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Kerala Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Social Movements

Social Movements Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who wrote the book The Logic of Collective Action’?
a) Mancur Olson
b) McCarthy
c) Zald
d) James Scott
Answer:
Mancur Olson

Question 2.
Where did the Chipko Movement start?
a) Haryana
b) Gujarat
c) Himachal Pradesh
d) Punjab
Answer:
Himachal Pradesh

Question 3.
When did the Jharkhand Movement start?
a) 1994
b) 2000
c) 2001
d) 2002
Answer:
2000

Question 4.
…………. was a movement in England that conceived parliamentary democracy.
Answer:
Chartist

Question 5.
………and ……….. are the discoverers of Mobilization theory?
Answer:
McCarthy, Zald

Question 6.
The Movement organized by Sri Narayana Guru to change the social practice of the Ezhavas of Kerala is an example of ……… Social Movement.
Answer:
Transformatory

Question 7.
………. Social Movements try to bring social and political changes.
Answer:
Reformative

Question 8.
………… Social Movements acquire the ruling power and bring changes in the social relations.
Answer:
Revolutionary

Question 9.
………… Movement is against deforestation or felling of trees.
Answer:
Chipko

Question 10.
In his book, Gail Omvedt said that the primary attention of Social Movements must be in social inequality and differences in the distribution of raw I materials.
Answer:
Reinventing Revolution

Question 11.
What was the Movement that was formed in the Himalayan valleys?
Answer:
Chipko

Question 12.
The Movement that upheld the principle of bio-system and biodiversity?
Answer:
Chipko

Question 13.
The Movement that originated in Bengal demanding 2/3 share of what they produce, instead of the 50% they were getting?
Answer:
Naxalbari

Question 14.
Which Indian state has the maximum number of Tribal Movements?
Answer:
Jharkhand

Question 15.
Match the following.

A	B
E.P. Thomson	The Logic of Collective Action
Mancur Olson	Moral Economy
MaCarthy	Weapons of the Weak
James Scott	Resource Management Theory

Answer:

A	B
E.P. Thomson	Moral Economy
Mancur Olson	The Logic of Collective Action
MaCarthy	Resource Management Theory
James Scott	Weapons of the Weak

Question 16.
What are differences between Old and New Social Movements?
Answer:
There are differences between the two in the backgrounds, goals, political natures and their spread.
a) The historical backgrounds of the Old and New Social Movements are different. The old ones came up in the background of capitalism, socialist movements, colonialism and so on. With the growth of capitalism, a powerful working class came up. The working classes of the Western capitalist countries fought for better wages, better living conditions, social security, free education, health security, etc. Similar fights were also seen in the agricultural sector. There the fight was to end exploitations by the landowners and get their own lands.

There were also freedom movements in different parts of the world against colonialism. The New social movements had different backgrounds. These movements came up during the period after WWII. They originated from problems like war, gender exploitation, racial discrimination, exploitation of the environment, etc.

b) The goals are different. The old ones want the restructuring of authority. They were functioning within the framework of political parties. For example, Indian National Movement was led by the Indian National Congress. The Chinese Revolution was led by the Communist Party. A group of thinkers believes that the old activities carried out by trade unions and parties of workers are losing their relevance and they are becoming weak.

Another group thinks that wealthy Western nations have become Welfare States and therefore exploitation by a certain class and inequality are no more big issues. The new social movements are not interested in restructuring the authority. They handle general things like clean environment and so on.

c) Old Social Movements gave the central place to political parties. Rajni Kothari thinks that it as the dissatisfaction with parliamentary democracy that caused the social movements of the 1970s to come up. He thinks that all the establishments of the nation are in the hands of the elite. Therefore elections through political parties will not bring the voice of the poorto the Centre of Power.

So people leave political parties and join non-political movements. Thus they are able to put pressure on the government. Examples of such non-political movements are the new NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), Women Organizations, Environmental Fellowships, Tribal Movements, etc. To show the old and new social movements, nowadays the name Civil Society is used.

d) There is also difference in the spread between the Old and the New. Old ones remain within the boundaries of the nation. They did not have a global nature. But for the New Social movements, boundaries are not a problem.

Question 17.
Write a note on Naxalbari Movement.
Answer:
This Movement started in the region of Naxalbari In Bengal in 1967. OfSaru Majumdar, who belonged to the CPI (ML) led the protests against the exploitation and violence by landowners. The protests were done by Adivasis, sharecroppers, tenants and small-scale fanners. The mode of protest included forcefully taking the land from owners and distributing it to the landless, reaping the crops from the fields of the zamindars, attacking their homes and taking the grain hoarded there. The Naxalbaris killed some landowners who were very cruel.

They also organized guerrilla attacks. The protest began in March 1967. Kanu Sanyal points out that all villagers were involved in the protest in just one month: 15,000 to 20,000 villagers became full-time workers of the Movement. In each village, a committee was formed. The committee members were armed. They grabbed the land of the zamindars. They burned all the documents of ownership of land. Many zamindars were tried -by popular courts and were sentenced to death. They took the guns of the zamindars and formed armed groups.

They also used traditional weapons like bow and arrow and spears. They released hundreds of villages from the zamindars. They also set up parallel governments in the villages to look after their affairs. Although the government tried hard to suppress the Movement, it did not go away fully. Even now it is very active in many places.

Question 18.
How can we group the various Social Movements?
Answer:
We can group them into three:
a) Redemptive or Transformatory
b) Reformative
c) Revolutionary
Redemptory Social Movements are those which try to bring changes in the working of their members or In their personal awareness. For example, the Movement under the leadership of Sri Narayana Guru tried to bring changes in the social rituals of the Ezhava community in Kerala.

Reformative Social Movements try to bring about gradual changes in the existing socio-political order. Movements that organized the agitation demanding the formation of States on linguistic basis and those who fought for making the Right to Information Law are Reformative Social-Movements, Revolutionary Social Movements try to completely change the existing social order. Often they bring these changes by capturing power. The Bolshevik Revolution of Russia and the Naxalite Movement of India are examples. Bolshevik Revolution removed the Tsar from the throne and tried to make Russia a Communist country. The Naxalites tried to bring an equitable society by wiping out all the cruel zamindars and officials.

Question 19.
What are the special features of Social Movements?
Answer:
They are:
a) Stable and collective actions.
b) Organizing
c) Leadership
d) Structure

Question 20.
Which are the three Organizations that worked for gender equality?
Answer:
They are:
a) Women’s India Association (WIA 197)
b) All India Women’s Conference (AIWC 1926)
c) National Council for Women in India (NCWI 1925).

Question 21.
What are the special features of Social Movements?
Answer:
They are:
a) Stable and collective actions.
b) Organizing
c) Leadership
d) Structure
e) Common goals and ideology
f) Collective attitude to change

Question 22.
What are the differences between Social Changes and Social Movements?
Answer:
Social Movements work for social changes. Social changes are a continuous process. They happen because of the collective work of countless number of people. Social Movements are formed to achieve certain goals. Prolonged and continuous social efforts and working are the basic factors of Social Movements. Sanskritization and westernization are examples of Social Changes. The Reform Movements of the 19^th century are examples of Social Movements.

Question 23.
Explain the theories of Social Movements in Sociology.
Answer:
There are many theories regarding Social Movements. The most important of them are
a) Relative Rejection Theory,
b) Mancur Olson’s Theory and
c) Theory of Resource Mobilization of McCarthy and Zald.

a) This theory says that conflict occurs when one social section feels that its condition is worse than the others. Such conflict may result in collective protests. This theory stresses psychological factors like anger and resentment in the formation of Social Movements. This theory has certain limitations. The feeling that one section is rejected might be necessary for collective action. But that need not be always a reason.

On many occasions, people feel that they are rejected, but they do not become Social Movements. In short, just because there is a problem, Social Movements don’t start. To form a Social a Movement in a stable and organized way there is a need to bring the affected people together. Through this, a common ideology and an action plan are made. Problems are deliberately brought forward to take corrective action. It is done by leadership and structure.

b) Mancur Olson presents his theory on Social Movement in his book titled “The Logic of Collective Action”. He argued that it is the activities of rational people who pursue their self-serving interests that allow the growth the Social Movements. A person becomes a member of a Social Movement only when he has some benefit from it. He should have more gains than losses to be a member of an organization. In short, people join Social Organizations to gain maximum benefit for themselves. Many people do not agree with this view of Olson. They argue that when people join organizations they do not first sit down to calculate the expenses and profits of such membership.

c) Resource Mobilization theory was put forward by McCarthy and Mayer Nathan Zald. They rejected theory of Olsen that Social Movements are the creations of self-serving people. They argued that the success of a Social Movement depends on its ability for resource mobilization. By resources they mean things like leadership, organizing skill and communication facilities. They added if the resources are used by taking advantage of the existing political opportunities, the Movement will be more successful. Critics had their own views on this theory. They argued that Social Movements do not rely on the available resources.

They can create new sources and go forward. They pointed out that many movements by poor people had succeeded although they did not have many resources. Even Movements formed with limited resources and organizational bases can get resources as the fight is on.

Social conflicts never lead to natural organized activities. For such an idea to come up, a section must consciously feel that it is suppressed or ignored by others. There is also a need for structure, leadership and a clear ideology.

Somehow social agitations and resistances do not follow this path. People may have a clear idea of their being exploited. But often they can’t fight against it through political force.

James Scott in his book called “Weapons of the Weak” described the lives of farmers and workers in Malaysia. There the protests against injustice were small activities. Such activities can be called ordinary resistance movements.

Question 24.
Mention some of the Old and New Social Movements.
Answer:
Old Social Movements include Movements based on class, Movements against colonization, Worker’s Movements, Farmers’ Movements, and National Movements.
New Social Movements include Anti-war Movements, Civil Rights Movements, Women Movements, and Environmental Movements.

Question 25.
Evaluate Chipko Movement as an Environmental Movement.
Answer:
Chipko Movement is an Environmental Movement. It was formed on the hills of the Himalayan Valley. In his book ‘Restless Forests”, Ramachandra Guha correctly evaluates this Movement. The villagers came together to protect the oak and rhododendron trees near their villages. When the forest contractors came to cut these threes, the villagers, including many women, embraced the trees preventing the workers from cutting them. (Chipko in Hindi means hold tightly or embrace.) These forests provided the livelihood of the villagers.

For their various needs like grass for the cattle, firewood and other things, they depended -on these forests. There the clash was between the government trying to make money by selling trees to greedy contractors and the people struggling for their livelihood. The economics of livelihood was clashing with the economics of profit.

The Chipko Movement raised the issue of environmental stability. Clearing forests will cause environmental damage. In some areas, it will result in soil erosion, floods and landslides.

For the villagers, their livelihood was as important as the protection of forests. As a natural wealth useful to all, they gave a lot of importance to forests. The anger and resentment of the villagers against a government that was unwilling to listen to their problems and solve them were also seen in the Chipko Movement.

The Movement started in Alaknanda village in Himachal Pradesh. This village had experienced many natural tragedies. In 1970, there was a flood. It destroyed the homes, vehicles, roads, and crops of the villagers. Many died in the flood. It was a lesson to the villagers. They started thinking of the relation between deforestation and natural calamities like floods and landslides. They realized that the worst affected areas were those below the deforested areas. A cooperative society named Dasholi Grama Swaraj Mandat, working in the Chamoli village took up the problem of the villagers.

The government did not mind the protests. The forests were auctioned. One of them was Reni forest. The workers of contractors came to Reni with implements to cut down the trees. A small girl who saw these people coming went and informed the matter to Gaura Devi, the president of the Mahila Mandal in the village. Gaura Devi got as many women as she could get and rushed to the forest. They requested the people who were ready to cut the trees, not to fell them. But they did not listen to the request of the village women. They abused Gaura Devi and threatened the other women. Then the women embraced the trees, refusing to go away. The workers were forced to go away.

Question 26.
Describe the special features of the Dalit Movements.
Answer:
The Dalit Movements that were formed after Ambedkar had a revolutionary nature. They put forward an alternative lifestyle. It included avoiding eating beef and conversion into other religions. They stood for ending caste discriminations and economic exploitation. In spite of their revolutionary agenda, they had a reformative nature. They were based on caste. Their efforts to end caste system were half-hearted. Only the educated minority among the Daiits got the benefits of the changes. They failed to uplift the vast majority of the Dalits.

Question 27.
Describe the working style of Social Movements.
Answer:
Social Movement do organized and collective activities. The most obvious action they do is protest. But there are also other things they do. They organize meetings. The purpose of these meetings is to give publicity to their ideologies and programmes and get support from people.

Such meetings help in the formation of common action plans and to bring about a common understanding. They also do things to influence government, the media, and public opinion. Social Movements express their protests in various ways. There are torch marches, showing black flags, street plays, songs, and poems.

Question 28.
Describe the early agricultural protests,
the colonial period. In the Mughal period, there had been different agitations. During the colonial period, farmers protested against landowners, moneylenders, government and estate owners.
Agricultural Movements between 1858 to 1914 were regional, disorganized and limited themselves to some specific Issue. During 1859 to 62, the Bengali Rebellion was against plantation owners. The Deccan Rebellions of 1875 were against moneylenders.

To get the support of the villagers, Gandhi organized Agricultural Movements. There was the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917. It was a protest of the farmers against the indigo farm owners. In 1918 there was the Kheda Satyagraha. Here the farmers wanted tax reductions. In 1929 there was the Bardoli Satyagraha. This was a forerunner of the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was organized in Bardoli in the district of Surat. Here Gandhi asked the people not to pay their taxes. The agitation was organized by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, a follower of Gandhi.

During the colonial period, many agricultural movements were formed, most of them between 1920 and 1940. in 1920 many Kisan Sabhaswere formed and most of the later Movements were the Kisan Sabhas was ‘Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (1929). In 1936, an All-India Organization of Kisan Sabhas was formed. It is called All-India Kisan Sabha. The farmers demanded freedom from economic exploitations.

Just before and after independence, India witnessed two very famous agricultural revolts. They were the ‘Thebhaga Rebellion’ (1946-47) and Telangana Rebellion (1946-51) In the Thebhaga Rebellion sharecroppers wanted 2/3 of the produce instead of the 50% they were getting. This rebellion had the backing of the Kisan Sabha and the Indian Communist Party. Telangana Rebellion was against the big landlords in that native sate. It was led by the Indian Communist Party.

You can download Mass Media and Communications Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 7 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Mass Media and Communications

Mass Media and Communications Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Soap Opera means:
Answer:
a) talk show
b) Reality Show
c) Humorous Shows
d) The serial presentation of a story
Answer:
The serial presentation of a story

Question 2.
When did Radio Broadcast begin in India?
Answer:
a) 1910
b) 1918
c) 1920
d) 1923
Answer:
1920

Question 3.
The first mass medium was
Answer:
Radio

Question 4.
The first printing press was established in Germany by ………..
Answer:
Johann Gutenberg

Question 5.
All the early Indian popular newspapers propagated the idea of
Answer:
Free India

Question 6.
It was the famous scholar………….. who argued that the print media helped in increasing national consciousness.
Answer:
Benedict Anderson

Question 7.
It was the famous scholar …………. who pointed out an imaginary community.
Answer:
Benedict Anderson

Question 8.
Match the following.

A	B
Bombay Samachar	1858
Somaprakasam	1822
Radio	1440
Printing Machine	1920

Answer:

A	B
Bombay Samachar	1822
Somaprakasam	1858
Radio	1920
Printing Machine	1440

Question 9.
What were the important papers during the colonial rule?
Answer:
Year — Newsoaoer — Founder/Place
1816 — Bengal Gazette — James Augustus Hickey (India’s fist newspaper)
1821 — Sampad Kaumudi Mirat-ul-Akbar — Rajaram Mohan Roy (first Indian papers with a democratic outlook.)
1822 — Bombay Samachar — Fardoonji Marzban (Gujarati)
1858 — Somana Prakasam — Iswara Chandra Vidyasagar (Bengali)
1868 — The Times of India — Bombay
1865 — The Pioneer — Allahabad
1868 — The Madras Mail — Madras Presidency
1875 — The Statesman — Calcutta
1876 — The Civil & Military Gazette — Lahore, Simla & Karachi

Question 10.
Which were the mass media in free India? What was the approach of Independent India to the media?
Answer:
The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, exhorted the media to be the watchdogs of democracy. Media were supposed to spread self-reliance and love for the nation. India at the beginning of independence gave stress to development. Media were seen as a means of letting the people know of the government’s development plans. Media were encouraged to fight against the ills of the society like untouchability, child marriage, isolating widows, witchcraft, faith healing and superstitions of all kinds.

Government wanted the media to help people develop rational and scientific thinking and help in the building of an industrialized society. The Films Division of India produced newsreels and documentaries. In every theatre, before the start of the regular film, these newsreels and documentaries were to be exhibited. Thus development plans of the government reached the people.

Question 11.
How did globalization affect the mass media?
Answer:
Newspapers were trying their best to increase their readership and to reach the maximum number of people. There were changes in the reading habit of people. Readers have’ reading habits according to their age. Those who are old read the entire paper. The youth are interested in sports, entertainment and gossip columns. Newspapers make their contents to meet the demand of different kinds of readers. In other words, newspapers give what the readers want.. There is now the new concept of infotainment. In this, there is no place for media morality or traditional values. The newspapers are produced not to work for social justice or preserving values. They have become another item for consumption like any other consumer item.

