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Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Chemistry Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus Two Chemistry Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers

Time: 2 Hours
Maximum: 60 Scores

Part – I

A. Answer any five questions from 1 to 9. Each carries 1 score. (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 1.
Which of the following is a ferromagnetic substance?
(a) NaCl
(b) Co
(c) MnO
(d) H₂O
Answer:
(b) Co

Question 2.
The electrolyte used in Lead Storage battery is __________________
Answer:
H₂SO₄ = 38%

Question 3.
The concentration term that varies with temperature is
(a) Mass
(b) Mole fraction
(c) Molality
(d) Molarity
Answer:
(d) Molarity

Question 4.
The unit of rate constant of a first order reaction is __________________
Answer:
s^-1

Question 5.
Name the metal that can be purified by Mond’s process.
Answer:
Nickel (Ni)

Question 6.
Which of the following is a macromolecular colloid?
(a) Gold sol
(b) Sulphur sol
(c) Rubber latex
(d) As₂S₃ sol
Answer:
(c) Rubber Latex

Question 7.
Carbyl amine reaction is given by __________________
(a) CH₃ – NH₂
(b) CH₃ – CN
(c) CH₃ – NO
(d) CH₃ – NH – CH₃
Answer:
(a) CH₃ – NH₂

Question 8.
Find the product formed when formaldehyde reacts with CH₃ – Mg – Cl.
Answer:
CH₃ – CH₂ – OH

Question 9.
The chemical formula of phosgene is
(a) CaCl₂
(b) CHCl₃
(c) COCl₂
(d) PH₃
Answer:
(c) COCl₂

B. Answer all questions from 10 to 13. each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 10.
Which of the following bases is not present in RNA?
(a) Adenine
(b) Thymine
(c) Guanine
(d) Uracil
Answer:
(b) Thymine

Question 11.
The compounds required for the preparation of Bakelite are
(a) Urea, formaldehyde
(b) Phenol, formaldehyde
(c) Melamine, formaldehyde
(d) Phenol, Urea
Answer:
(b) Phenol, formaldehyde

Question 12.
Saccharin is used as
(a) Tranquilizer
(b) Food preservative
(c) Artificial sweetener
(d) Anti-oxidant
Answer:
(c) Artificial sweetener

Question 13.
During galvanisation the iron surface is coated with
(a) Mercury
(b) Zinc
(c) Tin
(d) Aluminium
Answer:
(b) Zinc

Part – II

A. Answer any two questions from 14 to 17. Each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 14.
Distinguish between order and molecularity of chemical reaction.
Answer:

Order	Molecularity
1. It is the sum of the powers to which the concentration terms are raised in the rate equation.	1. No. of molecules taking part in the chemical reaction.
2. It can be in integral and zero.	2. It can be integral but not zero.
3. Experimental	3. Theoretical

Question 15.
What is Lanthanoid Contraction? Mention one consequence of it.
Answer:
The steady decrease in the atomic and ionic size of lanthanoids with increase in atomic number is known as lanthanoid contraction.
Consequences:

• Separation of Lanthanoid is difficult
• Zr and Hf are similar.

Question 16.
What is the chemical name of Hinsberg reagent? What is its use?
Answer:
Benzene sulphonyl chloride (C₆H₅SO₂Cl).
It is used to distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

Question 17.
Calculate the osmotic pressure of 0.1 M glucose solution at 27°C (R = 0.082).
Answer:
π = CRT
= 0.1 × 0.082 × 300
= 2.46 atm

B. Answer any two questions from 18 to 20. Each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 18.
Explain the behaviour of conductor and insulator using Band theory.
Answer:

Question 19.
How is Potassium Permanganate prepared?
Answer:
The preparation of Potassium permanganate from Pyrolusite (MnO₂) involves two steps.

1. MnO₂ is fused with KOH to form potassium manganate.
   2MnO₂ + 4KOH + O₂ → 2K₂MnO₄ + 2H₂O
2. Manganate ion on electrolytic oxidation in alkaline medium gives permanganate ion.
   \(\mathrm{MnO}_4^{2-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{MnO}_4^{-}\)

Question 20.
Write the two stages involved in the conversion of Aniline to Phenol.
Answer:

Part – III

A. Answer any three questions from 21 to 24. Each carries 3 scores. (3 × 3 = 9)

Question 21.
Distinguish between Schottky and Frenkel defect.
Answer:

Schottky Defect	Fenkel Defect
1. Equal number of cations and anions are missed from the lattice.	1. Cations are missing from the lattice and are seen in the interstitial space.
2. Density decreases.	2. No change in density.
3. Cations and anions are similar in size.	3. Cations and anions are large with a difference.

Question 22.
A first order reaction is 90% completed in 20 seconds. Find the rate constant and half-life period.
Answer:

Question 23.
What is Williamson’s synthesis? How is it used to prepare methoxy benzene?
Answer:
Alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide to form ether. This reaction is called Williamson’s ether synthesis.
Or
R-X + R’-ONa’ → R-O-R’ + NaX
By Williamson synthesis, we can prepare methoxybenzene (Anisole) by treating sodium phenoxide (C₆H₅-ONa) with methyl bromide (CH₃-Br).
C₆H₅ – ONa + CH₃ – Br → C₆H₅ – O – CH₃ + NaBr

Question 24.
(i) What is Reimer-Tiemann reaction? (2)
(ii) Identify the products formed when phenol is treated with Bromine water. (1)
Answer:
(i)

Phenol reacts with chloroform in the presence of NaOH to form salicylaldehyde.
(ii)

B. Answer any two questions from 25 to 27. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 25.
(i) What is Vant Hoff factor? (1)
(ii) The molar mass of benzoic acid measured from colligative property shows an abnormal value. Explain. (2)
Answer:
(i) Van’t Hoff factor (i) is defined as:

(ii) In benzoic acid, due to association of molecules, the total no. of molecules decreases. Hence colligative property decreases and molecular mass increases.

Question 26.
(i) Halo arenes are less reactive in nucleophilic substitution. Why? (2)
(ii) What is Wurtz-Fittig reaction? (1)
Answer:
(i) Due to the delocalisation of π electrons in the benzene ring halo arenes are less reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions or resonance effect, sp² hybrid C atom is attached to halogen atom.
(ii) When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide is treated with sodium in dry ether, an alkyl arene is formed. This reaction is called Wurtz-Fittig reaction.

Question 27.
(i) Explain the hydroboration-oxidation of propene. (2)
(ii) What is Wood Spirit? (1)
Answer:
(i) Hydroboration-Oxidation is according to Markovnikov’s addition due to the presence of H₂-O₂.

