Students often refer to SCERT Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf and Class 9 History Chapter 6 From the Land of Cholas to Delhi Notes Questions and Answers English Medium that include all exercises in the prescribed syllabus.
Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Social Science History Notes Chapter 6 From the Land of Cholas to Delhi
Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 6 Notes Question Answer Kerala Syllabus From the Land of Cholas to Delhi
Class 9 History Chapter 6 Notes Kerala Syllabus English Medium
Question 1.
Given below inscription describes the economic condition of the Chola kingdom. What information do we receive from this?
Answer:
- The people gave paddy, gold and money to the King as taxes.
- The Chola kingdom was prosperous.
- The king collected huge taxes from the people.
Question 2.
Observe the given map, identify and list the present south Indian regions that were included in the Chola kingdom.
Answer:
Madurai, Nagapattinam,Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Kanchipuram – Tamil Nadu
Question 3.
Analyse the role played by the agriculture sector in the economy of the Chola Kingdom.
Answer:
The Chola Kingdom was located in the Kaveri River Valley, which made the area rich in resources. Most of the people lived in villages as agriculture was their main occupation. They cultivated cereals, fruits, pulses, sugarcane, betel leaf, areca nut, ginger, turmeric and different varieties of flowers. The rulers recognised the significance of irrigation in agriculture and constructed different irrigation facilities.
These included ponds, tanks, canals and wells. In addition to this, bunds were constructed across the rivers and the water thus collected was distributed to different parts of the country through canals. Huge ponds were built in areas where there were no natural streams, and rainwater was collected in them during the rainy season.
These water reservoirs that were protected from going dry were called ‘Erippatti.’ Apart from this, cultivators were given tax concessions for the development of agriculture, and they were encouraged to bring barren land under cultivation.By donating land to temples and Brahmins, it became possible to expand agriculture to a larger area.
Question 4.
Observe the map and identify the lands with which the Chola Kingdom had trade relations.
Answer:
Indonesia, Sumatra, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.
Question 5.
Assess the role played by temples in the socio-economic life of the Chola Kingdom.
Answer:
The world-famous temple located at Thanjavur, the capital of the Chola kingdom. It is the * Brihadiswara Temple built during the reign of Rajaraja Chola (985-1014). This temple of Gangaikondacholapuram was built during the reign of his successor, Rajendra Chola I (1014-1044). The rich exchequer inspired the kings to build temples.
Income from land got as gift, contributions from Grama Sabhas, tax collected from lands entitled to be taxed, contributions from devotees, the wealth derived from the economic transactions of the institution in the village, etc. were the sources of income of the temples. Educational institutions and hospitals functioned along with temples. A large number of people were employed in connection with the construction and maintenance of the temples. Artisans and craftsmen depended on the temples for their livelihood.
Question 6.
Discuss the role played by the Cholas in spreading the Tamil language and the culture of South India to Southeast Asia and their impact on the life of the people of Southeast Asia.
Answer:
In Sri Lanka, they had established their political domination in addition to trade relations. The Chola inscriptions, as well as the Sri Lankan literary works like Mahavamsa and Choolavamsa, confirm this. South India’s relationship with South East Asia became very close under the Cholas.
In addition to traders, the Buddhist and Hindu sages and scholars also travelled frequently from Cholanadu to Sumatra, Java and Malaysia. These travels resulted in the spread of language, religion, ideas, and architecture of the Chola kingdom in those lands.
Question 7.
Evaluate the efficiency of the Chola rule in comparison with the modern systems of governance.
Answer:
If the Chola system of governance is compared to our modern-day system of governance. The Cholas implemented special administrative reforms at the village level and created a unique system for the people and local bodies to get direct participation in the administration. Gram Sabhas, for example, Ur, Sabha and Nadu were actively engaged in the fields of rural development, tax collection, irrigation systems and public services.
This helped to solve the problems and needs of the villages in a democratic manner. During the Chola rule, tax collection was implemented in a very precise manner, through which public amenities, including irrigation and roads, were developed. On the industrial front, they improved maritime trade, regulated sea transport, and strengthened trade relations with foreign countries.