In 1991, there was only one TV channel Doordarshan controlled by the government. In 1998, there were 70 channels. 20 of them were broadcast by Doordarshan. The remaining were satellite channels owned by private companies. Increase in satellite channels was a feature of globalization. Viewers of private TV channels increased drastically. The homes with satellite TV connections also increased. Today in most homes there is satellite TV connection.

The Gulf War was in 1991. In that year Star TV (Hongkong), Red FM (Living Media) ad Radio City (Star Network) started operations in India. This marked the entry of satellite channels. CNN which gave live coverage of the Gulf War became very popular. The programs of StarTV were much popular. In 1992 CTV also began its telecast here. In 2000, Forty private satellite cable channels were available. They included regional language channels like Sun TV, Eenadu TV, (udaya TV, Raj TV, Asianet and so on. In the meantime, CTV started many regional channels. There were telecasts in Marathi and Bengali.

In 2000, in nearly 70% of the homes of India, all India Radio Programmes could be heard. They were broadcast in 24 languages and 146 dialects. There were more than 120 million radio sets.

A main change in radio broadcast during globalization was the coming of FM Radio Stations. With this entertainment programmes multiplied. Private FM channels were competing among themselves to give maximum entertainment to their listeners.

Private FM Channels don’t have permission to broadcast political news. Most channels get listeners by broadcasting music programmes, especially film songs. Most famous FM channels are under the media houses. Radio Mirch is owned by Times of India. Radio Mango is owned by Manorama. With the onslaught of FM radio stations, independent stations like National Public Radio and BBC are slowly disappearing from the field.

Films like Rang de Basanti, Lage Raho Munnabhai, etc. used the radio as an active medium. The hero of Rang de Basanti, inspired by the example of Bhagat Singh, kills a minister and captures All India Radio and through it he sends his message to the people. In Lage Raho Munnabhai, the hero makes use of a radio station to save the life of a girl. The privatization of radio stations and the growth of radio stations in the ownership of communities resulted in the fast growth of radio. Demand for regional and local news is increasing. Regional radio stations are in greater demand now. Since they broadcast local and regional news, there are ready listeners in most homes.

Question 12.
Describe newspaper revolution in Indian languages.
Answer:
During the last two decades of the 20th century, there were technological changes in the production of newspapers. Papers became fully automatic. PCs and software like Newsmaker brought revolutionary changes in this field. The change in technology brought changes in the functions and responsibilities of reporters. The shorthand notebooks which reporters carried with them, typewriters, old model telephones, etc. became outdated. Small tape recorder, laptop, mobiles, pen-drives, etc, became-the new tools of the trade.

With the changes in technology to gather news, it was possible to get the latest news and print it in the newspaper without any delay. Now there are district- wise editions for newspapers. Papers Ijke “Amar Ujala”, became very popular because of the technological changes. Many people thought that electronic media would reduce the importance of the print media. But nothing of that kind happened in India.

In fact, print media got better. But the newspapers had to make a lot of compromises. They were forced to reduce the prices and depend on advertisers. The advertisers started having some say in the content of the paper. Naturally, negative reports about the advertisers were not published in the’ newspaper for fear of losing their support.

Question 13.
As an important medium of communication, discuss the growth of the Indian language
Answer:
An important thing that has been happening for the last few decades is the newspaper revolution. This change had started even before the liberalization policy of India. Two of India’s most popular newspapers are ‘Dainik Jagran’ and ‘Dainik Bhaskar’. Dainik Jagran had 21 lakh readers. Dainik Bhaskar had 17. Assamese Dailies grew their circulation in urban areas by 51.8% and the Bengali Dailies increased their circulation in rural areas by 129%. These growths were fast.

The Paper ‘Eenadu’ also has a success story. It was started in 1974 by Ramoji Rao. As it worked in close collaboration with the anti-arrack organizations, this Telugu Paper got wide acceptance in villages. This prompted its district editions in 1989. District news, classifieds from villages and small towns were the main feature of this Paper, In 1998, it was published from 10 cities of Andhra Pradesh. It captured 70% circulation of all Telugu papers.

There are many reasons for this growth in the local papers. The first reason is the migration of literate people from villages to urban areas. For example, in 2003 a Hindi Daily from Delhi “Hindustan” had only a circulation of 64,000 copies. In 2005, it reached 425,000. This happened because many people from UP and Bihar migrated to Delhi.

The needs of the readers from villages and small towns are different from those of the cities. The second reason for their growth is they realized the needs of the readers and changed their content accordingly. Important newspapers like Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhoomi and Eeenadu came out of with regional editions with more local news. Papers like “Dailythanthi” (Tamil) used simple and conversational language. It attracted the rural population.

Indian language papers were able to make use of the latest technologies in printing. They also gave supplements, special editions and copies of popular books free to people. All this helped in the growth of papers. Another factor is the marketing techniques. There are programmes of meeting with the readers, home surveys and research. Dainik Bhaskar made the best use of these techniques. To compete with electronic media, the newspapers reduced their prices and were published from different centers. The National English Newspapers also did the same thing. All these helped the growth in the . Indian newspaper industry.

Question 14.
Trace the growth of Radio
Answer:
It was in the 1920s that radio broadcasting started in India. It was begun by some Clubs in Calcutta and Chennai. These clubs were interested in arts and they started radio broadcasting, not with any financial motive. In the 1940s, radio broadcasting became a government affair. In the Second World War, the Indian Radio became a means of propaganda for the Allied Powers (Britain, France, and America).

When India got freedom there were only 6 radio stations in India. They were broadcasting only for the people of cities. The 1950s, with the coming of transistors, radio became more popular. In those days a license was needed to keep a radio. By 1950, some 546,200 licenses were issued. Famous women like Amita Roy were working in the All India Radio.

You can Download Globalization and Social Change Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 6 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Globalization and Social Change

Globalization and Social Change Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The year in which WTO came into existence: WTO
1948,
b) 1991
c) 1994
d) 1995
Answer:
1995

Question 2.
The results of Globalization are:
a) increased job opportunities
b) international trade
c) growing inequality in income
d) all of the above
Answer:
d) all of the above

Question 3.
India’s financial capital?
Answer:
Mumbai

Question 4.
When did the new Telecom policy come into effect?
Answer:
1999

Question 5.
Mobile service was first available in India in ..?
Answer:

Question 6.
In the past, in one centre large scale production as done. It is called …..
Answer:
Fordism

Question 7.
Production is done in different places according to the availability of workers. This is called ……….
Answer:
Post-Fordism

Question 8.
The agency that controls and supervises the trade relations of the world?
Answer:
WTO (World Trade Organization)

Question 9.
Match the following

A	B
WTO	1985
SAARC	1995
ASEAN	2006
SAFTA	1967

Answer:

A	B
WTO	1995
SAARC	1985
ASEAN	1967
SAFTA	2006

Question 10.
Explain the concept of “Electronic economic system”.
Answer:
This is a factor of economic globalization. It is the revolution in communication that made this development possible. As computer and the internet chains became widespread, it was possible for banks, corporations, fund managers and depositors to send money to any part of the world within seconds. Of course, there is the possibility of loss of ‘electronic money’ as the transaction happens with a click of the mouse. The rise of fall of share market is an example. We often see heavy losses in the share market. As changing money from one person to another or from one source to another has become very easy, the probability of losses also has increased.

Question 11.
What is knowledge economy?
Answer:
In the past, the basis of economy was agriculture and industry. But globalization has changed it. Today’s economic system is a burden-less or knowledge economy. Knowledge economy is the economy based on computer software, media and entertainment products, and internet services based on information.

It includes planning of materials, development-, technology, marketing, selling and services and the workers and professionals involved in them. Their work is not limited to producing and distributing things. This economy includes catering services, event management like marriages, conferences and other big functions. New professions about which we hadn’t even heard a few years ago are coming up. Event Management is an example.

Question 12.
Describe the various aspects of globalization.
Answer:
Some of the aspects are:
a) Electronic economic system.
b) Liberalized economic policy
c) Trans-national corporations (TNC’s).
d) Globalized economic policy
Globalization has different aspects. In India, we often use the words liberalization and globalization. They are closely related, but they are different in meaning. India brought changes in its economic policy in 1991. Then the government declared a new economic package. The most important point there was liberalization. Liberalized economic policy, Transnational corporations, knowledge economy, and globalized economy are the main economic factors of globalization.

In the liberalization policy, Indian economy was open to world market. This marked the end of our past economic policies. Until then, the government had followed a policy of protecting public sector and controlling private sector. There were many laws and regulations that protected Indian markets and businesses from foreign competition. It was believed that the government has a big role to play in the welfare of the people.

The government had never given a thought to free market. Liberalization changed everything. It stressed free market. It removed all laws and regulations controlling imports. The policy was called ‘economic reforms’. Liberalization brought changes in all spheres of Indian economy. Changes happened in agriculture, industry, commerce, foreign investment, technology, public sector, and financial institutions. Import regulations were withdrawn. Licensing was ended. It was thought , that liberalization would help our economy.

Taking loans from institutions like International Monetary Fund was an aspect of liberalization. Such loans were given with certain conditions. The .main, condition is that we have to carry out the economic policies suggested by IMF. Then we have to reduce spending in social spheres like health, education, social security and so on.
Subsidies had to be reduced. The country is forced to accept these conditions.

A driving force behind globalization is transnational corporations (TNCs). They are companies that manufacture and sell things or give marketing services in different countries. There are some 70,000 TNCs working in the world now. There are also small companies in this, as they have business only in 2 or 3 countries. But there are giants like Coca Cola, General Motors, Colgate, Palmolive, Kodak and Mitsubishi. Their main aim is profit. Some Indian companies are also becoming TNCs.

Electronic economic system is another aspect of globalization. It is the revolution in communication that made this development possible. As computer and the internet chains became widespread, it was possible for banks, corporations, fund managers and depositors to send money to any part of the world within seconds. Of course there is the possibility of the loss of ‘electronic money’ as the transaction happens with a click of the mouse. The rise of fall of share market is an example. We often see heavy losses in the share market. As changing money from one person to another or from one source to another has become very easy, the probability of losses also has increased.

In the past, the basis of economy was agriculture and industry. But globalization has changed it. Today’s economic system is burden-less or knowledge economy.

Knowledge economy is the economy based on computer software, media and entertainment products, and internet services based on information. It includes planning of materials, development, technology, marketing, selling and services and the workers and professionals involved in them. Their work is not limited to producing and distributing things.

This economy includes catering services event management like marriages, conferences, and other big functions: New professions about which we hadn’t even heard a few years ago are coming up. Event Management is an example.

Progress in technology has caused the globalization of world economy. In a matter of seconds, millions of dollars can be moved from one location to another. Capital and Security markets are open 24 hours. The main centers of money market are New York, Tokyo, and London. Mumbai is known as the financial capital of India.

Question 13.
How did globalization affect the communication field?
Answer:
The leap in technology and telecommunication has brought revolutionary changes in the communication field. Today we can communicate with the whole world sitting at home or in our offices. Telephones, mobiles, fax, e-mail, internet etc. have made the world one village.

Digital facilities may not be available in all parts of the country. But in some places, all kinds of facilities exist. This difference is called digital divide. The new means of communication overcome limitations of time and place. A person in India can speak, send documents and pictures to somebody . in America through satellite communication.

Question 14.
Describe the relation of work (profession) with globalization.
Answer:
With globalization, there came a professional divide. Let us take the example of the company Nike. This company as established in the 1960s. Its growth was phenomenal. The founder of the company Phil Knight imported shoes from Japan and sold them to Athletes and made huge profits. Slowly it became an international company and then a TNC. Its headquarters is in Beaverton in Oregon, USA. The production units of the company were in Japan. When the production cost increased in Japan, the units were moved to South Korea. Later they were moved to Thailand and then to Indonesia. In 1990 production units started in India also. In short, the production units are moved to places where cheap labor is available.

This process affects the workers most. When units are moved to another location they lose their jobs. It means workers have no job security in such units. It is advantageous to the employers. The change from ‘Fordism’ to post-Fordism helped them to make huge profits.

Question 15.
What are the changes that happened in the political field because of globalization?
Answer:
The most significant political change was the disintegration of the socialist world. The Soviet Union and the Socialist countries of Eastern Europe crumbled one by one. This speeded up the globalization process. There was a new approach to economic policies. this is called the new liberalism. Activities undertaken with this approach are called new liberal economic activities.

The liberalization policy in India had a political view. It gave prominence to private enterprise. The basis for this belief was that a free market would be more efficient and better. This political view opposes government interference and subsidies. Globalization includes all kinds of different people without any discrimination of any kind, Another political result of globalization is the formation of regional and international organizations. Countries formed different organizations with the view of political cooperation. Some of the important ones are:
a) European Union
b) ASEAN (Association of southeast Asian Nations)
c) SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
d) SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area)

An International Economic Organization has the power to supervise the economic activities of its member countries. An example is World Trade Organization. As the name indicates trade is its area of interest. It controls the trade matters across the globe.

International organizations like the above are not related to the government of any country. They are independent organizations. They give attention to international matters and decide on policies. Green Peace, Red Cross, Amnesty International, Medicines sans Frontiers, etc. are famous non-government International Organizations.

Question 16.
“Globalization paves the way for the globalization of culture.” Explain.
Answer:
From time immemorial India had an open mind to cultural influences. We always welcomed different cultures that came to our land. We did not want to be like the frog in the well which does not see, hear, know or understand anything beyond the well. We could receive and absorb many good things from other cultures.
This open-mindedness to cultures is still maintained in India. Therefore we have open discussions regarding our dress, lifestyle, music, cinema, languages, body language, and all such things.

The Reformists in the 19th century and the early nationalist leaders frequently talked about culture and tradition. Today also we discuss the same things. The only difference is that now there is greater intensity and breadth in the discussions and debates. It is true that globalization paves the way for the globalization of culture. We can see that from the behavior of the youths of today who copy foreign culture.

Question 17.
What is the meaning of corporate culture?
Answer:
With the purpose of increasing productivity and competence among the workers, a company deliberately tries to bring a special culture and this. is called corporate culture. The activities of the company, its rules, and conventions are part of this culture. It is believed that an energetic corporate culture will increase the efficiency and loyalty of the workers and it enhances their sincerity and dedication . and cooperation. The behavior of the workers, their style of work, manner of dress, working hours, promotion, product package, etc. are part of the corporate culture.

The spread of the TNCs, the revolutionary progress in communication, job opportunities, etc. created a class of professionals in the Indian metropolises. They worked mainly in software companies, international banks, chartered accountancy. institutions, share market, travel, designing, entertainment, and media. Their working hours were such that they had a lot of pressure and tension. But they were paid big salaries. They were also big consumers.

You can Download Change and Development in Industrial Society Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 5 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Change and Development in Industrial Society

Change and Development in Industrial Society Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The Harmony Theory was. put forward by:
a) Max Weber
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Clark Kerr
d) Karl Marx
Answer:
Clark Kerr

Question 2.
Who argued that the machines ruin the skill of workers?
a) Karl Marx
b) Harry Braverman
c) Clark Kerr
d) Max Weber
Answer:
Harry Braverman

Question 3.
Karl Marx and Gandhi thought that ………. would endanger employment.
Answer:
Mechanization

Question 4.
Who was the social scientist that developed the concept of scientific management?
Answer:
Frederick Winslow Taylor

Question 5.
According to a great thinker named ………. the use of machines kills the abilities of the workers.
Answer:
Karl Marx

Question 6.
The process of Government selling the shares of public sector companies is called ………….
Answer:
Disinvestment

Question 7.
In 1982 the Bombay Textiles Protest was led by the famous labor leader ………..
Answer:
Dr. Dutta Samanth

Question 8.
Match the following.

A	B
Clark Kerr	Alienation
Karl Marx	Harmony Theory
Taylor	Knowledge-Economy
Harry Braverman	Scientific Management

Answer:

A	B
Clark Kerr	Harmony Theory
Karl Marx	Alienation
Taylor	Scientific Management
Harry Braverman	Knowledge-Economy

Question 9.
Write about the social features of industrialization.
Answer:
Most of the great sociology texts were written during the industrialization and mechanization era. Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim pointed out many social features of industrialization. Urbanization, loss of face- to- face contacts, division of labor, alienation, etc. are some of them. Urbanization is an important feature of industrialization. With industrialization, villages turn into cities. New cities also come up.

In an industrial society, face-to-face relations cease to exist. In village communities, there were face-to-face relations between farmers and farmers, and farmers with landlords. But all this is lost in industrial societies. Instead, in the modern factories and workshops, unknown professional relations take place.

Another feature of industrialization is division of labor. Laborers make just one small part of something. They don’t even see the complete product. Their job is repetitive and boring. But of course, it is better than no job. Marx calls that situation alienation. Here the workers do not enjoy their work. They look at their job as a means of their livelihood.

Question 10.
Describe the harmony theory.
Answer:
This is a theory presented by the modern thinker Clark Kerr. This theory said that the industrialized India of the 21st century shows more features of America or China. With the coming of the new technology, India’s culture, languages, and traditions are slowly disappearing. Kerr says that India is moving towards new cultures and new products. Industrialization brings equality in some spheres.

For example, now we can enter trains, buses or cyber cafes without thinking to which caste we belong! But, at the same time, new types of discrimination are found in factories and workplaces. Although social inequalities are reduced, economic inequalities are on the increase. For example in professions like medicine and journalism which offer huge salaries, there is dominance by upper-class people. In some cases, for the same work, women are paid less than men.