(ii) Wood spirit – methanol CH₃OH

Part – IV

A. Answer any three questions from 28 to 31. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 28.
(i) What are Fuel Cells? Explain the working of H₂-O₂ fuel cell. (3)
(ii) Give any two advantages of fuel cells. (1)
Answer:
(i) Fuel cells are galvanic cells which convert the energy of combustion of fuels directly into electrical energy.
Working of H₂ – O₂ fuel cell:
Anode reaction: 2H₂ + 4OH^– → 4H₂O + 4e^–
Cathode reaction: O₂ + 2H₂O + 4e^– → 4OH^–
Overall reaction: 2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2H₂O (l)
(ii) The advantages of fuel cell are:

• Eco friendly
• By-product is pure water
• Continuously working

Question 29.
(i) Match the following:

Polymer	Monomer
HDP	Amino acid
Teflon	Ethylene
Protein	D-Glucose
Starch	Tetra fluoro ethene

(ii) What is Vulcanisation? How does it enhance the properties of rubber? (2)
Answer:
(i)

Polymer	Monomer
HDP	Ethylene
Teflon	Tetrafluoroethene
Protein	Amino acid
Starch	D-glucose

(ii) Heating rubber with sulphur to make natural rubber harder is known as vulcanisation. Sulphur cross links are formed between the monomer units.

Question 30.
(i) Hydrolysis of sucrose is called inversion of sugar. Why? (2)
(ii) Why is sucrose called a Non-reducing sugar? (2)
Answer:
(i) Dextro rotatory sucrose on hydrolysis gives a mixture of laevo rotatory. Thus hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a change in sign of rotation from dextro to laevo and the product is called invert sugar. This process is called inversion of sugar.
(ii) Those carbohydrates which do not contain free aldehyde or ketone group are called non-reducing sugars.
Eg. sucrose

Question 31.
(i) Explain the steps involved in the leaching of Bauxite. (3)
(ii) What is the role of Cryolite in the metallurgy of Aluminium? (1)
Answer:
(i) Bauxite is treated with NaOH. Then sodium aluminate is formed. To this solution CO₂ gas is passed. Sodium aluminate is precipitated as hydrated alumina. It is filtered and heated to get pure alumina.

(ii) Cryolite lowers the melting point of the mixture and brings conductivity.

B. Answer any one question from 32 to 33. Each carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 32.
(i) What is the Brownian movement? What is the reason for this movement? (2)
(ii) What are Zeolites? Write its use. (2)
Answer:
(i) Brownian movement: It is the zig-zag movement of colloidal particles.
(ii) Zeolite: Sodium Aluminum silicate.
They are used as a water softener, shape-selective catalyst.

Question 33.
(i) Distinguish between Anionic and Cationic detergents with example. (2)
(ii) What are broad spectrum antibiotics? Give an example. (2)
Answer:
(i)

Anionic Detergents	Cationic Detergents
1. They contain Na salts of sulpho-nated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.	1. They are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides.
2. The anionic part is used in the cleaning action.	2. Cationic part is the cause for cleaning action.
3. Used in toothpaste.	3. Used in Hair conditioner.
4. Sodium Lauryl sulphate or Sod. Dodecyl benzene sulphonate.	4. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide or quarternary ammonium compounds.

(ii) Broad Spectrum Antibiotics: They are effective for a wide range of diseases.
(Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotics).
eg. Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin

Part – V

Answer any two questions from 34 to 36. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 34.
(i) What are the major steps involved in the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid? (3)
(ii) What are interhalogen compounds? Give two examples. (2)
(iii) PCl₃ fumes in moist air. Why? (1)
Answer:
(i) Contact process involves the following steps:
S + O₂ → SO₂
SO₂ + O₂ → SO₃
SO₃ + H₂SO₄ → H₂S₂O₇ Oleum
(ii) Inter halogen compounds are formed by combining different halogen atoms, eg, BrF₅, CIF₃.
(iii) PCl₃ + H₂O → H₃PO₃ + HCl
PCl₃ reacts with H₂O to form fuming HCl

Question 35.
(i) What is Rosenmund’s reduction? (2)
(ii) Give the aldol condensation product of CH₃ – CHO. (1)
(iii) Which is the strongest acid – acetic acid, chloro acetic acid or fluoro acetic acid? Justify. (2)
Answer:
(i) Rosenmund reduction: Acid chlorides react with hydrogen in the presence of Pd supported on BaSO₄, we get aldehydes. This reaction is called Rosenmund’s reduction.
The equation:

(ii) Crotanaldehyde or, But-2-enal

(iii) Fluoroacetic acid: Due to the presence of -I effect (electron withdrawing) group.

Question 36.
(i) Give the IUPAC name of [Co(NH₃)₅Br]SO₄ and [Ni(CO)₄]. (2)
(ii) Explain Linkage isomerism with an example. (2)
(iii) Represent the geometrical isomers of [Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]. (2)
Answer:
(i) [Co(NH₃)₅Br]SO₄ – Penta ammine bromido cobalt (III) sulphate
[Ni(CO)₄] – Tetracarbonylnickel(O)
(ii) Linkage isomerism is due to the difference in the linking atom.
eg: [Co(NH₃)₅ (NO₂)]Cl₂ – Linking the nitro group with Cobalt through Nitrogen atom
[Co(NH₃)₅(ONO)]Cl₂ – Linking the nitro group with Cobalt through oxygen atom
(iii) Geometrical isomers of [Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]⁺

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Computer Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2022 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2022

Time: 2 Hours
Total Score: 60 Marks

PART – I

A. Answer any five questions from 1 to 9. Each carries 1 score. (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 1.
The keyword used to define structure data type in C++ is ___________ .
Answer:
struct

Question 2.
Which of the following operator is used for dynamic memory allocation ?
(a) *
(b) &
(c) new
(d) delete
Answer:
new

Question 3.
Identify the type of inheritance that has two base classes and one derived class.
(a) Multi level inheritance
(b) Multiple inheritance
(c) Hierarchical inheritance
(d) Hybrid inheritance
Answer:
Multiple Inheritance

Question 4.
Name the data structure that follows LIFO principle to organize data.
Answer:
stack

Question 5.
Which attribute is used with <A> tag to specify the name of the web page to be linked ?
Answer:
href

Question 6.
The HTML tag used to specify a data item in a definition list in a web page is ____________ .
Answer:
<dt>and</dt>

Question 7.
Name the keyword used to declare a variable in JavaScript.
Answer:
var

Question 8.
Which of the following data is represented by Boolean data type in JavaScript ?
(a) 1
(b) TRUE
(c) “true”
(d) true
Answer:
d) true

Question 9.
The PHP operator used to join two strings is ____________ .
Answer:
(Dot) operator

B. Answer all questions from 10 to 13 each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 10.
The full form of VPS is
(a) Virtual Premium Service
(b) Virtual Private Service
(c) Virtual Premium Server
(d) Virtual Private Server
Answer:
Virtual Private Server

Question 11.
The level of data abstraction in DBMS that is closest to the user is known as __________ .
(a) Physical level
(b) Logical level
(c) View level
(d) Conceptual level
Answer:
View level

Question 12.
If a table STUDENT has 5 columns and another table TEACHER has 3 columns, the Cartesian product STUDENT × TEACHER will have columns.
Answer:
8, the sum of degrees

Question 13.
Variable in PHP begin with ____________ character.
Answer:
$

PART – II

A. Answer any two questions from 14 to 17 each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 14.
What is polymorphism in Object Oriented Program-ming? Name the two types of polymorphism.
Answer:
Polymorphism is the ability for a message or data to be processed in more than one form. Two types of polymorphism are compile time polymorphism and run time polymorphism.

