Plus Two

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2021

Answer questions from 1 to 45 up to the maximum of 80 scores. Questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Sociology can help you to map link and connection between ‘personal trouble’ and ‘social issues’. Who stated?
Answer:
C. Wright Mills – in his book sociological imagination published in 1959.

Question 2.
The rate of death of babies before the age of one year per 1000 birth is known as _____. (Birth rate, Infant mortiality rate, Sex ratio, Death rate)
Answer:
Infant mortality rate- number of infant deaths per 1000 live births.

Question 3.
Family in which men exercise authority is called family.
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras.

Question 4.
Find the marginalized tribal group which engaged in salt trade during colonial period. (Banjaras, Santhal, Paniyar, Naga)
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras were the marginalised tribal community who engaged themselves in salt trade.

Question 5.
The second back ward class commission was headed by (Kaka Kalekar, P.D. Nettoor, B.P Mandal, Kothari)
Answer:
B P Mandal – also known as Mandal commission.. Held in 1979.

Question 6.
The right to Information Act was enacted by Parliment of India in year.
Answer:
2005 – Right to Information Act 2005

Question 7.
Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identify is known as ______.
Answer:
Communalism – is the aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity.

Question 8.
The term Sanskritisatipn was coined by _______.
Answer:
M N Srinivas – was a pioneer of indian sociology. He in his book Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of India used the word ‘sanskritization’ for the first time.

Question 9.
Write true or false:
“As a result of liberalisation may Indian Companies have been bought over by multinational companies.”
Answer:
True.

Question 10.
The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Tylor is called.
Answer:

True
Scientific Management/Taylorism/Industrial Engineering:
(The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Taylor. All work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements, and divided between workers. Workers are timed with the help of stopwatches. Worker are made to fulfil a certain target every day.ln Taylor’s view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance).

Questions from 11 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 11.
Define‘Civil Society’.
Answer:
Civil society is voluntary, non profitable, public sphere beyond the governmental control which comes up to address the issues of the public or of their members. They are very important in a democracy. They makes sure that government doesn’t take too much control or authority over the people.

Question 12.
What is Community?
Answer:
Community is a group who follow a social structure within a society (culture, norms, values, status). They may work together to organise social life within a particular place, or they may be bound by a sense of belonging sustained across time and space.

Question 13.
What is de-industrialisation?
Answer:
De industrialisation is the opposite of industrialisation.It’s a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change. De¬Industrialisation is harmful to India, Ruin of traditional Indian industries like handloom and handicrafts,Decline of major ports like surat and masulipatnam.

Question 14.
Define Sanskritisation.
Answer:
Sanskritisation: This term was made popular by Indian sociologist M. N. Srinivas in the 1950s. Sanskritization is a particular form of social change found in India. It denotes the process by which caste or tribes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper or dominant castes.

Question 15.
What is ‘‘Van Panchayat”?
Answer:
Van-panchayats were set up by women in Uttarakhand in order to stop the problem of deforestation that is a big problem in the mountainous regions.Members of the van-panchayats develop nurseries and nurture tree saplings for planting on the hill slopes.Members also police nearby forests to keep an eye on illegal felling of trees.

Question 16.
What is meant by interest group?
Answer:
Interest group is a group of individuate that share a common interest in a specific subject and work jointly to influence public policy in its favor. Interest groups are also called pressure groups because they exert pressure on policy makers toinfluence public policies. Every interest group has their own interest and aims to protect these interests and to draw the attention of the government. Or the required group.

Question 17.
Explain outsourcing.
Answer:
Outsourcing – fundamental decision to contract out specific activities that previously were undertaken internally. – product of liberalisation and globalisation.The software services industries and business process outsourcing (BPO) industries (such as call centres) in India – getting connected to the global economy. Companies based in India provide low-cost services and labour to customers located in the developed countries of the West. There is now a global market for Indian software labour and other services.

Question 18.
Why certain mecjias are referred as Mass Media?
Answer:
Mass media – that form of media-written , spoken or broadcasted – that can reach a large audience.( Mass) Example – Television, Radio, Advertising, Movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines etc. – significant force in modern culture-mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. These Social Media platforms like YouTube and Facebook are dominating mass media.

III. Questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 19.
What is self reflexivity? How does it helps in sociological research?
Answer:
Self Reflexivity or reflexivity is the ability to look at ourselves from others point of view. It is critically analysing ourselves and it helps us to reduce our subjectivity and make our work more objective. It helps us to accept other people’s views. There are many vanity points for everything, no single sided view can give a valid objective conclusion for it therefore self reflexivity is essential in every work we do.

Question 20.
Write any three hurdles of National Integration.
Answer:
There are many hurdles of national integration Some ‘ of them are – communalism, racism, casteism, regionalism, linguism, terrorism etc.

Question 21.
Define the following terms:
a) Modernisation
b) Westernisation
Answer:
a) Modernisation is changing our outlook.lt is the process of adapting something to modern needs or habits. It the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.Modernization is a continuous and open-ended process.lt is the Development due to the application of science and technology,

b) Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence./ assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization.

Question 22.
Give any three responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
22. The word “Panchayat” means assembly (ayat) of five (panch) and raj means “rule”. Traditionally Panchayats consisted of elderly and wise people chosen by the local community, who used to settle disputes between individuals and villages.

In a democracy panchayats consist of elected representatives who form the local self governing body. Responsibilities of panchayats include- ‘Preparation of plan for the economic development and social justice of the village. ‘Implementation of schemes for economic development of the villages. ‘Collect due taxes, tolls, duties and fees

Question 23.
Explain “Feminisation of agricultural labour force”.
Answer:
Due to industrialisation, migration and circulation of labour men of the household might be away which forces the women to take up the duties of taking care of the family and earning for daily needs. They take up agricultural activities. The term ‘feminisation’ refers to increased participation and authority of women in certain areas. In agriculture, it refers to women’s increased labour participation and role in decision making. Feminisation of labour means either an increase in the number of women involved or the time devoted by women, or both.

IV. Questions from 24 to 30. Each carries 4 scores. (7 × 4 = 28)

Question 24.
Give the merits and demerits of prior knowledge about society in the study of sociology.
Answer:
Prior Knowledge or previous knowledge is a person’s early understanding of any topic that might be gained through socialisation and in most cases it is based on a commonsense understanding. It is usually biased, partial and subjective in nature. MERITS- it makes a subject easily approachable, it reduces student’s fear of the subject and also makes the study interesting.

DEMERITS: It creates subjectivity, It may be partial and incomplete, it is biased and mostly based on commonsense knowledge and unscientific.

Question 25.
What is social about social inequality and social exclusion?
Answer:
The concepts of social exclusion and inequality are closely linked. Unequal societies in which certain groups are discriminated against can lead to exclusion.Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not about individuals but about groups. They are social in the sense that they are not economic, although there is usually a strong link between social and economic iiiequality.They are systematic and structured – there is a definite pattern to social i nequal ities.

Question 26.
What is the Indian meaning of Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism has two definitions: common understanding of secularism and indian understanding of secularism. Common meaning of secularism is separation of religion from the state. Indian meaning of secularism is considering all religions equally , giving equal importance and status, accepting and equally respecting them all, celebrating all religious festivals.

Question 27.
a) What is Urbanisation?
b) Analyse the graph given below:
Answer:
a) Urbanisation is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city, population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more peopfe begin living and working in central areas.

b) The graph represents the population growth in Bapengaluru city from 1951 To 1991. The graph shows the geometrical progression of population in last forty years

Question 28.
Considering the “Bidi Industry”, explain home based work.
Answer:
Home-based work is an important part of the economy. This includes the manufacture of lace, zari or brocade, carpets, bidis, agarbattis and many such products. This work is mainly done by women and childre. An agent provides raw materials and also picks up the finished product. Home workers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of pieces they make.

The bidi industry, as a home based work:

1. The process of making bidis starts in forested villages where villagers pluck tendu leaves and sell it to the forest department or a private contractor who in turn sells it to the forest department.
2. On average a person can collect 100 bundles (of 50 leaves each) a day.
3. The government then auctions the leaves to bidi factory owners who give it to the contractors.
4. The contractor in turn supplies tobacco and leaves to homerbased workers.
5. These workers, mostly women, roll the bidis first dampening the leaves, then cutting them, filling in tobacco evenly and then tying them with’ thread.
6. The contractor picks up these bidis and sells them to the manufacturer who roasts them, and puts on his own brand label.
7. The manufacturer then sells them to a distributor who distributes the packed bidis to wholesalers who in turn sell to your neighbourhood pan shops.

Question 29.
Explain any two influences of globalization on mass media.
Answer:

1. Globalization has a great influence on the media and further its impact on us.
2. The most visible effect of globalization is wide spread communication and technology.
3. The introduction of newspapers, magazine, internet and TV has immensely helped to spread information and has helped people to come together from all over the world.
4. opening up of people mind towards not just the walls within which they stay but also be aware of what’s happening around the world.
5. every field has opened up broader communication lines bringing the various companies, economy and more importantly the countries together.

Question 30.
Explain the following:
a) Reformist Social Movements
b) Revolutionary Social Movements
Answer:
Reformist and revolutionary movement
a) Reformist Movement is a movement where the reformers try to change the mindset of the people regarding a particular issue.

1. advocates a change that will preserve the existing values but will provide improved means of implementing them
2. a revolutionary movement advocates rapid, precipitous change

b) Revolutionary Movement is a movement where radical or violent methods are used to bring about change in society.

1. advocating replacement of existing values
2. reform movement works for slow, evolutionary change.

V. Questions from 31 to 37. Each carries 5 scores. (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 31.
List out the preventive and positive checks as pointed out in the Malthusian theory of population growth.
Answer:
a) Preventive checks are the ways in which humanity voluntarily reducing population growth. They include practicing celibacy, sexual abstinence, postponing marriage, using birth control methods etc.

b) Positive checks – inevitable, nature’s way of f dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population. Those are-famines, diseases, calamities etc

Question 32.
Give five featu res of Caste System.
Answer:
FEATURES OF CASTE SYSTEM

1. based on birth immobile “segmented “hierarchical
2. discriminating “endogamous “based on the concept of purity and pollution “restriction on food and food sharing “differences in traditional occupations.

Question 33.
Explain Commodification. Give two example.
Answer:
Commodification the changing or transforming of a non market product or non commodity into a
commodity and making it a part of market economy is known as commodification. Eg – drinking water, oxygen , human organs , education etc.

Question 34.
Explain social exclusion and discrimination.
Answer:
a) SOCIAL EXCLUSION: exclusion from the prevailing social system and its rights and privileges, typically as a result of poverty or the fact of belonging to a minority social group.Street children, people with leprosy or AIDS and undocumented migrants are examples of such socially excluded categories, b) DISCRIMINATION: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, sex, or disability.

Question 35.
Explain the significance of community identity.
Answer:
Community identity is the sense of belongingness towards the community they belong to-. Ascribed – Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some forms of acquired qualifications or accomplishments.-sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities.-difficultto shake off; even if we choose to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging.- gives us a sense of identity.

Question 36.
Give any five impacts of liberalization and globalization on rural society.
Answer:
Impacts of liberalisation and globalisation on rural societies Positive: Commercialization of agriculture and expansion of agro-industries.Liberalization of international trade and marketing for food and other agricultural products.lntensification and internal labour migration.

Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of employment is a common , phenomenon.Standards of living have increased, more employment opportunities.Impact of globalization, mass media and education directly or indirectly encourage the current generation to abandon traditional social conservative norms and taboos.

Negative: Rural population is still suffering from unemployment as rural labour is mostly uneducated and unskilled. Machines and latest technologies have reduced the number of manpower a lot.Globalization has caused intermingling of cultures. Though it has curtailed narrow mindedness of humans, it has caused cultural degradation also.benefits of globalization didn’t reach the hinterlands.lmports make the farmers’ position worse

as they are not able to compete with imported goods in terms of price and quality.The position of artisans is also bad in villages. They are also not able to compete with machine- made goods.As the competition has become global, so it has become quite difficult for small, cottage, handicraft & medium industries to maintain the pace.

Question 37.
Give any five features of social movements.
Answer:
Features of social movements: ’sustained collective action overtime. ’Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation, ’shared objectives and ideologie ’These defining features are not constant. They may change over the course of a social movement’s life. Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both entrenched interests and values, there is bound to be opposition and resistance. But over period of time changes do take place.

VI. Questions from 38 to 41. Each carries 6 scores.

Question 38.
Explain the following:
a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Fertility rate
Answer:
Birth rate – number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population. Death rate – the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year. Fertility rate -the number of live births per 1000 women in the child bearing age groups usually taken to be 15-49 years.

Question 39.
Match the following:

A	B
M.N. Srinivas	1901 Census
Sreenarayana Guru	Satya Shodak Samaj
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule	Dominant Caste
Ayyankali	S.N.D.P.
Herbert Risley	Dravida Kazhakam

Answer:

A	B
M.N. Srinivas	Dominant Caste
Sreenarayana Guru	S.N.D.P.
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker	Dravida Kazhakam
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule	Satya Shodak Samaj
Ayyankali	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Herbert Risley	1901 Census

Question 40.
Explain the following:
a) Liberalisation
b) Globalisation
Answer:
a) Liberalisation – a relaxation of government restrictions in the areas of social, political and economic policies Major features include Minimised state control over economic activities,easy licensing,free market etc.

b) Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges of human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices all over the planet.

Features: linking of local regional,national and international markets,flow of people,ideas, technology, money,culture etc. interdependence between different people, regions and countries

Question 41.
Explain how prejudices and stereotype thoughts leads to social exclusion.
Answer:
Prejudice is an assumption or an opinion about someone simply based on that person’s membership to a particular group. It is a pre judgement formed without proper evidences. It is usually negative.

OR
Pre conceived notion/pre judgement- Mostly negative- Someone say something and believe it, e.g. Kanjoos Marwaris; Rajputs are courageous. When prejudiced against other, and the group doesn’t think so, they don’t think they are inferior and try to prove themselves is called positive prejudice.

Eg: ableism , Sexism , ageism etc Stereotypes – a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group.

OR
Categorize a whole group having one certain characteristic.- A whole group is considered homogenous e.g. Rajputs are supposed to be courageous, girls are emotional, boys don’t cry.- Basis is prejudice.- Individual difference isn’t taken into consideration.

Eg: Girls should play with dolls and boys should play with trucks., all Blacks are good at sports etc etc These leads to social exclusions as some people are denied opportunities, goods and services.They are isolated and excluded . It is not accidental, it is systematic. It is involuntary,. Eg- lower castes, blacks in america, women, differently abled etc.

VII. Questions from 42 to 45. Each carries 8 scores.

Question 42.
Explain the theory of Demographic Transition.
Answer:
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION KINGSLEY DAVIS
Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:

Stage I: Primitive Stage Underdeveloped countries Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward. in such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of having small families, they are not educated. ‘Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available, therefore population is low.

Stage II: [Developing countries]. The birth rate and death rate rank very high, the net growth rate remains low. Birth rate is high as in this society people live in a patriarchal society in which men decide how many children must be bom and male child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant. Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available.

Stage III: [Developed countries]. Birth rate in low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, birth control is popularised. Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical facilities, therefore population is low.

Transitional Stage: The stage between backwardness and skilled people]: In this stage growth rate of population is very high whereas death rates are brought down due to better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is associated with a population explosion.

Question 43.
Explain the classification of Indian Tribal Communities on the basis of their permanent and acquired traits.
Answer:
Classification of Tribal Societies In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits. Permanent Traits include region, language, physical characteristics and ecological habitat.In terms of population the tribal population of India is widely dispersed, but there are also concentrations in certain regions. 85% in ‘middle India’, from Gujarat and Rajasthan in the west to West Bengal and Orissa in the east, with Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh forming the heart of this region.Over 11% is in the North Eastern states.3% living in the rest of India. The ecological habitats covered includes hills, forests, rural plains and urban industrial areas.

On the basis of language
In terms of language.Categorised into four categories.Two of them, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, are shared by the rest of the Indian population as well, and tribes account for only about 1% of the former and about 3% of the latter.The other two language groups, the Austric and Tibeto-Burman, are primarily spoken by tribals, who account for all of the first and over 80% of the second group. In terms of physical-racial terms Classified underthe Negrito, Australoid, Mongoloid, Dravidian and Aryan categories.

The last two are shared with the rest of the population of India. In terms of size Vary a great deal, ranging from about seven million to some Andamanese islanders who may number less than a hundred persons.The biggest tribes are the Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Bodos and Mundas, all of whom are at least a million strong.The total population of tribes amounts to about 8.2% of the population of India, or about 84 million persons according to the 2001 Census.

Acquired Traits
Classifications based on acquired traits use two main criteria – mode of livelihood, and extent of incorporation into Hindu society – or a combination of the two. On the basis of livelihood, tribes can be categorised into fishermen, food gatherers and hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants and plantation and industrial workers. The dominant classification both in academic sociology as well as in politics and public affairs is the degree of assimilation into Hindu society.

Assimilation can be seen either from the point of view of the tribes, or (as has been most often the case) from the point of view of the dominant Hindu mainstream. From the tribe’s point of view, apart from the extent of assimilation, attitude towards Hindu society is also a major criterion, with differentiation between tribes that are positively inclined towards Hinduism and those who resist or oppose it. From the mainstream point of view, tribes may be viewed in terms of the status accorded to them in Hindu society, ranging from the high status given to some, to the generally low status accorded to most.

Question 44.
Explain the economic dimensions of globalization.
Answer:
ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISATION
GLOBALISATION has created great visible and invisible changes in the global economy.
1. Policy of liberalisation:
Liberalisation is the most important feature of globalisation.Liberalisation reduced the market regulations, tolls, taxes, duties etc. Reduction or abolition of taxes made the country open for global trade and commerce.Foreign countries increased the sale of their products in INDIA. This has its own pros and cons.

Globalisation has created more and more choices for customers; made available the products which were previously not available or rarely available. Globalisation increased competition among companies which reduced the prices for products.

2. Privatisation: private ownership of resources forced the public authorities to increase their standard.More facilities and technologies were introduced.

3. Economic aspect of globalisation: Many new policies were made in 1990.

• Many laws were introduced by government as it was aware that there would be stiff competition to protect one local industries/markets/companies.
• Economic reforms policy of liberalisation flourished.

4. Electronic Economy : Transactions take place electronically at the click of a button through computers.

• No paperwork or paper currency required.
• Shares bought and sold within seconds.
• Transaction of funds between countries in seconds.
• One major risk is sometimes foreign companies buy up stocks in bulk, make a profit and sell it back to stock holders.
• Main reason for electronic economy is revolution in technology.

5. Weightless or Knowledge Economy : Weightless economy is that system in which basis is information e.g., IT sector, internet, software. A knowledge economy is one in which working people are not directly involved in the production of commodities but give support systems (transport and communications, architects, wedding planners, market, service etc).

6. Globalisation of Finance : Connected to electronic economy.

• Hub of electronic activity where transaction takes place 24 hours are called financial capital of that city.
• Globally integrated markets do transactions involving billions of holders work within seconds like. Bombay, Tokyo, London, New York

7. INC’s or MNC’s:

• Companies which have branches in different areas.
• Big billions dollars MNC’s and small MNC’s
• Many Indian companies
• Globalisation has picked up in such a big way because of MNC’s main basis is profit for an MNC and global market.

8. Global Communications: Many revolutions have taken place because of advances and improvement in technology and communication.

• Some homes and many offices have multiple links to the outside world such as telephones, cell phones, fax machines, digital and cable television, electronic mail and internet.
• Two individuals located in different part of the world – in Banglore and New York – not only can talk but also send documents and images to one another with the help of satellite technology.

9. Globalisation and international division of labours : Has emerged due to globalisation, where production (manufacturing) and employment is spread over different countries all over the world. Wherever good infrastructure, cheap labour, resources, MNC’s come up.

• Hence frequent shifting of location occurs.
• This got a feeling of insecurity among labour.
• Only unskilled, casual labours suffered.
• Main aim of factory owners is profit.

10. Globalisation And Employment : Before globalisation (1990’s) the employment scenario was different.

• Many jobs are now available after graduation (call centres, BPO’s)
• Job opportunities broadened largely

Question 45.
In what way a market – “such as a weakly village market” – is a social institution.Explain.
Answer:
Though markets are places of economic interaction, since they are based on a particular social context and social environment, we can also regard them as social institutions where a specific kind of social interaction take place. Periodic markets (or weekly markets) are a central feature of social and economic organization. They give a chance to surrounding villages to interact with each other while they sell – their goods.

In villages, in tribal areas apart from regular markets, specialised markets are also organized where specific products are sold such as in the fair of Pushkar in Rajasthan. Thus, traders from outside come and also moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers and other specialists offering their services and product. Therefore, these periodic markets just do not fulfil local needs, they link the villages with regional economies and sometimes national economies. Thus in tribal areas they help in maintaining interconnections, which makes these markets a social institution.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2022

Part – I

A. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 x 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The version of map which is already provided to each of us in childhood by the process of socialisation is called
Answer:
Commonsense Map

Question 2.
To overcome biased and incomplete knowledge about the society we have to looft at overselves through the eyes of others. This is termed as
Answer:
Self Reflexivity

Question 3.
The concept of dominant caste was coined by
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas

Question 4.
Keeping away individuals from full involvement in the society is called
Answer:
Social Exclusion

Question 5.
The term Harijan was put forward by
Answer:
Gandhiji

Question 6.
The process of selling shares of public sector com-panies by the government is called
Answer:
Disinvestment

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
______ is the American Sociologist who studied the relationship between personal troubles and social issues.
(Karl Marx, Max Weber, C.Wright Mills)
Answer:
C. Wright Mills

Question 8.
The social Reform Movement founded in Bengal. (Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Brahma Samaj)
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj

Question 9.
The first school for girls was started in Pune by
Answer:
Jyothiba Phule

Question 10.
An essay on the principles of population (1798) was written by
Answer:
Robert Thomas Malthus

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Define Demography dividend.
Answer:
If the number of the people working is more, it will be called Demography dividend.

Question 12.
Define Patrilocal family.
Answer:
If after marriage the couple stays in the husband’s home, it will be a patrilocal family. In such a family, the property goes from the father to the sons. In patrilocal families, the father of the family, or the eldest male there will be the authority.

Question 13.
Mention any 2 cultural changes brought about by colonialism.
Answer:

1. Sankritization
2. Modernization

Question 14.
Write a short note on circulation of labour.
Answer:
Agricultural labourers for getting work during the time of agriculture migrate to other villages temporarily and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.

Question 15.
What is corporate culture?
Answer:
Because of extraordinary organizational skills some business management families increase their production and profit. They develop good business relations with the customers. This is what is known as Corporate Culture. This increases the dedication of the workers and the cooperation of the consum ers. Such companies give much importance of company values and working style.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each caries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Write any 2 problems faced by Adivasi’s.
Answer:

1. Poverty
2. Lack of authority

Question 17.
What is social inequality?
Answer:
Social inequality is the situation in which there is inequality in the availability of social resources. and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.

Question 18.
Define Dominant caste.
Answer:
The caste that has a large number of people who own much wealth and has political power is called the Dominant Caste. For example, the Yadavas in Bihar and UP, the Vokkaligas in Karnataka and the Marathas in Maharashtra are Dominant Castes.

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each caries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Differentiate between Social map and Geographical map.
Answer:

• Social Map:
  1. Shows the position of an individual in the society.
  2. By comparing one with the others in the society, a person can decide his position in the society.
• Geographical Map:
  1. Show the exact location of your region.
  2. Shows the nature of your region

Question 20.
Distinguish between Nuclear and Joint Family.
Answer:
Nuclearfamily is the smallest family. It is also called Elementary family. The members of a nuclearfamily are the parents and their children. It has members of two generations. Joint Family is the opposite of nuclear family. It is also called Extended family. This is of different kinds. In it, more than one couples and more than 2 generations live together. This can be some brothers and their families. It can be an old couple living with their children and grandchildren. Extended families are seen as a feature of Indian families. But it never was a strong family all over the country. It was confined to some groups and some regions. Extended family is still not a strong form of family.

Question 21.
Describe the disadvantages of Home based work.
Answer:
Women and children make beedi, joss-sticks, lace, brocades and hand-woven mats. Agents of large scale manufacturing companies make raw materials for making the above things to women and children at home and assign the work of making the products. When the work is competed the agents give them wages and take the products away.

To start making beedis, tendu leaves are collected from private agents or from the forest department. These leaves are given to the women and children. These leaves are made soft and then cut into the size for beedis. Then in this beedi leaf tobacco is filled and rolled and tied with a thread. These beedis are taken to the factory by the contractors and there they are packed and labelled.

The factory owners make huge profits but the wages the workers get are very little. Most of the beedi workers are women and girls who have dropped out of school. They don’t have the collective organizational power to fight for their rights.

Question 22.
Prepare a note on Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
The growth of the mass media has helped people to be self-sufficient, and to work for national development. The mass media helps people to be aware of the various programmes and policies of the government. It helps people to dislike social evils like uritouchability, child marriage, and various restrictions for widows. In the modern industrialised society, mass media helps in propagating scientific values and reasoning power among the people.

The two major mass media in independent India are: 1. Radio, 2. Television.
1. Radio: Radio broadcasting started in India in 1920 in Calcutta and Chennai under the auspices of some Broadcasting Clubs. In the 1940s “Ham Radio”, also called Amateur Radio, became very popular. During the Second World War, Radio was the main tool of propaganda for the Allied Forces in Asia. In 1947 India had only 6 radio stations. They were in the major cities. Only the urban dwellers that lived there had its benefit. Most of the programmes were news broadcasts, contemporary incidents and discussions. By the year 2000, some HOmillion homes were benefited by radio broadcasts. The broadcasts were in 24 languages and 146 dialects. 1/3 of . the listeners were from homes in villages.

2. Television: Television came to India in 1959. By 1976, in the States of India satellite television began broadcasting “Instructional Experiment” television programmes. In 1975 television stations under Doordarshan were operating in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Srinagar and Amritsar. In another year, Kolkata, Chennai, and Jalandhar joined this group of cities. TV channels then began to broadcast programmes specially meant for women, children and farmers.

Question 23.
Briefly explain Tribal Movement.
Answer:
Tribal Movement
Santhal, Ho, Oraon., Munda, etc. some of the major tribes in India. They have some common problems. But their differences are also big. In the Tribal areas of central India, many Tribal Movements have been formed. Most Tribal Movements are in the newly formed Jharkhand State. The Tribal Movements in the Jharkhand region are more than 100 years old. The leader who started the Tribal Movement was Birsa Munda. After his death, he became a godly figure for them. Throughout the Jharkhand region stories and songs about him were propagated. In Bihar it was the Christian missionaries who went into the Tribal Areas with literacy campaigns.

Educated Adivasis began to make researches regarding their history and the legends regarding them. They started collecting information about the Tribal traditions and cultural rituals. Using different means they spread the various facts and brought about a kind of common awareness among the Tribals.

