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Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity

Question 1.
The first socialist revolution happened when USSR was formed. Identify the year in which this revolution took place.
Answer:
1917

Question 2.

Hints:- USA,India , UK, Poland, Pakistan, Albania, Arrange the properly in the above given table.
Answer:
a. America
b. England
c. Poland
d. Albania
e. India
f. Pakistan

Question 3
USSR was formed in September 1917. Identify the year in which Mikhail Gorbachev formally declared the dissolution of U.S.S.R.
Answer:
1991

Question 4
Which among the following statements that describe the nature of soviet economy is wrong ?
a. Socialism was the dominant ideology
b. State ownership existed over the factors of production.
c. People enjoyed economic freedom
Every aspect of the economy was planned and controlled by the state.
Answer:
c. People enjoyed economic freedom

Question 5
Arrange the following in chronological order.
a. Soviet invasion of Afganistan
b. Fall of the Berlin wall
c. Disintegration of the Soviet Union
d. Russian Revolution
Answer:
a. Russian Revolution
b. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
c. Fall of the Berlin Wall
d. Disintegration of the Soviet Union

Question 6.
The efforts of reform of USSR by Mikhail Gorbachev, the last President of USSR, led to its disintegration. Identify the two major policies.
Answer:
Glasnost, Perestroika

Question 7.
Which among the following is NOT an outcome of disintegration of the USSR.
a. End of the ideological war between the US and USSR.
b. Birth of CIS
c. Change in the balance of power in the world order
d. Crises in the Middle East
Answer:
Crises in the Middle East

Question 8.
Which is not an outcome of the disintegration of USSR?
a) End of Cold war.
b) Birth of CIS.
c) Change in the balance of power in the world order.
d) Crisis in the middle east.
Answer:
d) Crisis in the middle east.

Question 9.
Match the following A

Answer:
1-c 2-d 3-a 4-e

Question 10
Fill in the blanks:
a. The soviet political system was based on— ideology.
b. was the military alliance started by the USSR
c. Party dominated the Soviet Union’s political system.
d. initiated the reforms in the USSR in 1985
e. The fall of the symbolized the end of the cold war.
Answer:
a. socialist
b. Warsaw Pact
c. Communist
d. Mikhail Gorbachev
e. Berlin Wall

Question 11.
USA was established during 1776.
USSR was formed during 1917.
After the second world war, the world witnessed the emergence of USSR as a super power along with USA. Evaluate the factors which helped USSR to emerge quickly as a super power.
Answer:

• Soviet Union came into existence after the 1917 Socialist Revolution.
• It was the Movement of the ordinary people, both men and women, that helped the Soviet Union.
• The Soviet Union tried to abolish poverty basing it on a society believing in equality.
• The Soviet Union gave priority to the Government and Party.
• It was the government that planned and controlled economic matters.
• After the Second World War, the Soviet Union developed.into a Superpower. An extensive communication network, the production of heavy machinery, oil, iron and steel and the capacity to reach even the remotest parts through various transport systems helped the country grow.
• It had all kinds of industries. From pins to cars it produced and sold.
• The government promised a minimum standard of life to all its citizens. Subsidy was given for health care, education, child and welfare schemes, there was no unemployment there.

Question 12.
The countries of the world are classified into three, such as 1st world, 2nd world and 3rd world. As a student of political science can you explain the reasons behind the classification to your friend who is studying in’science class? ‘
Answer:
In contemporary politics, the Second World War was an important affair. The War had affected all countries, even outside Europe. The end of the WW II found the beginning of the Cold War. WW II witnessed the col lapse of Germany and Japan. America and the Soviet Union grew into Superpowers. They became powerful enough to make their presence felt anywhere in the world.

Both the Superpowers were trying hard to extend their influence into other smaller nations. There was hardly any country that did not join one of the two sides. Smaller countries joined the Superpowers with their own interests in mind. They used to get arms an also financial help from the two Superpowers.

The West European countries joined America and the East European countries joined with Russia. Thus there were two groups – the Western Alliance and the Eastern Alliance. The Western Alliance was the first to be formed. In April 1949 NATO was formed. It was a group of 12 nations. This is the 1st world. The Eastern Alliance was known as the Warsaw Pact. It was formed in 1955. The Soviet Union was its leader. Opposing the NATO powers was its main goal. This was the 2nd world.

The Cold War was almost dividing the world into two sides. The newly independent Asian, African and Latin American countries were worried if they would lose their freedom once again. Their internal problems also prevented them from joining any of the Superpowers. They joined together and made a third group called Non-Aligned Movement. This is the 3rd world.

Question 13
In 1991 the world order underwent some fundamental changes due to the disintegration of USSR. Identify and explain the causes for the disintegration of USSR.
Answer:
The control exercised by the Soviet government on its citizens made their life difficult.

• There was no freedom of expression or democracy.
• 1 Many institutions needed reforms. But the Communist Party strictly controlled them and reforms were not possible.
• The Party refused to give people their rights. The Soviet Union was a Union of 15 Republics. They had their own cultures and problems.
• Although on paper there were 15 Republics, only Russia was allowed to exercise control. Russia dominated the other republics and the people of the other republics were either ignored or suppressed.
• Although the Soviet Union was able to maintain its equality with the US in arms race, it was very costly for them. Western technology was better than the Russian technology. The political and economic needs of the Soviet people were not taken care of by the Soviet government.
• Soviet Union used most of its resources to develop atomic weapons, to make arms, to increase military facilities and to develop its satellite East European countries.
• The go-slow policy, refusal to correct mistakes and the closed door policy quickened the country’s downfall.

Question 14
Containment of Communism was a major policy adopted by the Capitalist states during the cold war period. But even after the cold war they extended this policy in the form of shock therapy. Prepare a short note about the Shock Therapy and its consequences.
Answer:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted towards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

• The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
• Private capital would be very important.
• Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
• Foreign investment, open market system and currency exchange would be possible,
• The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
• Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come closer to them.

Results:

• Many big industries under government control collapsed.
• 90% industries were sold to individuals or private companies.
• The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
• Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
• In Cooperative farming, people had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains.
• lnRussia,theGDPin 1999 was less than that of 1989.
• The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
• As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.
• Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated
• Privatization made economic inequality among people.

Question 15
In this post cold war period India as a member of NAM is maintaining relationship with post communist countries. Prepare a report showing India’s relation with these countries.
Answer:
India is maintaining good relations with the Communist countries. Even now India has strong relations with Russia. Indo-Russian relations are an integral part of India’s foreign policy. These relations are warm because of mutual interests. Indian actors from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachan are well-known and respected in Russia.

• India and Russia have the same views regarding cooperation, security? regionalism, international disputes, and strengthening of the United Nations.
• There are many bi-lateral agreements between India and Russia. In 2001 both the countries signed the Indo-Russian Strategic Treaty.
• Russia helps us in the problems like the Kashmir Issue. In things like energy distribution, sharing Information Technology, steps against terrorism, relations with China etc. both countries have mutual agreement.
• India gets military hardware mainly from Russia.
• Russia helps India in all possible ways. Even when India has no problems, Russia continues to help us.
• India often imports a lot of its energy needs from Russia. From Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan also India buys oil.
• Russia has a big role in India’s atomic energy planning.
• Russia gives India cryogenic engines for its space activities.India and Russia work hand in hand in many scientific schemes.

Additional Questions

Question 1
In which year socialist revolution took place in Russia?
Answer:
1917

Question 2
In which year disintegration of Soviet Union took place?
Answer:
1991

Question 3
Who was the founder of Bolshevik communist party?
Answer:
Vladimir Lenin

Question 4
What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR?
Answer:
Gorbachev brought many reforms to Russia. These are the reasons for introducing the reforms:

• After the WW II, Soviet Union became a real Superpower. In the armament race, Soviet Union became equal to America. But it had to spend a lot of its resources for that. The economy of the Soviet Union was not that strong.
• Soviet Union was far behind the West in technology.
• In the Soviet system there were elements of autocracy and bureaucracy. People were not happy with that system.
• It was the Communist Party that led the Government. It also controlled all Institutions in the country. The Party had no responsibility to the people.
• Soviet Union utterly failed to fulfill the political and economic needs of the people.

Question 5
Arrange the following in chronological order.
Answer:

• The Russian Revolution
• The intrusion of the Soviet Union into Afghanistan
• Fall of the Berlin Wall
• The disintegration of the Soviet Union

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Challenges of Nation Building

Question 1
Independent India faced so many challenges. Among them the three most prominent challenges are :-
1. To shape a nation that was united and accommodation of the diversity in our society.
2. ……………….
3. To ensure the development and well being of the entire society.
Fill up the second challenge.
Answer:
Establishment of Democracy

Question 2.
The political competition between the Congress and the Muslim League and the British led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan. For this purpose Muslim League made a proposal. Can you identify the proposal?
1. Radcliffe Commission Report.
2. Two Nation Theory
3. Cripps mission Report
Answer:
Two Nation Theory

Question 3.
Identify the Gandhian who died by performing an in-definite fast for the creation of separate Andhra.
1. S. Nijalingappa
2. N. Sanjeeva Reddy
3. Sriramalu
Answer:
Sriramalu

Question 4.
Can you fill up the following diagram showing the states that are formed on sub region basis during 2000……………

Answer:
Uttarakhand

Question 5.
Match the principles with the instances.

Answer:
1- B ; 2 – D; 3 – C ; 4 – A

Question 6.
Name the original state from which -the following states, were carved out.
A) Gujarat ……….
B) Haryana …………
C) Meghalaya ………….
D) Chhattisgarh …………..
Hints:
Assam, Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
a) Maharashtra
b) Punjab
c) Assam
d) Madhya Pradesh

Question 7.
Name the two states that were affected by the partition of the country.
1. Bengal
2. ………..
Answer:
Punjab

Question 8.
Name the two states today that were once a Union Territory.
1. Manipur
2. ……………..
Answer:
Tripura

Question 9.
Find the odd state out.
A) Andra Pradesh
B) Chhattisgarh
C) Uttaranchel
Answer:
A) Andra Pradesh

Question 10.
Identify the first linguistic State in India.
1) Andhra Pradesh
2)Tamilnadu
3) Gujarat
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh

Question 11.
Potti Sri Ramalu led the movement for separate state-hood for Andra Pradesh. Identify the leader of the movement for Telangana State ?
Answer:
Chandrasekhara Rao

Question 12.
Identify the largest princely State in British India
a) Manipur
b) Hyderabad
c) Mysore
Answer:
Hyderabad

Question 13.
“Tryst with Destiny”. These were the words of a great Indian. Write his name.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 14.
Identify the Indian Territory in which election was held for the first time on the basis of Universal Abdul Franchise?
(Hyderabad, Manipur, Goa)
Answer:
Manipur

Question 15.
Political competition between the Congress and Muslim League forced the British rulers to create Pakistan. For this purpose the League made a proposal. Can you identify the proposal ?
a) Radcliffe Commission Report
b) Two nation theory
c) Cripps mission plan
d) Cabinet mission plan
Answer:
b) Two nation theory

Question 16.
While addressing a special session of the Constituent Assembly of India at the hour of midnight on 14-15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru made a famous speech. Point out the name by which the speech is known.
Answer:
Tryst with Destiny

Question 17.
A list of nations in the cold war era is given below. Fill the following table appropriately.
Hints : India, USA, Egypt, Poland, USSR, Britain, Cuba, France, Yugoslavia.