Early sociologists found industrialization as a process with advantages and disadvantages. By the middle of the 20th century, they started thinking of it as good and inevitable. The change in their attitude came from the theory of modernization. Theory of modernization argues that societies are on the way to modernization. The theory also points out that it is the western world that represents modem society.

Question 11.
Compare India’s industrialization with the developed countries.
Answer:
Industrialization in India has similarities and dissimilarities with the industrialization in the western world. Let us first look at the dissimilarities.

• In the western countries, most people work in the service sector. The next is industry. Only 10% work in the agricultural sector.
• But in India, 60% of the people work in the agricultural and mining sector. 17% work in the construction sector. The remaining work in the industry, transport, and finance sector. This is the position according to the 1999-2000 statistics.

If we look into the income generated by these sectors we find.that although 60% of the population work in the agricultural sector, its contribution to national economy is very little. This is not at all a good thing. Another difference between developed nations and developing nations like India is the difference in the number of permanent employees. In the developed nations, the majority of people are officially employed. But in India, more than 50% of the people are self- employed. Only 14% are permanent employees. 30% are temporary workers.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between organized and unorganized sectors.
Answer:
8 Sociologists have often differentiated between organized and unorganized sectors. They also define these sectors.

• All institutions where 10 or more people work are called organized sector. These institutions must be registered with the government It is done to ensure that the employees there get regular salaries and pensions.
• Institutions, where less than 10 people work and not registered with the government, come under unorganized labor. There is no job security there. More than 10% of Indians work in the unorganized sector.

Question 13.
What are the social indicators given by the organized sector?
Answer:
Firstly, only a few people in India have the experience of working in large organizations. Most of the Indians work in small establishments. Here the conditions of work are decided by the employer. If the employer likes a worker, he may be paid better. Otherwise, he may even lose his job and he won’t get any benefit. But in big establishments things are different. There employment is more transparent. There are provisions for complaints and getting problems solved. Secondly, only very few Indians have the opportunity of getting secure and well-paid jobs. Two-thirds of them are government officials.

That is why there is such a great demand for government jobs here. Government jobs have a social angle. It helps in overcoming the boundaries of caste, creed, and region. There are no communal riots in places like Bhilai because, in the huge public sector steel company there, people from different parts of India work together and live together. This was the opinion of a sociologist. Thirdly, In the unorganized sector, only very few are members of any union. Naturally, such workers don’t have the ability or experience to fight for better wages and job security. Although the government has made laws to inspect the unorganized sector and to make it better, they are not of much use. Things happen as per the wishes of the employer or the contractor. They are not much worried about the welfare of the workers.

Question 14.
How does liberalization bring inequality?
Answer:
Employment opportunities are getting less and less in large scale industries. They are not able to give employment even to the people around them. At.the same time, these industries pollute their surroundings. The effluents from factories pollute even water sources. The plight of the farmers and Adivasis who have been ousted from their homes for establishing the industries is really bad. They were not given deserving compensations. They were forced to take up temporary jobs. Often they had to sleep on the streets or big cities.

Question 15.
What is knowledge economy?
Answer:
To explain the growth of IT industry in India, the term ‘Knowledge Economy’ is used. But the expertise of a farmer in deciding what crops to grow based on his knowledge of the climate, soil and seeds can’t be compared to the expertise of a software professional. Both are experts in their own way. A famous sociologist Harry Braverman says that the use of machines actually destroys the expertise of workers. For example, in the past, the plans of buildings and other structures were made by expert architects and engineers. But today plans are made by computers.

Question 16.
Explain the changes brought in the sphere of Indian Industry by liberalization and globalization.
Answer:
India Government starred its liberalization policy in the 1990s. According to this, the government encouraged investment by private companies, especially foreign companies in India. The government allowed investment in areas like Telecom, Civil Aviation, and energy which were up to then reserved for the government. The licensing system was simplified or stopped. With this, it was not necessary to have a license to start many of the industries. Import restrictions were removed. With this, foreign goods were easily available in the local shops.

As part of liberalization, multinationals bought many of the Indian companies. For example, the Indian company ‘Parle Drinks’ was bought by the American Company Coca Cola. The annual sale of Parle Drinks was Rs. 250 crores. But Coca Cola spends 400 crores only for advertisement. Through attractive advertisements, the sale of coca-cola increased. Many traditional companies making soft drinks crumbled. As part of liberalization, some Indian companies became multinationals. As part of liberalization, the government is selling its shares in the public sector companies. This process is called disinvestment. This resulted in the loss of jobs of thousands of people working there.

The first public sector company to be sold like that was ‘Modem Foods’ which was formed to give people healthy food at a cheap price. 60% of the workers in this company were forced to retire within 5 years. This tendency to reduce the number of workers is found everywhere in the world. Big companies are reducing the number of their workers and the jobs are outsourced to smaller companies or houses. Multinationals give their jobs to developing countries as they can get the work done for less money.

Since the small companies compete to get orders from bigger companies, the situation in small companies is also bad. Employees are paid small salaries and other conditions are not good enough. In mall companies trade union activities are difficult. Today most big companies give their various jobs to smaller companies on contract basis. This process is called outsourcing. This is seen more in the private sector.

Question 17.
Explain the employment procedure followed in India for appointment to public sector companies and private enterprises.
Answer:
For getting employed in public sector companies, certain qualifications^are essential. The qualifications will be mentioned in the advertisement calling for applications for jobs. Information regarding salary structure, house rent, promotion possibilities, etc. can be obtained.

But for jobs in private companies qualifications are flexible. Salary is not fixed. Employment may be on contract basis. Each company may have its own work culture. Through employment exchanges and advertisements, only a small percentage of people can get employment. Many find their own jobs. Thus we have many self-employed plumbers, electricians, teachers who give private tuition, architects, free-lance photographers and so on.

Most of them depend on personal relations for their work. Their advertisement is their sincerity, commitment, and expertise in their job. With the coming of the mobile phone, they have been able to establish more contacts and thus get more jobs.

Laborers are recruited into factories in another way. In the past workers were given by contractors or agents. In the cloth mills of Kanpur, these agents were known as ‘Mistries’. A mistry was also a worker. Mysteries came from the same location and same community. But they could behave like the boss of the workers because of the support they got from the owners of the factory. To keep the laborers under check, they used their hold in the community and. other pressure tactics.

Agents (Dallals) have lost their significance. Now it is the Managements and the Unions that decide on employment matters. Many factories now employ temporary’ workers. These temporary’ workers may continue working in the same factory for years. But they are not made permanent. In the organized labor sector this is known as contract work.

Question 18.
Explain the meaning of scientific management.
Answer:
The manner to increase production is to organize labor in a proper way. In the 1890s, an American named ‘ Frederick Winslow Taylordiscovered a new process for this. He called it ‘scientific management’. It is also known as ‘Taylorism’ and ‘industrial engineering’. In this system, the work in an enterprise is divided among the employees. With.the help of a stopwatch, the. working hours of the employees are decided. They are also given specific jobs for each day. To increase productivity, assembly line was also introduced.

This is a process in which workers and machines are set in such a way that with each step there is some progress in the making of a thing. Each worker is standing near a conveyor belt. His job is to add just one thing to the intended product. The conveyor belt then moves to the next worker. He adds another part to the product. This continues until the finished product is ready. The speed of the conveyor belt and the worker are adjusted. Some changes were tried in this system in the 1980s, but they did not succeed. Taylor’s process continues

Question 19.
Explain the concept of Time bondage’ or ‘Slavery to Time’ in relation to IT sector.
Answer:
In the IT sector, there is a kind of bondage to time. The working time for an IT company is usually 10 to 12 hours. If the project is not finished, the worker may have to spend his night in the office to finish it. This is called ‘night out’. Long hours are part of the work culture in the IT industry. The projects IT companies take are time-bound. Naturally, professionals are required to work for long hours to complete the projects in time.

To make long hours of work legitimate, IT management has introduced a system called ‘Flex Time’. According to this, workers can choose their own working hours. But the project must be completed in time. This system does not reduce the burden of work for the employees.

Even when there is no pressure of work, workers leave their offices very late. They do it because of the pressure from their colleagues and also to impress their employers about their sincerity in. the job.

Question 20.
Describe the pitiable and risky circumstances of work found in the Indian industrial sector.
Answer:
Workers work in very bad, hard and risky circumstances to make various things for us. In many factories, the working conditions are very bad. There are many factories and mines where the health and life of the workers are not safe. They are forced to work hard for long hours with very little pay. The Government has passed many laws for the welfare and protection of the workers.

Let us take the mining sector as an example. Many people work in this sector. In the coal mines alone there are more than 5lakh workers. The 1952 Mines Act fixed the working hours of mine workers. It fixed the number of hours a miner has to work. It also stipulated that if a person is made to work over and above the fixed number of hours, he should be given overtime. It al§0stipulated security measures for workers. The Big companies were required to obey the laws. But in the small mines and quarries, these rules were not followed. The contractors and subcontractors created problems.

Many contractors did not maintain proper records of workers. So whenever there was an accident, they could escape from their responsibilities. They also refused to give deserving compensations to workers. There is a rule that when mining is completed in one place, the dug part should be filled up and the place must be made to look like it was before. But contractors don’t do these things.

The workers in mines work in very risky conditions. Floods, fire outbreak, crumbling ceilings, gas leaks, defects in the oxygen supply systems and so on create very risky conditions. Many laborers are afflicted with breathing problems, tuberculosis and silicosis. Those who work in open mines are forced to work in terrible heat or rain. Many get injured by* the splinters that come flying, during the breaking of rocks by using explosives. The accident rate in India is much higher than in other countries.

In some other industries also, the condition of workers is very miserable. Many workers are migrants. workers. In the fish processing factories of the coastal regions of India workers from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, etc. work. Many of the workers, both males, and females, are unmarried. They are given common accommodation. Sometimes, about 12 people stay in the same room. They have no connection with the outside world. Many married people are without their families. They go to faraway places seeking jobs. They get no time even to mingle with others. In short, globalization leads workers to a world of isolation and emotional wounds.

Question 21.
Describe the importance of home-based handicrafts in the modem industrial society.
Answer:
Home-based making of things is important in the Indian economic system. Many things like ‘kasavu’, ‘chitrapattambaram, carpets, bidi, incense sticks, etc. come in this category. Most of these types of work are done by women and children. The raw material for their production is made available to houses by contractors or their agents. They also buy the finished goods at a fixed rate. Let’s take the bidi industry as an example. The start of this industry was from villages close to forest areas. Villagers collect bidi leaves and give them to the forest department or private contractor.

The contractors who buy them also sell them to the forest department. A person collects up to 100 bundles of leaves a day. Each bundle has 50 leaves. Owners of bidi factories get these bundles from the forest department through auction. These are then again given to contractors. They give these leaves to the houses where they make bidis. Mainly women are engaged in bidi making. The leaves are cut to size. The cut leaf is filled with tobacco and rolled and is tied with a thread. Contractors buy these and give them to the factory owners. The owners pack them and label them and through tobacco outlets they sell bidis. The greatest profit in this business is for the factory owners. The workers get only nominal

Question 22.
How do trade unions and protests bring changes in the industrial society?
Answer:
There are trade unions in many establishments. They try to organize the workers to fight for their rights. Trade unions face problems like regionalism and caste problems. The Marathi workers in the Bombay Cloth Mills may behave in a friendly way with the workers from North India. But they will not drink even water from their hands. They never visit them in their homes or share meals with them.

When working conditions get tough .and unbearable, workers strike work. Without going for work, they will be protesting. Managements’ will try to break the strikes. They declare lockouts. They close the gates of factories and prevent workers from entering them. Sometimes they bring workers from outside to keep the production going. So the decision to strike work is a difficult one. The workers will have a tough time living without getting their wages.

Let’s see the Bombay Textile Mill strike of 1982. It was led by the trade union leader Dutta Samant. This strike lasted 2 years. More than 214 lakh workers were involved in it and it adversely affected their families. They struck work demanding better wages and the right to establish their own trade unions. According to the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, only those unions who abandon the idea of strike will be given recognition. The only wages. Since they have to sit down for long hours, they develop problems like back pain.

was Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh, led by the Congress. They supported the Managen ent, colluding with it to bring workers from outside. Government was not willing to recognize the demands of the striking worl^rs. Slowly the intensity of the strike got less address. Workers refused to listen to the call of the trade union leaders who wanted the strike to continue. They went back to their work.

More than one lakh workers lost their jobs. Some went back to their villages. Those who were skilled in machine weaving got employment as temporary workers or moved to smaller cities seeking jobs. The owners of the factories did nothing to bring new machines or improve the working conditions. Some of the factory owners even tried to sell the land of the factory to builders to make apartment blocks and thus get huge amounts of money.

You can Download Rebels and the Raj: The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 11 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj: The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations

Question 1.
Where did the 1857 Revolt start?
Answer:
Meerut

Question 2.
Who was the leader of the Revolt at Kanpur?
Answer:
Nanasahib

Question 3.
Who was the Governor General who said that Awadh was a cherry that would fall into their mouth?
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 4.
Who is the person behind the Military Aid System?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley

Question 5.
Which principality is known as the nursery of the Bengal army?
Answer:
Awadh

Question 6.
Who drew the picture called “Relief of Lucknow”?
Answer:
Thomas Johns Barker

Question 7.
1857 Revolt had a common style or model. Explain.
Answer:
Historians generally believed that there was no planning or united effort on the part of the rebels. But later studies show that there was some planning and unified effort on the part of the army in the Revolt. They had mutually exchanged news of their activities. Therefore the 1857 Revolt had a style of its own. When the news of Revolt of one city reached another city, there also Revolt took place. The incidents that occurred in different army units were similar in nature. The rebels attacked and looted the homes of the British officials, they vandalized the government organizations, they burned the documents and records and they looted the treasury. These things were similar everywhere.

Attacking government officials was part of the revolt. The rebels also attacked Collectors, judicial personnel and policemen. They also destroyed railways lines and communication channels. These were some of the ways in which the rebels revolted.

Question 8.
How was the Mutiny planned? What were the means of communication used by the rebels?
Answer:
There was communication among the different military groups in the army camps. For example, after refusing to use the new greased cartridges, the cavalry in Awadh (7^th Awadh Irregular Cavalry) informed the 48^th Native Infantry about this. In the letter from Awadh it was mentioned that they were protecting their faith and they were waiting for further instructions from the 48^th Infantry. The Sepoys and their messengers from one centre exchanged their ideas and schemes . with another centre and that way the Revolt was planned. People talked about the Revolt.

The captain of the Awadh military police was Hearsey. He was given protection by the Indian officials working under him. 41 Native Infantry asked the Military Police to either kill Hearsey or hand him over to them. But the Military Police did not do any of these. Finally a group of officials chosen from each regiment was given the right to take a decision in this matter. Charles Ball, one of the early historians of the Revolt, has pointed out that at night there used to be meetings of such military councils. It shows that during the Revolt some decisions were taken collectively. Sepoys were living in barracks. They had similar ways of life. Often they belonged to the same religious faith. Therefore it was possible for them to plan together and take decisions. The Sepoys themselves were the planners of their Revolt.

Question 9.
Who were the leaders of the 1857 Mutiny? What roles did Shah Mai and Moulavi Ahmadullah Shah. play in it?
Answer:
Shah Mai was an important leader of the 1857 revolt. He lived in a village in Baraut Pargana in U.P. He belonged to the Jats. Many of the Jats were rich people. They objected to the land tax system of the British government. High taxes and the way in which it was collected affected the lives of the people. Their lands were often occupied by traders and money lenders. Shah Mai raised his voice against the exploitation of the British and their agents.

Shah Mai organized the fanners and heads of villages. He travelled in the nights and encouraged people to rise in revolt against the British. The revolt slowly became a popular revolt. The peasants fought against all kind of injustices. The followers of Shah.

Mai destroyed government buildings and bridges. They also destroyed the roads to prevent the government military from entering their villages. They saw the roads and bridges as the symbols of British rule. They also sent arms and food to the rebels in Delhi. They also destroyed the communication facilities between the British headquarters and Meerut.

Shah Mai forcefully occupied the bungalow of a British official and converted it into a Hall of Justice. There he settled the quarrels among the villagers and punished the culprits. He also established a kind of secret service chain.

Moulavis played a significant role in the 1857 revolt. One of them was Moulavi Ahamadullah Shah. He was educated at Hyderabad. From an early age, he became a religious preacher. In 1856, he openly came out against the British. He declared jihad against the British and travelled across the villages. He exhorted the people to rebel. He travelled in a palanquin with drummers in front and followers behind. He was therefore popularly known as Danka Shah. Danka means a drum or a tom-tom

Thousands of people began to accompany the Moulavi. Many considered him a prophet. The British were frightened. In 1856 the Moulavi reached Lucknow. The British prevented him from making propaganda in the town. As he refused, he was arrested and sent to a prison in Faisalabad. When he was released, the 22 Native Infantry declared him their leader. He took part in the famous Chinhat battle. In this battle the British army under Henry Lawrence was utterly defeated. The courage and strength of the Moulavi attracted people. Some people believed that he had some magical powers. They believed that he was undefeatable and the British could not kill him. It was this belief that gave the Moulavi his strength.

Question 10.
Rumours and predictions played a big role in the 1857 Revolt. Explain with examples. Why did people believe in the rumours?
Answer:
Rumours and predictions did play a big role in the 1857 Revolt. They worked as a propelling force for the rebels to be more active. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the rumour about the new cartridges for the Enfield rifles. A rumour spread that these cartridges were smeared with cow and pig fat. This news spread among the North Indian sepoys like wildfire. The sepoys of Meerut went to Delhi. They told the Emperor Bahadur Shah about this. The covers of the new cartridges were to be opened by using teeth. The use of cow and pig fat would thus pollute both the Hindus and Muslims. They felt their religions were in danger. Although the British tried to show that this was just a rumour, people refused to believe them.

