gatherers to a modem man.
• The necessary systems for social life, such as family, community, village and town, emerged with the beginning of agriculture.
• Over a peri9d of time, man shifted from subsistence-based agriculture to market-based agriculture.
• The crops that can be directly consumed as food are called food crops.
• Cash crops are those having industrial and commercial significance.

Question 5.
Define plantation crops.
Answer:

• With the arrival of the British, the farmers who traditionally cultivated paddy and other food crops started cultivating plantation crops like tea, coffee, cloves, cardamom, and pepper in large areas.
• Britishers ‘promoted plantation crops in the colonial countries from the beginning of the 19th century.
• Long-term income and relatively low cost of production are the characteristics of this farming method.

Question 6.
Name the non-metallic minerals.
Answer:

• Limestone
• Mica
• Gypsum
• Coal
• Petroleum

Question 7.
Petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions. Why?
Answer:
Fossil fuels include petroleum. It is created when the remains of marine life decompose. They are largely limited to the areas along the coast.

Question 8.
Define metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Metallic minerals are minerals that contain metal elements, while non-metallic minerals do not.

Question 9.
Which among the following is a mineral-based industry.
a. Sugar industry
b. Jute industry
c. Iron and steel industry
d. Cotton industry
Answer:
Iron and steel industry.

Question 10.
What was the Green Revolution?
Answer:
The Green Revolution was a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives that took place from the 1940s to the late 1960s. It aimed to increase agricultural production worldwide, particularly in developing countries, through the introduction of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques.

Question 11.
What were the main goals of the Green Revolution?
Answer:
The main goals were to boost agricultural productivity, alleviate hunger and poverty, achieve food security, and stimulate economic growth in developing countries by adopting modern agricultural technologies and practices.

Question 12.
What were some of the key innovations of the Green Revolution?
Answer:
Key innovations included the development and widespread adoption of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, which produced significantly higher crop yields compared to traditional varieties. Other innovations included the use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, mechanised farm equipment, and improved irrigation systems.

Question 13.
Explain in the causes of poverty.
Answer:
Poverty’s causes are multifaceted, stemming from factors like lack of education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, as well as discrimination, conflict, and climate change, which can all contribute to a cycle of deprivation.

Question 14.
Define poverty.
Answer:
Poverty is a state or condition where individuals lack the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living, encompassing inadequate access to food, shelter, healthcare, and education, among other necessities.

Question 15.
Write about Hunger-free Kerala.
Answer:
The key objective of the Hunger-Free Kerala Project is to eliminate hunger and make Kerala a hunger-free state.
From 2017 to 2018, the project is being run with the help of Kudumbashree and local self- government bodies. Through such innovative projects, the aim is to achieve food security by ensuring adequate food for all.

Question 16.
Explain the objectives of life plan.
Answer:
To provide livelihood to dependents of victims of crime who are suffering financial hardship

Question 17.
How can we get out of poverty?
Answer:
The Central and State governments are implementing many poverty alleviation schemes to eradicate the poverty prevalent in our country. These projects can be classified into three categories:
Self-employment wage employment schemes
Food security projects
Social security schemes

Question 18.
What is farming?
Answer:
Farming is the practice of cultivating land, growing crops, and raising animals for food, fibre, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It encompasses a variety of techniques and practices that have evolved over centuries to maximise productivity and sustainability.

Question 19.
What are plantation crops?
Answer:
Plantation crops are usually grown on large estates for commercial purposes and require specific climatic conditions. Examples include tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, and oil palm. These crops are typically labour-intensive.

Question 20.
What are the main characteristics of plantation farming?
Answer:
Characteristics of plantation farming include large-scale operations, monoculture (cultivation of a single crop over a large area), significant investment in infrastructure, intensive labour requirements, and production primarily for export markets.

Question 21.
What distinguishes commercial crops from subsistence crops?
Answer:
Commercial crops are grown for profit and are typically sold in national or international markets. In contrast, subsistence crops are grown primarily for the farmer’s family consumption, with little surplus for sale. Commercial crops often require more investment in terms of inputs and technology.