Answer:

Question 18.
Match column A with Column B.

1-B, 2-A, 3-D,4-C

Question 19.
“The division of India into India and Pakistan was not only very painful but also very difficult to decide and to implement.” Try to find out the difficulties.
Answer:
The division of India was carried out on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory put forward by the Muslim League. According to that theory, in India there were two nations – the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore the Muslim League demanded a separate nation, Pakistan, for the Muslims. The formation of Pakistan was based on the majority of the population of an area. Thus the areas which had Muslim majority became Pakistan and the remaining areas remained as Indian Territory.

It was not easy to implement such a division. There were three reasons for that. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims. There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between therm there were large areas of Indian Territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslirri population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader Of the North – Western Province had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North West Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these huge provinces there were very many non- Muslims. Therefore the Provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there. The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which circuitry they belonged – India or Pakistan.

It deeply wounded the people. The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab and Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

Question 20.
During the discussion regarding the consequences of partition, Raju, a student in your class argued that, “British India was divided into, India and Pakistan, as per Two Nation Theory recommended by Muslim League. Pakistan became the state for Muslims; Naturally India should be a state for Hindus.” Express your opinion about Raju’s argument.
Answer:
No. 1 do not support Raju’s argument. There are many reasons for that. First of all, the leaders of the Indian Independence Movement did not like the Two- Nation theory. They did not like the separation of people into religious-groups. But it all happened in an unfortunate manner.

Secondly, even though the majority of Muslims went to Pakistan, according to the 1951 census, nearly 12% of the Indian population is still Muslim. There are also other religious minorities here like Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis and Jews. If India becomes a Hindu nation, it will adversely affect all these religious minorities.

Question 21.
The Partition of India is generally regarded as“ Division of hearts”. As a student in Political Science can you explain the tragic situation during the period of partition?
Answer:
The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people on both sides were killed because of their religion and caste. Huge cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to-areas of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas. People were forced to flee their homes, suffering a lot of difficulties on their way. Many of the people in the minorities in the border areas had to live in refugee camps. The governments and the police were not there to help them.

People had to walk or ride in some vehicles from their homes to their new places. During the journey, many were attacked and killed; women were raped. Many were forced to accept the majority religion and marry people against their will. In many homes women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour. Children were separated from their parents and guardians.

People who came to the new land had no houses and they had to live in refugee camps.Not only the land, but even moveable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. People who were living like brethren were divided. It is believed that between 5 to 10 lakh people lost their lives in this tragic division of the country.

Question 22.
Here are two opinions :
Ramesh, “ The merger with Indian state was an ex-tension of democracy to the people of the Princely States”.
Kamal, “ I am not so sure, there was force being used. Democracy comes by creating consensus” What is your opinion in the light of accession of Princely States and the response of the people in these parts?
Answer:
During the British rule India was divided into British Provinces and princely states. The former were under direct British rule. The Princely States were ruled by local kings. Even when the British authority was accepted by the local kings, they had the freedom to run the internal affairs of their principalities. One- third of British India consisted of such Princely States. That means one out four Indians lived in a Princely State.

As per the declaration made by the British, their authority over the Princely States also would end with the granting of freedom to India. Therefore legally each Principality was also free. There were 565 Princely States in India.The Principalities were not ruled democratically. Indian Freedom aimed at unity, progress and democracy. But the condition of India was pitiable at the time of independence.

The British had told the local rulers of Principalities that they could either join India or Pakistan or remain independent, if they so wished. Thus the king’s had the power to decide what to do. This created a lot of headache during the time of integration. It grew into a situation where the unity of India was threatened.

When India was granted freedom, the King of Travan core and the Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to remain independent. Rulers like the Nawab of Bhopal were also not keen on joining the Constituent Assembly. That means there was a possibility of India being further subdivided into small kingdoms. There was no possibility of democracy in such small Principalities. But the Administration of Independent India was determined not to allow any further division of the country. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Dy. Prime Minister and the Home Minister. Through clever diplomacy, he was able to integrate most of the Principalities into the Indian Union. Three things influenced the administration for such integration.

• The people of most principalities wanted to join the Indian Union.
• The government was willing to give self-government in some places.
• The greatest importance was given to the unity and perfectibility of the country.

Every before independence, the leaders moved with caution. Many Principalities automatically agreed to the Indian Union. The rulers signed the document called ‘Instrument of Accession’. But the integration of 4 places -Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur – proved difficult.

Through a plebiscite, it was found out that the people of Junagarh wanted to join the Indian Union. So it was integrated. Hyderabad was the biggest Principality. It was surrounded by centrally administered areas. The ruler of Hyderabad was ‘ known as Nizam. He wanted to remain independent. But the Communists, the Telangana farmers,
. member of the Hyderabad Congress, and most women reacted against the plan of the Nizam. The women were generally repressed in Hyderabad.

The city of Hyderabad became the centre of protest against Nizam. Using his army, the Nizam tried to resist opposition. Many non-Muslims were looted and killed. Soon the Central Government sent its army and the Nizam surrendered. Hyderabad became part of India.

Junagarh and Hyderabad became part of India because of the wishes of the peoples But things were different in Manipur. The government had assured King Bodha Chandra Singh that he would be given autonomy after independence. In June 1948, an election was conducted in Manipur. Following that, Manipur became a constitutional monarchy.

It was in Manipur that adult franchise was exercised for the first time in India. In the Manipur Assembly, there were different views about Manipur joining the Indian Union. Following the pressure from the Union Government, the King was forced to sign the Instrument of Accession. It was done with the approval of the Assembly. In short, one can say that the integration of the Principalities was actually a spread of democracy into, those places.

Question 23.
State re-organization was a major challenge after independence. For the re organization of state we faced so many hurdles. Can you briefly explain the process of state re organization?
Answer:
During the British rule, the internal boundaries were made for the sake of administrative convenience] But after independence, the determination of State boundaries became a big problem. The Government wanted to form new States on a linguistic basis and
thus redraw their boundaries. In 1920, Nagpur Congress itself approved this idea. But the leaders felt that after independence the division into States on a linguistic basis might adversely affect the unity of the country. So, the Central Government decided to postpone the formation of the States.
Reasons:

• The re-drawing of the State boundaries would bring into focus the social and economic problems.
• The future of the Principalities was not yet determined.
• The bitter memories of the partition of India were still fresh in the minds of people.

In spite of all these, the local leaders and people wanted the formation of States faster. The first protest came from areas where Telugu was spoken. Because of the indecision on the part of the Central Government, the Movement for a State became very strong. Potti Sriramulu, a Gandhian, died after 56 days of fasting. His death caused a number of violent protests in the Telugu speaking areas. Thus in 1952, permission was granted for the formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh.

The formation of Andhra Pradesh on a linguistic basis caused other States also to be formed on the same basis. In 1953, a Commission was appointed to suggest the basis for the formation of States. The Commission recommended the formation of States on a linguistic basis. On the basis of the report of the Commission, a Law was enacted and various States were formed in 1956. There were also 6 Centrally Administered Regions or Union Territories.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Nation-building.
Answer:
Nation building is the process by which the loyalties and responsibilities that people feel for the irrace or tribe, their village and their political process are transferred towards the political process of the Indian Nation.

Question 2.
What was announced by the British Governor-General Mountbatten on June 3,1947?
Answer:
On 3 June 1947, Lord Mountbatten, the British Governor General, announced the Division of India. According to this announcement the change of authority which was to take place in June 1948, would be done in August 1947.

Question 3.
Do you think the problem of reorganization of states is solved? Give one example of such problem.
Answer:
The problems of nation-building have not been completely solved yet. Many Movements are active in different parts of the country demanding their own separate States. Examples are Telangana in Andhra Pradesh and Vidarbha in Maharashtra.

Question 4.
Why did the leaders of the National Movement cherish the ideal of a secular nation? Give any one reason.
Answer:
The leaders of the National Movement cherished the idea of a secular nation because they wanted members of all religions to be considered equals. They did not want any religion to be above another.

Question 5.
What was the task of the States Reorganisation Commission? What was its most salient recommendation?
Answer:
It was decided that after independence, States would be created on the basis of language. On 22 December 1953, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru informed the Lok Sabha about the formation of a Commission to recommend the modes of State Reorganization. Fazal Ali was the head of this Commission. The Commission recommended that the reorganization of States should be based on language and culture.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Regional Aspirations

Question 1.
Match the following.

Answer:
a. iii
b. iv.
c. ii
d. i

Question 2.
The North Eastern part of India comprises seven states. These states are generally known as ‘Seven Sisters’. Which are the states?
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya.

Question 3.
Fill up the table given below. Match the column A with B and C

Answer:

Question 4.
At the time of independence Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state. Who was the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir?
Answer:
Raja Harisingh

Question 5.
One among the following is not included in the north eastern India. Find out.
a) Assam
b) Thripura
c) Tamil Nadu
d) Manipur
Answer:
c) Tamil Nadu

Question 6.
Jammu and Kashmir is broadly classified into three regions. Identify them?

Answer:
Kashmir, Ladakh

Question 7
‘Operation Vijay’ is associated with the integration of a state in the Indian union. Identify the state,
a) Manipur
b) Punjab
c) Arunachal pradesh
d) Goa
Answer:
d) Goa

Question 8.
Identify the year in which the following events occurred.
a) Rio Summit
b) Kyoto Protocol
c) Copenhagen conference
Answer:
a. Rio Summit-1992
b. Kyoto Protocol -1997
c. Copenhagen Conference – 2009

Question 9.
Match the following.

Answer:
Lai Danga – Mizo National Front
Master Thara Singh -Akali Movement
Sheikh Muhammed Abdullah – Autonomy for Jammu & Kashmir
E.V. Ramaswami Naicker-Self Respect Movement

Question 10.
Match the following A with B and C .

Answer:

Question 11.
During 1980’s India faced a major threat due to the rise of regional aspirations for autonomy. Even though we had managed to resolve the problems the process of solutions was always difficult and often violent. As a student in political science can you explain the Indian approach to the regional demand for autonomy?
Answer:
The attitude of India towards its various provinces is based on the idea of unity in diversity. Each State has the right to maintain its language and culture. As per the constitution, all have the right to live with their own individuality without breaching the unity of India. India believes in the principle of unity in diversity.

Maintaining the democratic principle, each political party can address its people with its regional individuality. The States and their needs are protected. Our thinking is different from the thinking of European countries. There, they think diversity is a threat to nationalism.

Question 12.
Jammu and Kashmir is the major challenge that remains unresolved in the unity of India. Prepare a report showing the different aspects of Jammu Kashmir issue.
Answer:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmirwas a Princely State. Initially, the King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan.