The origin of this rumour was later found out. Captain Wright, who was the Commander of the Rifle Instruction Depot, had reported an Incident. In the 3^rd week of January 1857, a khalasi from a lower caste asked a Brahmin sepoy to give him some water from his container of water. The sepoy refused to give him his container saying that touch by a lower caste would pollute the water. The angered Khalasi then told him that soon he would have to use cartridges smeared with cow and pig fat and then he would lose his caste. We don’t know the truth of this story. But this rumour spread fast, creating great unrest among the sepoys of both religions. The British failed to explain things in time.

Another rumour quickly followed. It said that the British government was deliberately panning to destroy the Hindu and Muslim faiths. The rumour mongers also said that the bones of both cows and pigs were ground and mixed with the flour sold in the market. People then refused even to touch this flour. There was also a feeling that the British were trying to convert Hindus and Muslims into Christianity. This increased the fear and anxiety of the followers of these religions. Although the British official tried to remove their fear, they did not believe them.
All these rumours played havoc.

The British also took steps to take over the small kingdoms or principalities in the land. They annexed Awadh on the pretext of maladministration. They took Jhansi and Satara using laws of succession and heredity. In all the regions taken by them, the British enforced their own administration, laws, tax systems and means of tax collection. All these things made the people of North India worried. They felt that their religious, social and economic ideas were being destroyed by the British. The activities of the Christian missionaries made their doubts stronger. In such uncertain circumstances, rumours spread like wild fire.

Question 11.
Awadh was a Centre of the 1857 Revolt. Based on this statement, prepare an essay on the Revolt in Awadh.
Answer:
The taking over of Awadh by the British made the local kings, talukdars, peasants and sepoys very unhappy and angry. By taking over Awadh, not only the Nawab but also many talukdars lost their jobs. The talukdars had many estates and fortresses in the villages of Awadh. They had been in control of these lands for generations. They had much power in the villages. They also used to keep small army units with them. Some even had armies numbering up to 12,000 soldiers. Even the small ones had 200 footmen.

The British refused to accept the autonomy and authority of the talukdars. Soon after they took over Awadh, they dispersed the armies of the talukdars and destroyed their fortresses. The land tax system also was not liked by the talukdars. The British enforced the new tax system in 1856. This was called the Summary Settlement of 1856. This was enforced with the concept that the talukdars had no permanent ownership of the land. The British saw them as encroachers who got the ownership of the land using all kinds of cheating and even force.

The British wanted to avoid the talukdars and make settlements with the real owners of the land. They thought this would reduce exploitation of the farmers and increase the government’s income. But in reality none of these happened. The officials soon realized that the tax imposed on the farmers was much more than their capacity to pay. In short the Summary Settlement was a failure. St satisfied neither the farmers nor the talukdars.

As talukdars lost their positions, their social status was lost. The relations between them and the farmers were ruined. Before the take-over by the British there was cordiality between the talukdars and the farmers. Although the talukdars were strict, they often behaved like the guardians of peasants. They helped peasants in their needs. They also gave peasants loans during festivals. Peasants also showed loyalty to talukdars. But the coming of the British spoiled all these. The farmers got no consideration from the British. The British charged them heavy tax and used strict methods to collect it. During crop failure, or times of trouble, or feasts, the British never helped the peasants.

The ousted talukdars wanted to get back their lost estates and power. They became the strongest enemies of the British. In places like Awadh, where the revolt was the worst, the talukdars and the farmers were in the forefront of the revolt. Many of the talukdars were loyal to the Nawab. They joined Begum Hazrat- Mahal, the wife of the Nawab, in her fight against the British. Even in failure, the talukdars did not abandon the Begum.

The taking over of Awadh by the British made the sepoys also unhappy. Many of them were from Awadh itself. They did not like the idea of their birthplace getting into the hands of the British.

Question 12.
Who was the man behind the Military Aid System? What were its conditions?
Answer:
It was Lord Wellesley that introduced the Military Aid System, in 1728. The rulers who agreed to this system had to accept certain conditions.

• The ruler of the principality should maintain a permanent army of the Company in his land.
• The expenses for this army should be borne by the ruler.
• The rulers who join this system must not make any alliance with other countries or go to war without permission from the British
• The Company will be responsible for the safety of the ruler and his kingdom. The principality should, maintain a British Resident in his capital.
• Resident is the official designation for the representative of the Governor General. A Resident is appointed in places where there is no direct British rule.

Question 13.
Explain the role of talukdars in the 1857 Revolt.
Answer:
The British wanted to avoid the talukdars and make settlements with the real owners of the land. They thought this would reduce exploitation of the farmers
and increase the government’s income. But in reality none of these happened. The officials soon realized that the tax imposed on the farmers was much more than their capacity to pay. In short the Summary Settlement was a failure. It satisfied neither the farmers nor the talukdars.

As the talukdars lost their positions, their social status was lost. The relations between them and the farmers were ruined. Before the take-over by the British, there was cordiality between the talukdars and the farmers. Although the talukdars were strict, they often behaved like the guardians of the peasants.

They helped the peasants in their needs. They also gave the peasants loans during festivals. The peasants also showed loyalty to the talukdars. But the coming of the British spoiled all these. The peasants got no consideration from the British. The British charged them heavy tax and used strict methods to collect it. During crop failure, or times of trouble, or feasts, the British never helped the peasants.

The ousted talukdars wanted to get back their lost estates and power. They became the strongest enemies of the British. In places like Awadh, where the revolt was the worst, the talukdars and the farmers were in the forefront of the revolt. Many of the talukdars were loyal to the Nawab. They joined Begum Hazrat Mahal, the wife of the Nawab, in her fight against the British. Even in failure, the talukdars did not abandon the Begum.

The taking over of Awadh by the British made the sepoys also unhappy. Many of them were from Awadh itself. They did not like the idea of their birthplace getting into the hands of the British.

Question 14.
The Sepoys had many problems and complaints. What were they?
Answer:
The Sepoys had many problems and complaints. They had small salaries. The places they had to stay and the food they got were not of good quality. It was also difficult to get leave. The chances of promotion were limited. They did not get any foreign service allowance for working outside India. The journeys across the seas were not liked by many, because some religions prohibited such journeys. They also were unhappy because the British did not allow many of them to wear head covers and also beards.

Question 15.
There was a vision of unity among the people in the 1857 Revolt. Clarify.
Answer:
One of the most important features of the 1857 Revolt was the unity exhibited by the Hindus and Muslims. This unity was the strength of the rebels. It was clear from the declarations they made. They were addressed to all the people irrespective of their religious faith. The edicts issued by the Muslim rulers made sure that they respected the feelings of Hindus. The Revolt was seen as a battle in which both Hindus and Muslims had to win. These declarations reminded people of the unity that existed in pre-British India. Under the Muhgal rule, both the communities had worked together. An edict that came from Bahadur Shah asked the people to stand behind the flags of both Muhammed and Mahavira to fight against the British. During the Revolt, no difference between Hindus and Muslims was seen.

Question 16.
What measures did the British adopt to suppress the 1857 Revolt?
Answer:
It was not easy for the British to put down the Revolt quickly. They took legal, military and diplomatic measures to suppress the Revolt.
The British made many new laws to suppress the Revolt. By the laws made in May and June 1857, the entire North India was brought under military law. The military commanders were given the power to try and punish the rebels. Even ordinary British citizens were given this right. In short, normal laws and judicial procedures were suspended. All the rebels were sentenced to death. With the aid of the new laws the British tried to suppress the Revolt.

The British made use of their military might to suppress the Revolt. More soldiers were brought from England. They tried to recapture the lost regions. ‘ Their main aim was Delhi. They knew the symbolic significance of Delhi. So they wanted to get it back at any cost. They planned a two-pronged attack. Two sets of armies were used. One set began to move from Calcutta to Delhi and the other from Punjab. They started their efforts in June, but they could capture Delhi only at the end of September 1857. Both the rebels and the army fought bitterly. All the rebels from North India came to Delhi to prevent the British from taking over Delhi. Finally Delhi fell into the hands of the British.

.In the Ganges Plain also the progress of the British was slow. British soldiers took the villages one by one. The villagers fought heroically against the British. The British soon realized that they were facing not just a rebellion but a huge revolt. Forsyth who was a British official said that \(\frac{4}{3}\) of the Awadh male adults took part in the fight. The British could recapture the place only after a long fight, in March 1859. The leaders of the revolt were forced to surrender. All the rebel centres – Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Bareilly, Banaras, Allahabad, and Gwalior-were recaptured by the British.

The landowners and the farmers of most of the modem Uttar Pradesh combined their efforts in fighting the British. This made the British worried. So they played diplomacy here. They promised the landlords that they would return the land taken from them. They ousted the landowners who still rebelled and gave presents to those who withdrew from the revolt. Many landowners died heroically in their fight against the British. Many escaped into Nepal but died their either from hunger or disease. By the end of 1859, the revolt was completely put down. Thus the authority of the British over India was re-established.

Question 17.
There are differing views about the Revolt in the pictures drawn by people. In light of this statement, describe how the Revolt was presented in British pictures.
Answer:
In the British pictures there are differing views. In fact the Revolt was often pictured in such a way as to get public opinion in their favour. They praised the British leaders who saved the British and suppressed the rebels. The picture ‘Relief of Lucknow’ drawn by Thomas Johns Barker was one such picture. When the rebels attacked LucknovV, the Commissioner Henry Lawrence, along with some Christians, took refuge in the Residency, protected by fortresses. Lawrence was killed, But Colonel Ingles saved the Residence from the rebels. In the meantime the British army under James Otram and Henry Havelock suppressed the rebels. Soon Colin Campbell, who was the new commander of the army of British came with an army and released all those who had taken shelter in the Residency. In the British descriptions this is shown as an example of heroic defence by the British and how gallantly they fought against the rebels.

The picture of Barker shows the entry of Campbell. In the middle of the picture we see the British commanders Campbell, Outram, and Havelock. The sighs of hands around point them to the middle of the picture. The heroes are standing in a well-lit maidan. In front there are shadows of the broken down Residency. In front there are wounded and dying people as proof of the sacrifices the British made in defending their Empire. There are also pictures of triumphant horses indicating the reestablishment of the British authority. Such pictures increased the self-confidence of the British. They also gave them the feeling that the revolt had ended and the British had been triumphant.

You can Download Social Institutions: Continuity and Change Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 3 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change

Social Institutions: Continuity and Change Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In the Census taken by the British Government in the year ………… information about the caste was included.
Answer:
1860

Question 2.
From the names given below, who is not considered to be a leader of the lower castes of South India?
a) Sri Narayana Guru
b) Ayyankali
c) Chattambi Swamikal
d) Gandhiji
Answer:
Gandhiji

Question 3.
From… the British Government began to take regular census every 10 years.
a) 1781
b) 1881
c) 1891
d) 2001
Answer:
1881

Question 4.
From among the given things what is not an important feature of the Upper Classes?
a) right to education
b) right to enter temples
c) Not drinking alcohol
d) political power
Answer:
Not drinking alcohol

Question 5.
From the following chose the family in which members of only two generations live: Joint family, Nuclear family, Extended Family.
Answer:
Nuclear family

Question 6.
The family in which newly married couples stay with the family of the father of the groom is called …….
Answer:
Patriarchal family

Question 7.
A family of a mother with her children and their children is called ………
Answer:
Matriarchal family

Question 8.
What are the 3 most important social institutions of a society?
Answer:
Jati, Tribe (Gotram), Family

Question 9.
The 4-phase division of the society is called ……….
Answer:
Caste System

Question 10.
Who is the father of Indian Sociology?
a) VenierElvin
b) G. S. Ghurye
c) M.N. Srinivas
d) Periyar
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye

Question 11.
Match the following

A	B	C
Caste	Matrififcal	Fought against caste system
Herbert Risley	Social Revolution	Sanskritization
M.N. Srinivas	Matriarchal family	Patrilocal
Sri Narayana Guru	1901	Patriarchal family
Authority	Dominant Caste	Information about Caste
Dwelling place	Regional classification	More than 1000 sub-castes

Answer:

Question 12.
Explain the different levels of the meaning of ‘Jati’.
Answer:
Jati is translated as ‘caste’ in English. Caste actually comes from Portuguese. It means ‘pure breed’. Jati shows a social arrangement of people based on birth. Varna is another word that means Jati. Both these words ‘Jati’ and ‘Varna’ are often used as synonyms. But actually there are some differences between them. Varna is a Sanskrit word. It means color. The ‘Varna’ system originated during the Veda period. At that time the people were divided into four groups – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra. This 4-class division is called Varna, in these 4 groups, a good number of people were not included.

They were excluded from the 4-Varna system. They included those ostracised from the Jati, foreigners, slaves and the people of the defeated nations. These people who were excluded from the 4-Varna system were called ‘Panchamar’ or ‘the fifth group’. Jati is a common name to indicate a group. In this, even inanimate things, plants, animals and persons were included. Thus Jati is simply an institution and S does not mean Varna.

Question 13.
Explain the relation between Jati and Varna.
Answer:
In fact, the actual relation between Jati and Varna is often debated by scholars. There are many imaginary concepts about this. Varna system is an all-India system. The 4-Varna system can be seen everywhere in India. But Jati is a regional or local institution. A Jati found in one area of India may not be found in another area. The Jati chain is different in each area. The main difference between Jati and Varna is in the number. Vamas are 4. But there are hundreds of Jatis and Updates. The Jati system is highly complicated.

Question 14.
What are the main features of Jati?
Answer:

• Jati is decided by birth.
• Marriage in the same group (Swagana Vivaham).
• Restrictions in food items and sharing of food.
• Hierarchical system by giving people high, low and middle status.
• Upajatis and upa-upajatis
• Kulathozhil (specified family jobs)

Question 15.
What re the contributions of Jyoti Rao Phule?
Answer:
Jyoti Rao Phule was later known as Mahatma Phule. He started a Social Reformation Movement in Maharashtra.

• He gave leadership to a fight against Brahmin domination and Jati system.
• He worked for the education of the lower castes and women.
• He rejected the idea of ‘purity-pollution’ (suddha- asuddha) concepts.
• He worked for righteousness and human rights of the lower castes.
• • He found the Satyajodhak Samaj.

Question 16.
Jati system is a combination of two kinds of principles. Explain.
Answer:
Theoretically, Jati system is a combination of two kinds of principles. One kind is based on differences and distance. The other kind is based on universality and power hierarchy (chain).
Each Jati is supposed to be different from others. Therefore each Jati was expected to keep away from other Jatis. Most of the rules and regulations of Jati are formulated on the principle of preventing the mingling of Jatis. Thus there were restrictions regarding marriage and ‘panthibhojanam’ (eating together).

At the same time a Jati can’t survive by itself. It can survive only as part of larger community. And this is its universality. The community (society) as a whole is not based on any principle of equality. There is a hierarchical order there. It is like a ladder. In this ladder each Jati is given its place.
Jati is a combination of two kinds of concepts:
a) Differences and distance from other Jatis.
b) Part of a larger community and part of a power hierarchy.

Question 17.
Explain the purity-pollution (Suddha-Asuddha) concept of Jati system.
Answer:
Purity and Pollution are like antonyms, opposite to each other. Purity is associated with the higher classes whereas impurity or pollution is associated with the lower classes. Purity is related to those things which are considered sacred. Thus some rituals in temples can be performed by only the Upper Castes like Brahmins. But those who do lowertypes of jobs, like cleaning, sweeping, etc. are considered impure and even their touch was avoided polluting (untouchability) by the Upper Classes.

Question 18.
What changes did Colonialism bring in the Jati system?
Answer:
Scholars say1 that colonialism brought drastic changes in the Jati system. There are some scholars who even argue the Jati-system as we see it today is not part of the Indian system, but is a creation of colonialism. However, these systems were not deliberately introduced but happened over centuries, it is true that the colonialists did make some changes in the existing system.

Question 19.
Who is Periyar? What were his contributions?
Answer:
E . V. Ramaswami Naicker is called Periyar. He was a rationalist and a leader of the lower caste people of South India. He taught that all people are equal and freedom and equality were the birthrights of everyone. He formed the ‘Swabhiman Movement.’ He took part in the Vaikom Satyagraha, in Kerala.

Question 20.
What were the reforms made for the prosperity of the lower castes by the Colonial rulers?
Answer:
Towards the end of their rule, the Colonial Masters took some interest in bringing prosperity to the so called lower classes of people. As part of the reform activities, in 1935, the Government prepared a schedule of the lower classes. This schedule was officially approved by a law. Those that were approved in the schedule were known as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and they got special considerations from the Government.

All the lower class people who even suffered from the inhuman, horrible ‘untouchability’ were in the schedule. This way the Colonial rulers brought some good changes in the rigid caste system in India.

Question 21.
What were the factors that brought changes in the Indian Jati System after independence?
Answer:
Changes in the Jati System were brought by different factors working together. They included industrialization, urbanization and spread of modem education.
Developmental activities by the nation and the growth of private industries brought economic changes. This indirectly affected Jati system. Modern industries created a lot of new employment opportunities. The Jati laws did not apply to those jobs. When people of different castes began go work together in factories and business enterprises, many of Jati restrictions became impractical and irrelevant.