Question 22.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of commercial farming?
Answer:

• Advantages: Increased income for farmers, employment opportunities, contribution to the national economy, and access to new technologies and improved farming practices.
• Disadvantages: Can lead to environmental degradation, over-reliance on a single crop. (monoculture), potential displacement of small farmers, and vulnerability to market fluctuations and global trade dynamics.

Question 23.
What are the benefits of mixed farming?
Answer:
Benefits of mixed farming include enhanced soil fertility due to crop rotation and animal manure, reduced risk of crop failure, diversified income sources, and improved resource utilisation. It also promotes ecological balance and reduces dependency on a single agricultural product.

Question 24.
What are the different types of farming?
Answer:
Different types of farming include subsistence farming, commercial farming, mixed farming, organic farming, and intensive farming. Each type varies based on the scale of operation, the methods used, and the primary goals (e.g., food for family use vs. profit).

Question 25.
How do government policies influence the success of commercial farming?
Answer:
Government policies play a critical role by providing subsidies, ensuring access to credit, investing in infrastructure, offering extension services, setting trade policies, and enacting regulations that promote fair competition and sustainability. Supportive policies can enhance productivity and market access, while restrictive policies can hinder growth and innovation.

Question 26.
How does mixed farming contribute to food security?
Answer:
Mixed farming contributes to food security by diversifying production, which reduces the risk of total crop failure and ensures a steady supply of food products. It also provides a more balanced diet through the combination of crops and livestock products.

Question 27.
How can sustainable farming practices benefit the environment?
Answer:
Sustainable farming practices, such as crop rotation, organic farming,and agroforestry, can improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve water, and prevent land degradation.

Question 28.
Write a note on the origin of agriculture.
Answer:
Nomadic man began farming around 7000 BCE. Humans started farming at different times in Mesopotamia, Turkey, Egypt, Western Asia and Europe; around 3000 BCE, an agrarian culture developed in India along with the Indus Valley Civilization. Cereals such as wheat, barley, etc., were cultivated in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, the twin cities situated along the banks of the river Indus. Agriculture started much later in South India.

Question 29.
Write a short note on agricultural crops.
Answer:
The diverse crops of India can be classified as food crops and cash crops. The crops that can be directly consumed as food are called food crops. Cash crops are those having industrial and commercial significance.
Food crops- Rice, wheat, maise, millets and pulses.
Cash crops- cotton, rubber, jute, tea and coffee.

Question 30.
Write the geographical factors of cultivation.
Answer:

• Favourable climate
• Irrigation facility
• Fertile soil

Question 31.
Categories the following crops into food crops and cash crops.
Rice, wheat, cotton, tea, coffee, pulses, tobacco, maize, ragi, and rubber.
Answer:

Food crops	Cash crops
Rice Wheat Pulses Maize Ragi	Cotton Tea Coffee Tobacco Rubber

Question 32.
Which is the major wheat-producing states in India?
Answer:

• Punjab
• Uttar Pradesh
• Haryana
• Himachal Pradesh
• Uttarakhand
• Rajasthan
• Bihar

Question 33.
What is Agriculture and Agro-based industries?
Answer:
Agriculture involves the cultivation of crops, rearing of animals, and other activities related to food production. Agro-based industries are those industries that process agricultural raw materials into value-added products, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, and biofuel production.

Question 34.
What is the significance of agriculture and agro-based industries in the economy?
Answer:
Agriculture and agro-based industries play a vital role in economic development by providing food, raw materials, employment, and income generation opportunities. They contribute to GDP growth, foreign exchange earnings, rural development, and poverty alleviation.

Question 35.
What are some examples of agro-based industries?
Answer:
Examples include food processing (e.g., milling, canning, dairy, meat processing), textile manufacturing (e.g., cotton spinning, weaving, garment production), biofuel production (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel), agrochemicals (e.g., fertilisers, pesticides), and pharmaceuticals (e.g., herbal medicines, plant-based drugs

Question 36.
What are the raw materials for agro-based industries?
Answer:
Sugarcane, cotton, jute, rubber, oil seeds.