The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. But he also did not want to join Pakistan. National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged ,some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

The King signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir King. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. For the welfare of the people Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister. India granted J&K autonomy.

External and Internal Squabbles:
Because of external and internal problems, J&K is always in th^ttiidst of crises. On one side there is Pakistan, claiming the Kashmir Valley. After the 1947 War, a part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control. India calls it illegal occupation. Pakistan calls this area Azad Kashmir. Internally also the Kashmir problems is a headache for the Centre. According to Article 370, Kashmir is given greater autonomy than other States. This Article is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir.

The special concession causes problems. Many believe that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 370 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.No referendum has taken place so far.

The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy. They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

Politics since 1948:
After Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Kashmir, many land reforms and other welfare measures were taken to help the masses. But there was a difference of opinion between him and the Central Government. He wanted Kashmir to be completely free. So the Central Government dismissed him and kept him in jail for some time. His successors did not get popular support but they administered the region with Central support. The Kashmiris slowly started believing in democracy. According to the agreement between India Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, in 1974, he became the Prime Minister. He died in 1982.

Resistance And Later:
In the 1987 election the National Conference won with a huge majority. Farukh Abdulla became the Chief Minister. Many believed that he did some manipulations in the election. From 1980, there have been protests against weak governments there. Some people believed that it was the Centre which made this huge majority possible. It led to the Kashmiri crisis. There was resistance. In 1989, there was an armed struggle for making Kashmir independent.

The insurgents were assisted by Pakistan. For many years, J&K was under Presidential rule. Even as there was strong military presence there, from 1990 there have been frequent clashes between the army and the people who resisted Indian rule. Farooq Abdulla’s government also demanded greater autonomy. In 2002, there was another election. Instead of the National Conference, a PDP Coalition Government came to power.

Secession Movement And After:
The secessionist movement (1969) appeared in many shapes and it took different stances.

• Independent Kashmir without joining either India or Pakistan.
• A group demanding merger with Pakistan.
• A group demanding greater autonomy.
  The demand for greater autonomy attracted the people of Jammu and Ladakh in different ways. Often there were complaints against neglect and backwardness.
• The Central Government discussed the issue with different groups. The secessionists now say that even as they stay with India, they should be given more autonomy.

Question 13.
The violence in Punjab exhibited a dark part of the Indian history. The Akali Dal played a critical role in creating disturbance in Punjab. Can you briefly explain the separatism in Punjab?
Answer:
The Indo-Pakistan division and the formation of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh caused the social situation in Punjab change. Punjab State came into existence in 1966 on linguistic basis. Akali Dal propagated an idea called ‘Punjabi Suba’ and Indira Gandhi approved this demand. Thus Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana .

Haryana was for the Hindi speaking people and Punjab for the Punjabi speakers. Even in the 1967 election, Akali Dal came to power in Punjab by making agreements first with Jan Sangh and later with Janta Party. Because of certain reasons, the situation became bad for Akali Dal and before completing the term, the government was dismissed by the Centre. The Akali Dai could not get the support of the Hindus.

The Sikh Community itself was divided on tribal and caste lines. The Dalits supported the Congress. In 1970, a group of Akalis demanded political autonomy. They also said that there should be rethinking about Centre State relationship. In 1973, in Anandapur, they passed a resolution supporting this idea. They demanded a Sikh Kaum (Sikh Nation) through this resolution.

This resolution made only the Sikh community happy. In 1980 the Akali Government was dismissed. The Akali Dal leaders tried to prevent the sharing of river water. Some religious leaders also demanded freedom for the Sikh nation. The worst was the demand for an independent Khalistan.

Question 14.
Operation Blue Star’ was a critical incident in the history of India and in the history of Sikh community.Evaluate the reasons and consequences of ‘Operation Blue Star’.
Answer:
After passing the Anandpur Sahib resolution, some religious leaders demanded autonomy. Slowly it became the demand for an independent Khalistan. Slowly power moved from the hands of the moderates to the radicals and they were ready for armed resistance. The Sikh fundamentalists made the Golden Temple itself their centre for operation. Through the Operation Blue Star, the Central Government was able to drive the armed extrem its out of the Golden Temple. But some damage was sustained by the Golden Temple during the operation and this wounded the religious sentiments of some Sikh people.

They looked at the Operation Blue Star as an attack on their faith. In retaliation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was killed by her own Sikh guards. It was a moment of great shock for the country. In Delhi and some North Indian States there was violence against the Sikhs. This violence lasted a week. In Delhi itself some 2000 Sikhs were killed. It took a long time to establish normalcy in the country. The Sikhs felt that the murderers of their fellow, men were not appropriately punished. After 20 years of the incident, in 2005, the then Prime Minister, Man Mohan Singh, expressed regret at the mindless killing of the Sikh people.

Question 15.
Rajiv Gandhi- Longowal or Punjab Accord was a landmark towards bringing normalcy to Punjab. Explain Punjab Accord?
Answer:
After the 1984 general election, Rajiv Gandhi be-came the PM. He started talks with the Akali Dal leaders. In 1985, he signed an accord with the Akali leader Harchand Singh Longowal. This is known as the Punjab Accord or the Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord. This helped to bring about normalcy in Punjab. The conditions of the Accord:

• Handover Chandigarh to Punjab.
• Appoint a new Commission to solve the border disputes between Punjab and Haryana.
• Establish a Tribunal to share the waters of Ravi Beas with Haryana and Rajasthan.
• Compensation will be given for the daffies done during the Operation Blue Star and people suffering from its aftermath will be given assistance. Even with all these, normalcy did not return immediately. It took nearly ten years for things to become normal. By 1990, the.army was able to suppress the extremists. But both the Sikhs and Hindus suffered a lot for nothing.

Question 16
The North Eastern States in India are referred to as the ‘Seven Sisters’. These states are formed on the basis of certain reasons. This region has only four percent of the country’s population. Explain briefly the reason behind the formation of these states.
Answer:
Since 1947, the North Eastern region has witnessed a lot of changes. So many political changes took place. In 1960, Nagaland was created. In 1,972, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura came into being. Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became separate States.
The 1947 division of India made the North Eastern part of the country a region without any sea port. This resulted in its economic decline.

Since it was isolated from the rest of India, development was slow there. The politics of that region was also unique. Moreover, many refugees from the neighbouring countries and neighbouring States migrated to this region, thus bringing radical changes in the social and economic set up of the region.

Question 17.
The North East states expressed complicated sets of demands. This created complicated problems in this region. Through the active interference of the Indian government some of the problems are resolved,but some other problems persist even today. Gan you identify the major problems in the North East states?
Answer:
The North-Eastern States have some geographical peculiarities, it was a region that was not Closely linked to the rest of the country. It has long international orders, but communications facilities were less there its development was neglected to be extent and the problem was made complex by the emigrants that came from other places. In this complex . situation, some complex demands were made:

• Demand for autonomy.
• Demand for independent nations.
• Enmity towards people from other places.

Demand for Autonomy:
At the time of independence, except Manipur and Tripura, the entire North-Eastern region was just one State. After independence, the non-Assamese felt that Assamese language was imposed on them. Therefore they demanded political self-rule. The Adivasi leaders wanted to keep away from Assam. They formed “Eastern India Tribal Union”. Later it was known as “All Party Hill Leaders Conference”. They demanded one Adivasi State, but more Adivasi States like Meghalaya and Mizoram were formed.

Even with this, their demand for self-rule did not end. The Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas etc. demanded their own States. The same area was demanded by more than one community. Because of that the only solution was forming tiny States. Some stayed in Assam and gained their right for self-rule. The Karbis and Dimasas were given self-rule at the District level. The Bodos were given their self-rule council very recently.

Secessionist Movement Mizoram:
India faced demands for secession from two North-Eastern States-Mizoram and Nagaland. After independence, Mizoram region within Assam itself was enjoying self-rule. But many of them . thought that they were not part of British India and so there was no reason for them to join India. In 1959 there was a serious famine in the Mizo hills. But the Assam government could not take appropriate measures to help the suffering people there. This caused the formation of Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Lai Denga. From 1966, they started an armed struggle to get freedom. Pakistan aided them and gave them refuge in Eastern ‘ Pakistan. In the conflict many ordinary people were killed. This made the local people very angry.

In spite of the 20-year long resistance, no party made any gain. Then they had a rethinking. The exiled Lai Denga returned from Pakistan and started talks with Indian authorities. In 1986, a peace accord was signed between and Rajiv Gandhi. Mizoram thus became a State some specie rights. ‘MNP gave – up their resistance.

The case of Nagaland was very similar’ to that of Mizoram was problem that began even before the Mizoram issue, but it still remains unsolved. In 195-1, under the leadership of Angami Zapu Phizo, Nagaland declared its independence. Phizo refused to accept suggestions Tor peace. The Naga National Council made an armed struggle. After some time it made an accord with the India Government. But some other revolutionaries were not agreeable to the terms of the accord. Even today it continues to be an unresolved issue.

Moves Against Outsiders:
There was another problem in the North-Eastern region which faced migration of people from other places. There was rivalry between the local people and the emigrants. The locals thought that lack of foodstuff, unemployment, shortage of land etc, were problems created by the outsiders who Came to the region in large numbers. In Assam, the moves against outsiders were very strong. If the outsiders were not controlled, the locals feared that they would become the minority.

in 1979, the Assam Students’ Union made move against the outsiders. It was against illegal emigrants. There were also many Bengalis in this illegal group. The Student Union protested against the voters’ list which’ included the names of the emigrants. Many unfortunate events took place. Many were killed. After 6 years, Rajiv Gandhi made an accord with the leaders of the Students’ Union. According to that, all the people who came to the region after the Bangladesh War were to be sent away.

Question 18
The Indian democracy is’ strengthening slowly but steadily. The merger of Sikkim and Liberation of Goa can be cited as the extension of Indian democracy to the people of Sikkim and Goa. Explain the process of Sikkim merger and the liberation of Goa.
Answer:
The integration of Sikkim arid the liberation of Goa show that even people outside India wanted to become part of India. India is the largest democracy in the world, geographically and population-wise.

Sikkim Integration:
At the time of our independence Sikkim was a protectorate of India. Its defence and foreign relations were managed by India. The Chogyal rule made Sikkim an autocracy. But the . desire of the people for democracy made ruling difficult for Chogyal
The first election in Sikkim was in 1974. The Sikkim 1 Congress won. The Assembly passed a resolution making Sikkim an Associated State and later In 1975 opted for integration with India. It was done as per the popular will. Thus Sikkim became India’s 22nd State.

Goa’s Liberation:
The liberation of Goa from the Portuguese is another example of the success of Indian democracy. Although the British ended their rule in India in 1947, Portugal refused to quit from Goa, Daman and Diu. They were keeping the people . under their rule by suppressing them, refusing their rights and by forceful conversions.

The Indian Government patiently waited for the voluntary withdrawal of the Portuguese. The Goan people were clamouring for their freedom from Portugal. The Socialist Satyagrahis of Maharashtra also supported ’ them. Finally in 1961, the Indian Government sent an army and made the Portugal ruled areas part of Indian territory. The military operation lasted only a couple of days. In 1987 Goa became a State.