The rule of the Cholas was not merely a powerful military force, but an effective method for making comprehensive progress in many social and economic spheres. The efficiency of village importance and people’s participation elevates the system of governance they established in a similar way to modern times.
Question 8.
How did the geographical features of south India influence the temple construction of the Chalukyas?
Answer:
The Chalukyas built several temples, and they constructed rock-cut temples but later shifted to structured temples. The Megutti Jaina Temple of Aihole in Karnataka and the Virupaksha Temple of Pattadakkal are examples of the structural temples of the Chalukyas. Carvings can be seen on the pillars that support the roof of the temple.
Even though the temples of the Chalukyas evolved out of the Gupta style, they reflected the Dravidian style, which was the local traditional style of South India. The main feature of the Dravidian architectural style was the use of rock-cut stone for construction. Plenty of rocks were obtained from the Western Ghats and Deccan Plateau. Skilful sculptors carved beautiful temples out of natural rocks.
Question 9.
Observe the map and identify the present Indian states where the Chalukya kingdom had extended.
Answer:
Kerala, TamilNadu, Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat.
Question 10.
Compare the Chola and Chalukya reigns based on the following hints.
(Centralised Administration, Samanta Rule (Rule of feudatories), Local Administration, Influence of the Temples)
Answer:
Centralised Administration
Cholas: The centre of governance was the king. There was a committee of ministers to assist the king. They maintained a strong army. Taxes were collected.
Chalukyas: Although the authority was exercised by members of the royal family during the Chalukya rule, there was no centralised monarchy. There exists a monarchy controlled by temples, Brahmins and samantas.
Samanta Rule
There was no feudal rule in the Chola kingdom. But the rule of the Chalukyas was a monarchy controlled by the Samantas. The rule was centred on nobles based on soldiers.
Local Administration
Two types of Councils called ‘Ur’ and ‘Sabha’ existed during the Chola period. They had autonomous power. There is no evidence of the existence of local rule in the Chalukya kingdom.
Influence of the Temples
The temples were influenced by the Chola and Chalukya rule. However, the temples had the greatest impact on the socio-economic life ‘of the Chola kingdom.
Question 11.
The age of Pala rule was a period of the spread of Indian culture and Buddhism. Bring out a digital magazine based on this statement.
Answer:
Visual components:
- Maps: The geography of the rule of the Palas.
- Photos: Nalanda, Vikramshila, famous temples, sculptures
Question 12.
Prepare an album elucidating the achievements of Pratiharas in the fields of art and literature.
Answer:
- Include ‘Kavyameemamsa’ and ‘Karppuramanjari’ by Sanskrit poet and playwright Rajasekharan.
- Include images of the temple built during the Pratihara period.
Question 13.
Despite the progress they achieved in the fields of art and literature, could the Rashtrakuta society be considered an egalitarian one? Evaluate.
Answer:
During the period of the Rashtrakutas, society was further divided on the basis of caste. In addition to the Chaturvarnya, there were other sections of the society that were subjected to untouchability and discrimination. Carpenters, cobblers and fishermen were included in this section.
The dominant sections of the society-the Brahmins and the Kshatriyas-maintained their status. However, the fall of trade and the growth of agriculture led to the decline of the status of the Vaishyas and paved the way for the uplift of the status of the Sudras. As the Sudras had become members of the army, their status improved. Though women participated in the religious and administrative areas along with men, their status declined.
Question 14.
Evaluate the conditions that existed in the local kingdoms of India from the eighth to twelfth centuries CE.
Answer:
From the 8th to the 12th centuries CE, various regions of India saw the rise of local kingdoms, which contributed to distinct political and cultural progress. During this period, strong regional dynasties emerged in areas such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Rajasthan, the Gangetic Plains, and Punjab.
While dynasties like the Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras gained prominence in South India, the Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas were powerful in North and Western India. The Cholas expanded their empire in Southeast Asia through maritime trade and a powerful military. Additionally, they built irrigation systems to support agriculture, ensuring the prosperity of their regions.
Question 15.