Question 15.
Explain the situations ‘overflow’ and ‘underflow’ in data structure operations.
Answer:
Overflow happens if we try to insert a new item when the data structure is full. Underflow happens if we try to remove an item from an empty data structure.

Question 16.
Write down the use of any two built-in functions in JavaScript with the help of examples.
Answer:
BUILT IN FUNCTIONS (methods)
1. alert() : This is used to display a message (dialogue box) on the screen.
eg: alert(“Welcome to JS”);

2. isNaN(): To check whether the given value is a number or not. It returns a Boolean value. If the value is not a numberfNaNI then this function returns a true value otherwise it returns a false value.
Eg: isNaN(“BVM”); returns true

3. toUpperCase(): This is used to convert the text to upper case.
Eg:var x=“bvm”;
alert(x.toUpperCase());

4. toLowerCase() This is used to convert the text to lowercase.
Eg: var x= “BVM”;
aiert(x.toLowerCase());

5. charAt(): It returns the character at a particular position.
Syntax: variable.charAt(index);
The index of first character is 0 and the second is T and so on. ,
Eg: var x=“HIGHER SECONDARY”;
alert(x.charAt(4));(anytwo)

Question 17.
Distinguish between serial computing and parallel computing.
Answer:

Serial computing	Parallel computing
A single processor.	Multiple processors with a shared memory.
Problem is broken into a series of instructions	Problem is broken into discrete parts that that can be solved concurrently
Only one instruction is executed on a single processor at a time.	More than one instruction is executed on multiple processors at a time.
Instructions are executed sequentially one after another.	Instructions execute simultaneously on different processors

B. Answer any two questions from 18 20 each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 18.
What is meant by self-referential structure ?
Answer:
Self referential structure is a structure in which one of the elements is a pointer to the same structure.
Dynamic data structures like linked list, tree etc. can be implemented using self referential structure.

Question 19.
How do the access labels of class data type implement data hiding ?
Answer:
It is called data abstraction(hiding up of data and functions). The access specifiers (labels) usedin C++ are Public,Private and Protected. In, Public all the members will be available to everyone. In private, the data and function can’t be accessed by other classes. In protected, data and functions will only be available to the derived class.

Question 20.
Prepare short note on linked list.
Answer:
Linked list is a dynamic data structure containing a collection of nodes, where each node consists of a data and a link to the next node. Traversing, deletion, insertion etc. are operations on linked list.

PART – III

A. Answer any three questions from 21 to 24 each carries 3 scores. (3 × 3 = 9)

Question 21.
Write an algorithm to perform pop operation in a stack.
Answer:
Algorithm for pop operation is

Start
If (top > -1) Then
ltem= Stack[top]
top = top - 1
Else
Print "Stack Underflow”
End of If
Stop

Question 22.
Distinguish between static web page and dynamic web page.
Answer:

Static web page	Dynamic web page
• Contents and layout is fixed	• Contents and layout may change during run time
• Never use databases	• Database is used
• Server side application does not require	• Runs Server side application
• Easy to develop	• Programming skills is needed

Question 23.
Explain the merits and demerits of free hosting.
Answer:
Merits : Free hosting provides web hosting services free of cost.lt is very useful for the beginners.

De-merits; There may be restriction on the uploading file size. Free hosting service usually provide either their own sub domain or as a directory service. Free web hosting providers E.g. sites.google.com , blogspot.in

Question 24.
Briefly describe the three cloud service models.
Answer:
Cloud service models (3 major services)
1) Software as a Service (SaaS): A SaaS provider company provides more services on demand*’ such as they allow to access both resources and applications.
Examples are Google Docs, Adobe creative cloud, Microsoft Office 365, Facebook.com etc.

2) Platform as a Service (PaaS): A PaaS provider company provides subscribers access to the components that they require to develop and operate applications over the Internet.
Example : LAMP platform(Linux,Apache Server,MySQL and PHP), ASP.NET, PHP and Python, Google’s App Engine, Microsoft Azure, Force.com, etc.

3) Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) : It provides basic storage devices and computing capabilities as standardized services over the network.
Example: Amazon Web Services, Joyent, AT&T, GoGrid etc.

B. Answer any two questions from 25 to 27 each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 25.
Write a JavaScript code to display the sum of the first 100 natural numbers.
Answer:
< script > var i, sum=0;
for(i = 1; i <= 100; i + +)
sum = sum + i;
document.write(sum);
< /script >

Question 26.
Explain the use of any three aggregate functions in SQL.
Answer:
SUM() – To find the sum of values
AVG() – To find the average of values
MIN() – To find the smallest value
MAX() – To find the largest value
COUNT() – To count the number of values excluding NULL.

Question 27.
Briefly describe any three ways of protecting Industrial Property Rights.
Answer:
Intellectual property is divided into two categories
1) Industrial Property
2) Copyright

1) Industrial property,
It ensures the protection of industrial inventions, designs, Agricultural products etc from unauthorized copying or creation or use. In India this is done by Controller of Patents Designs and Trademarks.

• Patents: A person or organization invented a product or a creation can be protected from unauthorized copying or creation without the permission of the creator by law. This right is called Patent. In India the validity of the right is up to 20 years. After this anybody can use freely.
• Trademark: This is a unique, simple and memorable sign to promote a brand and hence increase the business and goodwill of a company. It must be registered. The period of registration is for 10 years and can be renewed. The registered trademark under Controller General of Patents Design and Trademarks cannot use or copy by anybody else.
• Industrial designs: A product or article is designed so beautifully to attract the customers. This type of designs is called industrial design. This is a prototype and used as a model for large scale production.
• Geographical indications: Some products are well known by the place of its origin. Kozhikkodan Halwa, Marayoor Sharkkara(Jaggery), Thirupathi Ladoo, etc are the examples.

2) Copyright
The trade mark is ©, copy right is the property right that arises automatically when a person creates a new work by his own and by Law it prevents the others from the unauthorized or intentional copying of this without the permission of the creator for 60 years after the death of the author.

Attributes	Patent	Trademark	Copyright
Items	Product, Process	Name, Logo, Signs	Creativity, artistic
Registration Required	Yes	Yes	No(Automatic)
Duration	20 years	10 years	Upto 60 years after the death of the author
Renewable	No	Yes	NA

PART – IV

A. Answer any three questions from 28 to 31 each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 28.
(a) How does static memory allocation differ from dynamic memory allocation ? (2)
(b) What is memory leak ? (2)
Answer:
a) In the static memory allocation, the amount of memory to be allocated is predicted and preknown. This memory is allocated during the compilation itself. All the declared variables declared normally, are allocated memory statically.