Urbanization made life according to Jati laws impossible. People of different Jatis had to live together in cities. It was not practical to live in the city following Jati system. There people had to live together.

Question 22.
Codify the ideas of Sree Narayana Guru.
Answer:

• He propagated the principle of universal brotherhood.
• He fought against the Varna system and dominance by the Upper Class.
• He tried to wipe away the evil practices among the Ezhavas.
• He formed the SNDPYogam.
• He brought a silent revolution in the Kerala Society. He spread the message of One Jati, One Religion and One God for Man.

Question 23.
What is Sanskritization?
Answer:
Sanskritization is a process by which members of the lower classes adapt the lifestyles and social conventions of the Higher classes with the intention of raising their own status in society. It is a way through which the lower class people try to enter the higher classes. They do it through imitation.

Question 24.
What is meant by dominant Caste (Prabala Jati)? What are they?
Answer:
Through the land reform measures after independence, many people got ownership of their lands. Among these new owners of land, the castes that had big numbers were called dominant castes by M.N. Srinivas. The land reforms took away the rights of many high caste estate owners to their estates. They were not making any contributions to the economic system except that they collected axes from the farmers. The lands that were confiscated from these landlords were given to people at the next lower level. The people who newly got the land rights were not farmers. They were simply managers of agriculture. They were middle-class Dalits who had a lot of members. Here are some dominant castes:
a) Yadavs of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
b) Vokkaligas of Karnataka.
c) Reddys and Khammans in Andhra Pradesh.
d) Marathis of Maharashtra
e) Jats of Punjab, Haryana and Western UP.
f) Patidars of Gujarat

Question 25.
What were the special features of the dominant castes?
Answer:
The special features are:

• Large number
• Land and economic power
• Political power

Question 26.
What are the permanent features of ‘Gotras’ (Tribes)?
Answer:
The permanent features of Gotras include their region, language, special physical features, and environmental habitat. The Tribals in India are scattered in many regions of the country. But in some places, there are some concentrations. Among the Tribals, some 85% live in Central India. Central India is a wide area extending to Western Gujarat and Rajasthan, Eastern West Bengal and Orissa. Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh, Parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh come in this vast area. Of the remaining 15%, more than 11% live in North-East States, and the remaining in different other States of India.

If we look State-wise, most of them are found in the North-East States. Except in Assam, all the North East States have Tribals which come to more than 30% of the total population. In Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland 60 to 95% of the people belong to Tribal groups. IntherestoflndiatheTribalpopulation is negligible. Except in Orissa and Madhya Pradesh, the Tribals are less than 12% of the population. Hills, forests, village plains and even some industrial ‘ belts of cities are the habitats of these Tribals.

Question 27.
Based on language, how are the Tribal groups categorized?
Answer:
Based on language, Tribal groups are categorized into 4:
a) Indo-Aryan
b) Dravidian
c) Austric
d) Tibeto-Burman
The first two, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, are also spoken by other people of India. Among the Tribals, 1% speak Indo-Aryan and 3% speak Dravidian languages. Austric and Tibeto-Burman are the most popular languages of the Tribals.
Based on physical and racial features, the Tribals of India are divided into 5:
a) Negrito
b) Australoid
c) Mongoloid
d) Dravidian
e) Aryan.
Of these the last two – Dravidian and Aryan, are shared by other Indians also.

Question 28.
Tribal Groups are categorized based on their acquired features. Explain.
Answer:
Acquired features include the ways they earn their livelihood and their mixing with Hindu communities. Sometimes both these happen simultaneously. Based on the means of their livelihood, Tribais are grouped as fishermen, collectors of food, hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants, estate workers, and industrial workers.
Adapting Hindu ways of life is another criterion for the categorization of Tribal Groups. In Sociology, political science and public matters this criterion is more widely used.

Question 29.
Write about the mainstream views about the Tribal Groups of India.
Answer:
In 1940 there was a controversy regarding separation/ integration of the Tribal groups in India. This was the result of a feeling that Tribal Groups should themselves separately from the mainstream society. The spokesman for the Separation theory was Verrier Elwin and the spokesman for Integration was G.S. Ghurye.

The proponents of the Separation theory argued that the Tribals should be kept separate from the mainstream society. They said that these Tribals should be protected from traders, financiers, Hindu and Christian missionaries. All these people are trying to make the Tribals laborers without land and thus make them non- Tribals. The Separation Theory supporters argued that the close relation between Tribals and mainstream society would result in their ruin.

On the other hand, the Integration theory supporters argued that Tribals are part of the Hindu community. GS. Ghurye called them backward Hindus. He argued that the Tribals should be integrated into the mainstream Hindu community. They also said that since the Tribals are backward Hindus, they also should be treated like the other Scheduled Castes and given all considerations.

This argument created a lot of noise in the Indian Constitutional Assembly. People supported both sides. Finally, it was agreed that the Tribals should be integrated into the mainstream gradually. It was this approach -gradual or controlled integration – that resulted in many welfare schemes for the Tribals. There were many welfare schemes for them, provisions for them in the Five Year Plans, specific Tribal schemes, Tribal welfare blocks, multiple-aim schemes and so on. But the integration of the Tribals created a basic problem. The Five Year Plans during the Nehru Era gave prominence to Industrial and agricultural development. Later government followed the same policy The stress was given to the construction of huge dams and factories and exploiting mineral wealth for the development of country.

Question 30.
What are the problems faced by the Tribals?
Answer:
Tribals depended on the forest for their livelihood. The loss of forests was a big blow to them. During the British rule forests were exploited. This tendency continued even after independence. The coming of the land under private ownership also adversely affected the Tribals. When private landowners had their own private lands, the Tribals held their land collectively. This collective ownership proved harmful to them. For example, when a series of dams were constructed on Narmada River, ail the communities did not equally share their advantages and disadvantages. It helped the private landowners but it was harmful to the Tribals, who owned the land collectively.

Many of the regions where* Tribals are concentrated are becoming the targets, and thus victims, of national development schemes. Non-Tribals migrate into their areas in large numbers. It proves a great threat to ihe Tribals and their ways of life. It also reduces their population. For example, in Jharkhand, because of the migration by non-tribals into the new industrial areas, the number of Tribals has been reduced drastically there. But the most dramatic development was in North-Easter States. In States like Tripura, the Tribal population has come down to half in just one decade. The same thing was seen in Arunachal Pradesh. ,

Question 31.
What are the reasons for the rise of Tribal Movements?
Answer:
There are mainly two reasons. One of them is the problem related to the control of land, forests and such other important economic resources. The second problem in connected with the racial-cultural being of the Tribals.

Question 32.
What are the special features of the internal structure of the family?
Answer:
The following are the features:

• A family can be nuclear or joint.
• It can be patriarchal or matriarchal.
• The hereditary rights can be paternal or maternal.

Question 33.
What are the differences between a nuclear family and an extended family?
Answer:
Nuclear family is the smallest. It is also called the primary family. In a nuclear family, there are the parents and their children. It consists of members belonging to two generations.
An Extended family is quite different. It is commonly known as joint family. There are different types of extended families. In an extended family, more than one couple and their children live. This can be a group of brothers and their families. It could be the family of an old couple whose children and grandchildren stay with them. An extended family is often seen as a sign of India. But that was never a strong-knit family. It was limited to some regions and some communities. An extended family is not a strong form even now.

Question 34.
What are the other forms of families?
Answer:
In the different communities of India, different forms of families are found. These differences occur because of the factors like residence, authority, and heredity. Depending on the residence (dwelling), families are of two kinds: paternal and maternal. When the newly married couple stays with the parents of the bride, we call it maternal family. On the other hand, when the newly married couple lives with the parents of the groom, it will be called paternal family.

Depending on hereditary rights there are two kinds of families-matriarchal and patriarchal. In matriarchal families, properties go to the daughters of the mother. In patriarchal families, the property goes to the sons.

Question 35.
How can we divide the family based on authority?
Answer:
Here also we divide the families into patriarchal and matriarchal. In patriarchal families the men wield authority. The father is the leader. In matriarchal families, women wield the authority. The mother is the leader here.

You can Download Bhakti-Sufi Traditions Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 6 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions (Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts)

Question 1.
The propagator of the Great and Little (Brahat-Laghu) tradition:
Answer:
Robert Redfield

Question 2.
Jagannath is the form of which god?
Answer:
Vishnu

Question 3.
The Collection of Saiva hymns by Appar, Sambandhar andSundarar:
Answer:
Thevaram

Question 4.
The book known as Tamil Veda:
Answer:
Nalayira Prabandham

Question 5.
The founder of the Virasaiva Movement?

Question 6.
Under whose leadership did the Arabs attack Sindh?
Answer:
Mohammed Qasim

Question 7.
The common name given to the emigrants in the Middle Ages.
Answer:
Mlechans (the ignorant)

Question 8.
The Founder of Chishti Silsila.
Answer:
Khajamuiddin Chishti

Question 9.
The place where Khawjamuiddin’s tomb is located?
Answer:
Ajmer

Question 10.
What are Lorinamas?
Answer:
Lullabies

Question 11.
Who is the author of the hymns called ‘Shabab’?
Answer:
Guru Nanak

Question 12.
Who authored the Adi Grantha Sahib?
Answer:
Guru Aijun Singh

Question 13.
What are the different forms of piety?
Answer:

1. Regular worship in the temples.
2. Adoration in wild joy.
3. Recitation of hymns and prayers.

Question 14.
Match the items in Column A with those in Column B.

A	B
a) Azhvars	Persia
b) Ulamas	Devotees of Vishnu
c) Parashika	Sufism
d) Thasavuf	Islamic scholars

Answer:

A	B
a) Azhvars	Devotees of Vishnu
b) Ulamas	Islamic scholars
c) Parashika	Persia
d) Thasavuf	Sufism

Question 15.
Match the following.

A	B
a) Zimmi	Chain
b) Silsila	Protection
c) Ziyarat	Pilgrimage
d) Rub	Paramatma

Answer:

A	B
a) Zimmi	Protection
b) Silsila	Chain
c) Ziyarat	Pilgrimage
d) Rub	Paramatma

Question 16.
What is tantrikaradhana? Give two of its special features.
Answer:
Tantrikaradhana is connected with the adoration of Devis (goddesses). Rituals of this kind were in existence in many parts of the subcontinent. Both men and women could participate in them. When these traditions were carried out, differences of Jati and Varna were ignored. In other words, there was no discrimination of gender, Varna or Jati in Tantrikaradhana. The Tantric ideas greatly influenced Saivism and Buddhism.

The followers of Tantric rituals ignored the authority of the Vedas. They tried to uphold their favourite God – Vishnu or Siva. They were in conflict with the principles of Buddhism and Jainism.

Question 17.
How did the pilgrimage centres develop from the travels of Azhvars and Nayanars?
Answer:
During the travels of Azhvars and Nayanars, they recognized certain holy spots as the abodes of their favourite gods. In these places, they built huge temples. These temples later became pilgrimage centres. The recitation of the hymns written by pious poets and worshiping the idols of favourite gods became part of the rituals followed in these temples.

Question 18.
The Chola Kings encouraged Brahmin-Piety traditions. Explain with examples.
Answer:
From the 9^th century to the 13 century, some powerful Chola Kings ruled the country. They supported the Brahmin-Piety traditions. They made land-gifts. They built Vishnu arid Siva temples. It was they who built some of the most imposing Siva temples at Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Some very beautiful bronze idols of Siva were also made at this period.

It was the Nayanars who gave encouragement to the sculptors. The Chola Kings encouraged the Nayanars and Azhvars. There were some economic motives behind this. It was the Vellalar farmers who made the economic base for the Chola rule. Naturally, the rulers wanted the support of the Vellalar farmers, who respected Azhvars and Nayanars. That is why the Chola Kings gave their full support to the Azhvars and Nayanars.

Chola kings often claimed divine support. They tried to proclaim their glory by building huge and beautiful temples. These temples were adorned with idols made of stone and metals. The tried to translate the dreams of the popular poets of the hymns into reality. The Kings also encouraged recitations of the Saiva hymns in Tamil in their temples.

They also took the initiative to collect these hymns and make it into a book form (Thevaram). The Chola King named Paranthakan I, got the metallic idols of Appar, Sanbandhar and Sundarar made and they were placed in a Siva Temple. An inscription dated 945 shows this. During festivals, the idols were carried in processions.

Question 19.
Who were Virasaivas? What is the relation of Basavanna with this Movement?
Answer:
In the 12^th century, a new pious movement came up in Karnataka. A Brahmin named Basavanna (1106-1168) was the leader of this movement. Virashaiva Movement is also called Lingayat. In the beginning, Basavanna was a believer of Jainism. He had also served as a minister under King Bijala of Chalukya. Because of serious differences of opinion, Basavanna decided to quit Jainism and with his son-in-law, he formed the Virashaiva Movement. His followers were called Virasaivas or Lingayats.

Question 20.
Point out the religious faiths of the Lingayats and show their importance.
Answer:
Lingayats became an important religious group. They worship Siva in his manifestation as linga, They wore around their left shoulder small linga tied on a cord. The linga was kept in a small silver casket. They also venerated Jangama, the wandering Shaivite monks. Lingayats believe that when they die they will get absorbed in Siva and they will not come back to this world. Therefore they do not cremate their bodies. They bury their dead with elaborate rituals. Lingayats challenged the Caste system.

They also objected to the concept of ‘pollution’(untouchability) and rebirth. Because of these views, they got a lot of followers from the marginalized sects. They encouraged adult marriage and widow re-marriage, which were against the teachings of Dharmasastra. They also rejected fasting, sumptuous meals, pilgrimage and sacrifices or yagas.

Question 21.
What is meant by Zimmi? Explain.
Answer:
Zimmi comes from the Arab word zimma. It means protection. The non-Muslims who lived under Muslim rule were called Zimmis. They had to pay a special tax known as ‘Jizya’.

Question 22.
What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
Answer:
All the people who accept Islam have to acknowledge the Five Pillars of Islam. They are:

1. There is no God except Allah and Mohammed is his Prophet (Shahada).
2. Pray five times a day (Namaz/Salat)
3. Zakat (Almsgiving)
4. Fasting during the month of Ramzan -e) Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

Question 23.
Dinashrams were centres of social life. Justify this statement.
Answer:
By the 11^th century, Sufism became an Organized Movement with Quranic Literature and rituals of its own. Sufis began to assemble around centres called Dinashrams. Sufis and their disciples lived in these ashrams. They also became centres for Sufi spiritualism and activities.

Dinashrams were under a teacher called Shaikh, Pir orMurshid. He enrolled members into the Dinashram. The disciples were known as Murids. The relation between the teacher the disciple was a special feature of Sufism. Each Pir nominated his successor. The Pir also formulated the spiritual activities of the inmates, the relation between the teacher and the disciples, and the relation between the teacher and the common people and such things.

Question 24.
Write a note about the regional traditions in the construction of mosques.
Answer:
The blending of the global creed of the Muslims and the regional traditions was best seen in the Vastu (construction principles) of the mosques. Some of the Vastu of the mosque are universal. They turn towards Mecca (West), the Mihrab (the semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque) showing where Mecca is, and the Minbar (pulpit – from where the sermons are made).

But there are regional differences. There are variations in the top parts of the building and the materials used for the construction. For example, the Atia Mosque (1609) in Bangladesh is made of bricks. The mosque in Srinagar in Kashmir is built with timber. It was built in 1935.

Question 25.
What is Sufism? What are its salient features?
Answer:
It is a mystic movement that developed within Islam. It is a reformation movement. In the early centuries of Islam, a group of people known as Sufis founded this group. They got their inspiration from the Koran and also from the life of Prophet Mohammed. The Khalifa rule was facing ruin at this time. The greed it showed to worldly life and luxury, made many people dislike it. They turned to mysticism and asceticism. They came to be known as Sufis.

Question 26.
Describe the structure and activities of the Dinashrams.
Answer:
By the 11^th century, Sufism became an Organized Movement with Quranic Literature and rituals of its own. Sufis began to assemble around centres called Dinashrams. Sufis and their disciples lived in these ashrams. They also became centres for Sufi spiritualism and activities.

Dinashrams were under a teacher called Shaikh, Pir orMurshid. He enrolled members into the Dinashram. The disciples were known as Murids. The relation between the teacher the disciple was a special feature of Sufism. Each Pir nominated his successor. The Pir also formulated the spiritual activities of the inmates, the relation between the teacher and the disciples, and the relation between the teacher and the common people and such things.

Question 27.
Write about two Sufi Silsilas that became popular in India.
Answer:
Most Sufi groups are known by the names of their founders. The Khadiri group is known in the name of Shaikh Abdul Khadir Jilani. But the Chishti groups are known by the place where it originated. Chishti is a town in Central Afghanistan.

Question 28.
There were among the Sufis who followed the Islamic laws and those who breached them. By what names are they known?
Answer:
They are known by different names like Qalandars, Madaris, Malanga and Haidari’s.

Question 29.
In the worship of Chishtis, evaluate the importance of Ziyarat and Khavali.
Answer:
In the worship of Chishtis, Ziyarat and Khavali were important. Pilgrimage to the tombs of Sufi Ascetics is called Ziyarat. All over the Muslim world, this is practised. Ziyarat is an opportunity to get spiritual blessings. For the last 7 centuries, people from different faiths and classes have been showing their respect to five famous Chishti ascetics. The most important of them is Garib Nawaz (one who offers solace to the poor) of Khwaja Muinuddin. There are some reasons why this became so famous:

1. The simple life of Khwaja Muinuddin, the greatness of his disciples and the encouragement given by royal visitors.
2. The first Sultan to visit the tomb was Muhammed bin Tughluq (1324-51). But the memorial here was built with the funds given by the Sultan of Malwa, Giyasuddin Khilji, at the end of the 15^th century.
3. This tomb is located along the trade route connecting Delhi and Gujarat. Therefore it attracted many travellers.

By the 16^th century, this tomb became very famous. Even Akbar was impressed by the zealous hymns sung by the pilgrims. He visited this place 14 times to seek blessings for his military operations, to keep his pledges, and to have children. After each visit he gave expensive gifts, it is recorded in the royal documents. In 1568, he donated a huge cauldron to make cooking easy so that food could be given to the pilgrims. He also built a mosque on the premises of the tomb. Music and dance were part of Ziyarat. There were mystical hymns. These were sung by specially trained musicians called Khawals. Their music was capable of giving some kind of spiritual bliss.

Question 30.
In the relations between Chishtis and the nation, there were cordiality and also confrontations. Do you agree? Justify.
Answer:
An important feature of the Chishti tradition is asceticism. Chishtis kept away from worldly powers. But they did not keep themselves completely away from political power. They used to get donations and alms from the rulers and also from rich nobles. The Sultans gave Dinashrams tax-free land (Inam). For – these they established trusts.

The kings wanted the support of the Sufis to make their rule legal. When the Turks established the Delhi Sultanate, the Ulamas wanted to make Sharia the country’s law, but the rulers did not agree to this. Since most of their subjects were non-Muslims, they knew that the imposition of Sharia would provoke them into making protests. In this situation, they wanted to pretend that they received their authority directly from God. For this they needed the support of the Sufi leaders, it was believed that the Awliya, the Sufi leader, could talk with God to improve the material and spiritual condition of the people. That is why many kings wanted their tombs to be near Dinashrams and the Sufi Pilgrim centres.

In short, Sufis maintained good relations with the rulers and received material help from them. The kings tried to make use of the popularity and spiritual power of the Sufis. But there were occasions when the Kings and Sufis got Into conflicts. Both tried to show their position to be superior. Both wanted people to prostrate before them and kiss their feet. When a Sufi Shaikh was addressed high titles were used. The followers of Nizamuddin Awlia addressed him as Sultan-ul-mashaik- the Sultan of Shaikhs. In such shows of power, there were a confrontation between the Sultans and the Sufis.

Question 31.
Who were the two poets that visited Nizamuddin Awlia?
Answer:
Amir Hasan Sijzi and Amir K.huzro

Question 32.
What are Maznavis?
Answer:
Some Sufis considered love for humanity as a symbol for showing love to God. They wrote long poems on this symbol. Such poems are called Maznavis.

Question 33.
Who formed the basis for the Khalsa Panth? What are its 5 symbols?
Answer:
Guru Govind Singh formulated the basis for the Khalsa Panth. The members were supposed to carry 5 symbols with them, they are Kesh (long hair), Kangha (comb), Kara (a metal bracelet), Kachera (cotton under-garments) and Kripan (a curved sword). Together, they are the 5 Ks.

Question 34.
Who was Mirabai? Evaluate her contributions.
Answer:
Mirabai did not have any group of followers or organizations. But she continued to be a source of inspiration for many for centuries. She had composed many Bhajanas. They were all hymns addressed to Bhagwan Krishna. Their hymns I are still used by both men and women, especially those belonging to the lower classes. They are more popular in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Question 35.
Bhakti-Sufi thinkers used different languages to propagate their views. Explain.
Answer:
There are many sources that help us to recreate. Bhakti-Sufi Traditions. Ancient philosophical sources, Book traditions, New Writings, Hagiographies, etc. are some of them. In the new sources, mostly we have the compositions of ascetic poets. Most of them came out as oral tradition in the languages spoken by people. They were musical. They were collected after the death of their authors by their disciples or fans.

The leaders of the Bhakti Movements were Azhvars and Nayanars. Azhvars worshipped Vishnu. Nayanars adored Siva. Literature Books talk about 12 Azhvars and 63 Nayanars. They composed their hymns mostly in Tamil and a few in Telugu.

Chishtis also used the regional languages for communication and composition of their hymns. Those who were connected with the Chishti Silsila of Delhi used Hindavi. Baba Farid wrote his hymns in the regional language. In Bijapur in Karnataka, a special type of Sufijtymns was popular. These hymns were written inDakhani, a local variety of Urdu. The Sufi teachers who lived here in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were the writers of these hymns. When grinding grain or weaving, women used to sing these. hymns.

The poems of Kabir are available in many languages and dialects. Some of them are written in ‘Sant Bhasha’. Some of his writings are called ‘Ulat Bansi’. Here ideas are put in a very complicated mariner, probably to show that understanding the ultimate reality is very difficult. Some examples if his mystic experiences are seen in ‘Blooming lotus without flowers’, Tire spreading in the sea’.

To explain the ultimate reality, Kabir used different traditions including the Islamic, Vedanta and Yoga. Using Islamic tradition, he called the Ultimate Reality as Khuda, Hasrat and Pir. From the Vedanta tradition he used words like Alak (who can) be seen), Nirakar (with no body), Brahmam, Atma etc. From the Yoga traditions he used Sabda (noise) and Sunya (Emptiness).

Among the books on God and religion, we see a big variety in language, style and presentation. The simplest writings are those of Basavanna. But the most complicated are the writings called ‘farman’ by the Mughal Emperors who wrote in highly ornamental Persian language.

Question 36.
Describe the coming of Sufism in India, the founding of theSilsiias and their activities.
Answer:
(Areas to be considered: the growth of Sufism, Dinashrams and Silsilas, Language and communication, the attitude towards the nation.) Sufism is a mystic movement that developed within Islam. It is a reformation movement. In the early centuries of Islam, a group. of people known as Sufis founded this group.

They got their inspiration from the Koran and also from the life of Prophet Mohammed. The Khalifa rule was facing ruin at this time. The greed it showed to worldly life and luxury, made many people dislike it. They turned to mysticism and asceticism. They came to be known as Sufis.

By the 11^th century, Sufism became an Organized Movement with Quranic Literature and rituals of its own. Sufis began to assemble around centres called Dinashrams. Sufis and their disciples lived in these ashrams. They also became centres for Sufi spiritualism and activities.

Dinashrams were under a teacher called Shaikh, Pir or Murshid. He enrolled members into the Dinashram. The disciples were known as Murids. The relation between the teacher the disciple was a special feature of Sufism. Each Pir nominated his successor. The Pir also formulated the spiritual activities of the inmates, the relation between the teacher and the disciples, and the relation between the teacher and the common people and such things.

Most Sufi groups are known by the names of their founders. The Khadiri group is known in the name of Shaikh Abdul Jhadir Jilani. But the Chishti groups are known by the place where it originated. Christ is a town in Central Afghanistan. There were among the Sufis who followed the Islamic laws and those who breached them. They are known by different names like Qalandars, Madaris, Malanga and Haidari’s.

Chishtis used the regional languages for communication and composition of their hymns. Those who were connected with the Chishti Silsila of Delhi used Hindavi. Baba Farid wrote his hymns in the regional language. In Bijapurin Karnataka, a special type of Sufi hymns was popular. These hymns were written in Dakhani, a local variety of Urdu. The Sufi teachers who lived here in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were the writers of these hymns. When grinding grain or weaving, women used to sing these hymns.

The poems of Kabir are available in many languages and dialects. Some of them are written in ‘Sant Bhasha’. Some of his writings are called ‘Ulat Bansi’. Here ideas are put in a very complicated manner, l probably to show that understanding the ultimate reality is very difficult. Some examples if his mystic experiences are seen in ‘Blooming lotus without flowers’, ‘fire spreading in the sea’.

You can Download Peasants, Zamindars and the State Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 7 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Peasants, Zamindars and the State (Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire)

Question 1.
Writer of Ain-i-Akbari.
Answer:
Abul Fasal

Question 2.
What does ‘Muzarian’ mean?
Answer:
Farmers

Question 3.
The king that banned tobacco
Answer:
Jehangir

Question 4.
What does ‘mandal’ mean?
Answer:
Village head

Question 5.
What does ‘jungli’ mean?
Answer:
Forest Dwellers

Question 6.
A forest produce hat was exported to foreign countries?
Answer:
Resin from trees.

Question 7.
Private lands of zamindars.
Answer:
Milkiyat

Question 8.
Head of the revenue department during the Mughal period.
Answer:
Diwan

Question 9.
Who brought mansabdari system?
Answer:
Akbar

Question 10.
The person who translated Ain-i-Akbar.
Answer:
Henry Blockman

Question 11.
Arrange the following incidents in chronological order:
a. The First Battle of Panipat
b. The British exile Bahadur Shah II
c. Reign of Akbar
d. Nadir Shah attacks India
Answer:
a. The First Battle of Panipat
c. Reign of Akbar
d. Nadir Shah attacks India
b. The British exile Bahadur Shah II

Question 12.
What are the four names used in the Indo-Persian sources to indicate farmers?
Answer:
Raiyat, Muzarian, Khud Kashta and Pahi Kashta.

Question 13.
Who are Khud Kashta and Pahi Kashta? What are their differences?
Answer:
Khud Kashta had their own farmlands in the village. They stayed there permanently and did agricultural work. In short, they are permanent dwellers in the village.
Pahi Kashta did not have lands of their own. They did agricultural work on a contract basis. They did not do agricultural work permanently or stay permanently in the village.

Question 14.
Mention the 4 things that helped agricultural growth in the Mughal period.
Answer:

1. Limitless land
2. Availability of plenty of labourers
3. Mobility of the farmers
4. Irrigation facilities

Question 15.
Name two crops that were related to the seasons.
Answer:
Agriculture was done in two seasons – Spring and Autumn. The Spring crops were called Kharif and the Autumn crops were called Rabi.

Question 16
Mention the two important responsibilities the Mandal (Head of the Village) had. Were the Mandals corrupt?
Answer:
The main responsibility of the Village Head was supervising the income and expenditure. A Patwari (accountant) helped him in this duty.
In Eastern India, all marriages were conducted in the presence of the Mandal (Village Head). In other words, he had the responsibility to observe the behaviour of people so that they did not breach the Jati laws.

Mandals often misused their powers. With the help of the Patwari, they often falsified accounts. They showed a lesser income from their property but they charged more from smaller farmers.

Question 17.
There were Jati Panchayats during the Mughal period. What were the things they did?
Answer:
Apart from the Village Panchayat, each Jati had its own ‘Jati Panchayat’. They had considerable authority in the village community. They had the following responsibilities.

• In Rajasthan, they settled civil differences among the members.
• They worked as mediators in land disputes.
• They judged if marriages were conducted as per Jati laws.
• They decided the protocol to be followed at village functions.
• Except in criminal cases, the decisions of the Jati Panchayats were accepted by the government.

Question 18.
What is meant by ‘jins-i-kamil’? Why did the Mughal rulers encourage it?
Answer:
It means perfect crops. It referred to cash crops. Since they brought income to the country, Mughal rulers encouraged farmers of cash crops. The most important jins-i-kamil were cotton and sugar cane. Cotton was cultivated in Central. India and the highlands of Deccan. Bengal was famous for sugar cane. Pulses and oil.seeds like mustard also were considered cash crops. It shows there was mixture of food crops and cash crops in the country.

Question 19.
Going away from the village (Abandoning) was a way of protest in the Mughal period. Explain
Answer:
Often farmers of the Lower castes complained against officials of the government and zamindars. The decision of the Panchayats would depend on the type of case. Where the case was related to excessive tax, Panchayat often suggested some kind of reconciliation between the parties. If the settlement did not come, farmers often protested. Sometimes they went away, abandoning the village. Land lying without cultivation was available everywhere. Moreover, labourers were in great demand. In the circumstances, leaving the village was a good way of protest by farmers.

Question 20.
The agriculturists of the Mughal period were also artisans. Comment.
Answer:
In a village community, it was not easy to distinguish between agriculturists and artisans. People often worked as both. Even agriculturists and their families dyed clothes did embroidery, made earthenwares, made agricultural implements and repaired them. The leisure period between the stages of agriculture – the period between sowing and weeding, between weeding and harvesting, etc. – was used for manufacturing small useful items.

Question 21.
What is Jajmani system? What are its main features?
Answer:
The artisans received their remuneration in different ways. Jajmani was an Indian system of interaction between upper castes and lower castes. It was an economic system where lower castes performed various functions for upper castes and received grain in return. In the Jajmani system, the artisans and owners of the land discuss things and come to an agreement regarding payment. For example, the zamindars in Bengal paid the ironsmiths, carpenters and goldsmiths some money and the remaining in grains.

Question 22.
The activities of the forest dwellers for their livelihood were connected with the seasons. Do you agree with this statement? Do these activities are connected with their mobility?
Answer:
The forest dwellers who earned their living by collecting forest produce, hunting and rotating cultivation were called jungli. All these activities were based on seasons. For example, the Bhills in Uttar Pradesh collected forest produce during Spring. They did fishing in Summer, agriculture in the rainy season and hunting in Autumn. Naturally, they could not – continue living in the same place for long. They moved from place to place to carry on with their various activities. Mobility was an important factor for the Junglis.

Question 23.
Describe two reasons which brought the Zamindars high status.
Answer:
The first reason is Jati. All the Zamindars belonged to the higher caste. The second reason is the services (khidmat) they rendered to the country.

Question 24.
The weaker sections of the society had some ways to acquire the status of Zamindars. What were they?
Answer:
The Zamindars got united in different ways. These include the colonization of new lands, the exchange of land rights, older of the government, and the purchase of the land. Using some of these ways the lower class people could rise to the status of Zamindars. Zamindaris (lands of the zamindai) were often bought and sold.

Question 25.
Although Zamindars were generally exploiters, their relations with the agriculturists were those of mutuality, paternal affection and patronage. Examine the truth of this statement.
Answer:
There is no doubt that the Zamindars were an exploitative tribe. They exploited peasants in different ways. But their relations with the agriculturists were often those of mutuality, paternal affection and patronage. Two things prove this.

• Firstly, we see that the Bhakti ascetics did not show Zamindars as exploitators of persecutors. These ascetics had strongly criticised the discriminatory measures on Jati basis and the tortures and other repressive measures used against the lower classes by the upper classes. They criticized the revenue officials but not the Zamindars. It shows the relation between Zamindars and farmers was good.
• Secondly, in the 17^th century, there were a number of agricultural uprising in North India. Most of them were against the state and not against Zamindars. Sometimes Zamindars got the support of the peasants when they protested against the state.

Question 26.
What do the words ‘Jama’ and ‘Hasil’ show?
Answer:
The first step in the land revenue system is the determination of the amount of tax to be given by the farmer. This amount is called Jama. The collection of the tax is the second stage. Hie amount collected is known as ‘Hasil’.

Question 27.
When was the writing of “Akbar-nama” by Abut Fasal completed? How many books are there? Explain.
Answer:
In 1598, the 42nd year of Akbar’s reign, Akbar-nama v was completed. Ain-i-Akbari is part of the Akbarmama.
Akbarnama has three books; The first two books art historical writing. The first book deals with the Mughal history before Akbar. The second book deals with the rule of Akbar until 1602. Ain-i-Akbari is planned as a collection of royal laws, and a description of the geography of the empire.

Question 28.
How did the coming of external powers influence village life?
Answer:
External powers came into village life. The most important of them was the Mughal power The majority of the income of the Mughal ruler came from agricultural products. Therefore, the agents of the government tried to control the village community. These officials included tax assessors, tax collectors and keepers of records. They made sure that work was going on regularly and taxes were received.

• Village communities were connected with urban centres.
• Farmers produced a lot of things for the market Naturally trade, money and markets came into the village and thus connected them with the cities.

Question 29.
Describe the agricultural technologies and irrigation methods used during the Mughal period.
Answer:
The government gave all kinds of support to farmers for irrigation projects. The government took the responsibility of making canals (Nahr and nala) in North India. Old canals were repaired. It was during Shah Jahan’s reign that the Shahnahar Canal in Punjab was repaired. For irrigation, even well-water was used Water Was drawn from wells using wheel and bullocks. Babar describes the various methods used in irrigating the land in his memoir ‘Babar-nama’. He points out that people used Persian wheel, bucket and rope to get water from the well.

Agriculture depended on the efforts of people, they also used animal power. There were wooden ploughs in use. Using iron ploughshares on wooden ploughs made it easy to make furrows. But the furrows would not be deep dry grounds. There they used drills They spattered the seed by hand – They, also used an iron blade for digging and weeding.

Question 30.
What is Mansabdari system?
Answer:
This was a special feature of the Mughal rule. It was Akbar who put it into operation, It is a system which joined the civil and military positions. Mansab means status or position. The official who got the position of. mansab is called mansabdar. Akbar gave all officials this status. These officials were to keep a certain number of cavalrymen under them. ThusAkbarwas able to combine civil and military duties in an official. Some mansabdars were given money as their salary. But many were assigned lands in place of money. These lands were called jagirs. From these jagirs, the mansabdars could collect taxes equal to the amount of their salary. Mansabdars were frequently transferred.

Question 31.
Assess the role of women in agricultural production.
Answer:
In the agricultural community of the Middle Ages, women played an important role. They worked alongside men in the fields. When men ploughed the land and made furrows, women sowed seeds. Later they weeded, harvested and separated the chaff from the grain.

• In the Middle Ages, in agricultural communities, all human efforts and resources were used for production. Naturally, there was no gender discrimination here.
• Even then women were given some special considerations because of their childbearing nature. In Western India, women who were having their periods were not allowed to touch the plough or the potter’s wheel. In Bengal, menstruating women were not allowed into the betel leaf farms.
• Things, like spinning, making the clay ready for pot making, stitching etc., were mainly done by women. With the commercialization of products, the role of women began to increase. Women worked not only in their homes and fields but also in the households of their employers. Sometimes they even went to the market for selling things.

Question 32.
Land tax was very important in the economic system of the Mughals. Justify the relevance in this statement.
Answer:
The basis of Mughal economy was land. Land tax was the main source of the government’s income. Because of that to ensure that taxes came in, the government appointed a number of officials to assess the land tax and to collect it. The head of the revenue department (Daftar) was Diwan. He supervised the economic system of the Empire. To help the Diwan there was an Amil-Guzar (Revenue Collector) and many other officials. These officials went around the villages to ensure that taxes came to the Treasury. They became a Strong power in formulating agricultural relationships with the government.

Before fixing the tax, the state collected all the information regarding the agricultural lands and their products. There were two stages in the tax system of the Mughals: Fixing Tax and its actual collection. The first step in the land revenue system is the determination of the amount of tax to be given by the farmer. This amount is called Jama. The collection of the tax is the second stage. The amount collected is known as ‘Hasil’.

Farmers could pay their tax in cash or in goods. The government preferred cash. The government had tried to raise the tax to the maximum. But often it could not collect the fixed tax. Regional circumstances often prevented the government from collecting the entire tax.

Question 33.
Write an essay assessing the position women had in the agricultural sector and in society during the Mughal period.
Answer:
In different communities, men and women played some special roles in the field of production. In the agricultural community Of the Middle Ages, women played an important role. They worked alongside men in the fields. When the men ploughed the land and made furrows, the women sowed the seeds. Later they weeded, harvested and separated the chaff from the grain.

In the Middle Ages, in agricultural communities, all human efforts and resources were used for production. Naturally, there was no gender discrimination here.

Even then women were given some special considerations because of their nature. In Western India, women who were having their periods were not allowed to touch the plough or the potter’s wheel. In Bengal, menstruating women were not allowed into the betel leaf, farms.

Things, like spinning, making the clay ready for pot making, stitching etc., were mainly done by women. With the commercialization of products, the role of women began to increase. Women worked not only in their homes and fields but also in the households of their employers. Sometimes they even went to the market for selling things.

Village communities depended on work for their livelihood. There was a need for more hands to work in the fields. As persons who brought forth children, women were seen as an important group. But the death rate among women was high. Lack of nutrition, regular childbirth, death during delivery, etc. were the reasons for their higher death rate. As a result, there was a considerable reduction in the number of married women. In the agricultural and artisan communities, this caused the rise of some special social customs. These customs were different from those practised by the upper classes. In some communities, instead of getting a dowry, men started giving bride-price. Laws also permitted remarriage of widows and divorced women.

Women had this importance of being the sources of producing children. Society was worried if their importance would make society lose control over them. By the established social laws, man was the head of the family. The male members of the family and the community imposed strict laws on women. Women who were suspected of cheating were severely punished.

Women could complain to the Panchayat against the misbehaviour of their husbands. From the documents received from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra, we can see complaints of women sent to the Grama Panchayats seeking justice. Women protested against their men’s cheating (marital infidelity). They also complained against the negligence of their husbands towards their wives and children. Infidelity of men was not often punished. But the state and the higher communities tried to bring comfort to their families. Generally, names of the complaining women were not written in the Panchayat records. Instead, the complainant was referred to as the mother of a certain person, his sister or his wife.

The condition of the wives of the landowners was much better. They had the right to get ancestral property. In Punjab, women, including widows, were actively involved in the market to sell the properties they received as heritage. Hindu and Muslim women got zamindaris as hereditary property. They had the freedom to sell them or mortgage them. In the 18^th century, there were a number of known zamindaris in the name of women in Bengal. One of the biggest and most famous zamindaris, Rajshahi, was in the control of a woman.

You can Download Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 8 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts

Question 1.
The founder of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Babur

Question 2.
The last ruler of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Safar

Question 3.
The administrative language of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Persian

Question 4.
The language that came from a mixture of Persian and Hindavi?
Answer:
Urdu

Question 5.
Those who opposed the Mughal art and painting?
Answer:
Ulamas

Question 6.
The author of Badshahnama?
Answer:
Abdul Hamid Lahori

Question 7.
The ruler who reintroduced Jizya?
Answer:
Aurangzeb

Question 8.
The first capital of the Mughals?
Answer:
Agra

Question 9.
The ruler who brought ‘jarokha darshan’ (public audience)?
Answer:
Akbar

Question 10.
Finance Minister (Head of Revenue Department) in the Mughal rule was called?
Answer:
Diwan-i-ala.

Question 11.
Which Mughal ruler is connected with the 1st Battle of Panipat?
Answer:
Babur

Question 12.
What are Chronicles?
Answer:
As per the instructions from the Mughal Emperors, the palace historians kept a diary of the important happenings in the country. These are the Chronicles. They talk about the achievements of the Mughal rulers. They also give chronologically important events. Chronicles are an important source to study about the Mughal Capital and Mughal Empire.

Question 13.
Why was Akbar especially interested in Abul Fazl?
Answer:
Abul Fazl was the writer of Akbamama. Abul was born and brought up in Agra. He was well-versed in Arabic, Persian, Greek Philosophy and Sufism. He was a scholarly debater and had independent thinking. He severely criticised the views of conservative ulamas. Akbar was attracted by these qualities of Abul Fazl and so he appointed him as his advisor and spokesman. Akbar’s intention was to release the nation from the control of orthodox ulamas. As a palace historian, Abul Fazl was able to formulate ideas related to the administration Akbar liked him very much.

Question 14.
What is special about nastaliq style of writing?
Answer:
Akbar showed great interest in writings in nastaliq script. Nastaliq script is one of the most fluid calligraphy styles for the Arabic alphabet. It has short verticals with no serifs, (serif is a.small line attached to a letter) and long horizontal strokes. It is written using a piece of trimmed reed called “qalam”(“pen” in Arabic) and carbon ink, named “davaf”.

Question 15.
Point out the information we get from the Mughal Chronicles
Answer:
Chronicles give a chronological account of incidents. The Mughal chronicles are great sources to know about Mughal history.

• They give information regarding the founding of the Mughal Empire.
• They tell us about the policies and schemes the Mughal Kings wanted to implement.
• They tell us how theories of all kinds developed and how they reached the people.

Question 16.
Point out the importance of pictures in the manuscripts of the Mughal period.
Answer:
Artists, those who made pictures, played a big role in writing the manuscripts. In the Chronicles along with descriptions of things, pictures were also included. They gave a visual picture of things. The manuscript writer left the following page blank if he felt there was a need for a picture to illustrate the matter. In these blank spaces, artists drew pictures. These pictures were small in size and so they were called ‘miniatures’.

The pictures in the manuscripts increased their beauty and utility.

They showed things in a visual manner of things that would be difficult to describe using words, they give a good picture of the country and the power of the rulers.

Question 17.
Which were the Mughal capitals in India?
Answer:
In 1707 Aurangzeb died. After his death, 13 rulers of the Mughal dynasty ruled India. They were known as Later Mughals. During their rule, the dynasty’s power began to decline. As the Central administration became weak, regional rulers started becoming more and more autonomous. The Later Mughals failed to prevent foreign attacks. Although the Mughal Empire was breaking up, the Mughal rulers tried to maintain their status and glory. They continued symbolically. In 1857, the British dethroned the last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah Safar II. With this, the Mughal rule ended. The Mughal capitals were Agra (Babur), FatehpurSikri, Lahore (Akbar), Shajahanabad (Shah Jahari).

Question 18.
What were the aims of the Mughal rulers in getting the Chronicles written?
Answer:

• One of the aims was to let people know the policies of the state.
• Another aim. was to let the enemies of the country know that their efforts were bound to fail and they would be defeated.
• A third aim was to leave the records of the Mughal rule to future generations.

Question 19.
What does ‘zulh-e-kul’ mean? What were the steps taken by Akbar for this?
Answer:
Zulh-e-kul means complete peace. The Chronicles point out that in the Mughal Empire there were Hindus, Jains, Zorashtrians, Buddhists, Muslims, and Christians. The Emperor, Akbar, was a tolerant person and he extolled the virtues of unity, peace, and stability. He worked with all communities to ensure peace and justice. Thus zulh-e-kul was jan important feature of Akbar’s rule.

• Abul Fazl points out that it was the base of an enlightened rule.
• It helped all the religious groups to have their faith and (nodes of worship. But it did not allow the different groups to fight or jeopardise the security of the country. ,
• Akbar made special efforts to put Zulh-e-kul into practice. It was executed through state policy. He asked all the officials to follow this policy. He also introduced and social and religious reforms to facilitate zulh-e-kul.
• Akbar stopped taking religious taxes. There were taxes for taking bath in the holy places like Prayag and Banaras. Non-Muslims had to pay Jizya. All these were stopped by Akbar as they were religious taxes.

Question 20.
Who introduced jarokha darshan? What was its purpose?
Answer:
Akbar introduced this. The day of the Emperor started with prayers. Then he would appear in a balcony which faced eastward. Jharoka is this balcony. All kinds of people – soldiers, traders, artisans, agriculturists, women with sick children – waited for this darshan of the Emperor* This is called jharoka darshan. This was a way of getting the support of the people and increasing the acceptability of the government.

Question 21.
From where did the Mughals get the idea of ‘divine light’ (Divya Prakasam)?
Answer:
Mughals believed in the theory of divine kingship. They believed and propagated that their authority came directly from God. The court historians explained the legend of Queen Alanqua to propagate this divine kingship theory and divya prakasam. Alanqua was taking rest in her camp. She was conceived by the rays of the sun. Her son had bequeathed this divine right to all the future kings. Thus the Mughal king also got this divine light.

Question 22.
What does Abul Fazl say about picture painting. Was it different from the opinion of the Ulamas? Explain.
Answer:
Abul Fazl qualified picture painting as a magical art. He believed that it had the power to give life to even inanimate things.

Pictures showing the Emperor, the court, and people created constant conflicts between the rulers and the ulamas. These ulamas based their objection on the Koran and Hadith. The ulamas said that making pictures of people is against Islamic law. By making pictures, the artist is questioning the authority of God to create things. They believed that the power of creation belonged entirely to God.

Question 23.
Who was Jahanara? What were her contributions to the architectural field?
Answer:
Jahanara was the daughter of Shah Jahan. She was in charge of the gardens and buildings. Shah Jahan made a new capital known as Shahjahanabad.
Jahanara was the one who planned many of the buildings in the new capital. Here a two-storeyed inn with a fine sit-out and garden needs special mention. She was the one who planned the Chandni Chowk Bazar, the main center in Shajahanabad.

Question 24.
Describe the processes involved in preparing manuscripts.
Answer:
Many people were involved in the preparation of a manuscript. They included paper manufacturers, copywriters, guilders (beautifiers), artists (who drew pictures) and binders (those who bound the manuscripts in book form).

• Paper manufacturers prepared the sheets.
• Scribes or calligraphers copied the text. ‘
• Gilders made the pages look fine.
• Artists drew pictures.
• Binders arranged the pages and bound them neatly. The completed manuscript became a valuable thing, a thing of beauty and scholastic treasure. The beauty of the manuscripts showed that the Mughal emperors loved knowledge and beauty.

Question 25.
Akbar is considered the greatest of the Mughal rulers. Why?
Answer:
Humayun was the father of Akbar. After Humayun’s death in 1556, Akbar became the ruler. Akbar is considered the greatest Mughal ruler. Here are the reasons:

• He not only expanded his empire but also unified it. He made the empire the biggest, strongest and richest at that time.
• He succeeded in extending the boundaries of the Mughal Empire up to the Hindukush Mountain Range.
• He was able to resist the expansion schemes of the Uzbeks in Central Asia and the Safavid dynasty of Iran.

Question 26.
Who was Gulbadan Begum? What were her contributions?
Answer:
When Akbar asked Abul Fazl to write the history of his rule, he also asked his aunt Gulbadan to help. He asked her the record the memoirs of Babur and Humayun. Akbar thought that this would help Abul Fazl in his work. Gulbadan Began accepted this challenge and wrote a book titled ‘Humyun-nama’. It was the description of Humayun and his rule. It looks into the private life of the Mughals. It is not a book of praise-singing. She has written here about the fights and confrontations among the kings and princes. She has also shown how the elderly ladies of the family helped in solving such disputes.

Question 27.
Different kinds of greetings were in existence in the Mughal court. Describe them.
Answer:
Different kinds of greetings were in existence in the Mughal Court to show respect for authority. It showed the status of each one in the court.

• Deep Prostration: This was shown to those with the highest power.
• ‘Sijda’: In this a person knelt and touched his forehead on the floor.
• During Shah Jahan’s time, he first introduced ‘zaminbos’ (kissing the ground) and later ‘chartaslim’. Another greeting was kornish. Here the subject places his right palm on his forehead and bows. By bowing his head, the seat of intellect and wisdom, he is showing his respect for the authority.

Question 28.
What were the special features of the Mughal Lordship?
Answer:
The Mughal lords came from different backgrounds. Members were chosen from different religious and Class and Tribal groups. There were Mughals, Afghans, Turks, Persians, Indian Muslims and Rajputs in this assembly.

Question 29.
How did the word ‘Mughal’ originate? Is it something the Mughals themselves chose? Explain:
Answer:
Mughal comes from Mongol. Today that name reminds us of the greatness of an Empire. It was not a name that was chosen by the rulers themselves. Through their fathers, the Mughals were the successors of Timur, the ruler of Turkey. They called themselves Timurids. Through his mother, the first Mughal ruler, Babur, had relations with ChengizKhan, the ruler of Mongols. Babur spoke Turkish. He actually considered the Mongols as ‘uncivilized’.

Question 30.
Who were the writers of the Mughal Chronicles? What ware the things they stressed in their writing?
Answer:
The writers of the Mughal Chronicles were court (palace) historians. They stressed matters connected to the ruler, his family, the court, nobles and lords, wars, administrative arrangements and so on. Their – historical writings were about the Emperors. Thus. we have Akbarnama, Shah Jahannama and Alangirnama (Alangir was a title of Aurangzeb).

Question 31.
What was the administrative language of the Mughals? Why did they choose that language?
Answer:
Persian was the administrative language. People who were well-versed in it got power and status. The Emperor, his family members and the elite of the court spoke in Persian. It was used at all levels of the administration. Therefore even accountants, clerks and other officials learned it. People who came from different parts of the subcontinent also used Persian.

Question 32
Who were the successors of Akbar?
Answer:
His successors were three able rulers – Jahangir (1605-27), Shah Jahan (1628-58) and Aurangzeb (1658-1707).

Question 33.
What were the three special features of Mughal theory „ about kingship?
Answer:
a) Divine Right of Kings.
b) Zulh-e-kul.
c) Social contract.

Question 34.
Shah Jahan was very much interested in architecture.
– Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
Shah Jahan was greatly interested in architecture. He built some beautiful and imposing buildings. In 1648 he moved his capital from Agra to Shahjahanabad. He built the Red Fort, Juma Masjid, Chandni Chowk (an extensive maidan with rows of trees) to include in his new capital Shahjahanabad. The new capital was exquisite enough to show the pomp and greatness of the Mughal Empire.

Question 35.
The center of the Mughal Court was the king. Justify.
Answer:
The Chronicles show that the administration of the Empire was fully vested in the ruler. He was the supreme authority in administration, judiciary, and military. Others had to simply obey his orders.

Question 36.
When did Mughal Rulers take titles? Did they give titles to others?
Answer:
Mughal Emperors took many fancy titles. Such titles included common titles like Shahanshah (King of Kings or Rajadhiraja), and special titles like Jehangir (One who conquers the world) and Shah Jahan (King of the World). They took these titles on coming to the throne. These titles indicate that the Mughal emperors had control even beyond the boundaries of their country. Contemporary history talks about diplomatic relations and also conflicts that existed between the Mughal rulers and their neighbors. The reasons for the conflicts were regional interests.

Question 37.
Who were the inmates of the ‘Harem’ of the Mughal rulers? How many types of wives did the rulers have?
Answer:
The household of the rulers was called harem. Harem is a Persian word meaning a holy place. It included the ruler’s wives, concubines, close and distant relatives including mother, step-mothers, foster-mothers, sisters, daughters, daughters-in-law, aunts, children, maid servants, and slaves.
The mughal rulers had two types of wives – begums and aghas.

Begums came from royal families. They came with a lot of dowry (mahar) by way of things, ornaments and money. They received preferential treatment in their husband’s household. They were given greater consideration by their husbands. The other wives (aghas) were not from royal families.

Question 38.
The Mughal aristocrats were the pillars of the Empire. Do you agree?
Answer:
The Mughal aristocrats were definitely the supporting pillars of the empire, the main pillar being the ruler. They were the officials and collectively they were called the aristocrats. They were the ruling class. Considering the importance they had during the Mughal period, some historians called the Mughal rule as ‘Rule by the Aristocrats’ or, to use the official name ‘oligarchy’.