Question 19.
‘Vadakku Vaazhkirathu’Therkku Thaeikirathu”. This was the popular slogan raised by Dravidian movement. This Dravidian movement was one of the first regional movements in Indian Politics. Prepare a short note about Dravidian movement.
Answer:
“Vadakku Vaazhkirathu, Thekku Thaeikirathu” was a slogan of the Dravidian Movement. This is first regional movement in India. Although the Movement wanted to establish a Dravidian Nation, it never resorted to any armed struggle. Using the democratic methods of propaganda and election, the Dravida Munnetta Kazhakam became a strong power.

Dravida Movement:
Dravida Kazhakam (DK) was formed by E.V. Ramaswami, known as ‘Periyor’. This Organization was against Brahmin supremacy and the political and economic supremacy of the Northern States. It was split later and then DMK (Dravida Munneta Kazhakam) came into existence. In 1953 and 54 it made 3 big agitations and they made DMK an influential party in Indian politics.

• The first agitation was to change the name of a railway station. Kallakkudi railway station’s name was changed to Dalrpiapuram. The DMK wanted to retain the name Kallakkudi.
• The second agitation was to make Tamil Cultural history as an important part of the school curriculum.
• The 3rd ope was against the handicraft training in the schools. The DMKsaid that it had a Brahmin touch .The DMK made huge agitations against the plan of making Hindi as the sole official language. The 1965 anti-Hindi protests made DMK very famous. Now there are many Dravidian parties – DMK, AIDMK, Marumalarchi DMK, Pattali Makkal Kakshi, Desiya Moorpoku Dravida Kazhakam arrd so on. Some of them are known even outside Tamil Nadu.

Question 20.
“The period since 1980 faced challenges against national integration”. These challenges tested the capacity of democratic politics to accommodate the demand of diverse sections of the society. Can you point out the lessons that we learned from these problems?
Answer:
We were able to learn the following things:

• Regional demands are part of the democratic system.
• In democracy, suppression is not the solution. We have to look for solutions to problems.
• It is not enough to have democratic structure within the State. There should be such a system in interstate matters. It is not right to demand complete self-rule or autonomy. The nation is made up of various States. Therefore the future fate of the nation is also the responsibility of each part.
• If regional representation is not equal in economic development, it will lead to regional discrimination. When some States remain backward and others go ahead fast, it will spoil the equilibrium. It is schemes with a broad vision that will bring unity in diversity in the Indian context.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
How does regionalism come in the way of bringing about unity in diversity?
Answer:
Regionalism creates obstacles on the path of finding unity in diversity. The reasons are given below

• In the society it brings about divisive tendencies. It badly affects the principle of unity in diversity
• Since people have regional loyalties, they can’t fulfill their national obligations and responsibilities
• Regionalism often degenerates into communalism and linguistic jingoism and this destroy unity.

Question 2.
Define Regionalism.
Answer:
Regionalism is the love and loyalty people feel to the small region in which they live. It becomes bad when their love for their region becomes greater than the love for their country.

Question 3.
What do you know about Master Tara Singh?
Answer:
Master Thara Singh is a famous Sikh political leader. He was one of the early leaders of Siromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee. He was also a leader of Akali Movement.

Question 4.
Which region is known as ’Seven sisters’?
Answer:
North Eastern Region

Question 5 .
Why did the Anandpur Sahib Resolution become controversial?
Answer:
In the 1970s, a section of the Akali Dal, demanded greater autonomy for Punjab. They passed a resolution for political freedom in 1973 during the Conference conducted at Anandpur Sahib. This resolution summed up the policies, principles and schemes of the Akali Dal. It became controversial because it was written in Gurumukhi script. The resolution was not clear. Some words were ambiguous, capable of being interpreted in different ways. For the moderates the resolution demanded more autonomy for Punjab, but for the extremists it was full freedom and not mere autonomy.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 The Cold War Era

Question 1.
Find the odd one.
a. A- Nato – Spain. France, Britan, West Germany, East Germany.
b. Warsaw Pact – East Germany, Poland, West Ger-many, Romania, Hungary.
Answer:
a. East Germany
b. West Germany

Question 2.
The Cold War Crisis intensified the Cold War tensions. Identify the NAM leader who tried to normalise this crisis.
Answer:
Nehru

Question 3.
Identify the political leader who captured the power in Cuba during 1959.
Answer:
Fidel Castro

Question 4.
Who was the ruler of USSR during the Cuban Missile Crissis?
Answer:
Nikita Khrushchev

Question 5.
Who was the ruler of USA during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Answer:
John F. Kennedy

Question 6.
Odd man out.
NATO, ASEAN, SEATO, CENTO
Answer:
ASEAN

Question 7.
One comer of each square & triangle is left blank. Find it. ……………

Answer:
a. France
b. Italy

Question 8.
Odd one out.
Founding fathers of NAM
a – Nazar
b – Khrushchev
c – Nehru
d – Tito
Answer:
b – Khrushchev

Question 9.
Arrange the following in a chronological Order.
a. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
b. Fail of the Berlin wall
c. Disintegration of the USSR
d. Russian Revolution
Answer:
d,a,c,b

Question 10.
The fall of symbolises the end of cold war.
Answer:
Berlin Wall

Question 11
Expand CTBT.
Answer:
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

Question 12.
Arrange in Chronological order.
a) Disintegration of Soviet Union
b) Russian Revolution
c) American aggression on Afganistan
d) Fall of Berlin Wall
e) Cuban Missile Crisis
f) The terrorist attack on World Trade Centre
Answer:
b, e, a, d, f, c

Question 13.
Expand the following
1) NATO
2) NiEO
3) SEATO
4) CENTO
Answer:
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NlEp-New International Economic Order
SEATO – South East Asia Treaty Organization
CENTO – Centra) Treaty Organization

Question 14.
Expand ‘START’
Answer:
Strategic’Arms Reduction Treaty

Question 15.
a) SEATO
b) CENTO
c) NATO
d) Warsaw Pact Find out the Soviet controlled Military alliance from the above list.
Answer:.
d. Warsaw Pact

Question 16.
Which among the following statements about gold war is wrong?
a) It was a competition between the US and USSR and their respective allies.
b)It was an ideological war between the super powers.
c) It triggered off an arms race.
d) The US and USSR were engaged in direct wars.
Answer:
The US and the USSR were engaged in direct wars.

Question 17.
1 Which among the following statements does not refled the objectives of NAM?
a. Enabling newly decolonized countries to pursue independent policies.
b. Not joining any military alliances. .
c. Following a policy of ‘neutrality’ on global issues.
d. Focus on elimination of global economic inequalities.
Answer:
c. Focus on elimination of global economic inequalities

Question 18.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements that describe the features of the military alliances formed by the superpowers.
a. Member countries of the alliance are to provide bases in their respective lands for the superpowers.
b. Member countries to support the superpowers both in terms of ideology and military strategy.
c. When a nation attacks any member country, it is considered as an attack on all the member countries.
d. Super powers assist all the member countries to develop their own nuclear weapons.
Answer:
a. wrong
b. right
c. right
d. wrong

Question 19.
Here a list of countries. Write against each of these the bloc they belonged to during the Cold War.
a. Poland
b. France
c. Japan
d. Nigeria
e. North Korea
f. Sri Lanka
Answer:
a. Russia
b. America
c. America
d. Non-Aligned Movement
e. Russia
f. Non-Aligned Movement

Question 20.
Even though Cuba is a small country the world super power America is affraid of it and they arranged ClA to Jdlj the Prudent of Cuba. Can you evaluate, the circumstances that led to, this situation.
Answer:
Most North-Western countries became capitalist, anti-Communist nations. A big power like America could not easily tolerate a neighbouring country becoming a close ally of Communist Russia. As Cuba got financial and diplomatic support from Russia, it became a strong country, although it was small in size. It faced America without fear. In 1962, the Russian leader Khrushchev wanted to deploy missiles and other armaments in Cuba. Most American cities then would come under threat from Russia. Later this was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the circumstances, America was forced to take strict measures against Russia. America wanted to get the Cuban President killed with the help of the CIA. It wanted to stop the growth of Communism it its neighbourhood.

Question 21.
The post II world war witnessed the competition between the winners of the war such as USA and USSR. For example, Cuban Missile Crisis, Formation of Alliances etc… Evaluate the above mentioned incidents with the name given to this competition; and explain the effect of this development in the world order.
Answer:
After the Second World War, America and Russia became the world’s two Superpowers. Their ideologies were different. Russia followed socialist principles whereas America followed capitalist principles and liberalization. Both the countries possessed destructive atomic weapons. They could show their strength anywhere in the world. But their enmity was limited to the Cold War. They tried to expand their influence into different countries without actually fighting a war. After the Second World War the two countries were polarised.

Small nations wanted to be friendly with these Super powers to get some benefits for the selves. They wanted to be assured of their security. They got weapons and also economic help. Both the Super-powers were able to keep the entire world in two distinct sides. This happened first in Europe. West ] European countries aligned with America. East European nations went with Russia. Thus there were “Western Alliance” and “Eastern Alliance”. Cuba fol-lowed Russian principles. Cuba had a threat from the USA and so it requested for Russian help and got it. In 1962, Khrushc’ JV deployed missiles in Cuba] Kennedy, the American President, took immediate action. He blocked the Russian ships and warned Russia of grave consequences if it did not remove its missiles from Cuba. The world worried that there could a war. This is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Both sides tried to avoid a nuclear war. The Russian ships went back. The situation is known as the Cold War. However, the world divided itself into two rival groups.

Question 22.
Fill up the table given below with suitable answer.

Answer:
Fatman

Question 23.

Hints:
England, Cuba, China, France, Yugoslavia, Egypt.
Answer:
a. b-England c-France
b. b-China c-Cuba
c. b. Yugoslavia c-Egypt

Question 24.
The post 11 world War period was a period of polarization in the world. The following are some alliances or organizations that created polarization NATO, War. saw Pact, NAM. Give brief explanations regarding them.
Answer:
After the Second World War the world was polarised into two distinct rival groups. Each Superpower got into military alliances with friendly countries. NATO, SEATO,CENTO, Warsaw Pact etc. were examples. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was formed in April 1949 by the Western Alliance countries. It had 12 members. They declared that if any member country was attacked it would mean attack on all the 12 countries. They were obliged to help one another. The Eastern Alliance was known as Warsaw Pact. Russia is the leader here. It came into existence in 1955. Its main objective was to oppose NATO.

Many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America decided not to join any Superpower. This paved the way for the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). In 1956 there was a meeting among three leaders – Josif BrozTito of Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt. Sukarno of Indonesia and Kwame Nkruma of Ghana strongly supported them. These five leaders are the founding fathers of NAM. in 1961 it held its first summit in Belgrade.

Mainly three things helped in the formation of NAM:
a. Mutual cooperation among these five countries.
b. It was a period when Cold War was bringing its tensions.
c. Many African countries got their freedom at this time. By I960, sixteen new African nations became members of the UN. The first Summit of the NAM was attended by 25 countries. Later more countries joined it. The 14th Summit was in Havana in 2006. It was attended by 116 nations and 15 observing nations. Now NAM is a prestigious international organization.