Organise a panel discussion in the class on the ways to be adopted to reduce the public expenses of the governments and the everyday expenses of the people in modern times.
Answer:
- Include the ideas given below in the discussion.
- Control of prices of foodgrains
- Controlling the prices of all products
- Reduce military spending
- Reduce administrative costs
- Punish hoarders
- Market Regulation
Question 16.
How the agricultural progress during the reign of the Sultan influenced the country’s economy.
Answer:
In the Sultan period, cultivation was done twice or thrice a year. The majority of the population was farmers. But, continuous famines and wars made the life of farmers difficult. Sugarcane, wheat, indigo, cotton, oil seeds, fruits and flowers were cultivated. This led to the development of crafts like oil making, jaggery making, weaving and colouring of textiles. ‘Rahat Irrigation system’ in which water was drawn from a water body for irrigation by spinning a wheel using cattle was in practice. This led to agricultural progress during the reign of the Sultan period.
Question 17.
Compare the social life in ancient India with that in the Sultanate period based on the following hints. (Caste System and Status of Women)
Answer:
| Ancient India | Sultanate Rule | |
| Caste System | • The caste system was rigid, with limited social mobility and defined roles for each caste, deeply influencing daily life and occupations. | • The caste system continued among Hindus, but new social hierarchies developed among Muslims based on their origins and status. |
| Status of Women | • Women had some rights, such as access to education and participation in religious rituals, especially during early periods.
• Over time, women’s status declined, leading to practices like child marriage and increased restrictions on their freedoms. |
• Women faced more limitations on their freedoms, often living in seclusion (purdah) and having restricted roles.
• Both Hindu and Muslim women had diminished public participation, although some elite women held influence in their households. |
Question 18.
Organise a discussion on how the cultural contributions of the Sultanate period are still reflected in the culture of India.
Answer:
Include the ideas given below in the discussion.
- Musical instruments such as the sitar and the tabla came to India.
- Cultural integration.
- Many scientific texts have been translated into Arabic.
- The Persian language came to India.
- Literary works of Amir Khusrau.
- Development of Urdu language.
Question 19.
Organise a seminar on the influence of Sultan rule on the administrative and cultural life of India.
Answer:
Seminar Structure:
- An introduction to the Sultan’s rule in India.
- An overview of the administrative reforms and governance under the Sultanate rulers.
- An analysis of architectural achievements and their cultural significance.
- Examining the impact on trade, urbanisation, and literary development.
- Discuss religious integration and its implications.
- Conclusion highlighting the lasting impact of the Sultan’s rule on the administrative and cultural life of India.
From the Land of Cholas to Delhi Class 9 Extended Activities
Question 1.
Prepare a digital magazine showing the changes and influences in the field of architecture in India under the Sultans.
Answer:
The evolution of architecture in India: changes and influences
Slide 1: Introduction
A brief overview of Indian architecture.
The importance of cultural, historical, and technological influences.
Slide 2: Historical Influences
Indus Valley Civilization: Urban Planning and Drainage Systems
Maurya- Gupta periods: Stupas, architecture made of rock
Islamic architecture: mosques, forts, and palaces
Slide 3: Trends in Contemporary Architecture
Sustainable and eco-friendly designs
Use of technology: smart buildings, green roofs
Example projects: Lotus Temple, Infosys campuses
Slide 4: The Impact of Globalization
A combination of Western and Indian styles
Growth of global architectural institutions in India
Impact on urban topography and local communities
Slide 5: The Future of Architecture in India
Innovation in materials and construction technologies
Trends towards community-centric and holistic design
The role of technology in shaping the future
Slide 6: Conclusion
Summary of the major changes and their impact
Question 2.
Prepare a digital atlas including the maps of the important dynasties of south India and the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
Question 3.
Develop a digital presentation on the changes in the cultural life in India during the Sultanate period and present it in the class.
Answer:
Slide 1: Title: “Cultural Transformations in India During the Sultanate Period”
Slide 2: Introduction: Briefly introduce the Sultanate period (1206-1526) and its significance in shaping cultural life in India.