Many Tribals were employed in government jobs. Then there developed a middle-class Tribal leadership. Then came the demand for an independent State. The Tribals hated the migrant traders and money-lenders who were called Dikus. Cruel dikus harmed the Tribals and took possession of their properties. They started dominating mining and industries there. They became large landowners. Then the Tribals were ousted from their own places. These problems helped the Adivasis to organise themselves into powerful groups and fight for their cause, finally gaining a State for themselves.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
What is invisible hand who introduced the concept of Invisible hand?
Answer:
In the market, individuals have their own interests. When the individual interests in the market are protected it becomes favourable for the economic system. The economic system is then nurtured and the wealth of the society increases. This kind of development that is not visible, but is beneficial for individuals and indirectly good for the society is called the Invisible Hand. The concept of the Invisible Hand was put forward by Adam Smith. He talked about it in his famous book “Wealth of Nations”.

Question 25.
Describe caste system as a discriminatory system.
Answer:
Caste system as a discriminatory system. One¬sided and prejudicial behaviour to other groups and individuals is called discrimination. And when caste is made the reason for the discrimination it is caste discrimination. When a job js refused to someone just because of sex or community, there is discrimination. Discriminations are not often stated openly and publicly. To justify discriminations people look for various justifications. Because of one’s caste a person may be denied a certain job. But then the employer will say that he gave employment on the basis of merit.

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 26.
Explain the concept of commoditization with ex-amples.
Answer:
Two important features of capitalist society are commoditization and consumption. As the capitalist system spread all the over world, markets began to appear in all spheres of human life. With this the process called commoditization also began. Commoditization happens when goods and services that were not sold in the market before become goods for sale. In this process, some things that are not goods are transformed into goods and are made part of the market system. A good example is drinking water. Drinking water was not something for sale in the past. When drinking water is bottled and sold in the market it becomes a commodity. Its commoditization takes place. In the same manner labour, skilled labour and expertise have been commoditised to be bought and sold.

Question 27.
Evaluate the social consequences of Green Revolu-tion.
Answer:
Social Consequences of the Green Revolution in India:

1. Only middle class and big landowners were benefited by the Green Revolution.
2. The peasants who used to take fields on lease for cultivation could not get fields.
3. People who did manual labour in the fields did not have work.
4. As the peasants got money as their wages, their condition became pathetic.
5. The commercialization of agriculture and the monoculture system caused a reduction in the prices of the crops causing financial crunch to the farmers.
6. It helped in increasing regional inequality.

Question 28.
Explain any 2 structural changes brought about by colpnialism in India.
Answer:
The two structural changes brought by colonialism in India were:

1. Industrialization
2. Urbanization

1. Industrialization:
The number of rapid and drastic changes industrialization brought in the industrial sector is collectively known as Industrialization. Use of machines and the use of water vapour and electricity are the specialties of industrialization.

2. Urbanization:
Urbanization means the large scale migration of people from rural areas to urban centres. Industrialization and urbanization are mutually interrelated processes. In the modern industrialised societies, people work in factories, offices or shops. Farmers are very few. In areas around industries people live in large numbers and so the density is great. Into the areas close to the industries, people migrate for getting jobs, greater living facilities and education.

Mumbai, Madras and Kolkata which were the administrative centres and had many industries became large cities. Old manufacturing centres like Surat and Masulipatnam were industrialised. Because of the British industrialization, the cottage industries in India were ruined. As a result of industrialization, new social relations and social groups came up. The structure of the Indian society changed. Large cities like Mumbai and Madras had much influence on the Indian economic system. These cities exported raw materials at cheap rates and imported new products into India.

Mumbai exported cotton.

1. Kolkota exported jute to Dundee.
2. Madras exported sugar, indigo, cotton, dyes etc.

Question 29.
Explain the power and responsibilities of Gramapanchayath.
Answer:
Powers and Responsibilities of Grama Panchayats: According to the provisions of the Constitution, all State governments are to share their authorities and responsibilities with the Panchayats.

• The responsibilities of the Panchayats are the following:
  1. Make plans schemes for economic development.
  2. Encourage to enlarge social justice schemes.
  3. Collect, taxes, tolls and fees in a proper way.
  4. Give necessary financial help to the local administrative authorities to carry out their responsibilities.
  5. Taking care cerrjeteries and cremation grounds, keeping statistics of births and deaths, maternity centres child welfare centres, family welfare schemes, farmers’ welfare, etc. should be responsibility of the panchayats.
  6. Local roads, wells, public ponds, schools, construction of buildings for public undertakings are the responsibility of the elected representatives. They should give leadership to projects like IRDP and ICDS.
• Activities to bring out social welfare:
  1. Building cemeteries, cremation grounds, and maintaining them.
  2. Register births and deaths.
  3. Establish maternity centres and child welfare centres.
  4. Maintain the local roads. Do things related, Cattle rearing and agricultural work.
  5. Give publicity to family planning programmes.
• Development Activities:
  1. Construct roads, public buildings and wells and maintain them.
  2. Encourage cottage industries and maintain small irrigation projects.
  3. Make sure that the schemes like IRDP, ICDST are implemented properly.

The main sources of income for the Panchayats are property tax, professional tax, motor vehicle tax, land
cess and revenue. District panchayats used to give some concessions on these. The expenditure account should be exhibited publicly in the panchayat office. Because of this the people at the ground level can also have access to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. In some States there are Nyaya Panchayats, which handle small civil and criminal cases. They can also impose fines. Issues related giving and taking are dealt with here.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 x 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Match the following.

A	B
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Stree-Purush Tulana
Tarabai Shinde	Harijan
Jyotiba Phule	Brahmo Samaj
Kaka Kalelkar	Satyasodak Samaj
Gandhiji	Muslim Social Reformer
Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan	Backward Class Commission

Answer:

A	B
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Brahmo Samaj
Tarabai Shinde	Stree-Purush Tulana
Jyotiba Phule	Satyasodak Samaj
Kaka Kalelkar	Backward Class Commission
Gandhiji	Harijan
Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan	Muslim Social Reformer

Question 31.
Describe any 2 Social reforms Movements.
Answer:
1. The Chipko Movement:
This is an environmental movement that began in the hilly regions of the Himalayan valley. It was the result of a mingling of ideology and interests. In his book “The Unquiet Woods”, Ramachandra Guha says the villagers came together protect the oak trees near their village.

Thousands of people came forward to protect the oak trees and the rhododendron forest. Government contractor came with arms to fell the trees. But the women and children held their hands and embraced the trees, not allowing the workers to cut them. The village women used to collect their firewood and hay from the forest.

1. The government had expected a huge amount . of profit by selling the trees to contractors.
2. Here the clash was between the economic system of survival and the economic system of profit.
3. The interest of the capitalists is behind the to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. moves of the government.
4. For the villagers the forest is their wealth.
5. The forest is their means of livelihood.
6. It is the forest that gives them firewood, hay and some other necessities of life.
7. The economic system for existence was becoming valueless in front of the economic system of profit.

The Chipko Movement highlighted the problem ecological balance. Deforestation is an ecological problem. Because of deforestation, there are floods and landslides. The Chipko Movement began to seriously discuss the economic system, environmental knowledge, and political representation. The officers who live in the plains to not know anything about the importance of forests. They were often different from the villagers and sometimes even their enemies.

2. Brahmo Samaj:
The founder of Brahmo Samaj, Rajaram Mohan Roy, had already started his activities against the system of Sati. Borrowing western logical thoughts, he wanted to make changes in the Indian traditions and Hindu beliefs. Even widows of the higher caste Hindus had to immolate themselves in the funeral pyre of their husbands. It was this cruel system known as Sati. In 1860, in the curriculum of Bombay University there was the book “Analogy of Religion” by Bishop Joseph Butler. Influenced by this book, Mahadeva Govinda Ranade also became a leader of social reforms in India.

Question 32.
Describe the roll of Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the first Prime Minister of independent India exhorted the media to be the watchdog of the society. Media was expected to propagate the principle of self-reliance and national development among the people. In the early stages of her independence, India gave greater importance to development. Media was seen as a means of letting people know of the various development plans and activities of the government.

Media encouraged people to fight against evil practices like untouchability, child marriage and bans on widows, and against superstitions like black magic, faith treatment and so on. The nation’s main aim was the make the people think logically and scientifically and build the nation into a prosperous one. The government wanted to use the media for this. Films Division of India made newsreels and documentaries which were shown in all cinema theatres before the start of the film. Thus the media helped in letting the people know of the development plans and activities of the government.

Question 33.
(a) Explain the Theory of Demographic Transition.
(b) Compare Theory of Demographic Transition with Malthusian Theory of Population.
(c) Find the position of Indian Society in the Demographic transition stage.
Answer:
a) Theory of Demographic Transition: This theory suggests that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:

Stage I : In this stage, in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward death rate and birth rate is less. The difference between them is also less.

In the first and third stage, the population growth is slow. But in stage two there is high growth of population. The reasons for that can e explained thus. Because of better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement, death rate is considerably reduced. In societies which were experiencing severe poverty and high death rate, in the times of prosperity when their longevity increased, they needed time to change their reproduction style.

At the end of the 19th century and he beginning of the 20th, we sawthis phenomenon in Western Europe. Such thing also happened in less developed countries. To bring a balance between reduced death rate and birth rate they struggled. This happened in India also. Death was reduced and birth rate could not be brought to that level.

The steady increase in agricultural crops showed that the Malthusian theory was wrong. There were many reasons for this growth.

1. Use of seeds with high productivity
2. Beneficial use of manure and insecticides.
3. Better harvesting machines.

b) Thomas Robert Malthus put forward the theory that the population growth depends on human needs like food, shelter and clothes. So people are destined to live in poverty. The population increase takes place overcoming agricultural products. Population grows in geometric progression 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 …….. But the agricultural grow in arithmetic progression 2,4, 6,8,10, …….

Therefore he only way to prosperity is population control. Only by adopting things like postpone marriages, maintaining celibacy, etc. population can be controlled. But nature uses controls like famine and contagious diseases, etc. to reduce population. The theory of Malthus was later known as Malthusian theory of population, But the economic expert that came later proved that through economic prosperity population growth can be controlled. Theory of Demographic Transition is better for . India. Based onttietechnological progress, birth and death rates, and population growth, this is better for India.

c) According to the Theory of Demographic Transition, India is in the second stage.

Question 34.
(a) Define Globalisation.
(b) Explain different dimensions of Globalisation.
Answer:
a) Globalization means mutual interdependence of people, regions and countries indifferent ways. Social and economic relations have become global. Economic powers are a big factor in globalization. Rapid and intensive growth in technology is also an important factor here. Globalization includes economic, social, technological and cultural changes.

b) 1. Economic dimensions Globalization
2. Globalization and culture

1. Economic dimensions Globalization:
Globalization had made social and cultural relations global. This helped in the development of some economic plans. In 1991 the Indian Government decided to restructure the economy. This change is known as liberalization.

1. Through this, some strict controls in trade and commerce were removed.
2. Because of certain decisions India made after 1991, the doors of Indian economic were opened to world economic system.
3. The new policy was directly opposed to the policy of strict control in the economic sector by the earlier governments.
4. Many laws had been passed with the intention of protecting trade; industry and the economic system.\

Liberalization of the economic system means removing the controls imposed on foreign countries in doing trade and financial dealings with India. These actions of the government were called economic reforms. From July 1991, there have been a series of reforms in the sectors of trade, foreign investment, technological development, financial institutions and public sector. The calculation was that by liking the Indian market with the foreign markets, India will be benefited.

Liberalization also means taking loans from the international financial institutions like the IMF. Such loans are given subject to certain conditions.

1. To get these loans the government is forced to implement some economic policies.
2. For that, the government has to reduce its expenditure in social sectors like health and education.
3. In all these matters WTO and IMF put forward strict conditions.

From July 1991, in our agricultural and industrial sectors, trade and technology there has been foreign investment. Many economic reform^ were made. Our relation with the global economic system was expected to be beneficial for us. By assuring that we will implement economic reforms we have taken a lot of loan from IMF. As a result, the government expenditure in health, education “and social security had to be seriously reduced.

2. Globalization and culture:
We have been maintaining an open door policy to different cultural influences. That made our culture rich. There is a fear now whether the recent cultural changes will ruin our regional cultural identity, we never thought of remaining like the frog in the well. If one spends the entire life in a well, he will never know what is happening outside the well. Then with a narrow mind he will start looking at everything else with suspicion. Such people do not exchange news and views with others.

Against the narrow vision ours was a traditionally broad vision. We could talk openly on subjects like wealth, politics, religions, language and arts. The hot debates that were started in the 19th century by social reformers and nationalists are still continuing in our present generation.

Question 35.
(a) Name the Sociologist who coined the term Sanskritisation.
(b) Critically Evaluate Sanskritisation as a process of cultural change.
Answer:
a) M.N. Srinivas.
b) Sanskritization: It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. When the lower castes imitate the rituals, conventions, beliefs, ideas and life style of the upper cases, there is Sanskritization. In those areas where the castes are not Sanskritised, the influence of the majority castes was very high. This can be called Desanskritization. In the process of Sanskritization,, there are regional differences. For example, in Punjab, culturally the influence of Sanskrit was not strong. Until the end of the 19lh century Persian influence was very strong.

In India following the rituals and conventions of the upper castes is not an easy thing for the lower castes. If the lower castes showed the courage to follow the rituals and conventions of the higher castes, they would be punished. Sanskritization approves the rituals and conventions of the upper castes. An example for this can be found in adopting the ‘dowry system’ instead of paying bride price.

The tasks the Dalits did were considered undignified. This was different from the ideas adopted during the industrialization period. The discrimination based on the work one did was intolerable. As a result of the land reforms, the middle castes became rich as they got the right of the land they were using. They became rich very fast. Because their number was large, they also got political authority. Thus the middle castes could a big role in the politics of the country.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

Answer any 9 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
According to Malthusian Theory of Population growth, population rises in ____.
(a) Arithmetic progression
(b) Geometric progression
(c) Homogenous progression
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Geometric progression

Question 2.
The family in which mother has the authority and dominance is known as _______.
(a) Patrilineal
(b) Patriarchal
(c) Matriarchal
(d) Matrilocal
Answer:
(c) Matriarchal

Question 3.
Name the Anthropologist who pointed out the social importance of market.
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Adam Smith
(c) M.N. Srinivas
(d) Alfred Cell
Answer:
(d) Alfred Cell

Question 4.
____ refers to the way in which individuals may become cut off from the full involvement in the wider society.
(a) Untouchability
(b) Exploitation
(c) Social exclusion
(d) Social stratification
Answer:
(c) Social exclusion

Question 5.
Which Articles of Indian Constitution protect the rights of minorities?
(a) Article 29 & 30
(b) Article 30 & 31
(c) Article 27 & 28
(d) Article 25 & 26
Answer:
(a) Article 29 & 30

Question 6.
The concept ‘Westernisation’ was introduced by
(a) M.N. Srinvas
(b) D.P. Mukherji
(c) A.R. Desai
(d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer:
(a) M.N. Srinvas

Question 7.
Which among the following is a Basic value of Indian democracy?
(a) Law
(b) Custom
(c) Social Justice
(d) Tradition
Answer:
(c) Social Justice

Question 8.
Identify the item which is not a feature of dominant caste.
(a) Numerical strength
(b) Economic power
(c) Religious power
(d) Political influence
Answer:
(c) Religious power

Question 9.
The mixing of the global culture with local culture is known as ______.
(a) Glocalisation
(b) Digital divide
(c) Homogenous culture
(d) Corporate culture
Answer:
(a) Glocalisation

Question 10.
Who started the newspaper Sambad – Kaumudi?
(a) Sree Narayana Guru
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy
(c) E.V. Ramaswami Naickar
Answer:
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy

Answer all questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
Define Social map and give one example.
Answer:
A social map is a visual representation of social connections and networks that helps locate individuals and groups in relation to one another. Eg:- social group related language, race, caste etc.

Question 12.
Name any two port cities that emerged during the colonial period in India.
Answer:
(i) Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) – It was a major port city and economic hub for the British East India Company, serving as a gateway for trade with Europe and other parts of the world.

(ii) Chennai (formerly known as Madras) – It was an important port city for the British East India Company and played a key role in trade with Europe and other parts of the world.

(iii) Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) – It was a significant port city for the British East India Company and served as the capital of British India until 1911.

Question 13.
What is meant by Outsourcing?
Answer:
Outsourcing is a business practice where companies contract external service providers to handle specific tasks or services that would typically be carried out by their permanent workers. Companies may choose to outsource to reduce costs, increase efficiency, or access specialized expertise.

Question 14.
What is Social movement?
Answer:
Asocial movement is a long and continuous social effort and action by people who share common goals or interests. It is an organized effort based on ideologies, leadership, and collective action aimed at bringing about social change. Social movements can take many form’s, such as protests, demonstrations, boycotts, and advocacy campaigns.

Question 15.
Write any two dimensions of untouchability.
Answer:
Untouchability is a social practice with several dimensions, including exclusion, humiliation, subordination, and exploitation. Exclusion- refers to the social isolation of individuals or groups deemed “untouchable” by the dominant caste system.

Humiliation- involves the degradation and dehumanization of these individuals, often through physical and verbal abuse. Subordination involves the systematic denial of rights and opportunities, leading to a lack of agency and social mobility. Exploitation- refers to the economic and labor exploitation of “untouchable” individuals, who are often forced into menial and low-paying jobs.

Answer any 3 questions from 16 to 19. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 16.
What is the difference between Common sense knowledge and Sociological imagination?
Answer:
Common sense knowledge refers to the everyday understanding and beliefs that people have about the world based on their personal experiences and observations. It is often rooted in naturalistic or individualistic explanations and is partial, may be biased and is not scientifically based. It s based on individual experiences and observations.

Sociological imagination is a concept introduced by sociologist C. Wright Mills, which refers to the ability to connect individual experiences with larger social structures and processes. It involves seeing the links between personal troubles and social issues, and recognizing that personal problems are often connected to larger societal problems. It involves an understanding of broader social structures and patterns that may not be immediately visible to individuals.

Question 17.
Differentiate between commoditisation and consumption.
Answer:
Commoditization refers to the process by which things that were earlier not traded in the market become commodities. It is a feature of capitalist society, where goods and services are produced for the purpose of exchange value and profit. Eg:- bottled water, labor or skills, sale of kidney etc

Consumption on the other hand, refers to the final use of goods and services by consumers. It is the act of acquiring, using, and disposing of goods and services by individuals or groups. Consumption can be influenced by cultural, social, and economic factors. Eg:- consumption of luxury goods like designer clothing or high-end cars can be seen as a way to convert socio-economic status into status symbols.

Question 18.
Explain the following:
(a) Industrialisation
(b) Deindustrialisation
Answer:
(a) Industrialization is a process that involved the emergence of machine production, where traditional handcrafting and manual labor were replaced by machines that used inanimate power resources like steam or electricity. It led to the development of factory-based mass production, where goods were produced in large quantities by specialized workers using machinery. This led to increased efficiency, higher productivity, and lower production costs, which allowed for the production of goods on a larger scale and at a lower cost.

(b) Deindustrialization refers to the decline of traditional Indian handicraft industries like cotton and silk manufacturers during the early British rule. As a result of deindustrialization, there was a decline , of old urban centers that were traditionally associated with manufacturing, as workers and industries moved to other areas. Deindustrialization had significant social and economic impacts in India, as it led to the loss of jobs and livelihoods for many people, particularly those in the’ manufacturing sector.

Question 19.
List out the features of organised sector.
Answer:
The organized sector refers to those sectors of the economy where employment relationships are governed by labor laws, and workers enjoy a higher degree of protection and benefits compared to those in the informal sector. Some of the key features of the organized sector include:

1. Ten or more people/workers employed throughout the year.
2. The organization must be registered with the government to ensure wages for employees are in compliance with labor laws.
3. Employees receive benefits such as pensions, insurance, and other social. security benefits.
4. Employment security is provided, and workers have formal contracts.
5. The organization is organized and often has trade unions to represent workers’ interests in negotiating wages and working conditions.

These features differentiate the organized sector from the informal sector, where workers often do not enjoy these benefits and may have more precarious working arrangements. The organized sector is an important part of the economy, providing stable employment opportunities and contributing to economic growth and development.

Answer any 3 questions from 20 to 23. Each carries 5 scores.(3 × 5 = 15)

Question 20.
Analyse the reasons for the declining sex ratio in Indian society.
Answer:
The declining sex ratio in Indian society is a matter of concern as it reflects the declining number of females in comparison to males. Some of the reasons for this decline are:

Health factors : Girls in India face health challenges due to poor nutrition, lack of access to healthcare, and a higher susceptibility to diseases. These factors can lead to higher mortality rates among girls, which can contribute to a decline in the sex ratio.

Maternal mortality : Maternal mortality is a significant problem in India, with many women dying due to complications during childbirth. This can have an impact oh the sex ratio as women who die during childbirth may have been carrying female foetuses.

Lack of education and awareness : Education and awareness play a crucial role in empowering women and ensuring their wellbeing. In India, many girls do not have access to education, which’ can lead to a lack of awareness about their rights and health issues.

Differential treatment of girls : In many parts of India, girls are treated differently from boys and may face discrimination and neglect. This can lead to a lower value being placed on the lives of girs and contribute to the declining sex ratio.

Female infanticide : In some parts of India, female.infanticide still occurs, where female babies are killed soon after birth. This is often due to cultural beliefs that favour male children overfemale children. .

Sex-specific abortions : With the advent of medical technology, sex-specific abortions have become more prevalent in India. Some families may choose to abort female foetuses, leading to a decline in the sex ratio. Overall, the declining sex ratio in Indian society is a complex issue that is influenced by various social, cultural, and economic factors. Addressing these factors will require a multi-faceted approach that involves education, awareness-raising, and policies

Question 21.
Explain the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
Panchayats are local self-government bodies in India, which are entrusted with a range of powers and responsibilities. Here are some of the key responsibilities and powers of panchayats:

1. Prepare plans and schemes for economic development: One of the primary functions of panchayats is to prepare plans and schemes for the economic development of their respective areas. This includes identifying and promoting industries, encoura’ging entrepreneurship, and providing employment opportunities.

2. Promote schemes for enhancing social justice: Panchayats also have a responsibility to promote schemes and programs that aim to enhance social justice, including measures for the welfare of disadvantaged groups, such as women, Dalits, and other marginalized communities.

3. Collect levy, taxes, tolls, fees etc.: Panchayats have the power to collect various types of taxes, tolls, fees, and levies from the residents of their respective areas. This includes property taxes, entertainment taxes, and other taxes related to the services provided by the panchayat.

4. Devolution of government responsibilities: Panchayats are an important means of decentralizing government responsibilities and bringing governance closer to the people. They are empowered to undertake various functions and activities that were previously the responsibility of higher levels of government.

5. Maintenance of burial grounds: One of the key responsibilities of panchayats is to ensure the proper maintenance of burial grounds and cremation grounds in their respective areas. This includes providing facilities for cremation, burial, and other funeral rites.

6. Recording statistics of birth and death: Panchayats are also responsible for maintaining records of births and deaths in their respective areas. This information is used for a variety of purposes, including
planning and development activities.

7. Child welfare and maternity center establishment: Panchayats have a responsibility to promote the welfare of children and mothers in their respective areas. This includes the establishment of child welfare and maternity centers, which provide essential services such as immunization, health check-ups, and nutritional support.

8. Promotion of agricultural activities: Panchayats are alsfo responsible for promoting agricultural activities in their respective areas. This includes providing farmers with access to credit, promoting crop diversification, and providing technical assistance and support for agricultural practices. Overall, panchayats play a crucial role in promoting local development, promoting social justice, and ensuring effective governance at the grassroots level.

Question 22.
Why globalisation is a threat to the indigenous craft, literary traditions and knowledge systems?
Answer:
Globalization, which refers to the increased interconnectedness of the world’s economies, cultures, and societies, has had both positive and negative impacts on various aspects of human life. One of the negative impacts of globalization is the threat it poses to indigenous craft, literary traditions, and knowledge systems. In this regard, there are several reasons why globalization is seen as a threat to these aspects of traditional cultures.

Firstly, the decline of cotton industries and mills has had a significant impact on the livelihoods of weavers and other workers involved in textile production. Due to the increased competition from power looms and changing consumer tastes, many traditional weavers and artisans have been forced to abandon their craft and seek alternative means of income. This has led to a decline in the traditional skills and knowledge required for textile production, which may be lost forever if not adequately preserved.

Secondly, many traditional artisans and workers do not have access to the necessary technology to keep up with the demands of a globalized market. They lack the resources to invest in modern equipment,’which makes their production slower and less efficient than that of their global counterparts. As a result, they struggle to compete with more modernized industries and markets.

Thirdly, multinational companies taking patents on the use of traditional medicinal and agricultural products, such as tulsi, turmeric, and basmati rice, threatens the survival of indigenous knowledge systems. These companies often exploit the traditional knowledge of local communities, and extract profit from it without adequately compensating the communities that have generated this knowledge. This undermines the sustainability of traditional practices and erodes the cultural heritage of local communities.

Finally, the lack of protection for traditional knowledge systems means that indigenous communities are at risk of losing their unique cultural heritage. Traditional knowledge in medicine, agriculture, and other fields is often passed down from generation to generation through oral traditions, but the globalization * of these industries means that these traditions are often ignored in favor of more “modern” approaches. This has led to a loss of cultural diversity, which is an essential aspect of human heritage.

In conclusion, the threat posed by globalization to indigenous craft, literary traditions, and knowledge systems is a significant concern that needs to be addressed. We should strive to protect and preserve traditional knowledge and practices, to ensure that they continue to play a vital role in our world. This can be achieved through the recognition and protection of traditional knowledge, investing in traditional industries, and promoting cultural exchange and collaboration.

Question 23.
Match the following:

A	B
Jharkhand Movement	Adidharma Movement
Dalit Movement	Mc Carthy & Zald
Chipko Movement	SNDP Movement
Resource Mobilisation	Theory Unquiet Woods
Redemptive Social Movement	Birsa Munda

Answer:

A	B
Jharkhand Movement	Birsa Munda
Dalit Movement	Adidharma Movement
Chipko Movement	Unquiet woods
Resource Mobilisation	McCarthy 8 Zaid
Redemptive Social Movement	SNDP movement

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 27. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 24.
(a) Write any two features of Marketisation.
(b) Analyse the impact of liberalisation and marketisation in Indian economy.
Answer:
a) Marketisation is a process that involves the use of market or market-based mechanisms to address social, political, or economic problems. It has been adopted by many.governments around the world as a way of achieving greater efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and responsiveness in the delivery of public goods and services.

Marketisation involves the deregulation of industries and sectors that were previously regulated by the government. This means that businesses are given greater freedom to operate in the market, with fewer restrictions and regulations. Deregulation is seen as a way of promoting competition, reducing barriers to entry, and increasing consumer choice. Secondly, marketisation involves the privatization of public goods and services, such as healthcare, education, and transportation. Privatization is seen as a way of improving efficiency, reducing costs, and increasing innovation. However, it can also lead to inequality, as those who cannot afford to pay for private services are left with inferior public services.