Question 25.
During the period of Cold War the super powers competed themselves for offering helping hand to the smaller states. Critically evaluate the hidden objectives behind this attitude.
Answer:
Both the Superpowers wanted to enlist the support of small countries for many things:

• To get oil and other minerals.
• For making military camps.
• For conducting spy work.
• The small countries could afford to spend some money on the military.

Question 26.
Fill up the time line showing the Cold War tensions

Hints :

• Fall of the Berlin Wall
• Cuban Missile crisis
• Gorbachev becomes the President of the USSR
• Unification of Germany

Answer:
1962 – Cuban Crisis
1985 – Gorbachev becomes the Russian President
1989-The Fall of the Berlin Wall
1990 – Unification of Germany

Question 27.
The bipolarity not only led to armament race but also no chances for disarmament. List the major developments for disarmament.
Answer:
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT),
On 5 August 1963, America, England and Russia signed a treaty in Moscow, banning nuclear arms tests in the atmosphere, space and water. From October 1963, this Treaty came into force.

Nuclear ProliferationTreaty (NPT):
This was a treaty envisaging the retention of the atomic weapons by those who already had them and preventing other countries from acquiring them. Only those who made atomic weapons before 1 January 1967 could retain them. There were only 5 such nations – America, Russia, Britain .France and China. On 1 July 1968, this Treaty was signed in Washington, London and Moscow. On 5 March 1970 it came into force.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talk (SALT -1):
It was in 1969 that the first discussion for the limitation of arms took place. Two agreements were signed on 26 May 1972 by American President Richard Nixon and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev. One was for the reduction of Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM Treaty). The other was an ad-hoc treaty for the reduction of weapons. They came into

force on 3 October 31972. SALT 2:
The second discussion on limiting arms started in November 1972. An agreement was signed between the American President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev on 18 June 1979, in Vienna.

Strategic Arms Reductioin Treaty (Start -1):
This was an agreement signed between Soviet President Gorbachev and American President George Bush (Senior). It was signed in Moscow on 31 July 1993, aimed at the reduction of strategic weapons.

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty – 2 (Start-2):
This was signed in January 1993 between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and American President George Bush (Senior).

Question 28.
Developed countries always try to exploit the developing 3r world countries through technological and capital means. Identify and explain the means adopted by the 3rd world countries to prevent this type of exploitation.
Answer:
The main challenge of the 3,rd world nations is that they are not at all developed (LDC – Least Developed Countries). They will have to work hard to lift their people out of poverty. Without economic security no country is free in the right sense, if was in the light of this realization that the New Intentional Economic Order (NIEO) came into existence. The Trade Development Conference of the United Nations brought out a report in 1972 and in this report it talks about new trade development plans. It puts forward some proposals with regard to international trade.

1. The developing nations should exercise control on their resources. This is to protect them from being exploited by the developed nations.
2. The developing nations can sell their products in the Western markets and thus improve their trade and profit.
3. Ensure the availability of advanced technology to the developing nations at affordable rates. Ensure participation of the developing nations in international economic institutions.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
What is Nuclear Non – Porliferation Treaty?
Answer:
According to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, only those countries which tested and produced nuclear weapons before 1 January 1967 could continue keeping them. No other country could test or produce nuclear weapons. According to this Treaty, only five countries are eligible to be called Atomic Weapon Countries. They are America, Soviet Union (now Russia), Britain, France and China.

Question 2.
Why did the super powers have military alliances with smaller countries? Give three reasons?
Answer:
Superpowers entered into military alliances with smaller countries. Here are the reasons for that:

• The smaller countries could help the Superpowers by giving them oil and other minerals.
• They also gave the Superpowers places to deploy their weapons and to establish their military camps.
• In many cases the smaller countries were also giving military expenses to the Superpowers for keeping their army in their territories. The smaller nations also would be ideologically related to the Superpowers and they expected the smaller powers to have loyalty towards them.

Question 3.
Which among the following statements does not reflect the objectives of NAM.
Answer:
Stress the removal of global economic inequality

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Globalisation

Question 1.
The following features are some of the political, economic and cultural consequences of globalization. Arrange them under each head.
a) Globalisation leads to withdrawing of the rich traditional heritage of entire globe.
b) It facilitated greater trade in commodities across the world.
c) Globalisation caused an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of govt, to do what they want to do.
d) It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive or leads to a phenomenon of cultural homogenization.
e) It sought to dismantle import licensing system and removal of tariff on imports.
f) The state withdraws from its traditional welfare function and becomes a more minimalist state
Answer:
Political – c, f
Economic -b, e
Cultural – a, d

Question 2.
Which of the statements are TRUE about globalization.
a) Globalisation is purely an economic phenomenon.
b) Globalisatoin began in 1991.
c) Globalisation is the same thing as westernization.
d) Globalisation is a multi-dimentional phenomenon.
Answer:
d) Globalisation is a multi-dimentional phenomenon.

Question 3.
Which of the statements is TRUE about the impact of globalization ?
a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.
b) Globalisation has had a uniform impact on all states and societies.
c) The impact of globalization has been confined to the political sphere.
d) Globalisation inevitably results in cultural homogeneity.
Answer:
a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.

Question 4.
Which of the statements is TRUE about the causes of Globalisation?
a) Technology is an important cause of globalization
b) Globalisation is caused by a particular community of people.
c) Globalisation originated in the U.S.
d) Economic interdependence alone causes globailisation.
Answer:
a) Technology is an important cause of globalization.

Question 5
Which of the statements is TRUE about globalization?
a) Globalisation is only about movement of commodities.
b) Globalisation does not involve a conflict of values.
c) Services are an insignificant part of globalization.
d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.
Answer:
d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.

Question 6.
Apart from threats of direct intervention, the imperialist forces like United States and its allies are bent upon imposing economic neoliberalism on the current process of globalization. Imperialist agencies like World Bank, IMF and WTO have become tools of developed countries both economically and politically. Observe the above statement and substantiate your argument.
Answer:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more.
Let us see how it works: Contemporary World Politics Political results:
Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes.

Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results:
Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are. As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations.

Investing in the developing nations is more profitable. Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants.

There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization. Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped.

But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Question 7.
Ramu, “The popularity of burger or blue jeans is the powerful influence of the American way of life and people will lose their age old values and ways”. Geetha, “The burger is no substitute for a Masala Dosa, and therefore it does not pose any real challenge. Blue jeans on the other hand can as well with a homespun Khadi Kurtha. Here the outcome of outside influence is a new combination that is unique a Khadi Kurtha worn over jeans. Read the above conversation carefully and analyse the cultural aspect of globalization.
Answer:
In the above conversation we can see some results of globalization. Globalization influences our homes, food, clothes, water, and even thoughts. Often globalization can be a threat to our culture. Globalization paves the way for a unicultural world. The Western civilization will spread to other countries. The conversation shows that we may have to stand helpless before the onslaught of Western civilization.

But this does not mean Ramu’s argument is entirely true. He has looked only at the wrong aspects of globalization. All cultures have accepted new and good things from other cultures. Globalization has good aspects, too. Only rarely can foreign cultures influence us negatively. Actually things from outside enrich our culture and that is what Geeta thinks.

Question 8.
Global Capitalism makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. We can see that various anti-globalization movements try to resist this negative impact of globaization. Can you briefly explain such world wide anti-globalization movements?
Answer:
The benefits of globalization are not shared equally. Some make huge profits but others become its prey. That is what prompted many people to move against globalization. They are not opposing the concept of globalization, but the way it is implemented. In their viewpoint, globalization is implemented with the shadow of imperialism.

In the Ministerial Conference of 1999, there was a strong opposition to the style of operation of globalization by the economic powers, in the global economic development, the opinions of the developing world are not given due importance. The World Social Forum is another International Venue. In that, human rights workers, environment activists, people representing labour, youth, women power etc. attend. In 2001, in Porto Alegre in Brazil the first meeting of the World Social Forum took place, in January 2007 its 7th meeting was held in Nairobi Kenya.

Question 9.
Globalization is a multi dimensional concept. So the critics of globalization make a variety of arguments. Identify the major criticisms raised by different sections of the people.
Answer:
Globalization is a controversial issue. Therefore it is also criticised greatly. Here are some major criticisms.
1. The Left-leaning people argue that globalization represents a certain capitalist point of view. Moreover, it makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Weak governments can’t look after the interests of the masses.
2. Those who support the political rights of the people think that changes may come in their social, cultural and political spheres. They are worried about 3 things.

• They fear that globalization weakens the government.
• They want self-sufficiency in economy, but they want to keep some things as their own.
• They think it will harm their traditional culture.

Question 10.
Janardhanan brought a small cycle for his nine year old son as a birthday gift which is actually manufactured in China but is being marketed in India. It meets his requirement of reasonable rate but its quality was very poor. The Cartoon below shows one of the negative impacts of globalization. Critically evaluate the negative impact of globalization.
Answer:
According to the cartoon, the developed countries are exploiting the developing countries. Globalization adversely affects the political, economic and cultural life of the countries where it is introduced. Politically speaking, globalization prevents governments from carrying out things as they want. In a welfare state, social welfare is the priority. The coming of MNCs controls the authority of the governments, which can’t work as they wish. Economically speaking, imports were liberalized.

Capital flowed into developing countries. That means developed nations could invest their capital in the developing nations also. Through such investments, the developed nations will make huge profits. To prevent people from the developing nations take up jobs in the developed nations, visa rules were made strict. That way the developed nations protected their jobs for their own citizens. Not only that, advanced technology and international organizations like World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. work according to the will of the developed nations.

Culturally speaking, globalization affects our food habits, drinks, dress and even our thoughts. Globalization is a big threat to the varied cultures of the world. Globalization will bring some kind of uni-culture. The culture of the strong is imposed on the weak.
It is true that today we can know what happens in any part of the world at any time. Information about diseases like bird-flu, swine-flu etc. spreads fast. The economic depression in America was felt by the entire world.

Question 11
‘In India there are agitations from different parts of the country against opening retail outlets by multinational companies.’ There are agitations against the availability of foreign TV channels, celebration of Valentine’s Day etc.’ The above mentioned facts were the main news in India during the last several years. Explain the resistance prevailing in India against globalization.
Answer:
Resistance against globalization is seen on many parts of India. Entry of the MNCs, foreign TV channels, Night Clubs, Valentines’Day, Western dresses (especially among the girls in schools and colleges) etc. are part of globalization. The Left parties object globalization. The Indian Social Forum is also against it. Trade Union workers oppose MNCs. The acquisition of the patent for trees like ‘neem’by the Americans and Europeans brought a lot of vehement protests

Additional Questions

Question 1.
The New economic policy was adopted in India in
Answer:
1991

Question 2.
What is worldwide inter connectedness. What are its components?
Answer:
This is an era of mutual cooperation. People and countries are mutually connected. People who live in different parts of the world feel that they are not citizens of just their country alone, but they are citizens of the world. This is globalization. In simple words, mutual dependence means the flow of capital, goods and people from one country to another without a lot of restrictions. The factors of worldwide connectedness are ideas, capital, goods and people.