Question 39.
Do you think there was a close relationship between the aristocrats (officials) and the Mansabdari system?
Answer:
There was a close relationship between the aristocrats (officials) and the Mansabdari system. Akbar was the one who introduced the mansabdari system. He did it to organize a strong and efficient army. The civil duties of the mansabdars were combined with their military service.

• In this system each official was given the status of mansab. The person who got it was a mansabdar.
• The status of mansabdar had two aspects – zat and zawar. Zat was a private title. It showed the position of the person in the administrative chain and his salary. Zawar shows the number of cavalrymen a mansabdar had to keep under him.

Question 40.
The Mughal administration had adequate arrangement for keeping the records and exchange information. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
The Mughal rulers gave important consideration for maintaining records. All royal orders (farman) were presented in the royal court. All applications and documents were preserved by a group of palace scribes. These scribes or writers were called ‘waqianavis’. They worked under the ‘mir bakshi’ (head of the military). The agents of the aristocrats and the regional authorities recorded all the processes of the royal court under the heading “News from the Exalted Court” or “Akbarat”.

The times and dates of the Royal Court have been recorded here. ‘Akbarat’ has all the details regarding the attendance in the Court, the assigning of jobs and titles, the diplomatic missions, the gifts received and even the enquiries the Emperor made about the health of the officials. This information is quite valuable in writing the life histories and activities of rulers and aristocrats. The Mughal postal system helped in exchanging communication. It was through the royal post that news and official documents were sent all over the country.

There were runners to carry the post and to pass information to the Emperor quickly. It is reported that there were 4000 runners in the country. They carried the papers in the form of scrolls carried in bamboo boxes. They worked all the time with hardly any rest. This postal system (by runners) helped the king to get information from faraway places in record time.

Question 41.
Describe the features of the Mughal Provincial , Administration Do you think it was easy to control the Provinces? Justify.
Answer:
The Mughal Empire was divided into many Provinces. They were called subas. Provincial Administration was a miniature model of the Central administration. In the Provinces also there were Ministers and officials to help them. The head of the provincial administration was called Subedar (Provincial Governor). He was appointed by the Emperor. The Subedar had to report directly to the Emperor.

• Each province was divided into districts, called sirkars. They were under officials called faujdars (commandants). There were plenty of footmen and gun-carrying soldiers in every district.
• The sirkars were divided into parganas (sub-districts). The officials in charge of parganas were known as qanungo, chaudhuri, and quazi. Qanungo kept the revenue records. Choudhari collected the revenues. Qazi handled judicial matters.
• Parganas were divided into villages. They were administered by gramasabhas.

Question 42.
Kandahar was a problem for the Mughal rulers. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
Kandaharwas an important military and commercial city. This was a fort-city and there were conflicting claims about this between the Mughals and the Safavids of Iran. Initially, Kandahar was under Humayun. Two years after the death of Humayun Iran took possession of that city. In 1595 Akbar recaptured it. Although the Safavids had diplomatic ‘ relations with the Mughals, they continued to claim Kandahar. In 1613, Shah Jahan sent a diplomatic representative to the Court of Shah Abbas in Iran. The idea was to let the Mughals continue to have power over Kandahar. But the mission failed. In 1622, the Persian Army attacked Kandahar. The Mughal army was not battle-ready to defend the place. They were forced to give up Kandahar to Safavids. All efforts to recapture it later failed.

Question 43.
Describe the important considerations that influenced Mughal relations with the Ottomans.
Answer:
The main considerations were religious and economic. The Mughals wanted to ensure easy access to their traders and pilgrims in areas under Ottoman Turks. They especially wanted to ensure freedom to travel in Hijaz which was part of Ottoman Arabia. Mecca and Medina are located there. The Mughal emperors had both religious and trade interests in these places.

Question 44.
Critically examine the relations between Akbar and the Jesuits.
Answer:
Akbar was keen on knowing about Christianity. So he sent his messengers to Goa to invite Jesuit priests to the Mughal Court. In 1580, the first Jesuit group reached Fatehpur Sikri and spent nearly two years there. They talked to Akbar about Christianity. They also talked to Ulamas about the good aspects of the Christian religion.

Two more Jesuit groups were sent to India. They reached in the Lahore Mughal Court in 1591 and 1595. The Jesuits have recorded certain things from their private observations. They throw light on the character and thoughts about the Emperor. When there were public meetings, the Jesuits were given seats quite close to Akbar. He had very cordial relations with them

You can Download Through the Eyes of Travellers Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 5 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers (Perceptions of Society)

Question 1.
The book of AIBiruni.
Answer:
Kitab-ul-Hind

Question 2.
Ibn Battuta’s home country.
Answer:
Morocco

Question 3.
What does Ulak mean?
Answer:
Horse Post (Mail)

Question 4.
The traveller who argued that in India there was no private land ownership.
Answer:
Bernier

Question 5.
The person who talked about Oriental Despotism:
Answer:
Montesquieu

Question 6.
The language in which Bemierwrote his book:
Answer:
English

Question 7.
The scholar who wrote Rihla and made it into book form:
Answer:
Ibn Juzayy

Question 8.
Travellers had different aims. Mention any four.
Answer:

1. Look for a  job
2. Escape from natural disaster
3. Merchants, traders, soldiers, pilgrims, priests.
4. Spirit of adventure

Question 9.
Mention the names of three travellers that visited. India between the 11^th and 17^th centuries.
Answer:

1. Al-Biruni came to India from Uzbekistan in the 11^thcentury.
2. Ibn Battuta came from Morocco in the 14^th century.
3. Francois Bemierfrom France came in the 17^th century.

Question 10.
Where did Al-Biruni live? How did he reach Gazni?
Answer:
AI-Biruni was born at Khwarisnr in Uzbekistan. Khwarism was an important centre of knowledge and so he got the best education possible. He was a linguist – a scholar in many languages. He knew Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Hebrew and Sanskrit. He was not familiar with Greek. But he had read the books of Plato and other Greek philosophers through Arabic translations.

In 1017 Sultan Mahmud Gazni attacked Khwarism. He made many people prisoners and took them to Gazni. Al-Biruni was one of them. Although he came to Gazni as a prisoner, he began to like the place. He entered the services of Mahmud Gazni and remained in Gazni until he died at the age of 70.

Question 11.
What were the two special features of Al-Biruni’s writing?
Answer:
Since he was a linguist, he was able to compare many languages and make correct translations. He translated many Sanskrit books. He translated the Sanskrit grammar book by Patanjali into Arabic. He translated the books of Euclid, the Greek Mathematician, into Sanskrit for use by his Brahmin friends.

Question 12.
Al-Biruni himself has specified the reasons behind his writing. What are they?
Answer:

1. As a help to those who wanted to discuss religious issues with Hindus.
2. As a storehouse for those who like to live with Hindus.

Question 13.
Ibn Battuta was a fearless traveller. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.
Answer:
In those days travels were risky. There were robbers everywhere. Battuta himself was attacked by robbers a number of times. He gave preference to travel with his friends in a caravan. But this did not protect him from robbers. When he was going from Multan to Delhi, his caravan was attacked by robbers. Many of his co-travellers were killed. Ibn Battuta was severely wounded.

Ibn Battuta was an Enthusiastic and determined traveller: Difficulties along the way and the attacks from robbers did not stop him. Before he returned to Morocco, he travelled extensively in North Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and China. It is believed that he reached even China.

Question 14.
Ai-Biruni faced some problems in understanding and writing about India. Point them out.
Answer:
Al-Biruni was conscious of the problems involved in understanding strange countries. He has mentioned three things that proved difficult:

1. The first problem was language – Sanskrit was quite different from Arabic and Persian languages. It was not easy to translate the concepts from one language into another.
2. The second problem was the differences in religions and rituals.
3. The third problem was the secluded people who were interested only in their things. They looked at foreigners with suspicion and were not willing to mingle with them freely.

Question 15.
What was the attitude of Al-Biruni to the Varna System? Give his arguments against untouchability.
Answer:
Al-Biruni accepted the Class distinctions as put forward by Brahmins. But he did not approve of the untouchability practised by them. He said that things that were impure would always try to get back their purity and succeed. For example, the sun purifies the air. The salt in sea-water prevents it from getting polluted. Without this natural purification, life would be impossible on this earth. He argued that untouchability is against natural laws.

The ideas of Al-Biruni exercised a powerful influence in the study of Sanskrit books. The rules regarding Varna System were formulated favouring the Brahmins. In real life, Varna was not so strict. For example, the antyaja (who were born outside the Varna System) were expected to work for the agriculturists and zamindars for small wages. Although they were socially suppressed, they were included in the economic activities.

Question 16.
Ibn Battuta has said that in India there was an excellent transport and communication system. Justify.
Answer:
The country had taken special measures to encourage traders. Along most trade routes, there were guest houses and inns. The postal system in India surprised Ityi Battuta. This helped the merchants to send their goods to distant places and also to repay-their debts. The postal system was efficient. From Sindhi it took only a few days for goods to reach Delhi. The news sent by the spies would reach the Sultan in just five days.

Ibn Battuta has said that there were two types of posts in India -the horse post and the footmen post. Horse post was called ‘uluq’. Royal horses were posted every 4 miles and his helped in making communication fast. The footmen-post was called ‘dawa’. ‘Dawa’ means 1/3 of a mile. Within a mile, there were 3 camps for the footmen.

Question 17.
There were serious differences between the observations of Ibn Battuta and Bernier. What are they?
Answer:

Ibn Battuta	Bernier
1) He was attracted by the newness, and strangeness of things.	1) Gave more importance to negative things.
2) He wrote about all the things that interested and impressed him.	2) He was more interested in the contrasts he found between the things in Europe, especially his country, France, and here.

Question 18.
How do you look at the observation of Bernier Wlfo thought that the Oriental world is inferior and worse than the Western world? Justify your answer with examples.
Answer:
Bernier presented India on the model of the binary opposition. This way India was presented as directly opposite to Europe. He also presented the differences between India and Europe on a comparative scale. India was at the lowest rung of the ladder. In short, Bernier felt that India was inferior and worse than the. Western countries.

Question 19.
How did the words Hindu, Hindustan and Hindavi come into existence?
Answer:
The word Hindu came from an old Persian word. In the 6-5 centuries BC, this word was used to indicate the region lying east of the River Sindhu.

The Arabs continued using this expression. They called this region Al-Hind and the people ‘Hindi’. Later, the Turks started calling the people Hindu and their land as Hindustan and their language Hindavi. None of these was indicative of any religion. The word Hindu was used to indicate somebody’s religion much later.

Question 20.
Why did Bernier think that the royal ownership of land is highly destructive?
Answer:
He thought like that because:

1. Landowners could not pass on their land to their heirs.
2. They were not interested in maintaining or improving the land.
3. It prevented the landowners who wanted to bring prosperity to their land from taking positive steps and make long term investments.
4. It caused destruction of agriculture.
5. It led to the suppression of farmers.
6. It adversely affected the living standards of people.

Question 21.
What is the opinion of Bernier about the Middle Class? Can you agree with his argument?
Answer:
Bernier says that there was no Middle Class in India. There were only 2 classes – the poor and the rich. The poor were the majority and they were suppressed by the ruling minority. There were too poor and too rich people, but there was no middle state. Bernier did not have a good impression about the Mughal Empire. He assessed the Mughal King as follows:

1. The king was the king of beggars and uncultured people.
2. The Mughal cities and towns were in a state of ruin and the air there was polluted.
3. The fields were full of bushes and marshlands which caused diseases.

Question 22.
How did Bernier assess the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Bernier said that the sole reason for the bad condition in the country was the royal ownership of the land. But modem historians do not agree with him. There is no indication in the Mughal documents that the land belonged to the lung. For example, Abdul Fasal, who was a scholar and historian during the reign of Akbar, said the land taxes were a reward for the sovereignty (supreme authority) of the king.

The king charged taxes from his subjects in return for the protection given to them. It was not taxes for the land owned by the ruler. Land tax was often high. That might be reason why the Europeans travellers thought that all the land belonged to the king. In fact, it was neither tax nor land tax. It was a tax on the crops.

Question 23.
Do you think the description of the cities by Bernier was an oversimplification of things? Why?
Answer:
In the 17^th century, 15% of Indians lived in cities. This was more in proportion than the people living in cities in Western Europe. In spite of that the Mughal cities were called camp towns by Bernier. Camp Towns are those that depend on the capital city for existence. During the Mughal rule, the capital was often shifted. Bernier says that when the capital was moved to a new city, it developed fast, but when the capital was moved from there, the city got ruined. Cities did not have strong social and economic bases. They relied on royal protection.

There is some kind of contradiction in what Bernier says about cities. He says the manufacturing sector was in ruin. But he says there were large scale exports of products. Bernier’s is an oversimplification of things. At that time there were manufacturing cities, trade cities, port cities, holy cities, and pilgrimage centres. Their existence shows the prosperity of the trading and working communities.

Among the merchant and trading communities, there were strong bonds, often blood relations. They had organized themselves into organizations based on caste and profession. In Western India, these trading communities were called Mahajans. Their top leader was Seth. The topmost one in the city was called nagarseth.

In the city, there were doctors (Hakim, Vaidyas), teachers (Pandits, Mullah), advocates (Vakil), Artists, Musicians and calligraphers. Some of them were working for the king. But most of them worked for the people in bazars and markets.

Question 24.
Ibn Battuta says there was distinction even among slaves. Based on this statement, assess the situation of the women slaves in the country.
Answer:
Battuta’s descriptions make it clear that there were discriminations even among slaves. Under the Sultan many women slaves served. Some of them were experts in dance and music. Once, Battuta had an opportunity to enjoy their performance, during the wedding celebrations of the Sultan’s sister.

Women slaves also worked as spies of the Sultan. The Sultan employed them to secretly observe the activities of his nobles. Slaves, both men and women, were generally employed for household work. Ibn Battuta says that to carry palanquins slaves were used. The price of women slaves bought for domestic work was very little. Most families could afford one or two of them.

European travellers often spoke highly of the behaviour shown to women. They did that to show the differences between the treatment given here to women and the treatment of women in European countries. Bemierwrote extensively about the practice of Sati. Bemierpoints out that all women did not observe Sati in the same manner. Some jumped into the pyre happily. But some had to be forced into the pyre.

Question 25.
“The descriptions of Bernier influenced Western theorists.” Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Since the time of the writings of Bernier, they have influenced Western theorists. These descriptions were used by the French Philosopher Montesquieu to develop his concept of Oriental Despotism. This theory argues that the Eastern (Oriental) Kings had full authority over their subjects. The subjects often lived in poverty. All land belonged to the ruler. There . was no private property. Except the King and the lords, all lived difficult lives.

This concept was further developed by Karl Marx in the 19^th century. The concept he developed is called Asiatic Production Process. Marx argued that even before colonization, in India and in other parts of Asia, the ruling class acquired the profits coming from extra production. This helped in developing village communities that had self-governing powers and were considered equals.

But these communities, in spite of their autonomous status, were supervised by the Centre. Till the extra profits flowed into their hands, the rulers respected the autonomous village communities. Marx considered the system of production in Asia as stunted and unfit for growth.

Question 26.
Bernier attitude was a comparison between the East and the West. Prepare an essay containing is views and descriptions about India.
Answer:
Things to be considered:

1. The non-progressive East
2. Problem of land ownership
3. Middle Class
4. Village Communities
5. Mughal Nation
6. Cities
7. Sati

Ibn Battuta and Bemierwrote their travel notes with their different views. Ibn Battuta was attracted by the newness and strangeness of things. He wrote about all the things that interested and impressed him. But Bernier’s descriptions were quite different. He gave more importance to negative things. He was interested in the contrasts he found between the things in Europe, especially in his country, France, and here, he wanted to influence the rulers to take just decisions.

Bernier presented India on the model of the binary opposition. This way India was presented as directly opposite to Europe. He also presented the differences between India and Europe on a comparative scale. India was at the lowest rung of the ladder. In short, Bernier felt that India was inferior and worse than the Western countries.

Bernier talked about land ownership in India. There was no private ownership of land here. The land here belonged to the king. The king divided the land among his lords. This was not good as people did not take an interest in developing the land and invest in the land for long term purposes.

Bernier says that there was no Middle Class in India. There were only 2 classes – the poor and the rich. The poor were the majority and they were suppressed by the ruling minority. There were too poor and too rich people, but there was no middle state. Bernier did not have a good impression about the Mughal Empire and its rulers.

The village communities were poor. They were often mistreated by the cruel landlords. Since there was no private land, people were not willing to work hard. Taxes were heavy. On the whole life in the village was unpleasant.

Bernier thought that the Mughal rulers were more interested in their comfort and luxury. They were not much worried about the welfare of the subjects. To Bernier Indian cities were Camp Towns. But his views are contracted by modem historians Bemier himself wrote to say that there were large scale exports from the country. Naturally from camp towns, they could not have exported a lot of things. For that, they would need manufacturing cities, trade cities and port cities. One touching description in Bernier’s writing is the description of Sati.

The widow in his description was a girl of about 12. He witnessed this piteous incident J in Lahore. This is what he wrote: “In Lahore, I saw a girl of 12 giving up her life in the pyre of her husband. She came to the pyre like a dead person. She was trembling with fear. She was crying piteously. I can’t describe the pain she must have been experiencing then. With the help of an old woman, 4 Brahmins performed the rituals. That woman forced the girl to sit on the pyre. To prevent her from running away her hands and legs were tied. That poor girl was burnt alive.”

We must admit that Bernier was often prejudiced against the East. But his descriptions offer us valuable information about the society and its ways of life at the time of his visit to India.