Thirdly, marketisation involves the removal of government control over wages and prices. This means that wages and prices are determined by market forces, such as supply and demand. The idea is that this will lead to greater efficiency and productivity in the market. However, this can also lead to inequality, as those with bargaining power (such as employers) may be able to set wages and prices that are unfair to workers and consumers.

While these policies can lead to greater efficiency and innovation, they can also lead to market failures and inequality. As such, it is important for governments to carefully consider the impact of marketisation on society and to take steps to mitigate any negative effects.

(b)The liberalization and marketization policies had a significant impact on the country’s economy. Here are some of the positive and negative effects of these policies:

Positive Impacts:
1. Stimulated Economic Growth: Liberalization and marketization opened up India’s economy to the world, leading to an increase in foreign investment and trade. This influx of capital helped to stimulate economic growth, leading to an increase in GDP and per capita income.

2. Opening of Indian Markets to Foreign Companies: Liberalization and marketization allowed foreign companies to invest in India and operate freely, which led to an increase in competition and efficiency in the market. This led to a wider choice of products for consumers and better quality goods at lower prices.

3. Foreign Investment: Liberalization and marketization policies created an environment conducive to foreign investment. The increased foreign investment helped to modernize India’s infrastructure and technology, boosting economic growth and creating jobs.

Negative Impacts:
1. Indian Farmers Facing Competition: The liberalization and marketization policies exposed Indian farmers to global competition. The competition resulted in a reduction in the support price and subsidies to agriculture, making it difficult for Indian farmers to compete with foreign farmers. This led to a decline in the income of farmers and a rise in rural indebtedness.

2. Reduction of Support Price and Subsidies to Agriculture: The reduction of support price and subsidies to agriculture led to a decrease in government support for farmers. This has made it difficult for farmers to invest in modern equipment and technology, leading to a decline in agricultural productivity.

3. Loss of Employment: Liberalization and marketization led to the closure of many state-owned enterprises, resulting in job losses. Moreover, the increase in foreign investment has led to a shift in production from labor-intensive to capital-intensive industries, leading tb a decrease in employment opportunities.

4. Growth of Unorganised Sector: Liberalization and marketization have led to the growth of the unorganised sector. This sector comprises small and informal enterprises, which are not regulated by the government. These enterprises provide low wages and poor working conditions to workers, leading to a rise in income inequality.

Question 25.
Critically evaluate the struggles for women’s equality and rights in India.
Answer:
The struggle for women’s equality and rights in India has been a long and arduous one. Historically, the inequality faced by women in India has been based on social, rather than biological factors. Women have been subjected to discrimination and marginalization in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and political representation.

Political Power and Positions:
Only a small percentage of women are found in political power and positions in India. Despite constitutional guarantees of equal political rights, women face several obstacles to their participation in politics, including patriarchal attitudes, lack of education, and social norms that restrict their mobility.

Role of Reformers:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was against the practice of Sati, and worked to bring about a change in that practice.
MG Ranade co-founded the ‘Widow Marriage Association’ which promoted marriage for Hindu widows and acted as native compradors for the colonial government’s project of passing a law permitting such marriages.
Jyotiba Phule worked for the eradication of untouchability and the caste system and also for educating women and oppressed caste people.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an Indian musli reformer who worked for reforms in Islam. Tarabai Shinde wrote the ‘Stree Purusha Tualana’, a critique of caste and patriarchy, and is often considered he first modern Indian feminist text. Begum Rokeya Shekhawat Hossain wrote the ‘Sultana’s Dream’, a feminist science fiction novella set in Ladyland ruled by women. Rokeya wrote reversing the roles of men and women in which women were the
dominant sex and the men were subordinate and confined to the mandana (the male equivalent of the zenana).

Role of Nationalist Movement:
During the nationalist movement, women’s participation was limited to non-violent protests, organizing public meetings and leading marches. Despite their contribution, women were often relegated to the background, and their efforts were not recognized.

Actions Against Social Evils:
Efforts to address social evils like sati, dowry, and child marriage gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Organized campaigns by reformers, social organizations, and nationalist leaders contributed to the passing of laws that abolished these practices.

Organized Efforts in Modern Era:
In the modern era, there has been a concerted effort to address geftder inequality in India. There have been several initiatives, both by the government and civil society, to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. These include campaigns for girls’ education, reservation for women in local bodies, and economic empowerment through schemes like the Self Help Group.

In conclusion, the struggle for women’s equality and rights in India has been a long and complex one, with significant challenges remaining. While there have been important achievements, such as the abolition of social evils like sati and dowry, women continue to face significant challenges, including limited political representation, discrimination, and violence. It is essential to continue the work of earlier reformers and social organizations and to adopt a.multi-pronged approach that includes legal reform, education, economic empowerment, and social transformation, to address these challenges and create a more equal and just society.

Question 26.
(a) What is Sansrkitisation?
(b) Explain the main criticisms levelled against Sanskritisation.
Answer:
(a) Sanskritisation is a sociological process that refers to the adoption of upper-caste ‘ Hindu customs, practices, and rituals by lower-caste or non-Hindu communities in India. The term was first coined by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas in the 1950s. The process of Sanskritisation typically involves the adoption of certain upper- caste Hindu practices such as vegetarianism, caste purity, and religious rituals. It often results in changes to one’s social status and can lead to the upward mobility of certain groups.

(b) Sanskritisation has been a subject of criticism since its inception. One of the main criticisms levelled against it is the exaggeration of social mobility. Sanskritisation is often touted as a means of upward mobility for lower-caste communities. However, this claim has been challenged on several fronts. Critics argue that the adoption of. upper-caste practices does not necessarily lead to social mobility, but rather reinforces existing caste hierarchies. They argue that the promotion of Sanskritisation as a means of social mobility is an exaggeration of its effects.

Another major criticism of Sanskritisation is the acceptance of upper-caste as superior and lower-caste as inferior. By adopting upper-caste practices, lower caste communities may internalize the belief thatupper-caste practices are superior to their own. This can lead to the perpetuation of caste-based discrimination and exclusion. Sanskritisation has also been criticized for justifying model inequality and exclusion. By promoting the adoption of upper-caste practices, it reinforces the idea that certain castes are superior and others inferior. This can lead to the exclusion of lower-caste communities from social, economic, and political opportunities.

The adoption of upper-caste rites and rituals is another point of criticism for Sanskritisation. Critics argue that these practices are inherently discriminatory and reinforce caste-based hierarchies. For example, upper-caste practices often involve the exclusion of lower-caste individuals from certain religious rituals and ceremonies.

Dowry is another issue associated with Sanskritisation. Dowry is a practice that is often associated with upper-caste  communities in India. The adoption of this practice by lower-caste communities as part of the Sanskritisation process can lead to the perpetuation of dowry-related violence and exploitation.

Caste discrimination is another criticism of Sanskritisation. fBy promoting the adoption of upper-caste practices, it can reinforce caste-based discrimination and exclusion. This can have a negative impact on the social, economic, and political , opportunities available to lower-caste communities.

Finally, Sanskritisation has been criticized for the erosion of Dalit cultural identity. Dalit communities have their own distinct cultural practices and traditions, which are Often suppressed or disregarded in the Sanskritisation process. This can lead to the erasure of Dalit cultural identity and the loss of cultural diversity in India.

In conclusion, Sanskritisation has been subject to several criticisms, including the exaggeration of social mobility, the acceptance of upper-caste as superior and lower-caste as inferior, the justification of model inequality and exclusion, the adoption of upper-caste rites and rituals, dowry, caste discrimination, and the erosion of Dalit cultural identity. While Sanskritisation may have some positive effects, it is important to acknowledge and address these criticisms in order to promote a more equitable and just society.

Question 27.
Explain the impact of globalisation on Indian print media.
Answer:
Globalisation has had a significant impact on the Indian print media industry, particularly in terms of its growth and reach. Here are some of the ways in which globalisation has affected Indian print media:

1. Growth of Indian language newspapers: The increase in the number of literate people who migrated to cities due to globalisation led to a rise in the demand for newspapers in Indian languages. This resulted in the growth of Indian language newspapers, which catered to the needs of local readers.
2. Need for local news: With the rise of globalisation, there was an increasing need for local news coverage. Indian newspapers started to focus more on local news, which was of greater relevance to readers than national or international news.
3. Use of advanced printing technologies: With the introduction of advanced printing technologies, Indian newspapers were able to produce high-quality newspapers at a faster rate and a lower cost. This led to an increase in the number of newspapers, particularly in regional and local editions.
4. Increase in circulation of regional and local editions of papers: As a result of the use of advanced printing technologies, regional and local editions of newspapers became more viable, leading to an increase in their circulation.
5. Satisfying the taste of different sections of people: With the growth of the Indian economy, the tastes and preferences of different sections of people started to evolve. Indian newspapers started to cater to the needs of’ different sections of society, such as the aged and youth, by publishing content that was relevant to them.
6. Use of survey and research to increase circulation: Indian newspapers started to use survey and research techniques to increase circulation. They conducted surveys to understand the preferences of their readers and tailored their content accordingly. This helped to increase the popularity and readership of newspapers.

In conclusion, globalisation has had a significant impact on the Indian print media . industry. It has led to the growth of Indian language newspapers, an increase in local news coverage, the use of advanced printing technologies, an increase in the circulation of regional and local editions of newspapers, the catering to the needs of different sectiQns of society, and the use of survey and research to increase circulation. These changes have helped to make Indian print media more diverse, relevant, and accessible to a wider audience.

Answer any 2 questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scores.

Question 28.
(a) What is Tribal communities?
(b) Classify and explain the tribal communities on the basis of permanent and acquired traits.
Answer:
(a) Tribal communities are often referred to as indigenous peoples or aborigines, indicating their long-standing presence in a particular region. They are known for their unique customs, languages, and beliefs, which are often transmitted orally from one generation to the next. Unlike many mainstream religions, tribal communities typically do not have written texts that serve as the basis for their religious practices. ,
Tribal communities often do not have state or political forms that resemble those of mainstream societies. They typically have simpler forms of governance, which are often based on the principles of consensus and decision-making through community discussion. This is different from the more formal structures of government found in most modern societies.

Tribal communities also often do not have sharp class divisions, as their social and economic systems are typically ba6ed on reciprocity, sharing, and mutual support. They often have a simple way of life, which is closely tied to their environment and natural resources. This can include subsistence farming, hunting, fishing, and gathering.

(b) It is important to note that tribal communities are diverse and complex, and their permanent traits may vary widely depending on the specific community in question. However, some common traits that are often associated with tribal communities include their religion, language; physical characteristics, and ecological habitat.

Religion:
Many tribal communities have unique religious beliefs and practices that are distinct from mainstream religions. They often worship nature and the spirits that are believed to inhabit the natural world. Many tribal religions are animistic, meaning they believe that all things, including animals, plants, and rocks, have a spiritual essence.

Language:
Tribal communities often have their own distinct languages, which are different from the languages spoken by the dominant culture in their region. These languages are often tied to the community’s cultural identity and heritage, and are passed down orally from generation to generation* In many cases, tribal languages are endangered due to the influence of mainstream languages and the loss of younger generations’ interest in learning their ancestral tanguages.

Physical characteristics:
Tribal communities may have physical characteristics that are distinct from the dominant culture in their region. For example, some tribal communities in India, such as the Adivasis, are known for their darker skin and distinct facial features. However, it is important to note that physical characteristics are not a reliable indicator of a person’s tribal identity, as they can vary widely even within the same community.

Ecological habitat:
Tribal communities often have a strong connection to their ecological habitat, which is tied to their traditional ways of life. Many tribal communities have lived in the same region for generations and have developed intricate knowledge of their local ecosystems, which they use to sustain their livelihoods. The loss of their traditional habitats due to, factors such as deforestation, mining, and dam building can have devastating impacts on tribal communities. Tribal communities have acquired certain traits over time that are influenced by their interactions with the mainstream society, such as their modes of living and their extent of incorporation into the Hindu society.

Modes of living:
Tribal fcommunities have traditionally lived in close proximity to nature and have developed unique ways of sustaining themselves through hunting, gathering, fishing, and agriculture. However, with the advent of modernization and industrialization, many tribal communities have been forced to’adapt to new modes of living, such as wage labor, urban migration, and small-scale entre – preneurship. The impact of modernization on tribal communities has been both positive and negative, with some communities benefiting from increased access to education and healthcare, while others experiencing displacement, loss of land and resources, and cultural erosion.

Incorporation into the Hindu society:
The extent to which tribal communities have been incorporated into the Hindu society varies widely. Some tribes, such as the Bhils and Gonds, have been integrated into the Hindu fold through the process of Sanskritization, whereby they adopt Hindu practices and beliefs while retaining some of their own customs and traditions. Other tribes, such as the Jarawas of,the Andaman Islands,.have remained relatively isolated from mainstream society and have resisted assimilation into Hindu culture. In some cases, the Hinduization of tribal communities has led to the loss of their distinct cultural identity, while in others it has resulted in a unique syncretism of Hindu and tribal traditions.

In conclusion, the modes of living and extent of incorporation into the Hindu society are acquired traits of tribal communities that have been shaped by their interactions with mainstream society over time. The impact of these traits oh tribal communities is complex and varied, with some communities experiencing positive outcomes while others are facing challenges such as loss of land, resources, and cultural erosion.

Question 29.
(a) Define Green revolution.
(b) Evaluate the Social consequences of Green revolution in Indian society.
Answer:
(a) The Green Revolution refers to a period of increased agricultural productivity in the mid-20th century, primarily in developing countries. It involved the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation,and improved farming practices.

The term “Green Revolution” was coined by William Gaud in 1968 to describe the significant increase in crop production that occurred in India and other parts of the world during this time. The Green Revolution is often credited with increasing food production and alleviating hunger and poverty in many developing countries, although it has also been criticized for its negative environmental and social impacts.

(b) The Green Revolution in India was a period of agricultural transformation that began in the 1960s and was aimed at increasing agricultural productivity through the use of modern agricultural techniques, including the use of high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation. The Green Revolution had significant social consequences in Indian society.

One of the positive outcomes of the Green Revolution was the increase in agricultural productivity. The use of high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation helped to increase crop yields and improve food security. As a result, India became  selfsufficient in food grains, which was a significant achievement for the country.

However, the benefits of the Green Revolution were not evenly distributed across Indian society. The Green Revolution mainly benefited medium and large agricultural farmers who had the resources to invest in modern agricultural techniques. Small farmers, who could not afford to invest in these techniques, were left behind and continued to struggle with low yields and poverty.

The Green Revolution also led to an increase in,rural inequalities. As medium and large farmers became more productive, they were able to generate more income and accumulate more wealth, while small farmers were left behind. This led to an increase in inequality within rural communities. The Green Revolution also had negative consequences for service castes, who were displaced from their traditional occupations. The new agricultural techniques required fewer laborers, and as a result, many service castes lost their jobs and were forced to migrate to urban areas in search of work.

The Green Revolution also worsened regional inequalities. The benefits of the Green Revolution were concentrated in certain regions of the country, while other regions were left behind. This led to a widening gap between the prosperous regions and the less developed regions. In conclusion, the Green Revolution had both positive and negative social consequences in Indian society. While it led to an increase in agricultural productivity and self-sufficiency in food grains, it also led to an increase in rural inequalities, the displacement of service castes, and worsening of regional inequalities. It is important to recognize these consequences when evaluating the impact of the Green Revolution and to work towards addressing the inequalities that it created.

Question 30.
(a) Define and explain the features of Civil society.
Answer:
(a) Civil society refers to a community of individuals and organizations formed around shared values and interests, and it operates independently of the government or the market. Civil society organizations (CSOs) include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), advocacy groups, professional associations, and faith-based organizations, among others.

The key features of civil society are:
1. Voluntary Associations and Organizations : Civil society is composed of voluntary associations and organizations that are formed by individuals to pursue common interests and goals. These organizations are usually based on cultural, social, or other non-commercial and non-state collective pursuits.

2. Independent from the State: Civil society organizations are independent of the government and not controlled by the state. They operate autonomously and have the freedom to pursue their goals without state interference.

3. Non-profit Motive: Civil society organizations are driven by a sense of public service, rather than by profit motives. They work for the public good and do not seek to make a profit from their activities.

4. Pluralistic: Civil society is pluralistic, diverse, and inclusive. It encompasses a range of organizations and individuals with different values, interests, and ideologies.

5. Participatory: Civil society is participatory and democratic. It encourages active engagement, debate, and dialogue among its members, and promotes civic engagement and participation in decision making processes.

6. Public Accountability: Civil society organizations are accountable to the public and to their members. They operate transparently, with clear rules and procedures, and are subject to public scrutiny and accountability.

(b) The Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005 is a landmark legislation that empowers citizens to access information held by public authorities in India. The RTI Act is a powerful tool that helps citizens to hold
the government accountable, promotes transparency and accountability in governance, and strengthens democracy.

Here are some of the key importance of the Right to Information Act (RTI) 2005:
1. Promotes Transparency and Accountability: The RTI Act promotes transparency and accountability in governance by providing citizens with the right to access information held by public authorities. This helps to reduce corruption, increase accountability, and improve the quality of governance.

2. Empowers Citizens: The RTI Act empowers citizens by giving them the right to seek information from public authorities. This helps to ensure that citizens are informed and engaged in the democratic process, and can hold the government accountable for its actions.

3. Enhances Public Participation: The RTI Act encourages public participation in decision-making processes by providing citizens with the right to access-information and participate in public consultations. This helps to ensure that government policies are informed by the needs and priorities of citizens.

4. Reduces Corruption: The RTI Act helps to reduce corruption by increasing transparency in government operations. Citizens can use the Act to obtain information on government contracts, tenders, and other trans-actions, and to hold public officials accountable for any malpractices.

5. Strengthens Democracy: The RTI Act is a critical tool for strengthening democracy by promoting trans-parency, accountability, and citizen participation in governance. It ensures that citizens are informed and engaged in the democratic process, and helps to build a culture of transparency and accountability in government.

In conclusion, the Right to Information Act 2005 is a crucial legislation that promotes transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in governance. It is an important tool for promoting good governance and strengthening democracy in India.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2024 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2024

Answer any 9 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
Who called upon the media to function as the watch dog of democracy?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) B.P. Mandal
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 2.
The first modem mass media Institution began with development of _____.
(a) Radio
(b) Television
(c) Printing Press
(d) Telephone
Answer:
Printing Press

Question 3.
______ refers to the mixing of the global culture with the local culture.
(a) Westernisation
(b) Culture of consumption
(c) Glocalisation
(d) Corporate culture
Answer:
Glocahsation

Question 4.
Who among the following emphasised the glory of the Aryan period?
(a) Jyotiba Phule
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Viresalingam
(d) Vidyasagar
Answer:
BaI GangadharTilak

Question 5.
Jyotiba Phule who started the first school for women at ______ .
(a) Allahabad
(b) Delhi
(c) Pune
(d) Madras
Answer:
Pune

Question 6.
Who is the chief architect of the Constitution of India?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
(d) Sri Lai Bahadur Shgstri
Answer:
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Question 7.
The aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity is _____.
(a) Regionalism
(b) Secularism
(c) Communalism
(d) Liguism
Answer:
Communalism

Question 8.
The families that pass on property from mother to daughter is 1
(a) Families of orientation
(b) Families of Procreation
(c) Matrilineal Families
(d) Patrilineal Families
Answer:
Matrilineal FamWes

Question 9.
______ refers to the pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another.
(a) Stereotypes
(c) nileoiaioio
Answer:
Prejudices

Question 10.
_____ is the non-state and non-market part of the public domain in which individuals get together voluntarily to create institutions and organisations.
(a) Bureaucracy
(b) Constitution
(c) Government
(d) Civil Society
Answer:
Civil Society

Answer all the questions from 11 to 15 in two or three sentences each. Each carries 2 scores.

Question 11.
Describe the idea ‘Sex ratio’.
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per thousand males in a given area at a specific time. It is a demographic indicator that helps in understanding the balance between males and females within a given population.

Question 12.
Clarify the term ‘Dominant Caste’ with examples.
Answer:
Dominant Caste’ is a term contributed by M.N.Srinivas. A dominant caste is a group that is big innumbers, wealthy in land and money. and holds significant political influence. Examples include Jats of Punjab, Reddys ofAndhra Pradesh, Yadavas of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and similar influenlial caste groups.

Question 13.
What is meant by Social Exclusion?
(b) Prejudices
(c) Discrimination
(d) Social Exclusion
Answer:
Social exclusion is when certain people or groups are left out from fully taking part in society. It can happen when they are ignored or not given the same opportunities as others in the fields of education, health and social security. Social exclusion is not accidental, rather it is a result of structural features of society.

Question 14.
Explain the idea ‘Scientific Management’.
Answer:
The concept of scientific management was put forward by F.W.Tayor. The main objective of this theory is improving economic efficiency and labour productivity, It is a method where tasks are broken down into smaller, repetitive elements to increase efficiency. This theory is also known as Taylorism

Question 15.
What is meant by ‘Mass Communications’?
Answer:
Mass communication refers to the distribution of information to a large audience through various channels such as television, newspapers, films, radio, and magazines. These mediums are called mass media because they reach a wide and diverse audience.

Answer any 3 questions from 16 to 19. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 16.
Explain the meaning of the concept. ‘Commodification’ with suitable examples.
Answer:
Commodification occurs mainly due to the expansion of capitalism around the world. Corn mod Wlcatxn brings previousiy non-traded goods and services into the market economy allowing them to be bought and sold. For example, jobs and skills that people have can become commodities when people start paying for those services. Other examples are bottled water, marriage bureaus, and personality development institutes. According to Marx and critics of capitalism, the process of commodification has negative social effects.

Question 17.
Find out the different aspects in the growth and expansion of mass media and communication.
Answer:
The different aspects of the growth and expansion of mass media and communication are:
(a) Economic, Political, and Cultural Influence: Mass media, like TV and newspapers, change based on money. politics, and culture. For example, ads and news stories can be ifluenced by who s paying for them and what’s happening in the world.

(b) Connection between Mass Media and Society: Mass media and society affect each other. Society shapes what’s in the media, and the media shapes how society thinks and acts.

(c) Formal Structure of Mass Communication: Mass communication, such as TV shows and news, needs a big, organized system to work.

(d) Digital Divide: Not everyone has the same access to digital things like computers and the internet. Some people have more. and some have less. This can make it hard for everyone to get the same information and opportunities.

Question 18.
What is meant by ‘Marketisation’? Discuss.
Answer:
Marketisation refers to the shift towards using market-based methods instead of government rules to address social, political, or economic issues.This includes actions like deregulation (reducing rules), privatization (selling government-owned companies), and allowing more freedom for businesses to operate.

Advocates of marketisation believe it can boost economic growth because they think private businesses are more efficient than government-run ones. For example, instead of the government directly providing a service like healthcare, it might encourage private companies to compete for customers.

This can lead to more choices for people but can also mean that those who can’t afford to pay might not get the same level of service. Marketisation is often seen as a way to promote competition and efficiency, but critics worry it can lead to inequality and prioritize profit over people’s needs.

Question 19.
Home based work is an important part of the economy, substantiate.
Answer:
Home-based work is indeed a significant component of the economy, contributing to various industries. It is when people do their jobs from their homes instead of going to a workplace. Home-based work is really important for the economy because it involves making things like lace, carpets, and bidis right from home. Usually, women and kids do this kind of work. They get materials from someone, make the products, and then that person picks them up and pays them based on how many they make.

For example, in the bidi industry, people in forest villages collect leaves and sell them to contractors. These contractors give materials to home-based workers, mostly women, who make bidis at home. The bidis are then sold to manufacturers, who put their brand labels on them and sell them to shops. During the COVID-19 pandemic, lots of people, especially in the IT sector, worked from home. Even though they were doing different jobs, both types of home-based work involve people doing their jobs from home, showing how important it is for the economy.

Answer any 3 questions from 20 to 23. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 20.
List out the differertt dimensions of ‘Globalisation’.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process by which economies, societies, and cultures become increasingly interconnected and
interdependent across national boundaries. It started in 1991 when the government decided to open up the Indian economy to the global market. Before that, the government had lots of rules to protect Indian businesses. But with liberalisation, those rules were removed. Globalisation involves the exchange of goods, services, ideas, and information on a global scale, facilitated by advancements in technology, communication, and transportation.

Factors Driving Globalisation:Transnational Corporations
One big part of globalisation is the role of big companies that operate in many countries. These are called transnational corporations. They make goods or offer services in different parts of the world.

Electronic Economy:
Another thing driving globalisation is the electronic economy. With technology, money can move around the world quickly. This is good for business, but it also brings risks like cyber threats.

Dimensions of Globalisation
(a) Economic Dimension: Economic globalization involves the increasing flow of goods, services, and capital across national borders. It,leads to the creation of a global market where businesses compete and cooperate on an international scale.

(b) Political Dimension: Political globalization involves the creation and strengthening of global organizations like the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund. Countries also collaborate on global issues such as climate change, terrorism, and human rights through treaties, agreements, and summits.

(c) Cultural Dimension: Cultures blend and evolve as they interact, leading to the emergence of hybrid identities, cuisines, and art forms. Globalization enables the dissemination of media and entertainment products worldwide, shaping popular culture and tastes.

Question 21.
List out the merits of sociological imagination.
Answer:
The concept of sociological imagination, as introduced byAmerican sociolostC. Wright Mills. offers a powerful tramework forunderstanding the intersection of personal experiences and broader social forces The sociological imagination offers several merits that enhance ow understancng of society and our place within it:

(a) Critical Thriking: It encourages individuale to question the taken-for-granted assumptions about society and examine the underlying structures that shape social phenomena.

(b) Understanding Social Context: It helps individuals understand how personal experiences are influenced by broader social forces such as history ciiture. and social institutiors.

(c) Empathy and Compassion: By recognizing the interconnectedness of personal troubles and public issues, the sociological Imagination fosters empathy and compassion towards others expenences and struggles

(d) Social Change II empowers individuals to recognize their agency in contflbuting to social change by addressing systemic inequalities and advocating for social lustice.

(e) Cultural Awareness: The sociological inagInatxn omotes cultural awareness by flighlighting the diversity of human experiences and challenging elhnocentnsm and social positions, fostering self awareness and reflexivity.

(f) Self-Reflection: It encourages individuale to reflect on their own biases, privileges.

(g) Global Perspective: By emphasizing the interconnectedness of societies and the global nature of social issues, the sociological imagination promotes a global perspective on social phenomena.

(h) Personal Growth: It fosters personal growth and development by expanding individuals’ perspectives, encouraging lifelong learning, and promoting a sense of civic responsibility.

Question 22.
Differentiate between Western and Indian meaning of secularism.
Answer:
In the western context, secularism mainly means secarating religion from government. This was a big change in the western world’s history because before, religion and politics were connected. But then, religion started becoming less importent in public life, and people could choose if they wanted to be religious or not. This happened as modern ideas like science and logic became more popular.

In India, secularism is similar to the western idea, but it also includes other things. In everyday language. ‘secular” is often used tomean the opposite of “communal.” So, when e say someone or something is secular, it means they don’t show favoritism towards any religion. Instead, they treat all religions equally. For example, in India,, the government celebrates holidays for all religions, not just one.

However, there are challenges in India because the government wants to be secular but also protect minority groups. Minonties might need extra help because they might not have the same advantages as the majority group. But when the government gives them special treatment, some people think its just for votes or support. They say it’s not fair to the majority. Others argue that without this special help, the majority might force their beliefs onto minorities.

Question 23.
Match the following:
(a) The First Backward Classes Commission Dayanand Saraswati
(b) The Second Backward Classes Commission Raja Rammohan Roy
(c) The Brahmo Samaj Jyotiba Phule
(d) The Satyashodhak Samaj B.P. Mandal
(e) The Arya Samaj Kaka Kalelkar
Answer:
(a) The First Backward Classes Commission Kaka Kaiekar
(b) The Second Backward Classes Commission- B.P. Manda
(C) The Brahmo Samaj- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) The Satyashodhak Samaj- Jyotiba Phule
(e) The Arya Samaj- Dayanand Saraswati

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 27. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 8 = 18)

Question 24.
Explain the features of National Family Planning Programme of India.
Answer:
The National Famdy Planning Programme of India started with the aim to control how fast the population grows and in what way. They wanted to make sure the population grew in a way that’s good for society. At first, the maingoal was to slow down how quickly the population was growing, They did this bytelling people about different ways they could control when they have children, like using birth control methods They also worked to make sure people knew about health issues related to population growth.

This was all happening wound 50 years ago, and since then, India has made a lot of progress in managing its population. But during a time called the National Emergency, the famay plenning program faced a big problem This was in the years 1975to 1976. During this time, normal govemment processes stopped, and the goverrcent could make special rules without needing approval from Parliament.

The government then tried to reduce the population quickly by making many people have sterilization surgeries Sterilization as a medical procedure that stops someone from being able to have children. They made a lot of poor and weak people have this Surgery, and they put a lot of pressure on government workers like teachers and office workers to bring people for sterilization. Many people didn’t like this. and there was a lot of opposition to the progran.

After the National Emergency ended, the family planning program changed.They stopped using forceful methods like making people have sterilization surgeries. Instead. they started focusing on broader goals related to society and demographics. They made new rules in 2000 as part of the National Population Policy, and in 2017, they included most of these goals in the National Health Policy. These policies set new targets for improving health and managing the population.

The history of India’s family planning program shows us that while the government can do a lot to control how fast the population grows, there are many other things that also matter. Things like money, society, and culture also play a big role in how many children people have. So, even though the government tries to manage the population, there are many factors that they can’t control completely.

Question 25.
Describe the important features of the Caste System.
Answer:
The caste system is a social structure in India that has been deeply ingrained in society for centuries. It determines a person’s social status and role based on their birth. Below are the key features of the caste system:

(a) Caste Determined by Birth:
A person’s caste is determined by the caste of their parents.
One cannotchoose their caste; it is assigned at birth
While rare, there are instances where a person may be expelled from their caste.

(b) Strict Rules about Marriage:
Marriage within one’s caste, known as endogamy, is strictly observed.
Members of a caste are expected to marry only within their own caste group.

(c) Rules about Food and Food-Sharing
Caste membership dictates what kinds of food one can eat.
There are strict guidelines about sharing food, often limiting it to members of the same caste.

(d) Hierarchy of Castes:
The caste system is structured into a hierarchy of rank and status.
Each caste occupies a specific place in the hierarchy.
While the hierarchical position of some castes may vary regionally, a hierarchy is present across all regions.

(e) Sub-Divisions within Castes
Castes are further divided into sub-castes.
Sub-castes may also have their own divisions, creating a segmental organization within the caste system.

(f) Occupational Linkage
Traditionally, castes were associated with specific occupations.
Occupations were hereditary, meaning they were passed down from generation to generation within a caste.

The caste system in India is a complex social structure that shapes every aspect of an individual’s life, from birth to occupation. Its defining features include birth-based caste assignment, strict rules about marriage and food, a hierarchical arrangement of castes, subdivision into sub-castes, and linkage with specific occupations. Despite efforts to address its inequalities, the caste system continues to influence social dynamics in India.

Question 26.
(a) Define the term‘Sanskritisation’.
(b) Critically analyse the concept ‘Sanskritisation’.
Answer:
(a) The term sanskritisation was coined by M.N. Srinivas. It may be defined as the process by which a ‘low ’caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and, in particular, a ‘twice-born (dwija) caste’.

(b) The concept of Sanskritisation reflects a multifaceted impact on Indian society. It influences various aspects such as language, literature, ideology, music, dance, and rituals. Sanskritisation operates differently in different regions of India, depending on the dominance of Sanskritised or non-Sanskritic castes.
agricultural practices, and socioeconomic disparities. Impact of colonialism on media

Criticism of Sanskritisation arises on several fronts:

1. Overstates social mobility for lower castes, leading to only positional changes within the caste.
2. Perpetuates the idea that upper-caste practices are superior, reinforcing social inequalities.
3. Justifies inequality and the purity of certain social groups.
4. Doesn’t address structural changes needed to reduce inequality, focusing instead on individual advancement.

Question 27.
Examine the impact of the ‘British Colonialism’ on Indian Society.
Answer:
British colonialism brought modern ideas and institutions to India but also imposed limitations on freedom and self-governance.

Agrarian Structure Changes:
Before British rule, land ownership was with ruling groups, but under colonialism, zamindars gained more control and imposed heavy taxes on peasants.

Implementation of Land Revenue Systems:
British rule introduced different land revenue systems:-the zamindari system, where intermediaries extracted produce or money, and the raiyatwari system, where cultivators paid taxes directly.

Consequences of Land Revenue Systems:
The zamindari system led to exploitation, stagnation, and famines, while the raiyatwari system incentivized cultivators to invest in agriculture, leading to higher productivity and prosperity.

Legacy of Colonialism:
The impact of British land revenue administration and exploitation shaped the agrarian landscape of contemporary India, influencing land ownership patterns.

1. Indian nationalism grew in response to British colonialism.
2. The nationalist press played a crucial role in nurturing anti-colonial sentiment.
3. The colonial government imposed censorship on the nationalist press.
4. Newspapers like Kesari, Mathrubhumi, and Amrita Bazar Patrika faced consequences but continued advocating for independence.
5. Mass media under British rule included newspapers, magazines, films, and radio.
6. Radio was state-owned, limiting the expression of national views.
7. Newspapers and films were monitored by the British government.
8. Despite limited circulation, print media influenced public opinion through word of mouth.
9. The media expressed a range of opinions about India’s independence.

Answer any 2 questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 28.
(a) What are the ideals of Panchayati Raj?
(b) Briefly explain the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
(a) The ideals of Panchayati Raj revolve around the concept of grassroots democracy and decentralized governance at the village level. It aims to empower local communities by ensuring democratic participation and decisionmaking.

1. Historically, village governance was influenced by caste panchayats,often representing dominant groups with conservative views.
2. Mahatma Gandhi advocated for local self-government, envisioning each village as a self-sufficient unit practicing gram swarajya.
3. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1992 granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
4. This mandated the election of local self¬government bodies every five years, giving them control over local resources.
5. The 73rd and 74th amendments reserved one-third of seats for women in all elected offices of local bodies, enhancing women’s participation in decision¬making.
6. These reforms signify a commitment to grassroots democracy, decentralization, and inclusive governance in India.

(b) According to the Constitution, Panchayats should be given powers and authority to function as institutions of self government.

1. The following powers and responsibilities were delegated the Panchayats:
2. to prepare plans and schemes for economic development.
3. to promote schemes that will enhance social justice.
4. to levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.
5. help in the devolution of governmental responsibilities, especially that of finances to local authorities.

1. Social welfare responsibilities of the Panchayats include the maintenance of burning and burial grounds.

2. Recording statistics of births and deaths, establishment of child welfare and maternity centres, control of cattle pounds, propagation of family planning and promotion of agricultural activities.

3. The development activities include the construction of roads, public buildings, wells, tanks and schools. They also promote small cottage industries and take care of minor irrigation works.

Question 29.
(a) What is meant by ‘Green Revolution’?
(b) Critically analyse the Social Consequences of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
(a) The Green Revolution, a government initiative largely funded by international agencies, aimed to modernize agriculture in India by providing high-yielding crop varieties, along with pesticides, fertilizers, and other inputs, to farmers. Its primary objective was to rapidly increase agricultural productivity to meet the growing demand for food. Focused mainly on regions with assured irrigation, such as Punjab, western U.P, coastal Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Tamil Nadu, the Green Revolution led to significant improvements in crop yields, making India self-sufficient in foodgrain production. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, a prominent agricultural scientist, played a crucial role in championing the development and implementation of high-yielding crop varieties, particularly wheat and rice, contributing to the success of the Green Revolution.

(b) The impacts of the Green Revolution in India were multifaceted. It led to rapid social and economic transformations in certain areas, boosting agricultural productivity and making the country self-sufficient in foodgrain production. However, the benefits were unevenly distributed, primarily favoring medium and large-scale farmers while exacerbating inequalities in – rural society.

The introduction of new technology and commercialization of agriculture further marginalized small and marginal farmers, leading to increased rural-urban migration. Additionally, the Green Revolution widened regional inequalities and exacerbated exploitative labor relations in feudal agrarian structures. While the initiative initially increased employment and wages for agricultural workers, it also led to economic insecurity and a loss of traditional farming knowledge. The second phase of the Green Revolution in the 1980s saw similar trends, with increased commercialization and market dependence, exacerbating livelihood insecurity, especially in dry and semi-arid regions. Calls for a return to traditional, organic farming methods have emerged in response to the negative environmental and social impacts of modern agricultural practices.

The main issues can be concluded as follows.

1. Widening inequalities, favoring medium and large-scale farmers
2. Marginalization of small and marginal farmers, leading to increased ruralurban migration
3. Exacerbation of regional inequalities and exploitative labor relations
4. Initial increase in employment and wages for agricultural workers, followed by economic insecurity
5. Loss of traditional farming knowledge and calls for a return to organic methods.

Question 30.
What are the features of a ‘Social Movement’? Explain the important theories on Social Movements.
Answer:
Social movements are when groups of people come together to push for change in society. They work together in an organized way, sharing the same goals and ideas. These movements have tackled lots of different problems throughout history, like fighting for the rights of people who are treated unfairly or challenging old-fashioned ways of doing things. Even though they often face challenges, social movements are really important for making society better and fairer for everyone.

Here are few examples of different types of social movements which brought notable changes in society.

1. Campaigns for women’s suffrage and gender equality
2. Civil rights movements advocating for racial equality
3. LGBTQ+ rights movements fighting for equal rights and recognition
4. Environmental movements addressing climate change and conservation
5. Anti-war movements opposing military intervention and advocating for peace
6. Labor movements fighting for workers’ rights and fair wages.

Sociologists and thinkers conducted various studies about the social movements and formed certain theories in connection to them. Let’s examine some major theories here.

Relative Deprivation Theory:
Relative Deprivation Theory posits that feelings of discontent and frustration arise not solely from objective deprivation or absolute poverty, but from a perceived discrepancy between one’s expectations or aspirations and one’s actual circumstances relative to others. According to this theory, individuals or groups compare their situation with that of others and feel deprived or disadvantaged when they perceive themselves as unfairly disadvantaged or lacking in comparison. Relative deprivation can fuel social movements, protests, or collective action as individuals or groups mobilize to address perceived injustices or inequalities and strive for greater equality or recognition.

This theory highlights the subjective nature of deprivation and underscores the importance of social comparisons and perceived relative status in shaping feelings of discontent and collective action. Mancus Olson’s Theory Mancur Olsen’s theory, known as the Collective Action Theory, emphasizes the, challenges and dynamics of group behavior and collective action. Olsen argues that individuals face incentives to free-ride, meaning they benefit from the collective efforts of others without contributing themselves. This results in the “logic of collective action,” where individuals have little incentive to participate in collective action

unless they believe their contribution will make a difference or they face selective incentives that motivate them to participate. Olsen’s theory highlights the importance of overcoming coordination problem sand providing selective incentives, such as material rewards or social benefits, to mobilize individuals and overcome the collective action problem. Additionally, he emphasizes the role of group size and organization in facilitating or hindering collective action efforts.

Resource Mobilisation Theory:
Resource Mobilization Theory posits that successful social movements require the effective mobilization of resources, including financial, organizational, and human resources, to achieve their goals. Developed in response to earlier’theories focusing solely on grievances or structural factors, Resource Mobilization Theory emphasizes the strategic use of resources by movement actors to maximize their impact and effectiveness.

According to this theory, social movements must build networks, establish organizations. and mobilize support to acquire and deploy resources effectively. Furthermore, Resource Mobilization Theory highlights the role of external factors, such as political opportunities and Institutional support, in shaping the mobilization and allocation of resources for social movements.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Physics Previous Year Question Papers and Answers.

Kerala Plus Two Physics Previous Year Question Paper March 2019 with Answers

Board	SCERT
Class	Plus Two
Subject	Physics
Category	Plus Two Previous Year Question Papers

Time: 2½ Hours
Cool off time: 15 Minutes

General Instructions to candidates

• There is a ‘cool off-time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time of 2½ hrs.
• You are not allowed to write your answers nor to discuss anything with others during the ‘cool off time’.
• Use the ‘cool off time’ to get familiar with the questions and to plan your answers.
• Read questions carefully before you answering.
• All questions are compulsory and the only internal choice is allowed.
• When you select a question, all the sub-questions must be answered from the same question itself.
• Calculations, figures, and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
• Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
• Give equations wherever necessary.
• Electronic devices except non-programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

The given value of constants can be used wherever necessary.

Charge of proton = 1.6 x 10^-19C
Mass of proton = 1.67 x 10^-27kg

Answer any three questions from 1 to 4. Each carries 1 score. (3 × 1 = 3)

Question 1.
A charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field at an angle of 40°. It’s path becomes …………
Answer:
Helical

Question 2.
Figure shows the symbolic representation of ……….

i) OR gate
ii) NAND gate
iii) NOR gate
iv) NOT gate
Answer:
iii) NOR gate

Question 3.
Write the unit of mobility.
Answer:

Question 4.
If ‘h’ is Planck’s constant, the momentum of a photon of wavelength 1 A° is
i) h
ii) 10^-10
iii) 10¹⁰ h
iv) 10 h
Answer:

Answer any six questions from 5 to 11. Each carries 2 scores. (6 × 2 = 12)

Question 5.
a) The ratio of electric field on the equatorial point and at the axial point at equal distances from the centre of a short electric dipole is ………..
b) A closed surface encloses an electric dipole. What is the electric flux through the surface?
Answer:

Question 6.
A series LCR circuit connected to an ac source is shown below:

a) Write an expression for impedance offered by its circuit.
b) Under what condition this circuit is used for tuning radio?
Answer:
a) Impedence Z = \(\sqrt{R^{2}+\left(x_{L}-x_{C}\right)^{2}}\)
b) at X_L = X_C this circuit is used as tuner circuit.

Question 7.
Which electromagnetic waves are used for the following purposes?
i) Diagnostic tool in medicine.
ii) Kill germs in water purifiers.
iii) Cellular phones.
iv) In remote switches of household electronic systems.
Answer:
i) X-rays
ii) Uv rays
iii) Radio Waves
iv) IR rays

Question 8.
Calculate the effective capacitance between ’a’ and ‘b’ from the figure given below:
C₁ = C₃ = 100 µF, C₂ = C₄ = 200 µF

Answer:

Question 9.

Write any two uses of polaroids.
Answer:

1. Polaroids are used in sunglasses
2. Polaroids are used to produce 3D motion films

Question 10.
The temperature dependence of resistivity of a material is shown below:

a) Identify the type of material.
b) Write the relation between resistivity and average collision time for electron.
Answer:
a) Semi conductor
b) ρ = \(\frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{ne}^{2} \tau}\)

Question 11.
What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive substance? Write its relation with a decay constant.
Answer:
Half-life is the time taken for a radioactive substance to reduce half of its initial value.
\(T_{1 / 2}=\frac{0.693}{\lambda}\)

Answer any six questions from 12 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (6 × 3 = 18)

Question 12.
A spherical shell of radius R’ is uniformly charged with charge +q. By Gauss’stheorem, find the electric field intensity at a point ‘p’.
a) Outside the spherical shell and
b) Inside the spherical shell.
Answer:
Field Due To A Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell: Consider a uniformly charged hollow spherical conductor of radius R. Let ‘q’ be the total charge on the surface.

To find the electric field at P (at a distance r from the centre), we imagine a Gaussian spherical surface having radius ‘r’.

Then, according to Gauss’s theorem we can write,
\(\int \overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}} \cdot \mathrm{d} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{1}{\varepsilon_{0}} \mathrm{q}\)
The electric field is constant,at a distance T. So we can write,

b) E = 0.

Question 13.
The equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric field at that point.
a) What is meant by equipotential surface?
b) What is the work done to move a charge on an equipotential surface?
c) Draw the equipotential surfaces for a uniform electric field.
Answer:
a) The surface over which potential is constant is equipotential surface.
b) Workdone = pd × charge
= 0 × q = 0
c)

Question 14.
The elements of earth’s magnetic field at a place are declination, dip and horizontal intensity.
a) A magnetic needle free to move in horizontal plane is shown below:

Which element of earth’s magnetic field is represented by θ in the figure?
b) The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a given place is \(\sqrt{3}\) times its horizontal component. If total intensity of earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.4 G find the value of horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
Answer:
a) Declination
b) tan θ = \(\frac{B_{V}}{B_{H}}=\sqrt{3}\)
∴ θ = 60°
B_H = B cos θ, B = 0.4 G
B_H = 0.4 × cos 60 = 0.2 G
= 0.2 × 10^-4 T

Question 15.
A transformer is used to change the alternating voltage to a high or low value.
a) What is the principle of a transformer?
b) A power transmission line feeds input power of 2300 V to a stepdown transformer with its primary windings having 4000 turns. What should be the number of turns in the secondary in order to get output power at 230 V?
Answer:
a) Mutual Induction
b) V_p = 2300 v, N_p = 4000 turns
V_s = 230 v

Question 16.
Describe Young’s double-slit experiment and derive an expression for the bandwidth of the interference band.
Answer:
Expression for bandwidth

S₁ and S₂ are two coherent sources having wave length λ. Let ‘d’ be the distance between two coherent sources. A screen is placed at a distance D from sources. ‘O’ is a point on the screen equidistant from S₁ and S₂.

Hence the path difference, S₁O – S₂O = 0
So at ‘O’ maximum brightness is obtained.
Let ‘P’ be the position of n^th bright band at a distance x_n from O. Draw S₁A and S₂B as shown in figure.
From the right angle ΔS₁AP

But we know constructive interference takes place at P, So we can take
(S₂P – S₁P) = nλ
Hence eq (1) can be written as

This is the width of the bright band. It is the same for the dark band also.

Question 17.
The schematic diagram of an experimental setup to study the wave nature of electron is shown below:

a) Identify the experiment.
b) Explain how this experiment verified the wave nature of electrons.
Answer:
a) Davisson and Germer Experiment
b)

Experimental setup: The Davisson and Germer Experiment consists of filament ‘F’, which is connected to a low tension battery. The Anode Plate (A) is used to accelerate the beam of electrons. A high voltage is applied in between A and C. ’N’ is a nickel crystal. D is an electron detector. It can be rotated on a circular scale. Detector produces current according to the intensity of incident beam.

Working: The electron beam is produced by passing current through filament F. The electron beam is accelerated by applying a voltage in between A (anode) and C. The accelerated electron beam is made to fall on the nickel crystal. The nickel crystal scatters the electron beam to different angles. The crystal is fixed at an angle of Φ = 50° to the incident beam. The detector current for different values of the accelerating potential ‘V’ is measured. A graph between detector current and voltage (accelerating) is plotted. The shape of the graph is shown in figure.

Analysis of graph:

The graph shows that the detector current increases with accelerating voltage and attains maximum value at 54V and then decreases. The maximum value of current at 54 V is due to the constructive interference of scattered waves from nickel crystal (from different planes of the crystal). Thus wave nature of electrons is established.

The experimental wavelength of electron: The wavelength of the electron can be found from the formula
2d sinθ = nλ …….. (1)
From the figure, we get
θ + Φ + θ = 180°
2θ = 180 – Φ, 2θ = 180 – 50°
θ = 65°
for n = 1
equation (1) becomes
λ = 2d sinθ ……….. (2)
for Ni crystal, d = 0.91 A°
Substituting this in eq. (2), we get
wavelength λ = 1.65 A°

The theoretical wavelength of the electron:
The accelerating voltage is 54 V
Energy of electron E = 54 × 1.6 × 10^-19 J

Discussion: The experimentally measured wave-length is found in agreement with de-Broglie wavelength. Thus wave nature of electron is confirmed.

Question 18.
The energy required to separate all the nucleons inside a nucleus is called binding energy of the nucleus.
a) Write an expression for binding energy in terms of mass defect.
b) Draw the graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number.
c) Which nucleus possess maximum binding energy per nucleon?
Answer:
a) BE = Δ mc² or
BE = (Zm_p + (A – Z) m_n – M)c²
b) Graph

c) Fe (nucleus of iron)

Answer any three questions from 19 to 22. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Niels Bohr made certain modification in Rutherford’s model by adding the ideas of quantum hypothesis.
a) State Bohr’s second postulate of quantisation of angular momentum.
b) Derive an expression for the radius and energy of the electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom.
Answer:
a) The orbital angular momentum of electron is an integral multiple of \(\frac{\mathrm{h}}{2 \pi}\)

b) Radius of the hydrogen atom: Consider an electron of charge ‘e’ and mass m revolving round the positively charged nucleus in circular orbit of radius ‘r’.
The force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron is
F = \(\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{e . e}{r^2}\)
= \(\frac{e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 r^2}\) …………(1)
This force provides the centripetal force for the orbiting electron

According to Bohr’s second postulate, we can write
Angular momentum, mvr = \(\frac{\mathrm{nh}}{2 \pi}\)
i.e., v = \(\frac{\mathrm{nh}}{2 \pi \mathrm{mr}}\)
Substituting this value of V in equation (2), we get

Energy of the hydrogen atom:
The K.E. of revolving electron is
K.E = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV²
Substituting the value of equation (5) in equation (9)
we get

Question 20.
Two long co-axial solenoids of same length are shown below:

a) Define mutual inductane of the pair of coils.
b) Derive an expression for mutual inductance of two co-axial solenoids.
c) Write the dimension of mutual inductance.
Answer:
a) Φ = MI, when I = 1 A, Φ = M
The mutual inductance of a pair of coils is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit current flows through the other.

b) Consider a solenoid (air core) of cross sectional area A and number of turns per unit length n. Another coil of total number of turns N is closely wound over the first coil. Let I be the current flow through the primary.
Flux density of the first coil B = μ₀nI
Flux linked with second coil, Φ = BAN
Φ = μ₀nIAN ………. (1)
But we know Φ = MI ………. (1)
From eq (1) and eq (2) weget
∴ MI = μ₀nIAN
M = μ₀nAN
If the solenoid is covered over core of relative per-meability μ_r
then M = μ_rμ₀nAN
c) ML²T^-2A^-2

Question 21.
A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects when
a) the telescope is in normal adjustment?
b) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.
Answer:

Question 22.
In Amplitude Modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the information signal.
a) What is meant by modulation index?
b) A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak value of 10 V used to modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage of 20 V. Determine the modulation index.
c) The block diagram of a transmitter is shown below. Identify the elements labelled X and Y.

Answer:
a) Modulation index, μ = \(\frac{A_{m}}{A_{c}}\)
b) Am = 10 V, Ac = 20 V
∴ μ = \(\frac{A_{m}}{A_{c}}=\frac{10}{20}\) = 0.5

Answer any three questions from 23 to 26. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 23.
The cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles.
a) With a suitable diagram briefly explain the working of a cyclotron and obtain an expression for cyclotron frequency.
b) Acyclotron oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the operating magnetic field for accelerating protons?
Answer:
a) Principles: Cyclotron is based on two facts

1. An electric field can accelerate a charged particle.
2. A perpendicular magnetic field gives the ion a circular path.

Constructional Details: Cyclotron consists of two semicircular dees D₁ and D₂, enclosed in a chamber C. This chamber is placed in between two magnets. An alternating voltage is applied in between D₁ and D₂. An ion is kept in a vacuum chamber.

Working: At certain instant, let D₁ be positive and D₂ be negative. Ion (+ve) will be accelerated towards D₂ and describes a semicircular path (inside it). When the particle reaches the gap, D₁ becomes negative and D₂ becomes positive. So ion is accelerated towards D₁ and undergoes a circular motion with larger radius. This process repeats again and again.

Thus ion comes near the edge of the dee with high K.E. This ion can be directed towards the target by a deflecting plate.

Mathematical expression: Let ‘v’ be the velocity of ion, q the charge of the ion and B the magnetic flux density.
If the ion moves along a semicircular path of radius Y, then we can write

Eq. (2) shows that time is independent of radius and velocity.

Resonance frequency (cyclotron frequency): The condition for resonance is half the period of the accelerating potential of the oscillator should be ‘t’. (i.e., T/2 = t or T = 2t). Hence period of AC
T = 2t

Question 24.
The experimental set up to find an unknown resistance using a metre bridge is shown below:

a) What is the principle of a metre bridge?
b) If the balance point is found to be at 39.5 cm from the end ‘A’, the resistor ‘S’ is of 12.5 Ω. Determine the resistance ‘R’. Why are the connections between resistors in a metre bridge made of thick copper strips?
c) If the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the bridge would the galvanometer show any current?
Answer:
(a) Wheatstone’s condition \(\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{R}{S}\)

(b) S 12.5Ω , l = 39.5 cm
\(\frac{\mathrm{R}}{\mathrm{~S}}=\frac{l}{100-l}\)
R = \(\frac{\mathrm{S} \times l}{100-l}\) = \(\frac{12.5 \times 39.5}{100-39.5}\) = 8.2 Ω
The resistors in metre bridge are made of thick copper strips to minimise the resistance of connection.

c) No. The galvanometer will not show any current.

Question 25.
The circuit used to change alternating voltage to direct voltage is called rectifier.
a) With a neat diagram, explain the working of a full wave rectifier having two diodes.
b) What is the output frequency of a full wave rectifier if the input frequency is 50 Hz?
c) Draw the output wave form across the load resistance connected in the full wave rectifier circuit.
Answer:
a) Full wave rectifier:
Circuit details

Full wave rectifier consists of transformer, two diodes and a load resistance R_L. Input a.c signal is applied across the primary of the transformer. Secondary of the transformer is connected to D₁ and D₂. The output is taken across R_L.

Working: During the +ve half cycle of the a.c signal at secondary, the diode D₁ is forward biased and D₂ is reverse biased. So that current flows through D₁ and R_L.

During the negative half cycle of the a.c signal at secondary, the diode D₁ is reverse biased and D₂ is forward biased. So that current flows through D₁ and R_L. Thus during both the half cycles, the current flows through R_L in the same direction. Thus we get a +ve voltage across R_L for +ve and -ve input. This process is called full wave rectifcation.

b) 100 Hz

(c)

Question 26.
A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a spherical mirror falls at a point M as shown in the figure below:

a) Identify the type of mirror used in the diagram.
b) By drawing a suitable ray diagram, obtain the mirror equation.
c) If the mirror is immersed in water, its focal length ………….
Answer:
a) Concave mirror

b)

Let points P, F, C be pole, focus and centre of curvature of a concave mirror. Object AB is placed on the principal axis. A ray from AB incident at E and then reflected through F. Another ray of light from B incident at pole P and then reflected. These two rays meet at M. The ray of light from point B is passed through C. Draw EN perpendicular to the principal axis.
Δ IMF and Δ ENF are similar.

applying sign covention we get
PI = -v
PF = -F
PA = -u
Substituting these values in eq.(4) we get

This is called mirror formula or mirror equation,

c) Remain the same

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two History Board Model Paper 2020 with Answers

Answer all question from 1 to 4. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives:
a) “Travels in the Mughal Empire” was written by:
i) Harihara aoslano
ii) Bukka 6013,90
iii) Adbur Razzaq
iv) Francois Bernier
Answer:
a) Francois Bernier

b) The guardian deity of Vijayanagar empire was oilssaDmroa
i) Vithala oflioraej
ii) Pampadevi ajomioeiiail
iii) Virupaksha
iv) Rama
Answer:
iii) Virupaksha

c) The officer who discovered the ruins at Hampi:
i) Colin Mackenzie
ii) Thomas Roe erooaoo” eos
iii) John Wilkins 6933918 oildsteelndatf
iv) James stuart assuslomf
Answer:
i) Colin Mackenzie

d) Who built the town Nagalpuram?
i) Krishnadeva Raya
ii) Ramaraya
iii) Kampil Devaraya
iv) Vasudeva 0100361301
Answer:
d) Krishnadeva Raya

Question 2.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriates from coloumn B.

A	B
Khalsa Panth	Lingayat
Vachanam	Alvars
Nglayira Divya Prabandham	Religious tax
Jizya	Guru Gobind Singh

Answer:

A	B
Khalsa Panth	Guw Gobind Singh
Vachanam	Lingayat
Nglayira Divya Prabandham	Jvars
Jizya	Religious tax

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological order:
Answer:

1. Kunchiya Revolt – 1812
2. Malabar Rebellion – 1921
3. Vaikom Satyagraha – 1924 – 25
4. Temble Entry Proclamation – 1936

Question 4.
Find the relation between the two parrts of item ‘a’ and fill in the blanks of item ‘b’ accordingly”
i) a) Head of the
Panchayat : Muqaddam

b) Accountant of
Panchayat : _____
Answer:
Patwari

ii) a) Supervisor of the
fiscal system : Diwan

b) Revenue Collector : ______
Answer:
Amil – guzar

iii) a) Ottoman : Turkey
b) Safavid : ______
Answer:
Iran

iv) a) Akbarnama : Abdul Fazl
b) Badshanama : ______
Answer:
Abdul Hamid Lahori

Question 5.
Identify the following places related to the revolt of 1857 and mark them on the outline map of Ancient India provided. (4 x 1 = 4)
a) The place which was described as the ‘Nursery of Bengal Army’.
b) The Place where Rani Lakshmi Bai led the revolt of 1857.
c) The place where Kunwar Singh led Revolt of 1857.
d) The place where Nana Sahib led the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
a) Awadh
b) Jhansi
c) Arrah
d) Kanpur

Answer all the questions from 6 to 12. Each carries 2 scores. (7 × 2 = 14)

Question 6.
Write a note on the teachings of Buddha.
Answer:
The basis of Buddhism is Four Arya (Noble) Truths with Ashtangamarga. The 4 Noble Truths Buddha taught are:
a) The world is a sorrowful place.
b) Desires are the cause of sorrow.
c) If we deny our desires, we can avoid sorrow.
d) By following the Ashtanga Marga, you can overcome sorrow. The ashtanga margas are: right word, right deed, right life, right efforts, right memory, right view, right decision and right meditation.

Question 7.
Describe the features of Mihajanapadas.
Answer:
In most Janapadas, it was monarchy. In some Mahajanapadas, there was rule by a group of people representatives. Such groups with ruling powers were ‘sanghas’ or ‘ganas’. In the gana-ruled places, the administration was done by a person chosen by the people’s representatives or by a group. They were called by the common name kings. Mahavira and Buddha belonged to such gana-nations. In some countries the entire land was owned by the king (combined ownership). Some of these countries existed for more than a thousand years. Each Mahajanapada had a capital of its own. The capital was made safe by building fortresses around it. Mahajanapadas maintained armies and alsb a number of officials.

Question 8.
Define Sulh-i-kul
Answer:
‘Sulh-i-kul’ means complete peace. The Chronicles point out that in the Mughal Empire there were Hindus, Jains, Zorashtrians, Buddhists, Muslimsand Christians. The Emperor, Akbar, was a tolerant person and he extolled the virtues of unity, peace and stability. He worked with all communities to ensure peace and justice. Thus Sulh-i-kul was an important feature of Akbar’s rule.

1. Abul Fazl points out that it was the base of an ^ enlightened rule.
2.  It helped all the religious groups to have their faith and modes of worship. But it did not allow the different groups to fight or jeopardise the security of the country.
3. Akbar made special efforts to put ‘Sulh-i-kul’ into practice. It was executed through policy.
4. Akbar stopped taking religious taxes. Non- Muslims had to pay Jizya. All these were stopped by Akbar as they were religious taxes.

Question 9.
Write any two features of Kitab
Answer:
AI-Biruni’sKitab-ul-Hind, written in Arabic, issimple and lucid. It is a voluminous text, divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as religion, philosophy, festivals, astronomy, alchemy, manners and customs, social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology. He adopted a distinctive structure in each chapter. He began the chapter with a question. Then a description was made on the basis of Sanskrit tradition. The chapter was concluded with a comparison with other cultures. Some present day scholars argued that this almost geometric structure, remarkable for its precision and predictability. It reflects his mathematical orientation.

Question 10.
Write a short note on Akbarnama.
Answer:
Abul Fazl was the writer of Akbamama. Akbar Nama is divided into three books of which the first two are chronicles. The third book is Ain- i-Akbari. The first two volumes contain the history of mankind from Adam to one celestial cycle of Akbar’s life. The second volume closes in the forty-sixth regnal years of Akbar. The objective of Akbar Nama was to provide a detailed account of Akbar’s regin. At the same time it gives a detailed picture of all aspects of Akbar’s empire – geographic, social, administrative and cultural without reference to chronology.

Question 11.
Write a short noteon Dharma Sastras.
Answer:
With the coming of the new towns and cities, social life became more complex. Then people started questioning the old faiths and rituals. To face these challenges, the Brahmins formulated a code of conduct. These code of conduct were to be rigidly observed by the common people, but only less rigidly by Brahmins. From 500 BC, these rules were published as Sanskrit books. They were known as Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras.

Question 12.
Distinguish betweenAlwars and Nayanars.
Answer:
Some of the early Bhakti Movement were led by the Alvars and Nayanars. Alvars-devotaes of vishnu, Nayana’s – devotes of Shiva. Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmins. The tradition of the Alvars and Nayanars were considered important. Many claimed that their composition were an important on the vedas. For exam pie, one of the major anthologies of composition by the Alvars, the Nalayira Divya Prabandam, was known as Tamil Veda. This text was considered as significant as four vedas in Sanskrit.

Answer all three questions from 13 to 15. Each carries 3 scores. (3 × 3 = 9)

Question 13.
Analyse the features of ‘Amaranayaka’ system of the Vijayanagar empire.
Answer:
In Vijayanagara Empire there was the system of “Amara Nayaka”. This system had many of the features of the “Iqta system’ of the Delhi Sultans. Amara Nayakas were military commanders. Vijayanagara kings gave them some regions to govern. These regions were called ‘Amara’.

The governing of these regions was done by the Amaranayaks. They collected taxes of different kinds from the farriers, traders, artisans and big merchants. A big portion of the income was used for their personal needs. The other part was spent in maintaining horses and elephants. A small portion was also spent on maintaining temples and irrigation. Amaranayakas rendered military help to the kings of Vijayanagara. It was by using this military might that the kings brought the Southern Peninsula under their control.

Amaranayakas were to give the king tribute every year. They also had to visit the king and give him gifts to show their loyalty to him. To show that the king had power over them, he used to transfer amaranayakas to different places. Even then by the 17th century the amaranayakas became powerful and some of them started challenging the authority of the king. Some even established independent states. This caused the slow disintegration of Vijayanagara.

Question 14.
Describe the efforts made by Shajehan Begum and Sultan Jehan Begum to preserve Sanchi Stupa.
Answer:
Shajahan Begum and her successor Sultan Jahan Begum protected the Stupa. They spent a lot of money in the maintenance of this ancient monument. , Sultan Jahan Begum took great interest in the matters related to Sanchi. She donated money to build a museum and a guest house there. It was by staying in this guest house, John Marshal wrote volumes about Sanchi. To publish the writings of John Marshal also, Jahan Begum sanctioned money. John marshal dedicated his books to Sultan Jahan Begum. The protection and maintenance of the Sanchi ‘ monuments were possible because of the discretion and foresight of the rulers of Bhopal.

Question 15.
Who were Jotedars? How did they become more powerful in the rural areas of Bengal?
Answer:
Jotedars were a group of rich peasants who consolidated their position in the villages.
By the start of the 19th century, jotedars became owners of extensive lands. Thousands of acres of land were occupied by them. Local trade, giving money on interest, etc. were controlled by jotedars. Thus they were able to exercise control over the poor village peasants. In the lands of jotedars, share cropping was the practice. Those who did the cultivation in these lands were called ‘adhiyar’. Jotedars often took more than half of the total harvest as their share.

Answer any 4 questions from 16 to 20. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 16.
Analyse the resistance movements of Pazhassi Raja and Paliathachan.
Answer:
The Pazhassi Revolt was one of the most significant revolts in South India against the British. There were two stages in the Pazhassi Revolt. The 1st stage is from 1793 to 1797. Pazhassi started his revolt by preventing the tax collection for the British. Pazhasi’s army consisted of Muslim and Nair farmers and members of Kurichi tribe. Pazhassi requested the help of Mysore to drive away the British from Wayanad. The British army was continuously defeated and in 1797, St withdrew from Wayanad, making an agreement with Pazhassi. With this the first stage ended.

The 2nd stage of the Revolt started in 1800. The reason was the move of the British to take over Wayanad. With the help of the Kurichis and Kurumbars in his army, Pazhassi withstood the attacks. Finally Wellesley defeated Pazhassi in a bitter battle. Pazhassi still continued his resistance. But an army under Thomas Harvey Bebar, a subcollector of Thalassery, defeated Pazhassi on 30 November 1805.ln the battle, Pazhassi lost his life.

Paliathacchanwasthe Prime Minister of Kochi. He had enmity with Macaulay. Veluthampi Dalawa made a secret agreement with Paliathacchan. In 1808 the combined armies of Travancore and Kochi attacked the residence of Macaulay in Kochi. The Resident escaped in a British ship. The British hit back. They attacked Kochi. Paliathacchan withdrew from the revolt by signing a treaty with the British.

Question 17.
Explain the features of Swarupams.
Answer:
Swaroopam was a political centre of the 12th century Kerala. It maintained a small army. They were called Ayirathavar, Pathinayirathavar, Padamalanayarand so on. Swaroopams had household deities. There was something called ‘ariyittuvazhcha’. The eldest member of the family became the Moopan with elaborate rituals. The elevation to this status is called ariyittuvazhcha. It was also called ‘Hiranyagarbham’. During this time the rulers took some fancy titles. Swaroopams had their own land. Their main income was from land. They also had political power over areas under their jurisdiction.

Question 18.
Explain the Dhamma Policy of Ashoka.
Answer:
Asoka tried to hold his empire together by propagating dhamma. Its Principles were simple and virtually universally applicable. Respect towards elders, generosity towards Brahmanas and those who renounced wordly life, treating slavesand servants kindly, and respect for religions and traditions other than one’s own were its main principles Special. Officers, known as the dhamma mahamatta, were appointed to spread the message of dhamma.

Question 19.
The Revolt of 1857 was particularly widespread in Awadh. Analyse the reason.
Answer:
The taking over of Awadh by the British made the local kings, talukdars, peasants and sepoys very unhappy and angry. By taking over Awadh, not only the Nawab but also many talukdars lost their jobs. The talukdars had many estates and fortresses in the villages of Awadh. They had been in control of these lands for generations. They had much power in the villages. They also used to keep small army units with them. Some even had armies numbering up to 12,000 soldiers. Even the small ones had 200 footmen.

The British refused to accept the autonomy and authority of the talukdars. Soon after they took over . Awadh, they dispersed the armies of the talukdars and destroyed their fortresses. As talukdars lost their positions, their social status was lost. The relations between them and the farmers were ruined. They helped peasants in their needs. They also gave peasants loans during festivals. Peasants also showed loyalty to talukdars. But the coming of the British spoiled all these. The taking over of Awadh by the British made the sepoys also unhappy. Many o f them were from Awadh itself. They did noMike the idea of their birthplace getting into the hands of the British.

Question 20.
Analyse the elements to the considered by historians while handling texts like Mahabharata.
Answer:
When talking about books, historians take certain aspects into consideration.

1. Their language, whether it is in Pali, Prakrit, Tamil or Sanskrit.
2. Their genre – Are they mantras or stories?
3. Their authors, their viewpoints, the ideas that prompted them to write the book.
4. Their intended readers. Writers write books keeping in view the interests of their intended readers.
5. Their time and place of publication.

Only after looking into these things, the historians assess the contents of the books and their historical importance.

Answer any 1 of the questions from 21 and 22, which carries 5 score. (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 21.
‘Partition is the culmunation point of a long history.’ Based on the statement explain the causes and events that led to the partition of the country.
Answer:
Some scholars say that the Partition was the result of the communal politics that began in India in the beginning of the 20th century. It was the separate constituencies allowed to the Muslims that caused such divisive thinking. Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 allowed these separate constituencies. The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms expanded the concept still further. Separate constituencies helped the Muslims to elect their own representiatives. This was exploited by the politicians.

They started promoting religious thinking. Each politician, whether Hindu or Muslim, did some favours to the members of his community and thus gained acceptance among them. Their only purpose as to gain power by playing the religious card. Religious concepts began to influence politics. Enmity between religious groups grew.
Some incidents that took place in the first decades of the 20th century also increased the tension between the two communities. In the 1920s and 30s, this enmity grew.

1. Singing in front of the mosques, Save-the-Cow Movement, and the Suddhi Movement by Arya Samaj which tried to bring back coverts into other religion’s including Islam, made the Muslims unhappy.
2. The growth of some Islamic Organizations like Tabligh (Islamic Preaching) enraged Hindus.
3. Fanatics in both groups tried to organize their members with greater unity and solidarity. Opposing groups often clashed. This caused communal riots in many parts of the country.

First elections to the provincial Assemblies were conducted in 1937. Only between 10 to 12% of the population had voting rights. The Congress won big victories. In 5 provinces, it had simple majority. In two provinces it had the highest number of seats. Thus Congress was able to form ministries in 7 out of 11 provinces. In two provinces there was coalition government.

1. In the Muslim Constituencies, the performance of the Congress was bad.
2. The performance of the Muslim League was very bad. It got only a small portion of the Muslim votes polled.

In the North-West Frontier Province, it did not get even a single seat. In Punjab there were 84 Reservation seats. The League got only 2 out of these. In Sindh there were 33 Reservation seats. The League got 3. Provincial elections were again held in 1946. The League’s success in the election was spectacular. The cabinet mission visited India and submitted its report. There is a disagreement between the league and the congress overthis.

Partition soon became inevitable. Most Congress leaders were against it. But they had to finally agree to it They knew that although it was undesirable it was inevitable. There were only two people who vehemently opposed partition – Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi (Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan).

Question 22.
Describe the life style of the Paharias and their relations with outsiders.
Answer:
In official documents, people who inhabited the highlands are called pahariyas. The journal of Buchanan gives some interesting accounts of the Pahariyas.

1. Pahariyas lived on the Rajmahal hills. For their livelihood they depended on the forest. They got their food from the forest. They also did shifting cultivation. They cleared small tracts in the forest and dug the ground with their hoes, planting pulses and com. After using the tracts for some time they left them fallow to restore their fertility and moved to another place.

2. For food, the Pahariyas collected a kind of flowers called ‘mahua’ from forests. They also collected cocoons of silkworms and resin for sale. They collected wood to make charcoal. They grazed ’ their animals in the grasslands of the forests. Thus they did many things connected with the forest.

3. They lived in huts made among tamarind groves. They rested in the shade of trees. They considered the entire area their own. Their being and life depended on these forests.

Answer any 2 questions from 23 to 26. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 23.
The most unique features of Harappan civilization was the development of urban centres. Based on this statement examine the main features of the town planning of Mohenjadaro.
Areas to be considered
• The Citadel
• Great Bath
• Domestic Architecture
• Drainage System
Answer:
The greatest site of Harappan civilization is Mohenjo Daro. This was discovered after Harappa. It is from Mohenjo Daro that evidences of town planning, dwellings and seals of the Harappan civilization were discovered. This bigcity is situated in the Larkana District of Sindh on the shore of River Sindhu. The meaning of Mohenjo Daro is The Mound of the Dead”. The excavations done here brought to light the rem ains of a well planned city. This city was divided into two parts-The Citadel and the Lower Town.

The Citadel: Citadel is a small manmade plafform. It is located on the western side of the city. Citadel is the highest part of the city. There are t reasons for the unusual height of the citadel. First of all it is built on a higher ground. Secondly its buildings are constructed on the bricks made of earth. The citadel is protected by building walls around it. There are many big buildings in the citadel. They have been used vanous special purposes. The main buildings of the citadel are The Warehouse, and the Great Bath.

The Great Bath: The most important structure in the citadel of Mohenjo Daro is the Great Bath. It is in rectangular shape. The pond is in the yard which is surrounded by corridors on all four sides. To get into the pond there are steps on the northern and southern sides. The bottom of the pond is made watertight using bi1icks and lime paste. This prevents the water from seeping down and making the pond dry. There are rooms on 3 sides of the pond. There was a big well in one of the rooms.

The water for the pond was brought from this well. There were provisions for filling the pond with water and to make the dirty water flow out into drains. Historians think that the Great Bath had a religious
importance. They think that this Great Bath was used for ritual baths. The Qreat Bath shows the importance the Harappans gave to cleanliness. It also shows their engineering and technical skills.

Domestic Architecture: The Lower Town was just below the citada. This was also protected by walls. People lived here. Here we can see good examples of domestic architecture. The houses were made of bricks. The houses were ordered in the Grid System. The houses were built along both sides of the road, with adequate space between houses. The doors and windows were opened to face the central yard. It is believed that the yard was used for cooking and also weaving.

The houses did not have doors and windows that faced the street. All the houses had bathrooms. They were paved with bricks. The drainage system was excellent Houses were different in size. There were single room and double room houses. There wpre also houses with more than two storeys. To get to the top stones there were staircases.Big houses had wells. It was dug in a room in such a way that even outsiders could draw waterfrom it. Experts estimate that Mohenjo Daro had some 700 wells. Houses were built on raised platforms. The settlements were well planned. The bricks were made to certain specifications. The same kind of bricks was used in most constructions.

The drainage system: The drainage system In the Harappan cities was excellent. The drain of each house was linked to the drainage canal outside. The drainage canals were covered with bricks or sheets of rock. In some places they covered the drainage canals with limestone slabs. It was possible to clean the canals by removing the top coverings. There were manholes in the public drainage. It is believed that the drainage was madefirslandthencamethehouses. Thedrainage system shows the engineering skill of the Harappan people. It shows they had a town administration. It aise shows how much importance they gave to hygiene and health. The drainage system was not limited to big cities. Even the settlements in places like Lothal had drainages.

Question 24.
Explain the popular struggles led by Gandhiji against the British. Areas to be considered.
• Non-co-operation Movement
• Salt Satyagraha
• Quit I ndia Movement
Answer:
In January 1915, Gandhiji returned to his homeland. His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University. In 1916, Gandhiji was approached by a peasants . from Champaran, who told him about the harsh treat: mentof peasants by British indgo planters. Gandhiji was to spend much of 1917 in Champaran, seeking to obtain for the peasants had the freedom to cultivate the crops of their choice. In 1918, he was involved in two campaigns in his home state of Gujarat.

First, he intervened the labour dispute in Ahmedabad demanding better working conditions for the textile mill workers. Then he joined the peasants in Kheda in asking the state for the remission of taxes following the failure of harvest. During the great war of 1914-18 the British had insti-tuted censorship of the press and permitted detention without trial. It had been passed on the recom-mendation of a committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlett. So it is known as Rowlatt Act. Gandhiji called for a country wide campaign against the Rowlatt Act. The protest were particularly intense in the Punjab.

Gandhiji proceeded to the Punjab. But on the way he was detained. The situation in the province grew progressively more tense, reaching a bloody climax in Amritsar in April 1919. A British brigadier ordered his troops to open fire on a nationalist meeting. More than four hundred people were killed. This incident is known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. To broaden the straggle Gandhiji had joined hands with the Khilafat movement. It started to restore the caliphate a symbol of pan Islamism. The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first strong moment of Gandhi against the British. It was part of Gandhi’s concept of non-violence.

The Non-Cooperation Movement had three aims:

1. Find a solution to the Punjab problem.
2. Solve the Khilafat issue.
3. Gain swaraj.

The exhortations of Gandhiji had great effect. Students boycotted government institutions. Thousands of workers in cities and towns went on strike. Official records show that in 1921 there were 396 strikes involving 6 lakh workers. 7 lakh working days were lost. In the Non-Cooperation Movement, women and farmers took active part.

The Chauri-Chaura incident was big jolt to the Movement. Gandhi was forced to stop the Movement. Violence in Chauri-Chaura occurred when police fired at a procession of farmers. The enraged farmers attacked the Chauri-Chaura police station and burnt it. 22 policemen were killed. This shocked Gandhiji. He realized that people were not yet ready to fight using non-violence. On 22 February 1922, he decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He said that no provocation would justify the killing of the 22 policemen.

Gandhi planned a new way of struggle against the British. This was the Civil Disobedience Movement. He said he would start it by breaking the Salt Law. Salt Law was one of the laws that Indians hated most. Gandhi’s move to breach the salt law was a strategic one. He knew by this he could make the people fight against the government. On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards ocean. He reached the destination three weeks later, making fistful of salt as he did and there making himself a criminal in the eyes of the law. Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were conducted in other parts of India.

Across large parts of India peasants breached the hated colonial forest laws. In some towns, factory workers went on strike shile lawyers boycotted British courts and students refuse to attend government run-education institutions. Nearly 6000 Indians in¬cluding Gandhiji were arrested. The British government continued a series of Round Table Conferences in London. The first Round Table Conference was held in 1930. Gandhiji or any prominent Congress leaders did not participate in the conference. Gandhiji was released from jail in 1931 and the following month had several meetings with the victory. This led to the Gandhi Irwin Pact, by the terms of which disobedience movements.

After the failure of Cripps Mission, Gandhiji decided to start his third phase of struggle against British rule. This is known as Quit India Movement. It started in August 1942. The immediate cause of this Move¬ment was the failure of the Cripps Mission. Gandhi demanded that the British should leave India peace¬fully and in a timely manner. Congress accepted that idea. On 8 August 1942, Congress met at Bombay and passed a resolution asking the British to quit India. The resolution made it clear that to make the British go away, a struggle would be organized un¬der Gandhi. This struggle is known as Quit India Movement. Gandhi asked the people to come into the open with the slogan ‘Do or Die’.

a) It was a popular movement. Thousands of ordi nary people came with their support. Youths were ready to quit colleges and go to jail.
b) It showed the willingness of the people to suffer for freedom and to go to any extent to achieve freedom.
c) It made the British realize that their days were numbered. It forced them to negotiate the transfer of power.
d) It brought world’s attention to the Indian struggle forfreedom.

Question 25.
Explain the features of the Imperial household and officials of the Mughal Period.
Answer:

The Mughal nobility came from different backgrounds. Members were chosen from different religious and Class and tribal groups. There were Mughals, Afghans, Turks, Persians, Indian Muslims and Rajputs in this assembly.
Iranians gaind high offices under Jahangir his politi cally influential queen, Nurjahan, was an Iranian. Aurangzeb appointed Rajputs to high position. All holders of government offices held a rank corn pnsing two numerical designations. Zat whh was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official and Sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service.

The nobles participated in military campaigns with their armies and also served as office of the empire in the provinces. For members of the nobility, Imperial service was a way of acquiring power, wealth and highest possible reputation. If a person desred to join the imperial service, he should submit a petition to the noble. It was the noble who presented the ‘Tajwiz’ to the emperor. If the applicant was found suitable a manab was granted to him. The Mir bakshi presented all candidates for appointment or promotion. There were two other important ministers at the centre: the Diwan- i-ala and Sadar-us-Sudar. The three inisters occasionally came together as an advisory body but were independent of each other.

Nobles stationed at the court were known as Tainat – I – rakab. They were reserved force to be deputed to a province or military campaign. It was their duty to guard the emperor and his household round the dock. The Mughal rulers gave important consideration for maintaining records. All royal orders were presented in the royal court. All applications and documents were preserved by a group of palace scribes. These scribes or writers were called ‘waqianavis’. They worked under the ‘mir bakshi’. The agents of the aris tocrats and the regional authorities recorded all the processes of the royal court under the heading “News from the Exalted Courr or Akbarat.

The times and dates of the Royal Court have been recorded here. ‘Akbarat’ has all the details regarding the attendance in the Court, the assigning of jobs and titles, the diplomatic missions, the gifts received and even the enquiries the Emperor made about the health of the off icials. This information is quite valuable in the writing the life histories and activities of rulers and aris tocrats.

The Mughal postal system helped in exchanging communication. It was through the royal post that news and official documents were sent all over the country. There were runners to carry the post and to pass information to the Emperor quickly. It is reported that there were 4000 runners in the country. They carried the papers in the form of scrolls carried in bamboo boxes. They rked all the time with hardly any rest. This postal system helped the king to get information from faraway places in record time. The Mughal Empire was divided into many Provinces.

They were called subas. Provincial Administration was a miniature model of the Central administration. In the Provinces also there were Ministers and officials to help them. The head of the provincial administration was called Subadar (Provincial Governor). He was appointed by the emperor. The Subadar had to report directly to the emperor.

1. Each province was divided into districts, called sarkars. They were under officials called faujdars (commandants). There were plenty of footmen and gun-carrying soldiers in every district.
2. The sarkars were divided into parganas (sub-districts). The officials in charge of parganas were known as qanungo, chaudhuri, and quazi. Qanungo kept the revenue records. Choudhari collected the revenues. Qazi handled judicial matters.
3. Parganas were divided into villages. They were administered by gramasabhas.

The household of the rulers was called harem. Harem is a Persian word meaning a holy place. It included the ruler’s wives, concubines, close and distant relatives including mother, step-mothers, foster¬mothers, sisters, daughters, daughters-in-law, aunts, children, maid servants and slaves.

The Mughal rulers had two types of wives – begams – and aghas. Begams came from royal families. They came with a lot of dowry (mahar) by way of things, ornaments and money. They received preferential treatment in their husband’s household. They were given greater consideration by their husbands. The oth€r wives (aghas) were not from royal families.

The aghacha occupied the lowest position, in the hierarchy of females. They all received monthly allowances in cash. The aga and the aghacha could rise to the position of a begam depending on the husbandwill. 1) He should not have four wives. Love’ and motherhood played important roles in elevating such women to the status of legally wedded wives.

Besides, numerous mole and female slaves populated the Mughal household. Slaves moved between the external and internal I ife of the household as guards, servants and also as agent for women dabbling in commerce.
After Nurjahan, Mughal queens and princesses began to control significant financial resources. Shah Jahan’s daughters Jahannara and Roshnara enjoyed an annual income often equal to that of high imperial mansabdars. She also collected revenue from the port city of Surat.

Jahanara was the daughter of Shah Jahan. She was in-charge of the gardens and buildings. Shah Jahan made a new capital known as Shahjahanabad. Jahanara was the one who planned many of the buildings in the new capital. Here a two-storeyed inn with a fine sit-out and garden needs special mention. She was the one who planned the Chandni Chowk Bazar, the main centre in Shahjahanabad.

When Akbar asked Abul Fazl to write the history of his rule, he also asked his aunt Gulbadan to help. He asked her the record the memoirs of Babur’and Humayun. Akbar thought that this would help Abul Fazl in his work. Gulbadan Began accepted this challenge and wrote a book titled ‘Humyun-nama. She has written here about the fights and confrontations among the kings and princes. She has also shown how the elderly ladies of the family helped in solving such disputes.

Question 26.
Compare the perspectives of Battuta and Barnier ” based on thier descriptions on Indian Society. Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their travel notes with their different views. Ibn Battuta was attracted by the newness and strangeness of things. He wrote about all the things that interested and impressed him. But Bernier’s descriptions were quite different. He gave more importance to negative things. He was interested in the contrasts he found between the things in Europe, especially in his country, France, and here. He wanted to influence the rulers to take just decisions.

Bernier presented India on the model of the binary opposition. This way India was presented as directly opposite to Europe. He also presented the differences between India and Europe on a comparative scale. India was at the lowest rung of the ladder. In short Bernier felt that India was inferior and worse to the Western countries. Bernier talked about land ownership in India. There was no private ownership of land here. The land here belonged to the king.

The king divided the land among his lords. This was not good as people did not take interest in developing the land and invest in the land for long term purposes. Bernier says that there was no Middle Class in India. There were only 2 classes – the poor and the rich. The poor were the majority and they were suppressed by the ruling minority. There were too poor and too rich people, but there was no middle state. Bernier did not have a good impression about the Mughal Empire and its rulers.

The village communities were poor. They were often mistreated by the cruel landlords. Since there was no private land, people were not willing to work hard. Taxes were heavy. On the whole life in the village was unpleasant. Bernier thought that the Mughal rulers were more interested in their comfort and luxury. They werenot much worried about the welfare of the subjects. To Bernier Indian cities were Cam p Towns. But his views are contracted by modern historians. Bernier himself wrote to say that there were large scale exports from the country. Naturally from camp towns, they could not have exported a lot of things. For that they would need manufacturing cities, trade cities and port cities.

One touching description in Bernier’s writing is the description of Sati. The widow in his description was a girl of about 12. He witnessed this piteous incident in Lahore. This is what he wrote: “In Lahore, I saw a girl of 12 giving up her life in the pyre of her husband. She came to the pyre like a dead person. She was trembling with fear. She was crying piteously. I can’t, describe the pain she must have been experiencing then. With the help of an old woman, 4 Brahmins performed the rituals. That woman forced the girl to sit on the pyre. To prevent her from running away her’ hands and legs were tied. That poor girl was burnt alive.”  We must admit that Bernier was often prejudiced against the East. But his descriptions offer us valuable information about the society and its ways of life at the time of his visit to India.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two History Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers

Answer the following questions from 1 to 42 upto a maximum score of 80.

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriates from column ‘B’: (5 × 1 = 5)

A	B
Bahadur Shah	Lucknow
Nana Sahib	Barout
Kunwar Singh	Delhi
Birjis Qadr	Kanpur
Shah Mai	Arrah

Answer:

A	B
Bahadur Shah	Delhi
Nana Sahib	Kanpur
Kunwar Singh	Arrahe
Birjis Qadr	Lucknow
Shah Mai	Barout

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives: (5 × 1 = 5)
i) Who founded the Mauryan empire?
a) Bimbisara
b) Ajatasatru
c) Chandragupta Maurya
d) Ashoka
Answer:
(i) Chandragupta Maurya

ii) Prayaga Prashasti was composed by:
a) Kautilya
b) Megasthenes
c) Harishena
d) Prabhavati Gupta
Answer:
(ii) Harishena

iii) The first gold coins in ancient India was issued by:
a) Kushanas
b) Mauryas
c) Vakatakas
d) Satavahanas
Answer:
(iii) Kushanas

iv) Which among the following was a provincial centre of the Mauryas?
a) Puhar
b) Mathura
c) Rajagaha
d) Suvamagiri
Answer:
(iv) Suvamagiri

v) Identify the chiefdom which rules Tamilakam.
a) Yaudheyas
b) Cholas
c) Guptas
d) Shakas
Answer:
(v) Cholas

Question 3.
Find the relation between the two parts of item (a) and fill in the blanks of item (b) accordingly. (5×1=5) ~
i) a) Mahavira : India
b) Socrates : _______
Answer:
Greece

ii) a) Buddha’s enlightenment : BodhaGaya
b) Buddha’s first Sermon : _______
Answer:

iii) a) Mahayana : Great vehicle
b) Hinayana : ________
Answer:
Samath

iv) a) Bhikkhus : Buddhism
b) Tirthankaras : ________
Answer:
Lesser vehicle

v) a) Zarathustra : Iran
b) KongZi : _________
Answer:
China

Question 4.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (5 × 1 = 5)
• GuruvayurSatyagraha
• Kundara proclamation
• Kurichiya revolt
• Temple entry proclamation
Answer:

1. Kundara Proclamation (1809)
2. Kurichiya Revolt (1812)
3. Malabar Rebellion (1921)
4. Guruvayur Satyagraha (1931-32)
5. Temple Entry Proclammation (1936)

Question 5.
Mark the following places on the outline map of ancient India provided: (5 × 1 = 5)
i) Lothal
ii) Chanhudaro
iii) Nageshwar
iv) Mohenjodaro
v) Banawali
Answer:

1. Lothal
2. Chanhudaro
3. Nageshwar
4. Mohenjodaro
5. Banawali

Questions from 6 to 19 carry 2 scores each.(14 × 2 = 28)

Question 6.
What were the strategies used by the Harappans to procure raw materials?
Answer:

• Establishing settlements in areas where raw materials are available.
• Expeditions to areas where raw materials are available.

Question 7.
Mention any two features of Harappan script.
Answer:

1. Short inscriptions
2. Signs
3. Signs in between 375 to 400
4. Signs in seals
5. Written from right to left
6. Contained the name and title of the owner.

Question 8.
Identify the features of Mahayana Buddhism.
Answer:

1. Importance in achieving nibbana
2. Buddha was regarded as a human being.
3. Idea of a saviour
4. Concept of the Bodhisatha
5. Image worship

Question 9.
Point out any two principles of Jainism.
Answer:

1. Entire world is animated
2. Ahimsa
3. Cycle of karma
4. Asceticism
5. Penance

Question 10.
Definethe terms Jama and Hasil.
Answer:

1. Jama – Amount assessed
2. Hasil – Amount collected

Question 11.
Write a note on Muqaddam.
Answer:

1. Panchayat headman
2. Chosen through the concensus of the village elders.
3. Supervised preparation of village accounts.

Question 12.
Name why two chronicles composed during the Mughal period.
Answer:
Akbar Nama, Shajahan Nama, Alamgir Nama, Badshah Nama, Babur Nama

Question 13.
Who were Jotedars?
Answer:

1. Rich peasants
2. Acquired thousands of acres of land
3. Controlled local trade as well as money lend-ing.

Question 14.
Why did the santhals fight against the British?
Answer:

1. Lost land
2. Heavy Tax
3. High rates of interest by money lenders.

Question 15.
Name any two images associated with the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Relief of Lucknow, In Memorium, Justice, The Clemency of Canning.

Question 16.
Write any two early struggles involved by Mahatma Gandhi in India.
Answer:
Champaran Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagraha, Ahammadabad mill strike.

Question 17.
What are the features of Neythal Tinai?
Answer:

1. Coastal area
2. Fishing

Question 18.
Distinguish betwen Swarupam and Sanketam.
Answer:

• Swarupam-Autonomous region controlled by, the powerful matrilineal Joint families.
• Sanketam – Quasi autonomous territory consist¬ing several villages organized around a brahminical temple.

Question 19.
Prepare a short note on Ayyankali.
Answer:

1. Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham
2. Stood for civic rights of the lower castes.
3. Opposed caste system.
4. Kallumala agitation

Questions from 20 to 25 carry 3 scores each. (6 × 3 = 18)

Question 20.
Briefly describe the factors that led to the rise of Magadha.
Answer:
Cultivation, Iron mines, used elephants in war, Ganga and its tributaries provided cheap communication, powerful rulers, locatipn of capitals (Rajagaha and Pataliputra).

Question 21.
How did the archaeologists identify the centres of craft production in Harappa?
Answer:

1. Raw materials
2. Unfinished objects
3. Waste

Question 22.
What is Buddha Sangha? Explain its feature.
Answer:
Organisation of Buddhist monks – Monks led simple life. Women and different sections of people were admitted. All were regarded as equal. Consensus was arrived at through discussions.

Question 23.
Distinguish between’Khanqahs and Silsilas.
Answer:

1. Khanqahs – It was the centre of the social life of Sufis. It was controlled by a teaching master known as Shaikh (Arabic), Pir or Murshid (Per-sian)
2. Silsilas- It literally means a chain. It signifies a continuous link between master and discipline. Through this channel spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to devotees.

Question 24.
Elucidate how. rumours and prophecies led to the revolt of 1857.
Answer:

1. Greased gun and cartridges.
2. British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that sold in the market.
3. The British rule would come to an end on the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, on 23 June 1757.

Question 25.
Prepare a short note on the Pazhassi revoit
Answer:

1. Kerala Varma Paihassi Raja
2. First phase was from 1793 to 1797
3. Mistaken revenue policy of the British.
4. The right to collect the revenue of Malabar was given to Veera Varma of Kurumbanad.
5. The second phase began in 1800.
6. The Kurichiyar and Kurum bas helped Pazhassi.
7. Kolkars
8. Pazhassi was killed in 1805.

Questions from 26 to 33 carry 4 scores each. (8 × 4 = 32)

Question 26.
Elucidate the causes that led to the decline of Harappan civikzation.
Answer:
Climatic change, Deforestation, Excessive flood. shifting/drying up of rivers, over use of landscape.

Question 27.
Explain the structure of The Stupas.
Answer:
Anda, Harmika.Yashti, Chatri, Mound, Railing

Question 28.
How did lbn Battuta describe the Indian cities?
Answer:

1. The cities in Indian subcontinent had full of opportunities for those who had the necessary drive, resources and skills.
2. The cities were densely populated and prosper¬ous cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets.
3. Delhi was a vast city.
4. Daulatabad was no less, and easily rivalled Delhi in size.

Question 29.
Explain how Francos Bernier Illustrated the lardoviiershbp of the Mughal India.
Answer:

1. Lack of private property in India.
2. The emperor owned all the land in the Mughal empire and this had disastrous consequences for the economy and society.
3. Landholders could not pass on this land to their children.
4. So they were averse to any long term invest-ment in the sustenance and expansion of pro-duction.
5. It had led to the uniform ruination of agriculture, excessive oppression of the peasantry and a continuous decline in the lining standard of all sections of society.
6. There is not a middle state in India.

Question 30.
What are the features of the Vijayanagara fortifications?
Answer:

1. Seven lines of forts.
2. These encircled not only the city but also its agricultural hinterland and forests.
3. Massive masonry construction.
4. No mortar or cementing agent.
5. The stone blocks were wedge shaped.
6. These were cultivated fields, gardens and houses among fort I ines.

Question 31.
Examine the capital cities of the Mughals.
Answer:
The capital cities of the Mughals frequently shifted during the 16th and 17th centuries. Babur took over the Lodi capital of Agra. In 1570s Akbar built the new capital FatehpurSikri. In 1585 capital was transferred to Lahore. In 1648 capital was shifted to Shajahanabad.

Question 32.
Briefly exaín the Quit India movement,
Answer:

1. Quit India movement began in 1942.
2. Activists organised strikes and acts of Sabotage all over them country.
3. Socialist members of the Congress were active in the underground.
4. Independent governments were proclaimed in different places.
5. It was a mass movement bringi ng into its am bit hundreds of thousands of ordinary Indians.
6. A loose three-tier confederation.

Question 33.
Elucidate the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission.
Answer:

1. India was to remain united.
2. Central government should control foreign affairs, defence and communication.
3. Provincial assembles should be grouped into three sections.
4. Basavanna – Lingayats

Questions from 34 to 38 carry 5 icores each. (5 × 5 = 25)

Question 34.
Describe the Washaiva tradition in Karnataka.
Answer:

1. Worshipped Shivalinga
2. They do not practise cremation.
3. They challenged the idea of caste and pollution.
4. They questioned the idea of caste and the pol-lution.
5. Oppsed Dharmashastras.
6. Vachanas
7. Brahmanas – Studying vedas, sacrifices
8. Kshatriyas – war, administration

Question 35.
Explain the ideal occupation of the Vamas existed in ancient India.
Answer:

1. Vaishyas-Agriculture, Cattle rearing, Trade
2. Shudras – Serving higher varhas.
3. 60 temples
4. Palaces

Question 36.
Prepare a short note on the royal centre of the Vijayanagara.
Answer:

1. Audience Hall
2. Mahanavami dibba
3. Lotus Mahal
4. Hazara Rama Tempie

Question 37.
What are the elements to be considered by the histonanswtiile analysing the text like Mahabharata?
Answer:

1. Language and Content – Mahabharata was written in Sanskrit. Content is classified into narrative and didactic.
2. Author and dates:- The original story was com-posed by Sutas. These compositions circulated orally. It was written in between 200BCE and 200 CE. Later Manusmriti was added. It is comprised of 100000 verses.
3. The search for convergence.

Question 38.
Explain the features of the Vlrupakasha temple and the Vitffiala temple found in the Sacred centre of the
Vijayanagara.
Answer:
Virupaksha was the guardian deity of the Vijayanagar empire. It was built over centuries. The earliest shrine was dated to the ninth-tenth centuries. The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadevaraya. This was decorated with delicately carved pillars. Vitthala was a form of Vishnu. This temple too has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a chariot.

Questions from 39 to 42 carry 8 scores each. (4 × 8 = 32)

Question 39.
Describe the to planning of Moheníodare.
Hint:
. Lower Toi
. Drainage System
. Domestic architecture
. Great Bath
Answer:
Mohenjodaro is divided into citadel and lower town. Citadel was higher then the lower town. Both were walled. Several buildings were built on platforms. The settlement was first planned and then implemented accordingly. Other signs of planning include bricks, which, whether sun-dried or baked, were of a stan-dard ratio, where the length, breadth and height were the same.

One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cit-ies was the carefully planned drainage system. Roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles. The lower town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings. Many were centered on a courtyard, with rooms on all sides. What is also in-teresting is an apparent concern for privacy.

Every house had its own bathroom. Some houses have remains of stair cases to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells. Scholars have estimated that the total number of wells in Mohenjodaro was about 700. It is on the citadel that we find evidence of structures that were probably used for special public purposes. These include a warehouse and the Great Bath. The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a court- yard.surrounded by a corridor on all four sides.

There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well. Water from the tank flowed into a huge drain. Across a lane to the north lay a smaller build¬ing with 8 bathrooms, four on each side of a corridor, with drains from each bathroom connecting to a drain that ran along the corridor. The uniqueness of the structure, as well as the context in which it was found has led scholars to suggest that it was meant for some kind of a special ritual bath. Mohenjodaro is the most well known Harappan site.

Question 40.
Prepare an essay on the Mauryan empire. Areas to be considered.
. Sources
. Administration
. Ashoka’s Dhamma
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya empire. Historians have used a variety of sources. They are the fol lowi ng.

1. Archaeological finds (Sculpture)
2. Arthashastra composed by Kautilya.
3. Account of Megastenes
4. Buddhist, Jaina, Puranicand Sanskrit literature.
5. Inscriptions of Asoka.

These were five major political centres in the Mauryan empire – the capital Pataliputra and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjaini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri, all mentioned in Asokan inscriptions. The regions in-cluded within the empire were just too diverse.

It is likely that administrative control was strongest in areas around the capital and the provincial centres. These centres were carefully chosen, both Taxila and Ujjayini being situated on important longdistance trade routes, while Suvarnagiri was possibly important for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka. Communication along both land and riverine routes was vital for the existence of the empire.

Megasthenes mentions a committee with six sub¬committees for coordinating military activity. Of these, one looked after the navy, the second managed trans¬port and provisions, the third was responsible for foot soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants. The activities of the sec¬ond sub committee were rather varied: arranging for bullock carts to carry equipments, procuring food for soldiers and fodder for animals, and recruiting ser¬vants and artisans to look after soldiers.

Asoka also tried to hold his empire together by propa-gating Dhamma. According to Asoka, Dhamma would ensure the well being of people in this world and the next. Special officers, known as Dhamma mahamatta, were appointed to spread the message of dhamma. It was the first ruler who inscribed his messages to his subjects and officials on stone surfaces. He used the inscriptions to proclaim what he understood to be Dhamma. This included respect towards elders, generosity towards Brahmanas, and those who renounced worldly life, treating slaves and servants kindly, and respect for religions and traditins other than one’s own.

Question 41.
Explain how Al-Blrunis Accounts helped to understand meceval Indian society.
Hints:
. Early life
. Kltab.d-1-llnd
. Caste System
Answer:
Al-Biruni was born in 973, in Khwarizm in present day Uzbekistan. Khwarizm was an important centre of learning. He was well versed in several languages. Syrian, Arabic, Persian, Hebrew and Sanskrit. In 1017, when Sultan Mahmud invaded Khwarizm, he took several scholars and poets back to his capital, Ghazni, Al-Biruni was one of them.

It was in Ghazni that Al-Biruni developed an interest in India. Sanskrit works on astronomy, mathematics and medicine had been translated into Arabic from the eighth century onwards. He spend years in the company of Brahmana priests and scholars, learn- I ing Sanskrit, and studying religious and philosophical texts. He travelled widely in the Punjab and parts of northern India.

Al-Biruni is Kitab-ul-Hind, written in Arabic, is simple and lucid. It is a voluminous text, divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as religion and philosophy, festivals, astronomy, alchemy, manners and cus¬toms, social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology.

Generally, Al-Biruni adopted a distinctive structure in each chapter, beginning with a question, following its up with a description based on Sanskritic traditions, and concluding with a comparison with other cultures. This almost geortietric structure, remark¬able, for its precision and predictability, owed much to his mathematical orientation.

Al-Biruni, who wrote in Arabic, probably intended his work for people living along the frontiers of the subcontinent. He was familiar with translations and adaptations of Sanskrit. Pali and Prakrit texts into Arabic. These ranged from fables to works on as-tronomy and medicine. However, he was also criti-cal about the ways in which these texts were writ-ten, and clearly wanted to improve on them.

He discussed several ‘barriers’ that he felt obstructed understanding. The first amongst these was language. The second barrier he identified was the difference in religious beliefs and practices. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by look-ing for paralels in other societies. He noted that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised: those of knights and princes; monks, fire-priests and lawyers, physicians, astronomers and other scientists; and finally, peasants and artisans.

In other words, he attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India. At the same time he pointed out that within Islam all men were consid-ered equal, differing only in their observance of piety. Al-Biruni disapproved of the notion of pollution. His description of the caste system was deeply influenced by his study of normative Sanskrit texts. However, in real life the system was not quite as rigid.

Question 42.
Expalin the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the nationalist movement of India.
Areas to be considered:
. Non-Cooperation Movenent
. Salt Satyagraha
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi made India’s national movement into a mass movement. The Non-cooperation move¬ment was the first mass movement organised by Gandhiji in India under Indian National Congress. He hoped that by coupling non-cooperation with Khilafat, India’s two major religious communities, Hindus and Muslims, could collectively bring an end to colonial rule.

As part of the Non-cooperation movement students stopped going to schools and colleges run by the government. The working class went on strike in many towns and cities. The countryside was seething with discontent too. Hill tribes in northen Andhra violated forest laws. Farmers in Awadh did not pay taxes. Peasant in Kumaun refused to carry loads for colonial officials. Peasants, workers, and others in-terpreted and acted upon the call to ‘non cooperate’ with colonial rule in ways that best suited their inter-ests, rather than conform to the dictates laid down from above.

It entailed denial, renunciation and self discipline. It was training for self rule. As a consequence of the- Non-cooperation movement the British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. Then in February 1922, a group of peasants attacked and torched a police station in the hamlet of Chaurichaura in the United provinces. Several constables perished in the conflagration. This act of non violence prompted Gandhiji to call off the altogether. During the non cooperation movement thousands of Indians were put in jail.

Another mass movement organised by Gandhiji under the leadership pf the Congress was the Salt Satyagraha. Mahatma Gandhi announced that he would lead a march to break one of the most widely disliked laws in British India, which gave the state a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. His picking on the salt monopoly was another illustration of Gandhiji’s tactical wisdom.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards the ocean. He reached his destination three weeks later, making a fistful of salt as he did and thereby making himself criminal in the eyes of the law. Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were being conducted in other parts of the country.

This event brought Mahatma Gandhi to world atten-tion. It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. It was the salt march which forced upon the British the realisation that their Raj would not last for ever, and that they would have to devolve some power to the Indians. By the Gandhi- Irwin pact of 1931 Gandhiji called off the civil disobe¬dience movement and agreed to participate in the second round table conference. As a result all pris¬oners were released arid salt manufacture was al¬lowed along the coast.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two History Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers

Part – I

A. Answer any 4 Questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The place where Nana Sahib led the Revolt of 1857
a) Delhi
b) Awadh
c) Bihar
d) Kanpur
Answer:
d) Kanpur

Question 2.
The terracotta models of the polugh have been found at the Harappan site of
a) Kalibangan
b) Balakot
c) Banwali
d) Dholavira
Answer:
c) Banwali

Question 3.
The traces of canals were found at the Harappan site of
a) Shortugliai
b) Lothal
c) Chanhudaro
d) Cholistan
Answer:
a) Shortugliai

Question 4.
The remains of Millets are found from the Harappan site in
a) Rajasthan
b) Gujarat
c) Haryana
d) Punjab
Answer:
b) Gujarat

Question 5.
The leader of the Virashaiva tradition in Karnataka
a) Kabir
b) Ravidas
c) Basavanna
d) Mirabai
Answer:
c) Basavanna

Question 6.
Who among the following is associated with Sikh religion?
a) Guru Nanak
b) Sundarar
c) Appar
d) Sambandar
Answer:
a) Guru Nanak

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
Who wrote the book’Padmavat’?
a) Malik Muhammad Jayasi
b) Shaikh Nizamudin
c) AmirKhusaru
d) Andal
Answer:
a) Malik Muhammad Jayasi

Question 8.
Which of the following is associated with Shadinama?
a) Lullabies
b) Stories
c) Wedding Songs
d) Drama
Answer:
c) Wedding Songs

Question 9.
The first European power who came to the Kerala coast
a) The Dutch
b) The Portuguese
c) The English
d) The French
Answer:
b) The Portuguese

Question 10.
The Capital of the Perumal Kindom in Kerala:
a) Kochi
b) Kannur
c) Mahodayapuram
d) Travancore
Answer:
c) Mahodayapuram

Part  -II

A. Answer any questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Write any two elements that historians consider when they analyse text like Mahabharata.
Answer:
• Language
• Content
• Author
• Date

Question 12.
Define Khud-Kashta and Pahi-Kashta.
Answer:

• Khud Kashta – Resident cultivators of villages.
• Pahi Kashta – Non-resident cultivators.

Question 13.
Examine the conditions of women in the agrarian society during the Mugal period.
Answer:
Women sowed, weeded, threshed and winnowed the harvest – gendered segregation was not possible – biases related to women’s biological functions – artisanal tasks – amongst the landed gentry, women had the right to inherit property.

Question 14.
Write any two limitations of oral history.
Answer:
Lack of concreteness and the chronology – unique¬ness of personal experience – memory of the indi¬vidual.

Question 15.
Name any two Tlnais mentioned in the Sangam Po-ems.
Answer:
• Kurinchi
• Mullai
• Palai
• Marutham
• Neithal

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Differentiate Vaishnavism and Shaivism.
Answer:
Vaishavism – Worship of Vishnu
Shainism – Worship of Shiva

Question 17.
Write a short note on the A in-1 Akbari.
Answer:
Abul Fazl – Completed in 1598 – 3rd book of Akbar Nama – Ain gives detailed accounts of the organisation of the court, administration and army, the sources of revenue and the physical layout of the princess of Akbar’s empire and the literary, cul¬tural and religious traditions of the people -5 books.

Question 18.
Who were the Joredars?
Answer:
While many Zamindars were facing a crisis at the end of the 18t’h century, a group of rich peasants called jotedars were consolidating their position in the villages. They controlled local trade as well as money lending. The power of jotedars was more effective than that of Zamindars. They were located in the villages. Their rise inevitably weakened Zamiondari authority.

Part – III

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Link column ‘A’ with ‘B’.

A	B
Paliyam Satyagraha	T.K. Madhavan
Kundara Proclamation	Rama Namby
Kurichiya Revolt	A.G. Velayudhan
Vaikom Satyagraha	Velu Thampi

Answer:

A	B
Paliyam Satyagraha	A.G. Velayudhan
Kundara Proclamation	Velu Thampi
Kurichiya Revolt	Rama Namby
Vaikom Satyagraha	T.K. Madhavan

Question 20.
Mark the following places on the outline map of an-cient India provided:
а) Lumbini
b) Samath
c) BodhGaya
d) Kusinagara
Answer:
a) Lumbini
b) Sarnath
c) Bodh Gaya
d) Kusinagara

Question 21.
Explain the features of Khanqahs and Silsilas.
Answer:

1. Khanqahs – Sufi hospices – controlled by a teaching master known as Shaikh, Pir or Murshid.
2. Silsilas – Sufi order – Literary means a chain signifying continuous link between master and disciple. It was through this channel that spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to devotees.