In the dynamic memory allocation, the amount of memory to be allocated is not known before hand. It is allocated during run time as and when re-quired. The memory is dynamically allocated using ‘new’ operator.

The objects that are allocated memory statically have the lifetime as their scope allows, as de¬cided by the compiler. And the objects that are allocated memory dynamically have.the lifetime as decided by the programmer. That is, until the programmer explicify deallocates the memory, such objects live in the memory.

b) Memory leak occurs when programmers allocate memory by using the new operator and forgets to de-allocate the memory by using delete operator.

Question 29.
(a) Distinguish between CHAR and VARCHAR data types of SQL. (2)
(b) What is the use of SELECT command in SQL ? Write down its syntax of usage. (2)
Answer:
a) char : It is used to store fixed number of characters . The memory is not used then it will be wasted.
varchar: It is also used to store characters but it uses only enough memory.

b) SELECT command is used to retrieve rows from a table. The symbol * is used for selecting all the columns in a table.
Its syntax is
SELECT < column “ name > [< column “ name >,< column “ name > ] FROM < table “
name >;
E.g. SELECT “ FROM student;

Question 30.
(a) Compare echo() and print () functions in PHP. (2)
(b) Write any two string functions in PHP and their uses. (2)
Answer:
a) The difference between echo and print

echo	print
take more than one parameter	only one parameter
Does not return any value	Returns TRUE or 1 on successful print and FALSE otherwise
Faster	slower

b) String functions

• chr()-: Returns a character corresponding to the ASCII.
  Eg. chr(ascii value);
• strlen()- Returns the number of characters in a string strlen(string);
• strops()- Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string inside another string. strpos(main string, sub string, start position);
• strcmp()- Compares two stings. strcmp(string1 ,string2);

Eg.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang=“en”>
<head>
<title>
We are learning PHP
</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=“cyan”>
<?php
echo “ASCII 65 is ”.chr(65).”<br>”;
echo”The length is “.strien(“ComputerScience”).”<br>”;
echo “e is at “.strposf'Computer Science”,’e’,8).”<br>";
if(strcmp(“Science”,’’Commerce”))
echo”Science and Commerce is not same”;
else
echo”Science and Commerce is same”;
?>
</body>
</html>

Question 31.
What is e-Governance ? Briefly describe the three components of e-Governance.
Answer:
The integration of computers and communication technology for the benefit of delivering government services to citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. Three infrastructures (components) are SDC, SWAN and CSC

(a) SDC (State Data Center): – SDC supports e- Governance initiative by providing functions like, keep data repository of the state, secure data storage, online delivery of services, state internet portal, disaster recovery etc.

(b) KSWAN (Kerala State Wide Area Network): – This WAN acts as a backbone of the State Information Infrastructure.
It connects Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode as its hubs and extends to all 14 districts linking each of the 152 Block Panchayats.

(c) CSC (Common Service Centre): – These are front-end delivery points of the government, private and social sector services for the rural citizens of India. It helps in telephone, electricity and water bill payments, online application, certificate distribution etc. In Kerala, Akshayacenters are working as CSCs.

B. Answer any one question from 32 to 33. Each carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 32.
(a) Explain the two types of communication over the web. (2)
(b) Distinguish between Rowspan and Colspan used in the creation of tables in web pages. (2)
Answer:
(a) Two types of communication over the web.

1. Client to server communication: This, communication is carried out between client to the web server (shopping site). The technology used to protect data that are transferred from client to web server is https.
2. Server to server communication: This communication is usually carried out between web .sever (seller) to another web server (Gateway or bank), for the safe transaction.

(b) Colspan is used for combining two columns in a table. Rowspan is used for combining two rows in a table. Colspan and Rowspan are used with < TD > or < TH > tag.

Question 33.
(a) Prepare short note on cluster computing. (2)
(b) Write any two advantages of grid computing. (2)
Answer:
a) Cluster means groups. Here a group of Internet connected computers, storage devices, etc are linked together and work like a single computer. It provides computational power through parallel processing. Its cost is less and used for scientific applications.

Advantages

• Price performance ratio: The performance is high and the cost is less.
• Availability: If one group of system fails the other group will do the work.
• Scalability: Computers can be easily added according to the work load increases.

Disadvantages

• Programmability issues: Different computers uses different software and hardware hence the issues.
• Problem in finding fault: Fault detection is very difficult.

b) Advantages of grid computing.
Grid computing.
It is a system in which millions of computers, smart phones, satellites, telescopes, cameras, sensors etc. are connected each other as a cyber world in which computational power (resources, services, data) is readily available like electric power. Any information at any time at any place can be made available in our finger tips. This is used in disaster management, weather forecasting, market forecasting, bio information etc.

PART – V

Answer any two questions from 34 to 36. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 34.
(a) Write any two attributes used with <BODY> tag and specify their effects in the webpage. (2)
(b) Name any four text formatting tags in HTML and write down the use of each. (4)
Answer:
(a) Write any two attributes used with < BODY >
tag and specify their effects in the webpage.
Background:- To set a background image.
Bgcolor:- To change background color.
Text:- To set color of text in the webpage.
Link:- To set color of hyperlink not visited. Alink:- To set color of active hyperlink.
Vlink:- To set color of visited hyperlink.
Left/Top margin:- To set margin

(b) <B> - For Bold
<I> - For Italicising
<U>-For Underline
<STRONG> - For Bold Text
<BIG> - Big sized text
<Small> - Small sized text
<SUB> - Subscript
<SUP> - Superscript 

Question 35.
(a) Write an HTML code to create a table as shown below. (3)

Year	Computer Science	Comp.Appl.(Commerce)	Comp.Appl. (Humanities)
2021	55	108	57
2022	60	120	60

(b) Explain the three types of lists that can be created in HTML documents. Name the tags required for each.
Answer:
(a) <html>
<head>
<title>Table</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=”red”>
<tableborder=”1">
<tr align=”center”>
<th><b>Year</b></th>
<th><b>Computer Science</b></th>
<th><b>Comp.Appl.<br>(Commerce)</b></th>
<th><b>Comp. Appl.<br>(Humanities)</b></th>
</tr>
<tr align=”center”>
<td>2021</td>
<td>55</td>
<td>108</td>
<td>57</td>
</tr>
<tr align=”center”>
<td>2022</td>
<td>60</td>
<td>120</td>
<td>60</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

b) 3 types of Lists in HTML.
1) Unordered List (<UL>) – Items are displayed , with square, circle or disc in front.

2) Ordered List (<OL>) – Items are displayed with the following type values.
Type = 1 for 1, 2, 3
Type = i for i, ii, iii,
Type = I for I, II, III
I Type = a for a, b, c
Maximum <Pu6Cishers
Type = A for A,B,C, ………………………..

3) Definition List (<DL>) – It is formed by definitions.

• <U> – It is used to specify List items.
• <DT>- It is used to specify Definition Term.
• <DD> – Used to specify the description
• <A> is used to provide hyperlinks. Two types of linking. Its attribute is HREF.

Question 36.
(a) Explain any four advantages of DBMS. (4)
(b) List the four components of DBMS. (2)
Answer:
a) Advantages of DBMS

1. Data Redundancy – It means duplication of data. DBMS eliminates redundancy. DBMS does not store more than one copy of the same data.
2. Inconsistency can be avoided – If redundancy occurs there is a chance to inconsistency. If re-dundancy is removed then inconsistency cannot occur.
3. Data can be shared – The data stored in the database can be shared by the users or programs.
4. Standards can be enforced – The data in the database follows some standards. Eg : a field ‘Name’ should have 40 characters long. Some standards are ANSI, ISO, etc.

b) Components of DBMS
a) Databases – It is the main component.
b) Data Definition Language (DDL) – It is used to define the structure of a table.
c) Data Manipulation Language (DML) – It is used to add, retrieve, modify and delete records in a database.
d) Users – With the help of programs users interact with the DBMS.

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Chemistry Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2023 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus Two Chemistry Board Model Paper 2023 with Answers

Time: 2 Hours
Maximum: 60 Scores

Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 5. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
Identify the order of the reaction if the unit of its rate constant is mol L^-1 s^-1.
Answer:
Zero Order

Question 2.
Zirconium and Hafnium have similar chemical properties. This is due to ______________
Answer:
Lanthanoid Contraction

Question 3.
Give an example for a polydentate ligand.
Answer:
EDTA

Question 4.
Which among the following compounds do not contain an alpha hydrogen?
(a) Propanone
(b) Ethanal
(c) Ethanol
(d) Benzaldehyde
Answer:
Benzaldehyde

Question 5.
A polyhalogen compound is ______________
(a) Chloroform
(b) Chlorobenzene
(c) Chloroethane
(d) Iodobenzene
Answer:
(a) Chloroform

Answer any 8 questions from 6 -15. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 6.
(i) State RaouIt’s Law. (1)
(ii) Give an example for a solution which shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law. (1)
Answer:
(i) For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution.
\(\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{A}}=\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{A}}^0 \mathrm{X}_{\mathrm{A}}\)
(ii) Ethanol + Acetone

Question 7.
What are isotonic solutions? Give an example.
Answer:
Solutions with the same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions.
Eg. Blood and 0.9% normal saline solution

Question 8.
Write the anode reaction, cathode reaction, and net cell reaction of Daniel Cell.
Answer:
Daniel Cell
Anode: Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e^–
Cathode: Cu²⁺+ 2e^– → Cu
Net Reaction: Zn + Cu²⁺ + 2e^– → Zn²⁺ + Cu
Zn + Cu²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Cu

Question 9.
A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15 × 10^-3 s^-1. How long will it take for 5 g of the reactant to decrease to 3g?
Answer:

Question 10.
Write the IUPAC name of the following coordination compounds.
(a) K3[Fe(CN)₆] (1)
(b) [Ni(CO)₄] (1)
Answer:
(a) Potassium Hexacyano Ferrate (III)
(b) Tetra Carbonyl Nickel (0)

Question 11.
Chloroform is stored in closed, dark coloured bottles filled up to the neck. Why?
Answer:
Chloroform reacts with oxygen to form a poisonous compound, phosgene (Carbonyl Chloride).

Question 12.
Phenols are acidic. Give reason.
Answer:
Acids are those substances which can release H⁺ easily. Phenol releases H⁺ easily and the phenoxide ion is more stabilised by resonance.

Question 13.
What is meant by diazotization reaction?
Answer:
Aniline on treatment with sodium nitrite and Con. HCl in ice-cold condition gives benzene diazonium chloride. This is known as diazotisation.

Question 14.
Most transition metals from coloured compounds. Why?
Answer:
Due to d-d transition.
The transition of d electron occurs between (n-1)d orbitals.

Question 15.
Write two differences between DNA and RNA.
Answer:

DNA	RNA
(i) Deoxyribonucleic acid.	(i) Ribonucleic acid.
(ii) Double helix structure.	(ii) Single helix structure.
(iii) Nitrogen bases A, T, C, G are present.	(iii) Nitrogen bases A, U, C, G are present.
(iv) Controls hereditary factors.	(iv) Controls synthesis of proteins.

Answer any 8 questions from 16-26. Each carries 3 scores. (8 × 3 = 24)

Question 16.
(i) Which of the following is a secondary cell? (1)
(a) Daniel cell
(b) Dry cell
(c) Lead storage battery
(ii) What is a fuel cell? (1)
(iii) Write the overall cell reaction of a H₂ – O₂ fuel cell. (1)
Answer:
(i) Lead storage battery.
(ii) Fuel cells are a galvanic cell that convert the energy of combustion of fuels into electrical energy.
Eg. H₂ – O₂ fuel cell
(iii) 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

Question 17.
The effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction is given by the Arrhenius equation.
(i) Write the Arrhenius equation. (1)
(ii) Define activation energy. (1)
(iii) Write the integrated rate expression for a zero order reaction. (1)
Answer:
(i) k = \(\mathrm{Ae}^{-\mathrm{Ea} / \mathrm{RT}}\)
where k is rate constant
A – Arrhenius factor
E_a – Energy of activation
R – Universal gas constant
T – Temperature.
(ii) The excess energy supplied to the reactant molecule to undergo chemical reaction is called activation energy.
(iii) k = \(\frac{\left[R_0\right]-[R]}{r}\)
k = rate constant
R₀ = initial concentration
R = final concentration
t = time

Question 18.
Hydrolysis of ester is a pseudo first order reaction.
(i) What do you mean by a pseudo first order reaction? (1)
(ii) The moiecularity of the reaction 2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂ is ______________ (1)
(iii) The rate expression for a reaction is k = [A]² [B]^1/2. Find the order of the reaction. (1)
Answer:
(i) Reactions that appear to be of higher order but behave as first order reactions are called pseudo first order reactions.
(ii) 2 + 1 = 3
No. of molecules taking part in the reaction.
(iii) Order = 2 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) = \(\frac{5}{2}\)

Question 19.
(i) Mention the industrial preparation of KMnO₄ from MnO₂. (2)
(ii) Draw the structure of Dichromate ion. (1)
Answer:
(i) It is prepared by fusion of MnO₂ with KOH. K₂MnO₄ is produced first. This is then disproportionate in acidic solution to give KMnO₄ by electrolytic oxidation.