Question 37.
Which are the major agro-based industries in India?
Answer:
Sugar industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, paper industry, woollen industry, silk industry, paint industry, varnish industry, soap industry, rubber industry, etc.

Question 38.
Name any three agro-based industries in India.
Answer:
i) Textile industry
ii) Jute industry
iii) Sugar industry.

Question 39.
Define metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Minerals are metallic and non-metallic compounds found in the Earth’s crust. Hematite, Magnetite, Calamine, Bauxite and Cinnabar are metallic minerals. Many of these are used in the industrial manufacture of metals. Mica, Diamond, Silica (Sand), etc., are non-metallic minerals.

Question 40.
What were the impacts of the Green Revolution on agricultural production?
Answer:
The Green Revolution led to substantial increases in crop yields, particularly for wheat, rice, and maize. It transformed many countries from food deficit to surplus regions, significantly improving food availability and reducing hunger and malnutrition.

Question 41.
What were some of the environmental consequences of the Green Revolution?
Answer:
The Green Revolution had both positive and negative environmental consequences. While it increased agricultural productivity and helped alleviate hunger, it also led to environmental degradation due to the overuse of chemical inputs, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and depletion of water resources.

Question 42.
What are the major causes of poverty.
Answer:

• Unemployment
• Corruption
• Political instability
• Price rise
• Overpopulation
• Inequality

Question 43.
Define multinational poverty index.
Answer:

• The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a new method developed to measure global poverty.
• It was jointly prepared by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
• Multidimensional poverty is calculated by assessing twelve indicators across three dimensions: health, education and standard of living of the members of a household.
• Multidimensional poverty is calculated by taking into account how much each individual and family can achieve in terms of health, education and standard of living.

Question 44.
How is poverty measured?
Answer:
Poverty is commonly measured using income-based measures like the poverty line, which denotes the minimum income level needed to meet basic needs. Other measures include the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which considers factors such as health, education, and living standards.

Question 45.
How does poverty impact children?
Answer:
Poverty affects children by limiting their access to education, nutrition, healthcare, and safe living environments. It can lead to malnutrition, poor academic performance, higher dropout rates, and increased vulnerability to exploitation and abuse.

Question 46.
What are some strategies to reduce poverty?
Answer:
Strategies include improving access to education and healthcare, creating job opportunities, ensuring fair wages, implementing social safety nets, investing in infrastructure, promoting economic growth, and fostering inclusive policies that address inequality.

Std 7 Social Science From Food Production to Food Security Notes

• Agriculture has played a crucial role in transforming human beings from hunter-gatherers to a modern man.
• The necessary systems for social life, such as family, community, village and town, emerged with the beginning of agriculture.
• Subsistence farming is a method in which farmers produce and use only the products required for their sustenance.
• Traditional agricultural tools are mostly used in subsistence farming.
• Mixed farming is the simultaneous cultivation of more than one crop in a given plot of land. The cost of production will be relatively low in mixed farming.
• Britishers promoted plantation crops in the colonial countries from the beginning of the 19th century.
• Cultivation of commercial crops is the large-scale production of agricultural products on a commercial basis.
• The role of commercial crop farming is significant in providing agricultural raw materials to industries.
• The crops that can be directly consumed as food are called food crops. Cash crops are those having industrial and
• commercial significance. Agro-based industries are industries that depends on agricultural products.
• Cotton, an agricultural product, is the raw material for the textile industry. So, the textile industry is an example of an Agro-based Industry.
• Minerals are metallic and non-metallic.compounds found in the Earth’s crust.
• Hematite, Magnetite, Calamine, Bauxite and Cinnabar are metallic minerals. Many of these are used in the industrial manufacture of metals.
• Mica, Diamond, Silica (Sand), etc., are non-metallic minerals, while Coal and Petroleum are fuel minerals.
• The iron ore industry is the largest mineral-based industry in the country.
• Among food grains, the result of Green Revolution was first visible in wheat production. Hence, it is also called as ‘Wheat Revolution’.
• Poverty is a condition in which basic human needs such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health are not accessible as per the requirement.
• The poor are those who do not have access to income or property to meet even their basic needs. A poverty line is an imaginary line that divides the population of a country into those who are poor and those who are not.