Question 22.
Bring out the features of the Mughal Capital cities.
Answer:

1. Delhi Agra
2. Fatehpur Sikri
3. Lahore
4. Shajahanabad

Question 23.
Why did the Santhals revolt against the British?
Rajmahal Hills – The hoe and the plough – paharias – settled agriculture expanded – In 1770s the British embarked on a brutal policy of extermination – Santhals were pouring into the area – Daipin-i-koh – Santhal settlements expanded rapidly – state levied heavy tax – money lenders – Santhal Revolt -1855¬56 – Sidhu.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
Write short note on Brahmi and Kharosthi script.
Answer:
Most scripts used to write modern Indian languages are derived from Brahmi, the script used in most Asokan inscriptions. James Princep was able to de¬cipher Asokan Brahmi in 1838. The Kharoshti script was used in inscriptions in the north west. Here,’finds of coins of Indo-Greek kings who ruled overthe area have facilitated matters. These coins contain the names of kings written in Greek and Kharoshti scripts.With prinsep identifying the languages of the Kharoshti inscriptions as prakrit, it became possible to read longer inscriptions as well.

Question 25.
How did travellers described the condition of women and slaves in Medieval India?
Answer:
Slaves were openly sold in markets, like any other commodity, and were regularly exchanged as gifts. There was considerable differentiation among slaves. Some female salves in the service of the-sultan were experts in music and dance. Female slaves were also employed by the Sultan to keep a watch on his nobles. While some women seemed to embrace Sati cheer¬fully, others were forced to die. However, women’s lives revolved around much else besides the prac¬tice of Sati. Their labour was crucial in both agricul¬tural and non-agricultural production. It seems un¬likely that women were confined to the private spaces of their homes.

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 26.
Briefly explain the following:
a) Asoka’s Dhamma
b) Limitations of inscriptional evidences
Answer:
a) Asoka tried to hold his empire together by propa gating Dhamma, the principles of which were simple and virtually universally applicable. This would ensure the well-being of people in this world and the next. Special officers, known as the Dhamma mahamattta, were appointed to spread the message of dhamma. He used the inscriptions to proclaim what he understood to be Dhamma. This included respect towards elders, generosity towards Brahmanas and those who renounced worldly life, treating slaves and servants kindly, and respect for religions and traditions other than one’s own.

b) Technical limitations: Letters are very fainly engraved, inscriptions may be damaged or letters missing.

1. It is not always easy to be sure about the exact meaning of the words used in inscriptions.
2. Not all inscriptions have been deciphered, published and translated.
3. Many more inscriptions have not survived the ravage of time.
4. Not everything that we may consider po-litically or economically significant was neces¬sarily recorded in inscriptions.

Question 27.
Prepare short note on the following:
a) Teachings of Buddhism
b) The structure of the Stupas
Answer:
a. Sutta Pitaka – The world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing. It is also soulless . (anatta) as these is nothing permanent or eternal in it. Sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence. It is by following the path of moderation between severe penance and self indulgence that human beings can rise above these wordly troubles. Social world is the creation of humans. Individual agency and righteous action are the means to escape from cycle of rebirth and attain nibbana.

b. Stupas are holy places. These are mounds where part of the mortal remains of Buddha or some things he used is buried. They have been made with bricks or stones. They have a lot of story value.

1. Even before the coming of Buddhism, the practice of making stupas was in existence. Later it became attached to Buddhism.
2. Since they are built over the remains of Buddha or the things he used, they are worshipped as a sign of Buddha and Buddhism.

Followers of Buddha built many stupas in different parts of India. The Buddhist Book “Asokavadana Sishta” says that Emperor Asoka sent the mortal remains of Buddha in all the important towns of his empire and ordered stupas to be built over them. By the 2nd century BC, many stupas were built. The most famous stupas are in Bharhut, Sanchi and Saranath.

Stupa is a Sanskrit word meaning a heap or mound. In the early times, stupas were in semi-circles. Later they were known as ‘anda’. Gradually, the structure of the stupas became complex. They now acquired circular and rectangular shapes. Overthe andas, they built some kind of balcony. It was called harmika which means ‘sreekovil’. It represents the abode of god. From harmika rose a flag-post, called ‘yashti’. Around this there were chhatris (umbrellas). Around ’ the mound, a stone wall was constructed separating it from the material world around. The early stupas in Sanchi and Bharhut were simple.

The gates and the fences were looking as if they were made of bamboos or wood. There were four entrance arches to the stupas. These arches were decorated with sculptures. The worshippers entered the stupa from the eastern archway and went round the mound, Later these v stupas were adorned with various sculptures and inscriptions. Such decorated stupas can be seen in Amaravati and Shahji-ki-dheri in Peshawar in Pakistan.

Question 28.
Write a brief note on the following:
a) TheMahanvami Dibba
b) The Gopurams and Mandapas
Answer:
a) Mahanavami dibba is situated in the Royal Centre of the Vijayanagara empire. It is a massive platform rising from a base about 11,000 sq.ft, to a heights of 40 ft. There is evidence to that it supported a wooden structure. The base of platform is covered with relief carvings.

Celebrations like Mahanavami are connected to Mahanavami Dibba. Mahanavami means the Great Ninth Day. This feast is known by different names in different regions. In North India it is ‘Dussehra’, in Bengal it is ‘Durga Pooja’ and in South India it is ‘Navaratri’. The Vijayanagara kings exhibited their glory and authority during this festival.

Mahanavami is celebrated with many rituala Idol worship, veneration to the royal horse, animal sacrifice etc. were part of the rituals. The celebrations are made more enjoyable through dance performances, wrestling, processions with adorned horses, elephants, chariots and soldiers. Nayakas and regional chiefs owing loyalty to the main King come with gifts for their king and his guests. All these rituals had their symbolic meanings. On the last day of the festival, a huge function was conducted in an open place. In that the King examines his army and also those of the Nayaks.On this occasion, the nayaks give tribute to the king. Along with the tribute, the nayaks also gave the king plenty of expensive gifts.

b) In the temple construction some new features appeared. The most important innovation was the construction of huge gate towers and halls. These were the symbols of royal authority. Therefore these towers were called ‘Rayagopuras’. They were very tall, like skyscrapers, and sometimes they were even bigger than the temple itself. They showed even from a far distance the presence of a temple. The Vijayanagara kings constructed halls and corridors with tall pillars. These corridors were made in such a way that they went round the main worshipping area. The halls had many pillars with inscriptions. The temples had extensive grounds on all the sides.

Question 29.
Analayse the rumours and prophesies existed during the period of the Revolt of 1857. Name any three leaders of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Rumours and prophecies: Rumours and predictions did play a big role in the 1857 Revolt. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the rumour about the new cartridges for the Enfield rifles. A rumour spread that these cartridges were smeared with cow and pig fat. This news spread among the North Indian sepoys like wildfire.

The origin of this rumour was laterfound out. Captain Wright, who was the Commander of the Rifle Instruction Depot, had reported an incident. In the 3rd week of January 1857, a khalasi from a lower caste asked a Brahmin sepoy to give him some water from his container of water. The sepoy refused to give him his container saying that touch by a lower caste would pollute the water. The angered Khalasi then told him that soon he would have to use cartridges smeared with cow and pig fat and then he would lose his caste.

We don’t know the truth of this story. Another rumour quickly followed. It said that the British government was deliberately panning to destroy the Hindu and Muslim faiths. The rumour that the bones of both cows and pigs were ground and mixed with the flour sold in the market. People then refused even to touch this flour.
There was also a feeling that the British were trying to covert Hindus and Muslims into Christianity. This increased the fear and anxiety of the followers of these religions.

Role of leaders:
The revolt of 1857 broke out at Meerut. Then they rushed to Delhi and appeal to the old Mughal emperor to accept the leadership of the revolt. After that Bahahur shah took the leadership of the revolt in Delhi. In Kanpur, the revolt was led by Nana Sahib, the successor to Peshwa Baji Rao II. In Jhansi, the rani was forced by the popular pressure around her to assume the leadership of the uprising.

So was Kunwar Singh, a local zamindar in Arrah in Bihar. In Awadh, the British displaced the popular Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and annexed the state to British empire. So the people of Lucknow halied Birjisoadr, the young son of the Nawab, as their leader. Shah Mai mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh; Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singbhum ih Chotanagpur, became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Explain the following:
a) The rules of marriage in ancient India
b) The Varna System.
Answer:

1. Brahma Marriage – In this type, the adorned bride is given in marriage to a wise, gentlemanly bridegroom.
2. Prajapatya Marriage-Here the father gives his daughter in marriage without any dowry. This is an altered version of Brahma marriage.
3. Arsha Marriage – Here the father of the girl gives his daughter to the bridegroom from whom he gets a pair of bulls or cows.
4. Daiva Marriage – Here the bridegroom is a priest.
5. Asura Marriage – Here the bridegroom gives bride price to the father of the bride for getting the girl married to him.
6. Gandharva Marriage – This is love marriage in the traditional way.
7. Rakshasa Marriage – The bride is kidnapped from her house and then she is given to the bridegroom.
8. Paisacha Marriage – This was very rare. Here the man molests the girl and since she has lost her virginity she is fdrcejl to marry the molester.

B) The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras specify the kind of work the 4 classes have to do:

1. The Brahmins were to learn and teach Vedas, perform Yagas and give and receive alms.
2. The Kshatriyas were to fight in wars, protect people, ensure justice, learn Vedas, get Yagas done and give alms.
3. The Vaisyas were also to learn Vedas, get Yagas done and give alms. In addition, they were to practise agriculture, do trading, and keep sheep.
4. The Sudras were to do only one thing-serve the other 3 Classes.

Question 31.
Examine the importance of chronicles during the Mugal Period.
Answer:
As per the instructions from the Mughal Emperors, the palace historians kept a diary of the important happenings in the country. These are the Chronicles, t They talk about the achievements of the Mughal rulers. They also give chronologically the important ‘ events. Chronicles are an important source to study about the Mughal Capital and Mughal Empire.

1. One of the aims was to let the people know the policies of the state.
2. Another aim was to let the enemies of the country know that their efforts were bound to fail and they would be defeated.
3. A third aim was to leave the records of the Mughal rule to future generations.
   Akbar Nama, Badshah Nama, Humayun Nama, Babur Nama, Alamgir Nama etc. are some important Mughal chronicles.

Question 32.
Explain the following:
a) The Cabinet Mission
b) The Partition of India
Answer:
a) In March 1946 the British Cabinet sent a three- member mission to Delhi to examine the League’s demand and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India. These were the recommendations:

1. Formation of an Indian Union including the BritishProvinces and the native states. India should remain one.
2. Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communication should be handled by the Centre. Other matters may be administered by the Province and native states.
3. The existing Provinces would be grouped into A, B and C. In A group there will be Provinces with Hindu majority. In the B group, there will be Provinces of Muslim majority from the North West region. In Group C, Muslim Majority Provinces of the North East, including Assam, will be included.
4. A Constitution making Committee will be made. This Committee will be elected by the Provincial Assemblies.
5. Until the Constitution is prepared, an Ad-hoc government will be formed in the Centre. It will consist of leaders of different political parties.

Partition soon became inevitable. Most Congress leaders were against it. But they had to finally agree to it They knew that although it was undesirable it was inevitable. There were only two people who vehemently opposed partition – Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi (Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan).

b) Before the naked truth of communal politics the dream of a united India was broken. As the Muslim League insisted that it would not be satisfied with anything less than a partition, partition became a reality. The British did not show any sincerity in checking the Muslim League from its extreme demands. In fact the British were encouraging the League in their demand for a separate country. The Cabinet Mission schemes failed, and things became more complex.

The thinking of the Muslim League made the unity and security of the country very complex. It did not join the Congress Government. It also exhorted for a communal riot. Against this, the Hindu Mahasabha, RSS and Akali Dal joined together and moved against the Muslim League.There was a series of communal murders of lootings in India. The North-Western parts of India were immersed in blood and the government was helpless. The indifferent attitude of the British indirectly helpect the riots. A stage was reached when both Hindus and Muslims thought Partition was the only way out.

In this tense situation, the 77-year old Gandhiji came forward to establish peace between Hindus and Muslims. He decided to give up everything to maintain his principle of Ahimsa which he cherihed all his life. He stifl believed he could change the minds of people. From the village of Noakhali in East Bengal he travefled to the villages in Bihar. He also went to Calcutta and Delhi which witnessed large scale killings and looting. He tried to prevent the Hjndus and Muslims from killing one another. He tried to give confidence to the members of the minority communities.

The worst victims of the Partition were women. Many have written about the terrible experiences many women. Many of them were raped. Many were kidnapped and sold. They were forced to live a new life with strangers in a strange Iand Somehow many of them suffered indescñbable difficulties. But some adjusted with the new situation.

The governments of India and Pakistan did not bother to realise the complexities of human relations. Both governments decided to exchange women belonging to their respective countries – the Pakistani women in India had to go to Pakistan and Indian women in Pakistan had to come to India. Following this, a countrywide search was made to locate the women abducted from both sides. Those who were found were sent back to their countries. Nobody bothered to seek the opinion of the women involved in this exchange. Thus women were denied to take decisions about their own lives.

Part – V

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
Analyse.the features of the Harappan Civilization Hints:
• The Drainage System
• Domestic Architecture
• The Citadel
• Burial
Answer:
Mohenjo Daro is the most important site of the Harappan Culture. This was discovered after Harappa. It was from Mohenjo Daro that details regarding town planning, houses and seals of the Harappan Culture were got. This big city is situated in the Larkana District of Sind, on the shores of Sindhu River. The word Mohenjo Daro means the Mound of the Dead. The excavations made here brought to light the remains of a great city. The city was divided into two: The citadel and the Lower Town.

The Citadel (Fortress) is on a manmade platform. This is built on the western side of the city. This is the highest part of the city. There are two reasons for its height. Firstly, it is built on higher ground. Secondly, the buildings are put up on a platform made of earthen bricks. The fortress is protected with walls around it. Therefore it looks different from the Lower Town. In the fortress, there are tall buildings. They are public buildings. They were used for special public activities. The Warehouse and the Great Bath were the main structures in the fortress.

The Warehouse was the biggest building in Mohenjo Daro. The bottom part of the Warehouse is made of bricks. They still remain there. The upper part was built with wood. It got destroyed long ago. The Warehouse was used to store the left-over grain.

The most important structure ¡n the fortress (citadel) of Mohenjo Daro is the Great Bath. It is in rectangular shape. The pond is in the yard which is surrounded by corridors on all four sides. To get into the pond there are steps on the northern and southern sides.

The bottom of the pond is made watertight using bricks and lime paste. This prevents the water from seeping down and making the pond dry. There are rooms on 3 sides of the pond. There was a big well in one of the rooms. The water for the pond was brought from this 1I. There were provisions for filling the pond with water and to make the dirty water flow out Into drains. Historians think that the Great Bath had a religious importance. They think that this Great Bath was used for ritual baths.

The Great Bathshows the importance the Harappans gave to cleanliness. It alsoshows their engineering arid technical skills. The plight of Harappa was really bad. Although Harappa was the first site to be discovered, thieves took away all he bricks. This sad plight was noticed by Alexander Cunningham. He pointed out that a huge amount of bricks was taken away.

Thus most of the ancient buildings were lost. But Mohenjo Daro wasbetter protected. Most Harappan settlements had to parts a higher western part and a lower eastern part. The western part is called the citadel or fortress. It was protected by walls. But there are some differences in some places. In Lothal, the citadel had no walls around. But it was built very high.

The Lower Town was just belowthe citadel. This was also protected by walls. People lived here. Here we can see good examples of’domestic architecture. The houses were made of bricks. The houses were ordered in the Grid System. The houses were built along both sides of the road, with adequate space between houses. Thé doors and windows were opened to face the central yard. It is believed that the yard was used for cooking and also weaving.

The houses did not have doors and windows that faced the street. All the houses had bathrooms. They were paved with bricks. The drainage system was excellent. Houses were different in size. There were single room and double room houses. There were also houses with more than two storeys. To get to the top stories there were staircases. Big houses had wells. It was dug in a room in such a way that even outsiders could draw water from it. Experts estimate that Mohenjo Daro had some 700 wells.

Houses were built on raised platforms. The settlements were l planned. The bncks were made to certain specifications. The same kind of bricks were used in most constructions. The drainage system in the Harappan cities was excellent. The drain of each house was linked to the drainage canal outside. The drainage canals were covered with bricks or sheets of rock. In some places they covered the drainage canals with limestone slabs. It was possible to clean the canals by removing the top cdverings.

There were manholes in the public drainage. It is believed that the drainage was made first and thon came the houses. The drainage syste shows the engineering skill of the Harappan people. It shows they had a town administration. It also shows how much importance they gave to hygiene and health. The drainage system was not limited to big dtles. Even the settlements in places like Lothal had drainages.

Burials: The burial system existed in Harappa is the most important factor that helps us to find out the social differences existed in Harappa. At burials in Harappa soes the dead were generally laid in pits. Sometimes, these were differences in the way the burial pit was made. The variations can be considered as an indication of social differences.

Question 34.
Describe the travel experiences of I bn Battutaof medeival Indian Society. Areas to be considered:
a) An early globe-trotter
b) The Coconut and the paan
c) Description of Indian cities
Answer:
lbn Battuta was born in Tangier in Morocco. He belonged to one of the most respectable and educated families in Tangier. He considered experience gained through travels to be a more important source of knowledge than books. So he loved travelling, and went to far-off places, exploring new worlds and peopes.

lbnBath.a reached’Sind in 1333. He had heard about Muhammed bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of Delhi. He was attracted by the reputation of the Sultan and a gen erous patron of arts and letters. So he went to Delhi. The Sultan was impressed by his scholarship, and appointed him the qazior judge of Delhi. He remained in that position for several years. He returned to Morocco in 1347.

lbn Battuta’s book of travels called Rihia, Written in Arabic provides extremely rich and interesting de
tails about the soaal and cultural life in the fourte,century He carefully recorded his observations about
new customers, peoples, beliefs values, etc.

lbn Battuta stated that Indian cities had exciting opportunities for those who had the necessary, drive, resources and skills. They were densely populated and prosperous. Most of the cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets with a wide variety of goods. He described Delhi as a vast city with a great population, the largest city in India, Another big city in India was Daulatabad. The bazars re not only places of economic transactions but also the hub of social and cultural activities. Most bazars had a mosque and a temple. Some of them had spaces for public performances by dancers.

musician’s and singers. lbn Battuta found Indian ag riculture very productive because of the fertility of the soil, which allowed farmers to cultivate two crops a year. He also noted that the subcontinent was well integrated with inter-Asian network of trade and com merce. Indian goods had great demand in both West Asia and South East Asia.

The postal system in India surprised Ibn Battuta. This helped the merchants to send their goods to distant places and also to repay their debts. The postal sys tem was effiaent. From Sindh ittookonlyafewdays forgoodsto reach Delhi. The news sent by the spies would reach the Sultan in just five days. ome of the best examples of ibn Battuta’s strate gies of representation are evident in the ways n which he described the coconut and the paan, two kinds of plant produce that were completely unfamiliar to his audience.

Question 35.
Examine how Mahatma Gandhi transformed Indian National Movement into a mass movement.
Hints:
a) The Non-Cooperation Movement
b) Salt Satyagraha
c) Quit India Movement

Answer:
In January 1915, Gandhiji returned to his homeland. His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University.In 1916, Gandhiji was approached by a peasants from Champaran, who toldJiim about the harsh treatment of peasants by British indgo planters. Gandhiji was to spend much of 1917 in Champaran, seeking to obtain for the peasants had the freedom to cultivate The crops of their choice. In 1918, he was involved in two campaigns in his home state of Gujarat. First, he intervened the labour dispute in Ahmedabad demanding better working conditions for the textile mill workers. Then he joined the peasants in Kheda in asking the state for the remission of taxes following the failure of harvest.

During the great war of 1914-18 the British had instituted censorship of the press and permitted deten¬tion without trial. It had been passed on the recommendation of a committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlett. So it is known as Rowlatt Act.

Gandhiji called for a country wide campaign against the Rowlatt Act. The protest were particularly intense in the Punjab. Gandhiji proceeded to the Punjab. But oh the way he was detained. The situation in the province grew progressively more tense, reaching a bloody climax in Amritsar in April 1919. A British brigadier ordered his troops to open fire on a nationalist meeting. More than four hundred people were killed. This incident is known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

To broaden the straggle Gandhiji had joined hands with the Khilafat movement. It started to restore the caliphate a symbol of pan Islamism. The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first strong moment of Gandhi against the British. It was part of Gandhi’s concept of non-violence.

The Non-Cooperation Movement had three aims:
• Find a solution to the Punjab problem.
• Solve the Khilafat issue.
• Gain swaraj.

The exhortations of Gandhiji had great effect. Students boycotted government institutions. Thousands of workers in cities and towns went on strike. Official records show that in 1921 there were 396 strikes involving 6 lakh workers. 7 lakh working days were lost. In the Non-Cooperation Movement, women and farmers took active part.

The Chauri-Chaura incident was big jolt to the Movement Gandhi was forced to stop the Movement. Violence in Chauri-Chaura occurred when police fired at a procession of farmers. The enraged farmers attacked the Chauri-Chaura police station and burnt it. 22 policemen were killed. This shocked Gandhiji. He realized that people were not yet ready to fight using non-violence. On 22 February 1922, he decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He said that no provocation would justify the killing of the 22 policemen.

Gandhi planned a new way of struggle against the British. This was the Civil Disobedience Movement. He said he would start it by breaking the Salt Law. Salt Law was one of the laws that Indians hated most. Gandhi’s move to breach the salt law was a strategic one. He knew by this he could make the people fight against the government.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards ocean. He reached the destination three weeks later, making fistful of salt as he did and there making himself a criminal in the eyes of the law. Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were conducted in other parts of India. Across large parts of India peasants breached the hated colonial forest laws. In some towns, factory workers went on strike shile lawyers boycotted British courts and students refuse to attend government run-education institutions. Nearly 6000 Indians in-cluding Gandhiji were arrested.

The British government continued a series of Round Table Conferences in London. The first Round Table Conference was held in 1930. Gandhiji or any promi-nent Congress leaders did not participate in the con-ference. Gandhiji was released from jail in 1931 and the following month had several meetings with the victory. This led to the Gandhi Irwin Pact, by the terms of which disobedience movements.

After the failure of Cripps Mission, Gandhiji decided to start his third phase of struggle against British rule. This is known as Quit India Movement. It started in August 1942. The immediate cause of this Move-ment was the failure of the Cripps Mission. Gandhi demanded that the British should leave India peace-fully and in a timely manner. Congress accepted that idea. On 8 August 1942, Congress met at Bombay and passed a resolution asking the British to quit India. The resolution made it clear that to make the British go away, a struggle would be organized un-der Gandhi. This struggle is known as Quit India Movement. Gandhi asked the people to come into the open with the slogan ‘Do or Die’.

a) It was a popular movement. Thousands of ordinary people came with their support. Youths were ready to quit colleges and go to jail.
b) It showed the willingness of the people to suffer for freedom and to go to any extent to achieve freedom.
c) it made the British realize that their days were numbered. It forced them to negotiate the transfer of power.
d) It brought world’s attention to the Indian struggle for freedom.

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus One Computer Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2020 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus One Computer Science Board Model Paper 2020 with Answers

Time: 2 Hours
Total Score: 60 Marks

Answer any 5 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 1.
Which among the following is an invalid number?
a) (10110)₁₀
b) (769)₈
c) (ABC)₁₆
d) (111)₂
Answer:
b) (769)₈ because 9 is not allowed in octal number system.

Question 2.
Which among the following is the fastest memory in a computer?
a) Registers
b) Cache
c) Hard Disk
d) RAM
Answer:
a) Registers

Question 3.
Which among the following is not a keyword in C++?
a) float
b) for
c) cin
d) int
Answer:
c) cin. It is not a keyword.

Question 4.
The conditional operator (?:) inC++ is a
a) Unary operator
b) Binary operator
c) Ternary operator
d) Logical Operator
Answer:
c) Ternary operator

Question 5.
Write equivalent C++ statement for the Mathematical equation z = x^y.
Answer:
z = pow(x, y);

Question 6.
SIM cards are used in mobile phones. Write the full form of SIM.
Answer:
Subscribers Identification Module

Answer any 9 questions from 7 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (9 × 2 = 18)

Question 7.
Match the following:

a) First generation computers	1) Microprocessor
b) Second generation computers	2) Vaccum Tube
c) Third generation computers	3) Integrated Circuit
d) Fourth generation computers	4) Transister

Answer:

a) First generation computers	2) Vaccum Tube
b) Second generation computers	4) Transister
c) Third generation computers	3) Integrated Circuit
d) Fourth generation computers	1) Microprocessor

Question 8.
Convert the hexadecimal number (A2D)₁₆ into octal equivalent.
Answer:
It first convert it into binary and then convert it into octal.

Step 1: First convert it into binary for this write down the corresponding binary equivalent of each symbol in 4 digits
(A2D)₁₆ = (101000101101)₂

Step 2: Then convert this into octal for this divide the number into groups of 3 bits and write down the corresponding octal equivalent.

Hence the answer is (5055)₈

Question 9.
Write four complementory approaches to promote green computing.
Answer:
Green Design, Green Manufacturing, Green Use and Green Production.

Question 10.
Write short notes about the methods of program documentation.
Answer:
There are two types of documentation internal and external.

1. Internal documentation- Writing comments in source code such as including name of the programmer, purpose of the code etc. This user tips will help in debugging and future modifications.
2. External documentation – It includes preparation of user manual and system manual.

Question 11.
Identify tokens in the following C++ statement and write in which type they belong to. float x = 3.14;
Answer:
float – Keyword.
x – Identifier.
= – Operator.
3.14 – Literal.
; – Punctuator.

Question 12.
Write use of data type modifiers in C++. Give two examples of data type modifiers.
Answer:
By using data type modifiers we can change the size, range and precision of data types.
They are signed, unsigned, long and short.

Question 13.
Comments are useful to enhance readability and understandability of a program. What are the methods of writing comments in a C++ program?
Answer:
There are two methods to add comments in C++.

1. Single Line comment(//)- It starts with II, means the string after // in the line is treated as comment. It is not the part of the program
2. Multi line comments(/* and */)- It starts with /* and ends with */, means the string enclosed between these two even in multiple line is treated as comment.

Question 14.
Write syntax of it …… else statement in C++.
Answer:

if(Test expression)
{
Statement block 1;
}
else
{
Statement block2;
}

Question 15.
Compare binary search method with linear search method and write advantage of binary search method.
Answer:

Binary search	Linear search
It requires sorted array	No need of sorted array
Divide and conquer method so no need to visit all the elements	May need to visit all the elements
Takes less time	Takes more time
Suitable for large sized array	Suitable for small sized array.

Question 16.
Write built – in functions in C++ for the following:
a) To get number of character in a string.
b) To append one string to another string.
a) To find absolute value of an integer.
b) To convert a given character into uppercase.
Answer:
a) strlen();
b) strcat();
c) abs();
d) toupper();

Question 17.
What are the advantage of using broadband internet connection over a dial-up connection?
Answer:
The advantages are

• It is a high speed connection.
• It is always on connection.
• Simultaneous use of voice and data possible.

Question 18.
What is a computer worm? How does it differ from computer virus?
Answer:
It is a stand alone malware program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers. It slows down the traffic by consuming the bandwidth. In 2000 a worm called “ILOVEYOU” is affected many computers.

Answer any 9 questions from 19 to 30. Each carries 3 scores. (9 × 3 = 27)

Question 19.
The analytical Engine has many features found in modern digital computer. What are they?
Answer:
Analytical engine :- In 1833, Charles Babbage introduced this. Charles Babbage is considered as the “Father of computer” It is considered as the predecessor of today’s computer. This engine vyas controlled by programs stored in punched cards. These programs were written by Babbage’s assistant, Augusta Ada King, who was considered as the first programmer in the World.

Question 20.
NAND gate is called universal gate because all other logic gates can be derived using NAND gate alone. How will you connect NAND gates to implement inverter, OR gate and AND gate? Draw logic circuits.
Answer:
By using NAND and NOR gates only we can create other gate hence these gates are called Universal gate.

Question 21.
Write the statement of De Morgan’s First theorem. Prove it algebraically.
Answer:
(a + b))’ = a’.b’ OR The complement of the sum of boolean variables is equal to the product of their individual complements.
We have to prove that (a + b)’ = a’.b’
Let us take z = a + b (1)
z’ = (a + b)’ (2)
We know that by complementary law z + z’ = 1 and z.z’= 0
Replace z and z’ with the values of (1) and (2) respectively.
So (a + b) + (a + b)’ = 1 (3)
(a + b).(a + b)’= 0 (4)
Let us assume that De Morgan’s first theorem is true, so (a + b)’=a’.b’
Hence Equation (3) and (4) becomes as follows (a + b) + (a’, b’) =1 (5)
(a + b).(a’.b’) = 0 (6)
Now we have to prove Equations (5) and (6). If they are true then we will conclude that the De Morgan’s theorem is also true.
Consider the LHS of Eq. (5)
(a + b) + (a’.b’) = (a + b + a’). (a + b + b’) by Distributive law
= (a + a’ + b).(a + b + b’) by Commutative law.
= (1 + b).(a + 1) by Complementary law
= 1.1 (Basic Postulates)
= 1
= RHS
Now let us consider the LHS of Eq.(6).
(a + b).(a’.b’) = (a.a’.b’) + (b.a’.b’) Distributive law
= (a.a’.b’) + (b.b’.a’) Commutative law
= (0.b’) + (0.a’) Complementary law
= 0 + 0 (Basic postulates
= 0
= RHS
Hence the theorem is proved

Question 22.
Draw flow chart symbols and write their meanings standardized by American National Standards Institute.
Answer:
Flow chart symbols are explained below
1) Terminal (Oval)

It is used to indicate the beginning and ending of a problem

2) Input/Output (parallelogram)

It is used to take input or print output.

3) Processing (Rectangle)

It is used to represent processing
That means to represent arithmetic operation such
an addition, subtraction, multiplication….

4) Decision (Rhombus)

It is used to represent decision making. It has one entry flow and two exit flows but one exit path will be executed at a time.

5) Flow lines (Arrows)

It is used to represent the flow of operation

6) Connector

Question 23.
What is explicit type conversion (type casting)? Explain with example.
Answer:
This is done by the programmer. The programmer forcibly convert the data type into another type. Its syntax is (data type to be converted) expression;
Eg. int x=10;
(float) x;

Question 24.
What is an identifier? Write the rules to be followed while creating an identifier in C++.
Answer:
These are user defined words. Eg. Variable name, function name, class name, object name etc.
The rules are

1. It starts with alphabet.
2. Underscore is considered as an alphabet.
3. Digits can be used followed by an alphabet.
4. Keywords cannot be used.
5. Special characters cannot be used.

Question 25.
Write a list of operations that can be performed on arrays.
Answer:
Array operations – Traversal, Sorting and Searching.

Question 26.
Consider the following C++ statement:
char name [20];
cm >> name;
cout << name;
What will be the output if you input the string “Abdul Kalam”? Justify your answer. Rewrite the code using a console function to input a string.
Answer:
It is output is Abdul. Because cin reads the characters upto the space. Here space is the delimiter. To read characters including white spaces use gets() function. Instead of cin»name; use gets(name);

Question 27.
Write the two methods of calling functions in C++. What are the differences between these two methods?
Answer:
Two types call by value and call by reference.
1. Call by value: In call by value method the copy of the original value is passed to the function, if the function makes any change will not affect the original value.
Example

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void swap>(int a, int b)
{
int temp;
temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
}
main()
{
clrscr();
int a,b;
cout<<“Enter values for a and b:- “;
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<“The values before swap a=”<<a<<“ ,and
b=”<<b;
swap(a,b);
cout<<“\nThe values before swap a=”<<a<<“ and
b=”<<b;
getch();
}

2. Call by reference: In call by reference method the address of the original value is passed to the function, if the function makes any change will affect the original value.

Example

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void swap(int &a, int &b)
{
int temp;
temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
}
main()
{
clrscr();
int a,b;
cout<<“Enter values for a and b:- ";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<“The values before swap a=”<<a<<“ and
b=”<<b;
swap(a,b);
cout<<“\nThe values before swap a=”<<a<<“ and
b=”<<b;
getch();
}

Question 28.
What is recursion? Write a recursive function that returns factorial of a non – negative integer. Rewrite the function without using recursion.
Answer:
A function calls itself is called recursive function. Using recursive function long int fac(int n)

{
if(n==0)
return(1);
else
retum(n*fac(n-1));
}
Without using recursive function long int fac(int n)
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
fact=fact*i;
}

Question 29.
Write a brief description about any three wireless communication technologies using radio waves.
Answer:

1. Bluetooth: This technology uses radio waves in the frequency range of 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz. And transmit data in short distance. Mobile , phones, Laptops, tablets etc use Bluetooth technology to transmit data.
2. Wi Fi(Wireless Fidelity): It uses radio waves to transmit information across a network in a range 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz in short distance. Nowadays this technology is used to access internet in Laptops, Desktops, tablets, Mobile phones etc.
3. Wi MAX(Wireless Microwave Access); It uses micro waves to transmit information across a network in a range 2 GHz to 11 GHz over very long distance.

Question 30.
Write any three advantages of social media.
Answer:

1. Bring people together: It allows people to maintain the friendship.
2. Plan and organize events: It allows users to plan and organize events.
3. Business promotion: It helps the firms to promote their sales.

Answer any two of the questions from 31 to 33. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 31.
Write a description about general purpose application software.
Answer:
Programs developed to serve a particular application is known as application software, eg:- MS Office, Compression Utility, Tally etc.
Application software can further be sub divided into three categories.
a) Packages
b) Utilities
c) Customized Software

a) Packages: Application software that makes the computer useful for people to do every task. Packages are used to do general purpose application.

b) Utilities: Utilities are programs which are designed to assist computer for its smooth functioning.

c) Specific purpose software (Customized software): It is collection of programs which are developed to meet user needs to serve a particular application. It is also called tailor made software.

Question 32.
What is the use of looping statements? Looping / Explain elements of a looping statement with suitable example.
Answer:
Iteration statements: If we have to execute a block of statements more than once then iteration statements are used.

Question 33.
Explain advantaged of using networked computers instead of using stand -alone computers.
Answer:

• Resource sharing: All the computers in a network can share software (programs, data ………………..) and hardware (printer, scanner, CD drive etc.).
• Reliability: If one computer fails, the other computer can perform the work without any delay. This is very important for banking, air traffic control and other application.
• Price Vs Performance: A main frame computer can be 10 times faster than a PC but it costs thousand times a PC. Therefore instead of a main frame 10 personal computers are used with less cost and same performance.
• Communication Medium: It is a powerful communication medium. We can exchange information between computers in a network.
• Scalable: This means, System performance can be increased by adding computers to a network.

 

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two History Previous Year Question Paper March 2021

Answer the following questions from 1 to 42 upto a maximum score of 80.

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’with appropriates from column ‘B’:

A	B
Zarathustra	Tirthankara
Kong zi	Iron
Plato	Lumbini
Buddha	China
Mahavira	Greece

Answer:

A	B
Zarathustra	Iron
Kong zi	China
Plato	Greece
Buddha	Lumbini
Mahavira	Tirthankara

Question 2.
Find the relation between the two parts of item (a) and fill in the blanks of item (b) accordingly. (5 × 1 = 5)
i) a) Traces of Canal : Shortughai
b) Remains of water reservior : ______
Answer:
Dholavira

ii) a) Banawali : Haryana
b) Kalibangan : ________
Answer:
Rajagriha

iii) a) Shortughai : Lapis Lazuli
b) Khetri : ________
Answer:
Copper

iv) a) Magan : Oman
b) Dilmum : _______
Answer:
Bahrain

v) a) Terracotta models of plough : Iran
b) KongZi : _______
Answer:
Mohenjodaro

Question 3.
Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given below: (5 × 1 = 5)
i) Te earliest capital of Magadha
a) Taxila
b) Rajagriha
c) Ujjayini
d) Tosali
Answer:
(b) Rajagriha

ii) Megasthaneswas an ambassador from :
a) Greece
b) China
c) Iran
d) France
Answer:
a) Greece

iii) The title ‘devaputra’ was adopted by:
a) TheMauryas
b) The Guptas
c) TheKushanas
d) TheShakas
Answer:
c) TheKushanas

iv) ‘Prayaga Prashasti’ was composed by
a) Kautilya
b) Megasthenes
c) Asoka
d) Harishena
Answer:
d) Harishena

v) The first coins bearing the names and images of rulers were issued by:
a) Yaudheyas
b) Indo-Greeks
c) Kushanas
d) Guptas
Answer:
b) Indo-Greeks

Question 4.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (5 × 1 = 5)
• Vaikom Satyagraha
• Kundara Proclamation
• Pazhassi Revolt
• Paliyam Satyagraha
• Kurichiya Revolt
Answer:

1. Pazhassi Revolt (1793 -1805)
2. Kundara Proclamation (1809)
3. Kurichiya Revolt (1812)
4. Vaikom Satyagraha (1924 – 25)
5. Paliyam Satyagraha (1947 – 48)

Question 5.
Mark the following places on the outline map of ancient India provided: (5 × 1 = 5)
a) Delhi
b) Meerut
c) Kanpur
d) Jhansi
e) Lucknow
Answer:
a) Delhi
b) Meerut
c) Kanpur
d) Jhansi
e) Lucknow

Questions from 6 to 19 carry 2 scores each. (14 × 2 = 28)

Question 6.
Write any two features of harappan Script.
Answer:

1. Short inscriptions
2. Signs
3. Signs in between 375 to 400
4. Signs in seals
5. Written from right to left
6. Contained the name and title of the owner.

Question 7.
How can we find out the social differences in Harappa
Answer:
Burial Utilitarian and Luxury goods.

Question 8.
Mention any two places associated with the life of Buddha
Answer:
Lumbini, Sarnath, Bodhgaya, Kusinagara

Question 9.
Write a short note on Mahayana Buddhism.
Answer:

1. Importance in achieving nibbana
2. Buddha was regarded as a human being.
3. Idea of a saviour
4. Concept of the Bodhisatha
5. Image worship

Question 10.
Define ‘Khud-Kashta’ and ‘Pahi – Kashta’.
Answer:

1. khud kashta – Resident cultivators of village
2. Pahi Kashta – Non resident cultivators who come from another village

Question 11.
What is the meaning of the term ‘Jins-i Kamil’? Give an example.
Answer:
Jinsikamil – Perfect crops eg: Sugarcane, Cotton

Question 12.
Name the authors of Akbar name and Badshah Nama.
Answer:
AkbarNama-Abul Fazl Badshah Nama – Abdul Hamid Lahori

Question 13.
Who were Jotedars? Elucidate.
Answer:

1. Rich peasants
2. Acquired thousands of acres of land
3. Controlled local trade as well as money lend¬ing.

Question 14.
Why did the zamindars of Bengal default on revenue payments?
Answer:

1. High demand of the British
2. Depressed prices of agricultural products.
3. Invariable revenue regardless of the harvest.
4. Permenant settlement limited the power of the Zamindar to collect rent.

Question 15.
Mane any two leaders of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Bahamshah, Nana Sahib, Kunwar Singh, Birjis Qadr, Shahmal, Rani Lekshmi bhai, Gonoo

Question 16.
Prepare a short note on the two early campaigns of Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat.
Answer:

1. Kheda Satyagraha
2. Ahmadabad mill strike

Question 17.
Mention the names of two epics of the post Sangham Period.
Answer:

1. Chilappadikaram
2.  Manimekhala

Question 18.
What do you mean by ‘Kaccam’? Give an example.
Answer:
Code of conduct followed by the temples and Urs and Gramas during Perumal period. The major kaccam was Muzhikkulam kaccam.

Question 19.
Name any two social reformers of Kerala.
Answer:
Vaikunda Swamikal, Sree Narayana Guru, Chattampi Swamikal, Ayyankali, Vaikom Abdul Khader Maulavi, Vaghbhatananda, Mar Kuriakode Elias Chavara, VT.Bhattathirippad

Questions from 20 to 25 carry 3 scores each. (6 × 3 = 18)

Question 20.
How did the archaeologists identify the centres of craft production in Harappa?
Answer:

1. Raw materials
2. Unfinished objects
3. Waste

Question 21.
Write any three limitations of inscriptional evidences.
Answer:

1. Letters are very faintly engraved.
2. Inscriptions may be damaged or letters missing.
3. Not sure about the exact meaning of the words.
4. Not all inscriptions have been discovered.
5. Many more inscriptions have not survived the ravage of time.
6. Not everything that we may consider significant was necessarily recorded in inscripfions.
7. The content of inscriptions projects the perspec-tive of the person who commissioned them.

Question 22.
Briefly explain the structure of a stupa.
Answer:
Anda, Harmika, Yashti, Chatri, Mound, Railing

Question 23.
ExplainZiyaratand Qawwali.
Answer:

1. Ziyarat – Pilgrimage to tombs of sufi saints.
2. Qawwali – Mystical chants performed by spe¬cially trained musicians or Qawwals to evoke divine ecstasy.

Question 24.
Write a short note on the images related to the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Relief of LUcknow, In Memorium, Justice, The Clem- encyofCanning.

Question 25.
Prepare a short note on the Temple Entry Proclamation in Travancore.
Answer:
On 12 November 1936 Sree Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma, the ruler of Travancore, issued the famous Temple Entry Prodammation opening all the temples of the state to all Hindus irrespective of state. Gandhiji hailed it as a miracle of modern times.

Questions from 26 to 33 carry 4 scores each. (8 × 4 = 32)

Question 26.
Point out any for causes of the decline of Harappan Civilization.
Answer:
Climatic change, Deforestation, Excessive flood, shifting/drying up of rivers, over use of landscape.

Question 27.
Examine the main ideas of Jainism.
Answer:

1. Entire world is animated
2. Ahimsa
3. Cycle of karma
4. Asceticism
5. Penance

Question 28.
Explain the views of Ibn Battuta on medieval Indian Cities.
Answer:

1. The cities in Indian subcontinent had full of opportunities for those who had the necessary drive,, resources and skills.
2. The cities were densely populated and prosper-ous cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets.
3. Delhi was a vast city.
4. Daulatabad was no less, and easily rivalled Delhi in size.

Question 29.
How did Francois Bernier compare the East and the West?
Answer:

1. Bernier travelled to several parts of the country.
2. He compared what he saw in India with the situ ationin Europe.
3. He dedicated his major writing to Louis XIV the King of France.
4. Bemier described what he saw in India as a bleak situation in companson to developments in Europe.
5. His assessment was not always accurate.

Question 30.
Briefly expalin aboutthe Mahanavami dibba.
Answer:

1. Mahanavami dibba is situated in the Royal oenire.
2. Massive platform.
3. Abase of about 11000 sq.ft.
4. Aheightof4oft.
5. The base of the platform is covered with relief carvings.
6. Rituals associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanavami festival.
7. The Vijayanagar kings displayed their prestige, power and suzerainty on this occasion.

Question 31.
Examine the features of Mughal provincial administration.
Answer:

1. Provinces were known as Subas.
2. Provincial governors were known as Subadar.
3. Ministers had their corresponding subordinates diwan, bakshi and Sadr.
4. Suba was divided into Sarkars.
5. Sub districts were known as Pargana.
6. Qanungo was the keeper of revenue records.
7. Chaudhuri was in charge of revenue collection.
8. Each department maintained a large support staff.

Question 32.
Evaluate the background of Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Answer:

1. In 1919 the British government passed the “RoWatt,4d’ that permitted detention wtthouttflal.
2. Gandhiji called for a countryside campaign against the ‘Rowlatt Act’.
3. In Punjab prominent local Congressmen wete arrested.
4. InAmritsar, in April 1919, a British brigadier or dered his troops to open fire on a nationalist meeting.
5. More than fuor hundred peop’e were killed in what is known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Question 33.
List out the main rcommendations of the Cabinet Mission.
Answer:

1. A kose three-tier confederation.
2. India was to remain united.
3. CentraI government should control foreign affairs, defence and communication.
4. Provincial assembles should be grouped into three sections.

Questions from 34 to 38 carry 5 scores each. (5 × 5 = 25)

Question 34.
What are the elements to be considered by the historians while analysing texts like Mahabharata? Explain.
Answer:

1. Language and Content – Mahabharata was written in Sanskrit. Content is classified into narrative and didactic.
2. Author and dates:- The original story was composed by Sutas. These compositions circulatedorally. It was written in between 200BCE and 200 CE. Later Manusmriti was added. It is corn prised of I 00000 verses.
3. The search for convergence.

Question 35.
List out the four Varnas mentioned in the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras. Explain their ‘ideal occupations’.
Answer:

1. Brahmanas – Studying vedas, sacrifices
2. Kshatriyas – war, administration
3. Vaishyas – Agriculture, Cattle rearing, Trade
4. Shudras – Serving higher vamas.

Question 36.
Briefly explain the Virashaiva tradition in Karnataka.
Answer:

1. Basavanna – Lingayats
2. Worshipped Shivalinga
3. They do not practise cremation.
4. They challenged the idea of caste and pollution.
5. They questioned the idea of caste and the pollution.
6. Oppsed Dharmashastras Vachanas

Question 37.
Analyse the features of the fortifications in Vijayanagara.
Answer:

1. Seven lines of forts.
2. These encircled not only the city but also its agricultural hinterland and forests.
3. Massive masonry construction.
4. No mortar or cementing agent.
5. The stone blocks were wedge shaped.
6. These were cultivated fields, gardens and houses among fort lines.

Question 38.
Examine the temple architecture of Vijayanagara with special mention to Virupaksha and vitthala temples.
Answer:
Virupaksha was the guardian deity of the Vijayanagar empire. It was built over centuries. The eariiest shrine was dated to the ninth-tenth centuries. The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Knshnadevaraya. This was decorated with delicately carved pillars. Vitthala was a form of Vishnu This temple too has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a chariot. Gopurams and Manciapas were the distinctive fea tures of the Vijayanagar temples. Hazara Rama Temple was an important temple in the Royal centre.

Questions from 39 to 42 carry 8 scores each. (4 × 8 = 32)

Question 39.
Explain the town planning system existed in Mohenjodaro.
Hints:
• Citadel
• Lower Town
• Drainage System
• Domestic architecture
Answer:
Mohenjodaro is divided into citadel and lower town. Citadel was higher then the lower town. Both were walled. Several buildings were built on platforms. The settlement was first planned and then implemented accordingly. Other signs of planning include bricks, which, whether sun-dried or baked, were of a stan dard ratio, where the length, breadth and height were the same.

One of the most distinchve features of Harappan cit ies was the carefully planned drainage system. Roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles. The lower town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings. Many were centered on a courtyard, with rooms on all sides. What is also In teresting is an apparent concern for privacy. Every house had its own bathroom. Some houses have remains of stair cases to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells. Scholars have estimated that the total number of wells in Mohenjodaro was about 700.

It is on the citadel that we find evidence of structures that were probably used for special public purposes. These indude a warehouse and the Great Bath. The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a court yard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides. There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well. Water from the tank flowed Into a huge drain. Across a lane to the north lay a smaller building with 8 bathrooms, four on each side of a corridor, with drains from each bathroom connecting to a drain that ran along the corridor. The uniqueness of the structure, as well as the context in which it was found has led scholars to suggest that it was meant for some kind of a special ritual bath. Mohenjodaro is the most well known Harappan site.

Question 40.
Analyse the main features of Mauryan administrative system. Areas to be considered:
• Sources
• Five major political centres
• Military administration
• Asoka’s Dhamma
Answer:
Chandragupta Mauya was the founder of the Maurya empire. Historians have used a variety of sources. They are the following.

1. Archaeological finds (Sculpture)
2. Arthashastra composed by Kautilya.
3. Account of Megastenes
4. Buddhist, Jaina, Purariic and Sanskrit Uterature.
5. Inscriptions of Asoka.

These were five major political centres in the Mauryan empire – the capital Pataliputra and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjaini, Tosali and Suvamagirl, all mentioned in Asokan inscriptions. The regions in-cluded within the empire were just too diverse.

It is likely that administrative control was strongest in areas around the capital and the provincial centres. These centres were carefully chosen, both Taxila and Ujjayini being situated on important longdistance trade routes, while Suvarnagiri was possibly important for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka.

Communication along both land and riverine routes was vital for the existence of the empire. Megasthenes mentions a committee with six sub¬committees for coordinating military activity. Of these, one looked after the navy, the second managed transport and provisions, the third was responsible for foot soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants. The activities of the sec-ond sub committee were rather varied: arranging for bullock carts to carry equipments, procuring food for soldiers and fodder for animals, and recruiting ser-vants and artisans to look after soldiers.

Asoka also tried to hold his empire together by propa gating Dhamma. According to Asoka, Dhamma would ensure the well being of people in this world and the next. Special officers, known as Dhamma mahamatta; were appointed to spread the message of dhamma. It was the first ruler who inscribed his messages to his subjects and officials on stone surfaces. He used the inscriptions to proclaim what he understood to be Dhamma. This included respect towards elders, generosity towards Brahmanas, and those who renounced worldly life, treating slaves and servants kindly, and respect for religions and traditins other than one’s own.

Question 41.
Evaluate the accounts of Al-Biruni regarding medieval India.
Hints:
• Early life
• The Kitab-ul-Hind
• The barriers faced by Al-Biruni
• Description of the caste system
Answer:
Al-Biruni was born in 973, in Khwarizm in present day Uzbekistan. Khwarizm was an important centre of learning. He was well versed in several languages. Syrian, Arabic, Persian, Hebrew and Sanskrit. In 1017, when Sultan Mahmud invaded Khwarizm, he took several schplars and poets back to his capital, Ghazni, Al-Biruni was one of them.

It was in Ghazni that Al-Biruni developed an interest in India. Sanskrit works on astronomy, mathematics and medicine had been translated into Arabic from the eighth century onwards. He spend years in the Maximum cpuWisfters company of Brahmana priests and scholars, learning Sanskrit, and studying religious and philosophical texts. He travelled widely in the Punjab and parts of northern India.

Al-Biruni is Kitab-ul-Hind, written in Arabic, is simple and lucid. It is a voluminous text, divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as religion and philosophy, festivals, astronomy, alchemy, manners and cus¬toms, social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology.

Generally, Al-Biruni adopted a distinctive structure in each chapter, beginning with a question, following its up with a description based on Sanskritic traditions, and concluding with a comparison with other cultures. This almost geometric structure, remarkable, for its precision and predictability, owed much to his mathematical orienfation.

Al-Biruni, who wrote in Arabic, probably intended his work for people living along the frontiers of the sub-continent, He was familiar with translations and ad-aptations of Sanskrit. Pali and Prakrit texts into Ara-bic- these ranged from fables to works on astronomy and medicine. However, he was also critical about the ways in which these texts were written, and dearly wanted to im prove on them.

He discussed several ‘barriers’ that he felt obstructed understanding. The first amongst these was lan-guage. The second barrier h(e identified was the dif-ference in religious beliefs and practices. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by looking for paralels in other societies. He noted that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised: those of knights and princes; monks, fire-priests and lawyers, physicians, astronomers and other scientists; and finally, peasants and artisans.

In other words, he attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India. At the same time he pointed out that within Islam all men were considered equal, differing only in their observance of piety. Al-Biruni disapproved of the notion of pollution. His description of the caste system was deeply influ-enced by his study of normative Sanskrit texts. How-ever, in real life the system was not quite as rigid.

Question 42.
Analyse the major struggles of Mahatma Gandhi for India’s freedom.
Hints:
• Non-Cooperation Movement
• Salt Satyagraha
• Quit India
Answer:
Mahatrpa Gandhi made India’s national movement into a mass movement. The Non-cooperation move-ment was the first mass movement organised by Gandhiji in India under Indian National Congress. He hoped that by coupling non-cooperation with Khilafat, India’s two major religious communities, Hindus and Muslims, could collectively bring an end to colonial rule.

As part of the Non-cooperation movement students stopped going to schools and colleges run by the government. The working class went on strike in many towns and cities. The countryside was seething With discontent too. Hill tribes in northen Andhra violated forest laws. Farmers in Awadh did not pay taxes. Peasant in Kumaun refused to carry loads for colonial officials. Peasants, workers, and others interpreted and acted upon the call to ‘non cooperate’ with colonial rule in ways that best suited their interests, rather than conform to the dictates laid down from above.

It entailed denial, renunciation and self discipline. It was training for self rule. As a consequence of the Non-cooperation movement the British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. Then in February 1922, a group of peasants attacked and torched a police station in the hamlet of Chaurichaura in the United provinces. Several constables perished in the conflagration. This act of non violence prompted Gandhiji to call off the altogether. During the non cooperation movement thousands of Indians were put in jail.

Another mass movement organised by Gandhiji under the leadership of the Congress was the Salt Satyagraha. Mahatma Gandhi announced that he would lead a march to break one of the most widely disliked laws in British India, which gave the sjpte a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. His picking on the salt monopoly was another illustration Of Gandhiji’s tactical wisdom.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards the ocean. He reached his destination three weeks later, making a fistful of salt as he did and thereby making himself criminal in the eyes of the law. Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were being conducted in other parts of the country. This event brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention. It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. It was the salt march which forced upon the British the realisation that their

Raj would not last forever, and that they would have to devolve some power to the Indians. By the Gandhi Irwin pact of 1931 Gandhiji called off the ovil disobe dience movement and agreed to participate In the second round table conference. As a result all pris oners were released and salt manufacture was allowed along the coast.

Quit India movement began in 1942. Activists organised strikes and acts of Sabotage all over them country. Socialist members of the Congress were active in the underground. lndependent governments were proclaimed in different places. It was a mass movement bringing into its ambit hundreds of thou sands of ordinary Indians.