Question 20.
(i) Explain one difference between double salt and a coordination compound? (2)
(ii) What is the co-ordination number of nickel in [Ni(CN)₄]^2-? (1)
Answer:
(i) Double Salt: Dissociate into simple ions completely in aqueous solution. These salts exist in the solid state only.
Coordination Compound: Do not dissociate into simple ions. Exist in solid state as well as in solution.
(ii) 4

Question 21.
(i) Mention two reactions that show the acidic character of alcohols. (2)
(ii) Name the product obtained when phenol is treated with a mixture of concentrated HNO₃ and concentrated H₂SO₄. (1)
Answer:
(i) CH₃ – CH₂OH + Na → CH₃CH₂ONa
ethanol + metallic sodium → sodium ethoxide

Question 22.
Explain the hydroboration oxidation reaction of propene with the help of a chemical equation. (3)
Answer:
Hydroboration is Antimarkonikov’s addition of water.

Question 23.
Identify X, Y, Z in the following reactions:

Answer:

Question 24.
(i) How can you prepare Benzaldehyde by Etard reaction? (1½)
(ii) Identify the product obtained by the reaction between acetic acid and ethanol? What is the name of this reaction? (1½)
Answer:
(i) Etard’s Reaction: Toluene on reaction with chromyl chloride followed by hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde.

(ii) Esterification Reaction

Question 25.
(i) What is Hinsberg Reagent Chemically? (1)
(ii) What is it used for? Explain your answer. (2)
Answer:
(i) Benzene sulphonyl chloride
(ii) To distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Primary Amine + Hinsberg reagent → Salt soluble in alkali
Secondary Amine + Hinsberg reagent → Salt insoluble in alkali
Tertiary Amine + Hinsberg reagent → No reaction

Question 26.
(i) Name a fat-soluble vitamin? Which disease is caused by its deficiency? (2)
(ii) Name the enzyme used for the conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose. (1)
Answer:
(i) A
Xerophthalmia
(ii) Invertase

Answer any 4 questions from 27 to 31. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 27.
Abnormal values are obtained for certain solutes during the determination of molecular mass by colligative property method.
(i) Mention two reasons for the abnormal molecular mass values. (1)
(ii) How can this abnormal molecular mass be corrected? Substantiate your answer. (2)
(iii) Write any one application of reverse osmosis. (1)
Answer:
(i) Dissociation or association of solute particles.
(ii) Applying Van’t Hoff factor (i) to colligative properties
\(\mathrm{i}=\frac{\text { observed colligative property }}{\text { normal colligative property }}\)

1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{p}}{\mathrm{p}^0 \mathrm{~A}}=\mathrm{i} \frac{\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{B}}}{\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}\)
2. Elevation in boiling point ΔT_b = i k_b.m
3. Depression in freezing point ΔT_f = ik_f.m
4. Osmotic pressure π = \(\mathrm{i} \frac{\mathrm{n}}{\mathrm{v}} \mathrm{RT}\)

(iii) Desalination of sea water.

Question 28.
(i) Define galvanic cell. (1)
(ii) Corrosion may be considered as an electrochemical process. Why? (2)
(iii) Mention two ways to prevent corrosion. (1)
Answer:
(i) A device which converts chemical energy to electrical energy is known as an electrochemical cell or galvanic cell.
(ii) Pure iron acts as anode
At anode
2Fe(s) → 2Fe²⁺ + 4e^–
Electrons produced move through the metal and go to the cathode (impure surface) and reduce O₂ in the presence of H⁺.
H⁺ ions are formed by the dissolution of CO₂ in moisture.
At cathode: 4H⁺ (aq) + O₂ (g) + 4e^– → 2H₂O (l)
Overall reaction is 2Fe (s) + O₂ (g) + 4H⁺ (aq) → 2Fe²⁺ (aq) + 2H₂O (l)
Ferrous ions so formed are oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to ferric ions.
2Fe²⁺ + 2H₂O + \(\frac{1}{2}\)O₂ → Fe₂O₃ + 4H⁺
Fe₂O₃ + xH₂O → Fe₂O₃.xH₂O rust hydrated ferric oxide
(iii) (1) Applying paint or grease
(2) Coating with another active metal.

Question 29.
(i) Draw the geometrical isomers of [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] and label them as cis and trans. (2)
(ii) Explain homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes. (2)
Answer:
(i)

(ii) Homoleptic complexes: Complexes in which only one type of ligand is used.
Eg: [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺
Heteroleptic Complexes: Complexes in which more than one type of ligand is used.
Eg: [Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]⁺

Question 30.
(i) Explain the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of chlorobenzene. Mention the major product in this reaction. (2)
(ii) Identify X and Y in the reaction given below. (1)

Answer:
(i)

Chlorobenzene on treatment with methyl chloride in presence of anhydrous AlCl₃ gives a mixture of P-chloro toluene and O-chlorotoluene.

Question 31.
Explain the following reactions.
(i) Cannizzaro’s reaction (1½)
(ii) Aldol condenstion (1½)
(iii) Which among CH₃COOH and CH₂ClCOOH is more acidic? (1)
Answer:
(i) Cannizzaro Reaction: Aldehydes which do not contain a hydrogen undergo self oxidation and reduction to form acid salt and alcohol in presence of concentrated alkali.


(ii) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes or ketones with α-H atom undergo condensation to form β-hydroxy aldehyde or aldol in presence of dilute alkali.

(iii) CH₂ClCOOH due to – I effect.

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Computer Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

Time: 2 Hours
Total Score: 60 Marks

Part – I

Answer any 5 questions from 1 to 6. Each car-ries 1 score. (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 1.
In C++ ___________ operator is used to get the address of a memory location.
Answer:
& (address operator)

Question 2.
In ___________ data structure, the element added at last will be removed first.
Answer:
Stack

Question 3.
In HTML ___________ tag is used to create hyperlink.
Answer:
<a> or <A> or Anchor tag

Question 4.
To transfer the files of the website from our computer to the web server ___________ software is used.
Answer:
FTP Client Software (FileZilla,CuteFTP, SmartFTP)

Question 5.
In RDBMS, the minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a row in a relation is called ___________
Answer:
Candidate key

Question 6.
Expand DDoS.
Answer:
Distributed Denial of Service

Part – II

Answer any 9 questions from 7 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (9 × 2 = 18)

Question 7.
Write any two features of dynamic memory allocation.
Answer:

• In dynamic memory allocation, the amount of memory to be allocated is not known in advance.
• It is allocated during run time as and when required using new operator.

Question 8.
Briefly explain about POP operation in a STACK data structure.
Answer:
POP operation: It is the process of deleting(removing) a data item from the stack. If the stack is empty and we try to delete an item from the stack makes the stack underflow.

Question 9.
Describe about QUEUE data structure
Answer:
The working principal of a queue is First In First Out (FIFO) manner. A new data item is added at the rear and removed from the front of a queue.

Question 10.
What are the features of Dynamic Web Page?
Answer:
Dynamic web page

1. Its content and layout is changed frequently
2. It uses database
3. Not at all easy to develop.

Question 11.
List the values of Type attribute of <INPUT> tag.
Answer:
Values are text, password, radio, checkbox, reset, submit and button.

Question 12.
Write any two built in – Functions used in JavaScript.
Answer:
alert(),isNaN(),charAt(),toUpperCase (), toLowerCase(),etc

Question 13.
Write short note about virtual private server.
Answer:
It is a combination of dedicated hosting and shared hosting. It is virtually partitioned into more servers using the virtualization technology like shared hosting. But it provides dedicated bandwidth to each website on the server like dedicated hosting. This is suitable for websites that require more features than shared hosting but less features than dedicated hosting.

Question 14.
What is free hosting?
Answer:
The name implies it is free of cost service and the expense is meet by the advertisements. Some service providers allow limited facility such as limited storage space and do not allow multimedia files.

Question 15.
Write short note about constraints in SQL.
Answer:
(a) NOT NULL: it specifies that a column can never have null values, i.e., not empty.

(b) UNIQUE: it ensures that no two rows have same value in the specified column.

(c) PRIMARY KEY: it declares a column or a set of columns as the primary key of the table. This constraint makes a column NOT NULL and UNIQUE.

(d) DEFAULT: it sets a default value for a column when the user does not enter a value for that column.

(e) Auto_ncrement: This constraint is used to perform auto_increment the values in a column. That is automatically generate serial numbers. Only one auto_ncrement column per table is allowed.

Question 16.
Distinguish between DROP and DELETE commands used in SQL.
Answer:

DROP	DELETE
• It is a DDL command	• It is a DML command
• It is used to remove a table from the database	• It is used to remove one or more rows from the table

Question 17.
Differentiate between serial and parallel computing.
Answer:

Serial computing	Parallel computing
• A single processor is used.	• Multiple processors are used with shared memory
• A problem is divided into a series of instructions	• A problem is divided into smaller ones that can be solved simultaneously
• Instructions executed sequentially	• Instructions executed simultaneously
• One instruction is executed on a single processor at any moment.	• More than one ‘ instruction is executed on multiple processors at any moment of time.

Question 18.
List any four applications of computational intelligence.
Answer:
A) Biometrics : Biometrics refers to the unique characteristics of a human being to recognize an individual such as finger prints, face recognition, iris, retina etc. Biometrics are used to record attendance Eg. In banks employee login is restricted by using finger print reader.

B) Robotics : It is a branch of scientific study associated with the design, manufacturing and control the movements of the robots. Roboticss are used in all the areas. Some of them are discussed below.

C) Computer vision: The world is changed from 2 dimensional images to 3 dimensional. 3D TVs are available in the market. Multiple cameras are used to capture the images and merge them to form 3D pictures. 3D scanners are used in the Medical field to diagnose the diseases

D) Natural Language Processing : It deals with how computers are communicate just like a human being communicate naturally. Natural languages are languages spoken by the people. To achieve this ability to communicate like a human being is a laborious task. NLP is further be classified into two, Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG)
NLU-The ability to understand the languages like English, Malayalam, etc.
NLG- It is deal with creation of output, i.e. generate words and giving reply.

Part – III

Answer any 9 questions from 19 to 29. Each carries 3 scores. (9 × 3 = 27)

Question 19.
Differentiate between array and structure.
Answer:

Structures	Array
• It is a user defined datatype.	• Predefined data type.
• It is a collection of different types of logically related data under one name.	• Collection of data elements of same data type having a common name.
• Elements referenced using dot operator (.).	• Elements references using its subscripts (position value).
• When an element of a structure becomes another structure nested structure and complex structures are formed.	• When an element of another becomes another array, multidimensional arrays are formed.
• Structures contains array as its elements.	• Array of structure can be formed.

Question 20.
Write short note about polymorphism.
Answer:
Polymorphism : It is the ability for a message or data to be processed in more than one form. This is achieved by function overloading, operator overloading and dynamic binding.

Question 21.
Briefly explain about any two attributes of <BODY> tag.
Answer:
Web page contents are given int the body section. Attributes of body tag are:
1) BGCOLOR-Specifies background color for the document Body
Eg. <BODY BGCOLOR= “RED”>

2) BACKGROUND -Sets the image as background for the document body
Eg.<BODYBACKGROUNG=“C:\result.jpg”>

3) TEXT-Specifies the color of the text content of the page
Eg. <BODY TEXT= “Red”>

4) LINK- Specifies colour of the hyperlinks that are not visited by the user

5) ALINK-Specifies the colour of hyperlinks

6) VLINK-Specifies the color of hyperlinks which are already visited by the viewer.
Eg. < BODY ALINK= “Cyan” LINK=” Magenta” VLINK= “Orange”>

7) Leftmargin and Right margin-Sets margin from left ‘ and top of the document window.

Question 22.
Write short note about the tags used to create a table in HTML.
Answer:
Following are the Tags used to create a table in HTML

1. <table> – Used to create a table.
2. <tr> – Used to create a row
3. <th> – Used to create heading cells
4. <td> – Used to create data cells

Question 23.
Differentiate between ordered and unordered lists in HTML.
Answer:
Ordered List (<OL>) – Items are displayed with the following type values.
Type = 1 for 1, 2, 3,
Type = i for i, ii, iii, ……..
Type = I for I, II, III
Type = a for a, b, c,
Type = A for A, B, C,
Unordered List (<UL>) – Items are displayed with square, circle or disc in front.

Question 24.
Write short note about Data types in JavaScript. JavaScript
Answer:
Unlike C++ it uses only three basic data types

1. Number: Any number(whole or fractional) with or without sign.
   Eg: +1977,-38.0003,-100, 3.14157,etc
2. String: It is a combination of characters enclosed within double quotes.
   Eg: “BVM”, “jobi_cg@rediffmail.com”, etc
3. Boolean : We can store either true or false. It is case sensitive. That means can’t use TRUE OR FALSE

Question 25.
Briefly explain about any two control structures in JavaScript.
Answer:
In general the execution of the program is sequential, we can change the normal execution by using the control structures.
■ Simple if’

Syntax:
if(test expression)
{
statements;
}

First the test expression is evaluated, if it is true then the statement block will be executed otherwise not.

* if-else
Syntax:
if(test expression)
{
statement block 1;
}
else
{
statement block2;
}

First the test expression is evaluated, if it is true then the statement blockl will be executed other wise statement block2 will be evaluated.

■ Switch
It is a multiple branch statement. Its syntax is given below.

switch(expression)
{
case value1: statements;break;
casevalue2: statements;break;
case value3: statements;break;
case value4: statements.break;
case value5: statements;break;
..................
default : statements;
}

First expression evaluated and selects the statements with matched case value.

■ for loop
The syntax of for loop is given below For(initialisation; testing; updation)

{
Body of the for loop;
}

■ while loop
It is an entry controlled loop The syntax is given below Loop variable initialised

while(expression)
{
Body of the loop;
Update loop variable;
}

Here the loop variable must be initialised out side the while loop. Then the expression is evaluated if it is true then only the body of the loop will be executed and the loop variable must be updated inside the body. The body of the loop will be executed until the expression becomes false.

Question 26.
Write short note about following terminologies in RDBMS:
(a) Relation
(b) Domain
(c) Foreign key
Answer:
a) Relation means table
b) Domain – A pool of possible values from which column values are drawn.
c) Foreign key – A single or a set of attributes, which is a candidate key in another table is called foreign key.

Question 27.
Write short note about data types in SQL.
Answer:

1. Char – It is used to store fixed number of characters. It is declared as char(size).
2. Varchar – It is used to store characters but it uses only enough memory.
3. Dec or Decimal – It is used to store numbers with decimal point. It is declared as Dec (size, scale). We can store a total of size number of digits.
4. Int or Integer – It is used to store numbers with-out decimal point. It is declared as int. It has no argument. Eg: age int.
5. Smallint – Used to store small integers.
6. Date – It is used to store date. The format is yyyy- mm-dd. Eg:‘1977 – 05 – 28’.
7. Time – It is used to store time: The format is
   HH:MM:SS
   Eg. ‘10:05:25’

Question 28.
Briefly explain about operators in PHP.
Answer:
Operators are the symbols used to perform an operation

a) Assignment operator(=)
The value of RHS is assigned to LHS variable.
If $a=10 and $b=3 then $a=$b. This statement sets the value of $a and $b are same ,i.e. it sets a to 3.

b) Arithmetic operators
It is a binary operator. It is used to perform addition(+), subtraction(-), division (/), multiplication(*) ,modulus(%-gives the remainder).
Eg. If $x=10 and $y=3 then

c) Relational (Comparison) operators
It is used to perform comparison or relational operation between two values and returns either true or false.
Eg: If $X= 10 and $Y=3 then

d) Logical operators
Here (and , &&), (or, ||), xorare binary operators and not(!) is a unaryoperator. It is used to combine relational operations and it gives either true or false
lf$X=trueand$Y=falsethen

Both operands must be true to get a true value in the case of && operation
If $X=true and $Y=false then

Both operands must be true to get a true value in the case of ‘and’ operation lf$X=trueand$Y=falsethen

Either one of the operands must be true to get a true value in the case of || operation
If $X=true and $Y=false then

Either one of the operands must be true to get a true value in the case of or operation
If$X=trueand $Y=falsethen

Either one of the operands must be true to get a true value in the case of xor operation
If $X= true and $Y=false then

!$X	!$Y
false	true

e) String addition operator(‘.’, ‘.=’)
This is also called concatenation operator. It joins(concatenates) two strings and forms a string. They are ‘.’ and ‘.=’.
Eg:
$x= “BVM HSS”;
$y= “ Kalparamba”;
$z=$x.$y;
• Here the variable z becomes “BVM HSS Kalparamba”.
$x.=$y;
• Here the variable $x becomes “BVM HSS Kalparamba”.

f) Combined operators.
It is also called short hands If $X=10 and $Y= 3 then

g) Increment and decrement operators.
1) pre increment (++variable)
Eg:
If $x=10then
echo(++$x); -> It prints 10+1=11

2) post incrempnt (variable++)
lf$x=10then
echo($x++); -> It prints 10 itself.

3) pre decrement—variable)
If $x=10 then
echo(-$x); It prints 10-1=9

4) post decrement(variable-)
lf$x=10then
• echo($x-);-> It prints 10 itself.

Question 29.
Explain about the types of interactions in e-Govemance.
Answer:
Types of interactions in e-Governance
e-Governance facilitates interaction between different stakeholders in governance

• Government to Government (G2G)
• Government to Citizens (G2C)
• Government to Business (G2B)
• Government to Employees(G2E)

Part – IV

Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 30.
(a) Write the basic structure of a HTML document. (3)
(b) List any two text formatting tags. (2)
Answer:
(a) Basic structure of an HTML Document

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Give a title to the web page Here
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is the body Section.
</BODY>
</HTML>

(b) <B> to make the content Bold
<I>to make the content Italic

Question 31.
(a) List any four advantages of DBMS. (2)
(b) Write short note about any two operations on relational algebra. (3)
Answer:
a) Advantages of e-Business

• Data Redundancy – It means duplication of data. DBMS eliminates redundancy. DBMS does not store more than one copy of the same data.
• Inconsistency can be avoided – If redundancy occurs there is a chance to inconsistency. If redundancy is removed then inconsistency cannot occur.
• Efficient data access It stored huge amount of data efficiently and can be retrieved whenever a need arise.
• Data can be shared – The data stored in the database can be shared by the users or programs.
• Standards can be enforced – The data in the database follows some standards. Eg: a field ‘Name’ should have 40 characters long. Some standards are ANSI, ISO, etc.
• Security restrictions can be applied – The data is of great value so it must be kept secure and private. Data security means the protection of data against accidental or intentional disclosure or unauthorized destruction or modification by unauthorized person.
• Integrity can be maintained – It ensures that the data is to be entered in the database is correct.
• Crash recovery – Some times all or a portion of the data is lost when a system crashes. A good DBMS helps to recover data after the system crashed.

b) Relational algebra operations
A) SELECT operation
SELECT operation is used to select tuples in a relation that satisfy a selection condition. Greek letter CT (sigma) is used to denote the operation.
Syntax,
σ_condition(relation)
eg. a_{salary < 10000} (EMPLOYEE)-selects tuple whose salary is less than 10000 from EMPLOYEE relation.

B) PROJECT operation
PROJECT operation selects certain columns from the table and discards the other columns. Greek letter n(pi) is used to denote PROJECT operation.
Syntax, π_condition (relation)
eg.π_{name, salary} (EMPLOYEE) displays only the name and salary of all employees

C) UNION operation
This operation returns a relation consisting of all tuples appearing in either or both of the two specified relations. It is denoted by U. duplicate tuples are eliminated. Union operation can take place between compatible relations only, i.e., the number and type of attributes in both the relations should be the same and also their order. e.g. SCIENCE U COMMERCE gives all the tuples in both COMMERCE and SCIENCE.

D) INTERSECTION operation
This operation returns a relation consisting of all the tuples appearing in both of the specified relations. It is denoted by n. It can takes place only on compatible relations, e.g. FOOTBALL & CRICKET returns the players who are in both football and cricket teams.

Question 32.
(a) What are the advantages of e-Business? (2)
(b) Explain about e-Learning tools. (3)
Answer:
a) Advantages of e business

• It overcomes geographical limitations
• It reduces the operational cost
• It minimizes the time and cost
• It remains open all the time
• We can locate the product faster from a wider range of choices

b) e Learning tools
a) Electronic books reader(e Books)
With the help of a tablet or portable computer or any other device we can read digital files by using-a s/w is called electronic books reader.

b) e text
The electronic format of textual data is called e-Text.

c) Online chat
Real time exchange of text or audio or video messages between two or more person over the Internet.

d) e Content
The data or information such as text, audio, video, presentations, images, animations etc, are stored in electronic format.

e) Educational TV channels
TV channels dedicated only for the e-Leaming purpose : Eg. VICTERS (Virtual Class room Technology on Edusat for Rural Schools OR Versatile ICT Enabled Resources for Students)