Question 3
What has technology contributed to globalisation?
Answer:
Technology has considerably influenced globalization. Here are the details:

• Recently there have been revolutionary changes in the communication media and information technology and this has brought nations together. It has increased the inter connectedness and mutual dependence between countries.
• With the advancement of technology, people can know whatever is happening in different parts of the world.
• Because of the modern technology, people, capital, goods and ideas can flow from one place to another easily. This has quickened globalization.
• Because of technology whatever happens in one country may have repercussions in another country or countries.

Additional Questions And Answer

Question 1.
Match the items in column ‘A’with suitable items in ‘B’ and ‘C’.

Answer:

Question 2.
Re-arrange column B and C to establish a rational relation with column A.

Answer:

Question 3.
Find the Odd one out from the group
a. Right to vote
b. Right to work
c. Right to contest election
d. Right to hold public office
Answer:
b. Right to work

Question 4.
Properly arrange the commission and its related sub­jects given below.
a. Shah Commission
b.  Liberhan Commission
c. Fazil Ali Commission
d. Mandal Commission
Related Subjects
a. State reorganisation
b. Backward class
c. Babari masjid demolition
d. Action taken in the wake of emergency
Answer:
a – d  ; b – c  ; c – a  ; d – b

Question 5.
Match the following.

Answer:
Total Revolution – Jay Prakash Narayan
GaribiHatao-Indira Gandhi
Mandal Commission – B.P.
Mandal Rapid Industrialization – PC.
Mahalanobis State Reorganization Commission – Fazal Ali

Question 6.
Identify the leader who is associated with the follow­ing slogan
“Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan”
(Indira Gandhi, Lai Bahadur Sasthri, Vajpai)
Answer:
Vajpal

Question 7.
Match column‘A’with‘B’.

Answer:
a. Glasnost. Perestroika – iv) Gorbachev
b. Open door policy – v) Den Xiaoping
c. Non Congressism – ii) Ram Manohar Lohia
d. Narmada Bachao Xndolan – iii) Medha Patkar
e. Dravidian Movement-i) E.V. Ramaswami Naiker

Question 8.
Who among the following was the President of India at the time of national emergency (1975)?
a) V.V. Giri
b) Dr. Zakheer Hussain
c) FakhrudheenAliAhammed
d) N. Sanjeeva Reddy
Answer:
c) Fakhrudheen Ali Ahammed

Question 9.
Find out the country which does not go with others. Nepal, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka
Answer:
Indonesia

Question 10.
Find out the neighbour that is having permanent membership in the security council.
Answer:
China

Question 11.
Identify the movement in which Mayilamma is associated.
Answer:
The Anti Coco-Cola Protest at Plachimada

Question 12.
Identify the names of persons related to the following statements
1) The leader who sacrificed his life for the creation of separate State of Andhra Pradesh.
2) The founding president of Congress Socialist Party
3) The first Chief Election Commissioner of India
4) Architect of second five year plan
Hints :
a) P.C Mahalanobis
b) Sukumar Sen
c) Potti Sriramulu
d) Acharya Narendra Dev.
Answer:
1- c
2 – d
3 – b
4 – a

Question 13.
Find the odd one out.
Britain, France, USA, China, Germany
Answer:
Germany

Question 14.
Complete the following table with the names of leaders engaged in the important agreements between India and Pakistan,

Answer:

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Rise of Popular Movements

Question 1.
Match the following.

Answer:
1 – B ; 2 – C ; 3 – D; 4 – A

Question 2.
Fill up the following table.

Answer:
Social Movement

Question 3.
Expand the following abbreviations.
a) N.B.A.
b) B.K.U.
c) M.K.S.S.
Answer:
a) Narmada Bachao Andolan
b) Bhartiya Kisan Union
c) Mazdur Kisan Sakti Sanghatan

Question 4.
During June 2005 Indian Parliament passed the law regarding Right to Information. A popular movement originated in
Rajasthan influenced it. Which was that Popular Movement?
Answer:
Mazdoor Kisan Sakti Sanghatan

Question 5.
Fill up the table given below.

Answer:
Rajasthan

Question 6.
Which of these statements is incorrect?
The Chipko Movement
a) was an environmental movement to prevent cutting down of trees.
b) raised questions of ecological and economic exploitation.
c) was a movement against alcoholism started by the women.
d) Demanded that local communities should have control over their natural resources
Answer:
c) was a movement against alcoholism started by the women.

Question 7.
Some of the statements below are incorrect. Identify the incorrect statements and rewrite with necessary correction:
a) Social movements are hampering the functioning of India’s democracy
b) The main strength of social movements lies in their mass base across social sections.
c) Social movements in India emerged because there were many issues that political parties did not address.
Answer:
a) Social movements are hampering the functioning of India’s democracy

Question 8.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question .9
In recent times it is noted that people are organized in a non political manner to deal with the problems they are facing. Agitations in Muthanga, Plachimada, Chengara etc can be cited as examples. Prepare a Politics in India since Independence
brief note about the origin of these types of non political popular movements with examples.
Answer:
It is the dissatisfaction among people that causes them to organize in a non-political manner to find solutions to their problems. Even after 30 years of independence, neither the government nor the party was able to solve some democratic problems. In the 1970s, women, students, subalterns, peasants, etc. realized that politics wouldn’t solve their problems. Therefore they rallied under various social organizations and made their demands.

The presence of social organizations thus became very much felt. Most of these organizations were formed against exploitation of Nature, inequality, exploitation, social evils, alcohol and such things. Women took a major role in all these. Chipko Movement, Dalit Panthers, AntiArrack Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, National Fish Worker’s Union etc. are some such organizations that gained international attention.

Question 10.
Political Parties are always making efforts to resolve the problems faced by the people. But at the very same time non-party movements are strengthening throughout the country. Find out the reasons behind the formation of non-party movements.
Answer:
ln the 1970s and 80s, there are many groups of people that were not satisfied with the working of the existing political parties. This caused the formation of non-political groupings. In many spheres they were able to bring about changes. Even then economic inequality and poverty remained on a large scale. The benefits of the economic gains did not reach all levels of the population. There was a big gap between the industrial and rural sectors. Many felt this was injustice.

Many political parties lost their faith in the democratic system. Therefore they were forced to adopt new methods. Students, subalterns and Adivas is joined together and worked for the poor people, fighting against social evils. They were known as Voluntary Organizations. They did not support any political party or contest elections. They did not want to work in political parties. They discovered that direct interference was better than seeking political solutions to problems.

They also believed that such interventions would help the democratic government . Therefore they we known as non-political movements. They worked in urban and rural areas. But when more and more money came from outside, some of these groups became weak.

Question 11.
Prepare a seminar note about the most significant Non Political Movements in India.
Answer:
The Most significant Non Political Movements: In the 1970s people became impatient. The Government and the political parties were not ready to solve their problems. Therefore the people at the lowest strata like the Adivasis and Dalits rallied themselves under the umbrella of some social organizations to fight for their rights. They discovered that direct interference was better than seeking the help political parties. Thus in the Indian political history, non-political movements were formed. Some took up environmental issues, some worked for job-related things and some worked against social evils.

A. Movements for the Preservation of Nature and its Resources:
The Most significant Non Political Movements in India were to preserve Nature and its resources. We know about the Plachimada Agitation against the Coca-cola Company. Other examples of such movements are those against biack sand mining in Alapuzha and for protecting the Silent Valley. Two other most important movements were the Chipko Movement under Sundarlal Bahuguna and the Narmada Bachao Movement under Medha Patkar.

Chipko Movement:
This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements. But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. (Chipko means embrace). This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand.

The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature. They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to be given to the local people. They also asked of permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also . demanded minimum wages for the forest workers ,who had no land of their own.As a result of this Movement, the government issued an order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan side for 15 years. The role of women was great in this Movement. They also fought against social evils like drinking alcohol. With Chipko Movement, people realized that solutions to popular problems could be found through non-political movements.

Narmada Bachao Andolan:
This Movement came as a result of the Sardar Sarovar Project. This questioned even the economic policy of the government. It was also a movement against large scale displacement of people for huge developmental projects. People of Kerala had made similar protests against the Vallarpadam Project.

Sardar Sarovar Project is a large scale project. The project was to build a number of big and small dams. The project would cover Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. This project would help Gujarat to have good irrigation and electricity. Narmada Bachao Andolan was to protect Narmada. The Movement demanded the stoppage of constructions in this river.

If this project is completed, 245 villages would be submerged underwater. Some 2.5 lakhs people will have to find new homes. Starting from these villages, the Andolan began to spread. The beginning of the Movement was by demanding to rehabilitate those who would lose their homes.

The argument also came up that the local communities should have power over the land, water and forests. They ask why in a democracy some people should become victims for the benefit of some others. Many large scale schemes have been implemented. Large scale displacement of people would adversely affect them. It also brings harm to Nature. All these were the causes for the Narmada Bachao Andolan.

The NBA met with stiff opposition. The government and the court gave permission to rehabilitate the displaced persons. It was because of this Movement that the Policy of Rehabilitation was formulated in 2003. But the Supreme Court criticised the Andolan saying that it was preventing development.

B. Movements Related to Caste Problems:
The fact is that even today the Dalits are being discriminated against. Although there are laws against such discriminations, they are, often violated. In Kerala we haveAdivasi Khshema Samiti, Ayyankali Pada and Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha which are caste- related Movements. The Dalit Panthers is a nationwide Movement.

Dalit Panthers:
in the 1970s, many Dalit youths, who were degree holders residing in slums, showed their power. Dalit Panthers is the Movement working for the welfare the Dalits, it was first started in Maharashtra. It fought against caste discriminations. It wants the reservations for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes to be implemented properly. Although untouchability is legally prohibited, we can still see it in many parts of the country.

The activities of the Dalit Panthers are concentrated in areas where Dalits are subjected to discrimination and attacks. It also works in collaboration with Movements who have similar ideologies. In 1989, a law was enacted to give severe punishments to those who harm Dalits. The agenda of the Panthers is making the society equitable where there is no caste discrimination. After independence, the Movement also does activities for the welfare of the poor, wage earners and subalterns. Dalit Panthers made some electoral adjustments with political parties. But the Movement split into various fragments and its strength was lost.

C. People Movements Based On Work:
There are movements related to work. Such movements came up because many lost their traditional jobs and some others, especially peasants, faced many problems in their life. An example is the Muriyad Karshaka Sangham in Trichur District. The important Movements in India are Bhartiya Kisan Union and National Fish Workers’ Forum.

Bhartiya Kisan Union:
In the 1980s, some communities received different benefits as part of development. This caused many complaints against the government and the party. In 1988, in Uttar Pradesh, some 20,000 farmers assembled. They protested against the increased electricity rates. They protested in front of the District Collector’s office for 3 weeks and their demand was approved. It was a show of strength by an organized rural movement. The protesters were members of the Bhartiya Kisan Union. The peasants in Haryana, Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh got the benefits of the Green Revolution.