Slide 3: Architectural Innovations
Discuss the evolution of architecture, including Indo-Islamic styles characterised by arches, domes, and minarets.
Slide 4: Influence on Art
Describe how Persian and Indian styles blended, leading to unique art forms, including painting, calligraphy, and decorative arts.
Slide 5: Literature and Language
Explain the rise of Persian as a court language and its influence on regional languages and literature.
Slide 6: Conclusion
Visuals: Include images of architecture, paintings, and relevant cultural artifacts.
Std 9 History Chapter 6 Notes Kerala Syllabus Extra Question Answer
Question 1.
From ………….. to the ………….. century, south India was ruled by the Chola kingdom.
Answer:
From the ninth to the thirteenth centuries.
Question 2.
Which river was most helpful to the prosperity of the Chola kingdom?
Answer:
Kaveri River
Question 3.
What is ‘Erippatti’?
Answer:
Huge ponds were built in areas where there were no natural streams, and rainwater was collected in them during the rainy season. These water reservoirs that were protected from going dry were called ‘Erippatti.’
Question 4.
What are the main coastal commercial centers?
Answer:
Nagapattinam, Mahabalipuram, Kaveripoompattinam, Shaliyur and Korkai
Question 5.
Who was the ruler of the Chola kingdom?
Answer:
Kulothunga Chola
Question 6.
What is the capitai of the Cholas?
Answer:
Thanjavur
Question 7.
Point out the progress made by the Chola Kingdom in the Commercial Trade.
Answer:
- In the Chola period, both internal and overseas trade were developed.
- Several products were sold out in the local markets.
- Weaving was an important industry.
- Sugarcane was also an important commercial product.
- Pearl and coral were collected from the seashores and exported to foreign countries.
- Commercial Trade centres existed.
- Rich merchant guilds like Nagarathar and Manigramam made brisk trade possible.
Question 8.
Make a note on the system of administration of the Cholas.
Answer:
The kingdom was divided into Mandalas, Valanadus and Nadus for administrative convenience. The rulers built many roads for the development of trade and the movement of the army. In addition to land tax, forests, mines, and salt were also taxed. Sale tax and professional tax were also collected.
The unpaid service called ‘Vetti’ was also considered equal to the tax. The important evidence regarding village self-governance under the Cholas was the Uttharamaerur Inscription. Two types of Councils called ‘Ur’ and ‘Sabha’ existed during that period. They had autonomous power.
Question 9.
Evaluate the Chola community.
Answer:
The society of the Chola kingdom was not egalitarian. A caste system and several hierarchies existed there. Brahmins were the highest section in the society. There were many landless agricultural workers and slave labourers in the society.
Question 10.
Match the following.
| A | B |
| Erippatti | Merchant Guilds |
| Kulothungacholapattanam | Sabha |
| Nagarathar | Irrigation System |
| Ur | Port |
Answer:
| A | B |
| Erippatti | Irrigation System |
| Kulothungacholapattanam | Port |
| Nagarathar | Merchant Guilds |
| Ur | Sabha |
Question 11.
Who ruled South India and Deccan from C.E 6th to 12th Century?
Answer:
Chalukyas
Question 12.
Write examples of the structural temples of the Chalukyas.
Answer:
The Megutti Jaina Temple of Aihole in Karnataka and the Virupaksha Temple of Pattadakkal are examples of the structural temples of the Chalukyas.
Question 13.
How did the Chalukyas get the resources, labourers and wealth they needed to build their temples?
Answer:
Plenty of rocks were obtained from the Western Ghats and Deccan Plateau. Skilful sculptors carved beautiful temples out of natural rocks. They collected the required wealth from agriculture in the fertile Deccan region. They produced surplus through agriculture in the Krishna-Godavari Valleys. This surplus production made it possible to bring and employ the required workforce from outside.
Question 14.
How is the political composition of the Chalukyas different from that of the Cholas?
Answer:
There was no centralised monarchy like the Cholas. The monarchy was controlled by temples, . Brahmins who were the owners of the Brahmadeya land and the Samantas. Thus, the centres of power often shifted.
Question 15.
Write a note on the administrative system of the Chalukyas.
Answer:
The Chalukyas ruled from the sixth to twelfth century CE, concentrating their power in places like Vatapi, Venki and Kalyani. Although the Chalukyas had a centralised taxation system and an organised bureaucracy, the rule was centred on the military-powered lords. There was no standing army. Unlike the Cholas, there was no Council of Ministers to assist the king. The power was exercised by the members of the royal family.
Question 16.
Who was the ruler who rebuilt Nalanda University?
Answer:
Dharmapala ruler of the Pala Kingdom
Question 17.
What were the areas ruled by Shailendra kings?
Answer:
Shailendra kings ruled Malaya, Java and Sumatra
Question 18.
Which is the most notable work written by Amoghavarasan in Kannada?
Answer:
Kavirajamargam
Question 19.
Who were Pratiharas? Write the name of a Prathihara ruler.
Answer:
The Pratiharas were the rulers of the western part of north India in the same period (from the eighth to the tenth century CE) when the Palas were in power. Bhoja was the most prominent Pratihara ruler.
Question 20.
Write a short note on the Pala Dynasty.
Answer:
The Buddhist study centre Nalanda existed in India in the fifth century CE and was visited and studied by famous Chinese traveller Huan Tsang, but faced collapse later. But, the Pala king, Dharmapala, was one of the important rulers who rebuilt the Nalanda University. He granted 200 villages towards meeting the expenses of Nalanda. Moreover, he founded the Vikramashila University in Magadha on the top of a hill on the banks of the Ganga with the aim of spreading knowledge.
The Pala kings, who ruled from the eighth to mid-ninth century CE with their centre of power in Eastern India (Bengal), built a lot of Buddha Viharas. They established relations with the neighbouring country Tibet. As a result, many Buddhist followers came to Nalanda and Vikramashila for studies. The Palas maintained relations with the Caliphs of Arabia and South East Asia. The economic condition of the Pala state improved through trade with these areas. Besides, the Shailendra kings, who ruled Malaya, Java and Sumatra, had sent their diplomats to the palace of the Palas.
Question 21.
Write a short note on the Pratihara Dynasty.
Answer:
The Pratiharas were the rulers of the western part of north India in the same period (from the eighth to the tenth century CE) when the Palas were in power. A native of Baghdad, Al-Masudi, who visited Gujarat at the beginning of the tenth century CE, describes the achievements of the Pratihara kings. Bhoja was the most prominent Pratihara ruler. The Pratiharas promoted art and literature.
The Sanskrit poet and playwright Rajasekharan, who authored ‘Kavyameemamsa’ and ‘Karppuramanjari’, lived in the palace of the Pratiharas. They built many beautiful temples and buildings at Kanauj in modern Uttar Pradesh. During the eighth and ninth centuries CE, scholars from India were sent as diplomats to the palace of the Caliph of Baghdad. They spread Indian Science and Mathematics to the Arab world. In spite of the hostility between the Arab rulers of Sindh and the Pratiharas, the exchange of goods and travels of scholars between India and West Asia went on freely.
Question 22.
Understand the connection in the ‘a’ section and complete the ‘b’ section.
a) Thelikamandir: Pratiharar
b) Malkhed Fort : …………….
Answer:
(b) Rashtrakutas
Question 23.
What were the five dynasties during the Sultan’s reign?
Answer:
Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi
Question 24.
During whose rule was market regulation implemented?
Answer:
Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316)
Question 25.
Which two Turkish rulers invaded India in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and what was their main interest?
Answer:
Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammed of Ghor invaded India in the eleventh and twelfth centuries CE. Their main interest was the wealth of India.
Question 26.
How many times did Mahmud of Ghazni invade India?
Answer:
Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India 17 times.
Question 27.
Who introduced the Market Control policy, and what was its main objective?
Answer:
Alauddin Khalji introduced the Market Control policy. Its main objective was to control the prices of products, especially foodstuffs, to support a large army with lower expenses on salaries.
Question 28.
What was a notable achievement of Sultana Razia’s rule?
Answer:
Sultana Razia’s rule was notable because she was the first woman to ascend the throne in Delhi, which was significant as it was uncommon to nominate a woman as ruler during that period.