Their main cultivation was sugar cane and wheat. With the liberalization policy, these farmers faced a crisis. The Bhartiya Kisan Union made protests. Their demands were: Increase the minimum price given to sugar cane and wheat, remove inter-State controls, give electricity at moderate rates, write off the agricultural debts and grant pension to agricultural workers.

The method of protest included rallies, protests, dharnas, getting arrested and filling jails. The Union pressurized the government to get their demands accepted. The members of this union belonged to one particular community. They met in the manner of traditional panchayats and discussed ways to overcome their economic problems. Until 1990, the Bhartiya Kisan Union kept away from political parties. The Shetkari Sanghatan in Maharashtra and the Rayata Sanghatan of Karnataka also came up with economic demands. In the 1980s these Movements of the peasants made big social impacts.

National Fish Workers’ Forum:
Many people make their livelihood by catching and selling fish. India has the second biggest group of fish workers. There are lakhs offish workers here. There was a problem that adversely affected the fishermen. With the arrival of trawling boats, the fish wealth
was taken away by the boat owners. Ordinary fishermen had to struggle for their livelihood. The Liberalization Policy of the 1980s made their life more difficult. Therefore they united at the national level. People from Kerala were in the leadership positions.

The Forum included women workers also, in 1991 they protested against the policies of the Central Government. The main reason was the government granting permit to international companies to catch fish even close to the Indian shores. In July 2002, the Forum organized a nation-wide strike demanding the ban of foreign trawlers. Now the Forum works for the welfare of the fish workers and also for the protection of Environment.

Movements Against Social Evils:
What is noteworthy in many Social Movements is the increased presence of women. Earlier, women took part in affairs related to the family. Their protests were mainly against dowry, sexual harassment in work places and public places. Most of those protests were carried out by educated or wealthy women.

But the fight against alcohol was led by illiterate women. March against Arrack: In the 1990s, many women in Nellur in Andhra became literate. In the class, women spoke about the drinking habits of their men-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affects the economic situation of the family. Men do not go to work. The manufacturers of various kinds of alcoholic beverages make money by using all sorts of illegal means. It is the women that suffer because of the drinking habit of men.

The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced a wine shop to close down. This news spread like wild fire into some 5000 villages. They held meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the Collectors. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the State. In short, where government s and political parties failed, such social movements won.

Question 12.
There are arguments in favour and against popular movements. Can you make a list showing the merits and demerits of Non-political popular movements.
Answer:
These days the popular movements have a lot of importance in politics. Here are their advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• It helps the people to recognize the value of democratic movements.
• It helps people to know the defects of political parties and the importance of social action.
• It represents new social fellowship. In the past the political parties did not pay any heed to the complaints of people.
• Mutual disputes are reduced. Different groups become active in social matters.
• Such popular groups help in the growth and functioning of democracy.

Disadvantages:

• Protests, dharnas, and rallies prevent governments from smooth functioning. Late decisions adversely affect proper ad ministration.
• Most Movements were for or against a particular issue. Thus these movements get the support of only some particular groups of people. Their activities, therefore, are limited.
• For democratic policies, there is a need for broad fellowships and unity. But such broad fellowship is not seen in most of these Movements.
• These Movements can work only for limited objectives. Often there are clashes between these Movements and Parties. There is a big gap between them.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Enumerate three laws enacted by the Parliament since independence, for the welfare of women.
Answer:
The Indian women are generally in a backward state. Social reformers and freedom fighters have done a lot to improve the condition of women. Movement like Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj and Prarthana Samaj worked for gender equality. They also carried out some schemes for the welfare of women. Law prohibiting Sati (1829), Widow-Remarriage Act (1856),Politics in India since Independence.

Marriage Act (1856) etc. were done with the intention of women’s welfare. After independence, many lawswere passed to improve the lot of women. Some of the most important laws are:

• Hindu Marriage Act (1955)
• Adapting for Succession (1956)
• Anti-Dowry Bill (1961)
• Anti Foeticide Act (1971)
• Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (Amendment to the 1978 Law).
• Anti-Dowry Act (Amendment done in 1984)

Question 2
What is SardarSarovar Project?
Answer:
Jipl Sardar Sarovar Project was a multipurpose project. The advocates of this project say that this project will bring development to Gujarat and the three States sharing its border. They say it will give drinking water, irrigation, increased electricity production and better agriculture output in all these places.

Question 3.
In which year was All India Kisan Sabha established?
Answer:
The All India Kisan Sabha was established in 1936.

Question 4.
Who led the Narmada Bachao Andolan?
Answer:
Medha Patkar

Question 5.
Do movements and protests in a country strengthen democracy? Justify your answer with examples.
Answer:
All over the world, Movements and Protests are considered to be part of democracy. In the Popular Movements, various groups of people get involved, and therefore the participation of the people is great. Studying about Popular Movements helps people to understand more about democratic policies. For example, the Anti-Arrack protest organized by the Andhra women paved the way for women to have seat reservations in the Parliament and State Assemblies.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 The Crisis of Democratic Order

Question 1.
State whether the following statements regarding the Emergency are correct or incorrect.
a) It was declared in 1975 by Indira Gandhi
b) It led to the suspension of all fundamental rights.
c) It was proclaimed due to the deteriorating economic conditions.
d) Many opposition leaders were arrested during the emergency.
e) CPI supported the proclamation of the Emergency
Answer:
a. true b. true c. false d. true e. true

Question 2.

Answer:
a – ii b – i, c – iii; d – iv

Question 3.
Can you identify the writers who had returned their awards such as Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in protest against the suspension of democracy?
1. Shivarama Karanth.
2. …………………
Answer:
Phaniswar Nath “Renu”

Question 4.
One of the following Commissions is associated with National Emergency of 1975. Identify the commission
a) Justice Pradhan Commisson.
b) Sreekrishna Commission.
c) Shah Commission.
d) Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
c) Shah Commission.

Question 5.
Identify the leader associated with Naxalite Movement.
a) E.M.S.Namboothiripad
b) Charu Majumdar.
c) A.K.Gopalan.
d) E.K.Nayanar
Answer:
b) Charu Majumdar

Question 6.
Find out the personalities who made the following slogan.
a) Jai Jawan Jai Kissan
b) Garibi Hatao
Answer:
b. Indira Gandhi

Question 7.
Identify the commission appointed by the Janata Party in 1977 to inquire into the actions taken in the wake of the emergecy.
Answer:
Shah Commission

Question 8.
Match the following.

Answer:
Garibi Hatao – Indira Gandhi
Total Revolution – Jay Prakash Narayan
Railway Strike – George Fernandez
Naxalite Movement – Charu Majumdar
Chairman of Enquiry Commission – Justice J.C. Shah

Question 9.
Normally emergency is imposed in connection with war and aggression or with natural disaster. But in June 1975 the emergency was imposed due to the perceived threat of internal disturbance. Briefly evaluate the circumstances that led to the declaration of emergency.
Answer:
After the 1971 election, Indira became a popular leader with a lot of support from the people. This time there were serious problems in the Party. There were three main reasons:

• Economic Reasons
• Gujarat & Bihar Movement
• Dispute with the Judiciary

The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘garibi hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country, There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was the refuge problem. Then there was the Bangladesh Crisis, followed by the Indo Pakistan War. All these things created financial problems. Secondly, after the War, America stopped its aids to India.

Thirdly, there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The 4th reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult. The 5th problem was negative growth in industrial output. Unemployment increased, especially in the rural sector. Sixthly, the salaries of government employees had to be reduced and even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff.All the above things created an economic crisis in the country. There was general discontentment in the country. This gave the Opposition Parties an opportunity to organise protests.

Gujarat and Bihar Movement:
The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were Congress-ruled States. The main reason was the increase in the prices of essential commodities. Shortage of food, unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these States the Opposition Parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. At this time the main opponent of Indira Gandhi and the leader of Congress (O), Morarji Desai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike.

He did that for demanding elections in Gujarat. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted. Congress lost the election. In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent.

He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar govemment. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. But the Bihar government refused to resign. The entire country discussed the issue. Jay Prakash Narayan wanted to spread the protest to all parts of the country. In the meantime the railway workers went on a strike.

It would make the entire country come to a stand-still. In 1975, Jay Prakash Narayan organized a march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary:
Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary.The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgement was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people. The dispute was mainly in three things.

Firstly, Can the Parliament change the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land? Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. Ail these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were two more reasons. In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as null and void. All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 10.
During 1975 the people close to the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi started talking about the need for a judiciary and bureaucracy ‘committed’ to the vision of the executive and the legislature. Express your idea about committed judiciary and bureaucracy.
Answer:
India is a democratic country. So, administration must be done according to the Constitution. We, therefore, do not need a committed judiciary or committed bureaucracy. Committed Judiciary and Committed Bureaucracy are used by autocrats or one party governments to implement their policies.

Examples of such committed judiciary and bureaucracy could be seen in Mao’s China, Mussolini’s. Italy and Hitler’s Germany. India does not need these things. If we go for committed judiciary and bureaucracy, we will be going against democracy.

Question 11.
Jayaprakash Narayan played an important role in the agitations against Indira Gandhi government. Even though he had given up active politics and was involved in social work, he became an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Can you briefly explain the role of Jayaprakassh Narayan in dislodging Indira Gandhi government?
Hints:
Bihar Movement
Total Revolution People’s
March to Parliament 1975
Nationwide Satyagraha Janata Party
Answer:
In March 1974, the students in Bihar organized some agitations. They were voicing their protest against increase in the prices of essential commodities, unemployment, and corruption. They invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead the struggle. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protests must be nonviolent and they should not be limited to Bihar alone. Thus the protests acquired a political nature. People joined the agitation. JP Narayan asked the Centre to dismiss the Bihar government. He envisaged a total revolution at the social, economic and political levels. Bihar government refused to resign.

This Movement got wide publicity at national level. JP Narayan wanted this Movement to spread across India. When the Railway workers struck work, there was the possibility of the entire country coming to a standstill. In 1975, JPN made a popular march to the Parliament. It was the biggest march Delhi had ever seen. The Opposition looked at JP Narayan as an alternative to Mrs. Gandhi.

By June 1975, the enmity between the ruling party’ and the opposition became very strong. JPN demanded the resignation of Mrs. Gandhi. On 25 June 1975 there was a big protest on the Ramlila Ground in Delhi. There also he demanded Mrs Gandhi’s’ resignation. He declared he would start a satyagraha. He asked the police and government employees not to obey any rule that was not normal. Government felt it could not continue working. Many people were against Congress.

As a reaction to all this, on 25 June 1975, Indira Gandhi declared an Emergency saying that there was threat to the internal security of the country. In the 1977 election, after the Emergency, the entire Opposition fought against the Congress under Janata Party led by JP Narayan. For the first time Congress lost its majority in the Lok Sabha. Thus JP Narayan became the hero who fought for the restoration of democracy.