Question 29.
What was the opinion of Ibn Battuta about India’s soil and agriculture?
Answer:
Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller, observed that India’s fertile soil was very suitable for agriculture. He noted that cultivation could take place two or three times a year, and most of the population were farmers.
Question 30.
What challenges did farmers face in India during the fourteenth century?
Answer:
Farmers in India faced hardships due to continuous famines and wars, which made their lives difficult.
Question 31.
Which crops were cultivated in India, according to Ibn Battuta?
Answer:
According to Ibn Battuta, crops such as sugarcane, wheat, indigo, cotton, oil seeds, fruits, and flowers were cultivated in India.
Question 32.
How did agricultural development lead to the growth of different crafts?
Answer:
The agricultural development encouraged the growth of crafts like oil making, jaggery making, weaving, and textile colouring.
Question 33.
Describe the ‘Rahat Irrigation system’ practised in medieval India.
Answer:
The ‘Rahat Irrigation system’ involved drawing water from a waterbody by spinning a wheel using cattle, which was used for irrigation.
Question 34.
What factors contributed to the growth of trade in medieval India?
Answer:
Factors such as administrative stability, improvements in transportation, and a monetary system based on the Tanka (Silver) and Dirham (Copper) contributed to the growth of trade.
Question 35.
What were some of the main imports and exports of India during the fourteenth century?
Answer:
India imported goods like soft silk, glass, horses, Chinese vessels, ivory, and spices. Exports exceeded imports, leading to an influx of gold and silver into the country.
Question 36.
What were some prominent cities in India during this period?
Answer:
Delhi and Daulatabad were among the biggest cities of the eastern world, while Bengal and Gujarat were famous for their textiles. Lahore, Multan, and Lucknow were also busy towns.
Question 37.
Explain the Iqta system.
Answer:
The Iqta system was introduced during the reign of the Delhi Sultan Iltumish. This was the system under which the land of the country was divided into large and small units that were granted to soldiers, bureaucrats and nobles. The land granted was known as Iqta.
Question 38.
Write a short note on the social life during the Sultanate period.
Answer:
Medieval society was full of several inequalities. The Sultan, chief nobles, village chiefs called Muqdams, and lower nobles led their lives to high standards. Most of the people in the cities and villages underwent several sufferings. The existing social structure based on the caste system did not undergo any fundamental changes. Some people are of the opinion that there have been some changes in the status of women.
This progressive change can be seen in the women’s right over the property. However, the caste system did not limit the interaction between the Hindus and the Muslims. The leaders of the army and administration were often the Hindus.
Question 39.
How did the Sultanate’s rule impact the cultural life of India?
Answer:
The Sultanate’s rule significantly influenced India’s cultural life, especially in music, architecture, and literature. This influence emerged over time through a mutual relationship between Indian and Sultanate cultures.
Question 40.
Name some architectural contributions from the Sultanate period found in Delhi.
Answer:
Architectural contributions from the Sultanate period in Delhi include the Qutb Minar, Tughlaqabad Fort, Hauz Khas Complex, and Lodi Gardens.
Question 41.
Which language was introduced to India by the Turks, and who was a notable writer in this language?
Answer:
The Persian language was introduced to India by the Turks. Amir Khusru was a prominent writer known for his works in Persian.
Question 42.
What administrative changes occurred in Deccan and South India after the decline of Gupta rule?
Answer:
In Deccan and South India, small kingdoms were replaced by large states, local cultures strengthened, and a monarchical rule not based on individuals emerged.
Question 43.
Who conquered Sindh in the eighth century, and what did the Turks establish in India afterwards?
Answer:
The Arabs conquered Sindh in the eighth century, and later, the Turks established the rule of the Delhi Sultan, which lasted for about three centuries.
Question 44.
How did the interaction between Indian and Sultanate cultures unfold over time?
Answer:
The interaction between Indian and Sultanate cultures was a gradual process, resulting in a blend of influences that saw both growth and challenges, ultimately leading to lasting cultural exchanges in various fields.