Question 12.
The declaration of National Emergency in 1975 produced many bitter incidents to the citizens. Can you mention any two incidents to express the bitter experience of emergency?
Answer:
With the declaration of Emergency, people were in trouble. Their rights and freedom were at risk. Even when people approached the Court forgetting their rights, it proved useless. Government itself started acting against democracy. Here are two incidents. Turkmangate was an area in Delhi where poor people lived. The residents here were forced to leave this place and live in the barren areas of the Yamuna River Bank. The huts in Turkmangate were destroyed. People were forcefully sterilized. Those who volunteered for sterilization were given some free land. Some ran away from their new settlements. But some agreed to be sterilized.

The custody death of Rajan:
In the early morning of 1 March 1976, Rajan, a final year student of Kozhikode Engineering College, was arrested along with another student named Joseph Pali. Mr. T.V. Ichara Varrier, father of Rajan, tried different ways to find out where Rajan was. Since it was Emergency period, fundamental rights could not be enforced by any Court. When the Emergency was withdrawn, Ichara Varrier filed a “Habeas Corpus” in the Court.

According to witnesses, Rajan was taken from the hostel to the Tourist Bungalow at Kozhikode. Because of torture Rajan died in illegal police custody. The Kerala High Court summoned the then Chief Minister of Kerala Mr. K. Karunakarari. ‘He had to resign on this account.

Both these incidents show that during Emergency the fundamental rights of the people were breached. Many such things might have happened in the country. That is why in the 1977 election people refused to vote Congress into power for the first time after independence.

Question 13.
Given below is an anonymous advertisement published after the declaration of emergency in Times of India’.“…death of D.E.M.O’cracy, mourned by his wife T.Ruth, his son L.l.Bertie and his daughters Faith, Hope and Justice’’
The consequences of emergency proved the above comment true. Can you explain the consequences of declaration of emergency?
Answer:
According to the Constitution, during the Emergency, the Central Government has special powers. During the Emergency, the Government did the following:

• Protests and agitations by government employees were banned.
• Media were strictly controlled.
• Fundamental Rights of the citizens were suspended. Even the courts could not enforce article 32.
• A number of preventive arrests of leaders were made. By doing all these things, the democratic set-up was seriously shaken.

The media could publish only things the government approved. Protesting against this, Newspapers like Indian Express and Statesman published their papers leaving some columns blank. Many journalists were under preventive detention. Many Opposition leaders were also kept in preventive custody. The argument for keeping them in jail was preventing any possible violence. Many leaders went underground. The suspension of article 32 was like closing the doors of justice on people. People could not even file ‘Habeas Corpus’. Later article 42 was also amended. We can easily say that the Emergency adversely affected the people in many ways.

Question 14.
There are arguments for and against the declaration of emergency. Indira Gandhi justified emergency on the ground that subversive forces were trying to distract the progressive programme of the government and were attempting to dislodge her from power through extra constitutional means. But to the critics Indira Gandhi misused a constitutional provision for saving the country to save her personal power. Can you substantiate the arguments for and against the declaration of National Emergency?
Answer:
The Government justified the Emergency giving these reasons. First, in a democratic country the majority ruling party should be allowed to do things without unnecessary interference from the Opposition. Second, protests and agitations do not do anything good for the country. Third, the government did not want the Opposition to resort to any unconstitutional means to remove Indira Gandhi from power.

Fourth, Government had to take action to maintain law and order in the country. Indira Gandhi accused the Opposition saying that it prevented the government from taking welfare measures for the uplift of the masses and they wanted to remove her from power using unconstitutional means.

The CPI favoured the Emergency. At that time they argued that protests were unnecessary. They said that there were international problems threatening the unity of India. They also said that Jay Prakash Narayan was a representative of the Middle Class who objected to the reforms aimed at the welfare of the masses.These arguments were criticised. The critics pointed out that the Indian politics itself was a history of protests and agitations.

Therefore people have the right to protest against the government and its policies. None of the arrested people had committed any treason or any such grave offences. No case was registered against any of them. The threat was not to the country but to the Prime Minister and the Congress government. So there was no need for any Emergency. They felt that Indira Gandhi misused the constitutional provision for serving her personal needs.

Question 15.
The declaration of emergency was regarded as a test for excellence of democracy. In this test our democracy exhibited its strength and weakness. Express your opinion regarding the strength and weakness of our democracy on the basis of emergency.
Answer:
The following things will show the strength of Indian democracy. First, it was proved that democracy can’t be destroyed in India. Second, the vagueness or ambiguity of this article in the Constitution was removed. Internal Emergency could be declared by the President with the approval of the Cabinet only when there was an armed revolution in the country. Third, it evaluated the freedom of a citizen. After the Emergency, the Court took measures to ensure the fundamental rights of the citizens. Finally many citizens’ right groups were formed.

The Emergency also shows some weaknesses of our Constitution. First, the tensions that happen between the vested interests of the political parties and the running of the government. It was the police and the bureaucrats that implemented the Emergency. They were not able to function independently. Often they had to function as the yes-men of the ruling parties. Even now this problem is persisting.

Question 16.
“The 1977 General Election was regarded as a referendum on the experience of emergency”. Do you think the election manifested the referendum by its results? Give your explanation.
Answer:
The 1977 election was certainly a referendum after the Emergency. Even before the Emergency, public opinion had turned against the Congress government. Emergency made the people turn against the Party. The people made a slogan asking the Opposition to save democracy. The Opposition Parties joined together and became the Janata Party. They rallied under the leadership of Jay Prakash Narayan .

The Janata Party made the 1977 election a referendum. Their propaganda focused on the violation of people’s fundamental rights, the arrest of thousands of people and censorship imposed on the media.Jay Prakash Narayan became the symbol of de-mocracy. With the coming of the Janata Party, the opposition votes would not get scattered among different parties. Because of these reasons, Congress lost in the election.

Question 17.
There was a belief that “ The alternative of Congress Party can not complete its tenure”. This belief proved to be true with the case of Janata Party. Can you evaluate the reason behind this belief?
Answer:
Only Congress had the claim to be part of the freedom struggle. The Opposition Parties did not have an all-India base or influence. They did not even have a strong slogan. This was the situation of the Grand Alliance. But by the time of the 1977 election, things had changed. Then they had a serious issue before them and also a strong leader. The Janata Party was bound by unity. But, after the election, there was a stiff competition for the prime ministership. There was Morarji Desai who opposed Mrs. Gandhi since 1966. Then there was Charan Singh, the leader of Bhartiya Lok Dal.

There was also Jagjivan Ram, who was an experienced Minister in many Congress Ministries. Finally Morarji Desai became the PM. But that did not solve the problems in the Janata Party.Janata Party was just a group of parties that joined together because of Emergency. It had no sense of direction or a definite goal. It failed to bring about any fundamental change. In 18 months, it lost its majority.

Then Congress supported the Charan Singh Ministry. But very soon Congress withdrew its support. Charan Singh was in power only for 4 months. In the election of 1980, the Janata Party lost badly. Congress under Indira Gandhi came back to power with a big majority. Later Congress became a Party that sought the support of many other parties and interest groups arguing that it was a party with a Socialist leaning working for the welfare of the poor.

Question 18.
The Congress Party justified the implementation of emergency. It wanted to use the emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and to implement the proper welfare programmes. Try to write a brief note about the positive actions of Indira Gandhi government during emergency.
Answer:
Indira Gandhi declared a 20-point Programme. Some of the programmes were land reform, land distribution, increasing agricultural wages, representation of workers in the management and abolition of forced or compulsory labour. In the beginning the urban and middle class people were happy because there were no protests and agitations, strikes and hartals. Discipline was good. The poor people thought welfare schemes would bring them prosperity. Thus different people had different views and different expectations about the Emergency.

Question 19.
‘Shah Commission’ is the commission appointed to inquire into several aspects of emergency proclaimed on the 25th June 1975. Prepare a brief note about Shah Commission.
Answer:
J.C. Shah was a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Janata Government set up a commission under his chairmanship to look into the charges made against the government during the Emergency period. The Shah Commission made detailed enquiries. Indira Gandhi also appeared before the Commission but she did not answer any question put to her.The findings, observations and recommendations were approved by the Janata Government. The report was presented in both the Loa Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

Question 20.
Railway is the biggest public sector undertaking in India. The functioning of Railway is closely associated with the economy of the country. But in 1974 the Railway employees started a nationwide strike. Do you think such a strike can be justified? Express your opinion in the light of ,1974 Railway Strike.
Answer:
The National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen, under the leadership of George Fernandez, embarked on a nationwide strike to press for their demands. Since railway service came under essential services, some questions were asked. Is the strike legal? Can the workers strike for claiming certain things? The Government declared the strike illegal. It did not approve the demands of the workers. Prominent leaders were arrested and border security personnel were deployed for the protection of the railway tracks. The strike was called off after 20 days without arriving at any solution.

In my opinion, workers have the right to make reasonable demands as India is a democratic country. But it should not be done in such a way by making the country come to a standstill. Sabotaging the economic security of the country is illegal and like treason. If the strike was because the authorities refused to pay reasonable salaries and other facilities, the strike could be justified to an extent. But here the strike was for an increase in their bonus and getting other benefits. Therefore their strike can’t be justified.

Question 21.
‘Naxalite’ is a general term used to indicate those persons who follow extra constitutional methods to achieve their objectives. Express your opinion about the Naxalite movement in the light of Naxalite movement in India.
Answer:
The word Naxalite came from a peasant revolt in Naxalbari, a hilly region in Darjeeling in West Bengal. The leaders of this revolt were the local leaders of the CPI (M). Later it came to be known as the Naxalite Movement. In 1969, a new Party different from CPI (M) was formed and it was called CPI (ML). Charu Majumdar was its leader. The CPI (ML) resorted to Guerrilla tactics to press their claims.

The Naxalites forcefully took land from the rich people and gave Tito the poor peasants. They think that for achieving one’s goal one can use violence. Although strict actions were taken against the Naxalite Movement, it was not possible to suppress it completely. Recently in the Nandigram issue, the Naxalites became strong. In some areas Maoists are getting strong. This is an issue that should be carefully handled by the Central and State Governments. The growth of Naxalites might jeopardise the peaceful life of the country.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Describe the term ‘Committed Bureaucracy’.
Answer:
Committed Bureaucracy means the government officials must be willing to carry out the principles and policies of the ruling party. They should do things as directed by the Party. It means the officials should be loyal not only to what is written in the Constitution but also to the Ruling Party. In countries like China we can see committed bureaucracy.

Question 2.
What do you know about Railway strike of 1974?
Answer:
In 1974, the railway workers demanded bonus and better service conditions. But the government did not accede to their demands. To put pressure on the government, the railway workers, under George Fernandez, went on a nation-wide strike.

Question 3.
What do you understand by Civil Liberties Organisation?
Answer:
Civil Liberties Organization came as a result of the Emergency. Two Organizations named Civil Liberties Democratic Organization and People’s Organization for Democratic Rights were formed after the Emergency period.

Question 4.
Who was the leader of ’Congress for Democracy’?
Answer:
Jagjivan Ram

Question 5.
…………… was the first Prime Minister be-longing to a non-Congress Party.
Answer:
Morarji Desai

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers