Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Basic Science Solutions Chapter 20 Static Electricity in Malayalam

Students can Download Basic Science Chapter 20 Static Electricity Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Activity in Malayalam Medium, Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Basic Science Solutions helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala State Syllabus 8th Standard Basic Science Solutions Chapter 20 Static Electricity in Malayalam

Static Electricity Text Book Questions and Answers

Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Basic Science Solutions Chapter 20 Static Electricity in Malayalam 1

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Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Basic Science Solutions Chapter 19 Sound in Malayalam

Students can Download Basic Science Chapter 19 Sound Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Activity in Malayalam Medium, Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Basic Science Solutions helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala State Syllabus 8th Standard Basic Science Solutions Chapter 19 Sound in Malayalam

Sound Text Book Questions and Answers

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Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper Set 5 English Medium

Students can read Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper Set 5 English Medium and Kerala SSLC Physics Previous Year Question Papers helps you to score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper Set 5 English Medium

General Instructions:

  1. The first 15 minutes is the cool off time. You may – use the time to read and plan your answers.
  2. Answer the questions only after reading the instructions and questions thoroughly.
  3. Questions with marks series 1, 2, 3 and 4 are categorized as sections A, B, C and D respectively.
  4. Five questions are given in each section. Answer any four from each section.
  5. Answer each question by keeping the time.

Time: 1½ Hours
Total Score: 40 Marks

Section – A

Answer any four questions. Each question carries 1 score. [4 × 1 = 4]

Question 1.
Fill suitably
Generator → Armature → Induced e.m.f
Microphone → _____ → Induced e.m.f
Answer:
Voice coil

Question 2.
Name two solar devices.
Answer:
Solar panel, Solar cooker.

Question 3.
Give any one factor that influences the direction of motion of a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
Answer:
Direction of electric current / Direction of magnetic field.

Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium

Question 4.
Which effect of electric current is made used in safety fuse?
Answer:
Heating effect.

Question 5.
What is the critical angle of glass?
answer:
42°

Section – B

Answer any 4 questions. Each question carries 2 score. [4 × 2 = 8]

Question 6.
Give two practical applications of total internal reflection.
Answer:

  1. In medical field – Endoscope
  2. In field of Tele communication – Optical fibre cables

Question 7.
a) What is refraction?
b) What is the reason for refraction?
Answer:
a) When a ray of light entering obliquely from one medium to another, its path undergoes a deviation at the surface of separation,
b) Refraction is due to the difference in the optical densities of different media.

Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium

Question 8.
The statements given below are related to a step down transformer. Tabulate them as those related to primary and secondary.
i) Winding with thick wire.
ii) Current flowing at higher voltage
iii) Winding with thin wire
iv) current flowing at a low voltage.
Answer:
Primary:

  • Winding with thin wire
  • Current flowing at higher voltage

Secondary:

  • Winding with thick wire
  • Current flowing at low voltage.

Question 9.
A child sitting at the back bench of a classroom is unable to see the letters on the board clearly. What is the defect of the eye of the child? How can it be remedied? Draw its ray diagram.
Answer:
Nearsightedness.
This can be overcome by using concave lens of suitable focal length.

Question 10.
Why is hydrogen not used as a domestic fuel?
Answer:
Hydrogen is highly inflammable and explosive. It is difficult to be stored and transported.

Section – C

Answer any 4 questions. Each question carries 3 score. [4 × 3 = 12]

Question 11.
Classify the energy from the following sources as green energy and brown energy. Solar cells, atomic reactor, tidal energy, hydroelectric power, diesel energies, windmills, thermal power.
Answer:

Green energy Brown energy
Solar cells Atomic reactors
Tidal energy Diesel engines
Hydro electric power Thermal power station
Windmills

Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium

Question 12.
Observe the circuit diagram given below and answer the following questions.
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 1
a) Which are the instruments labelled as P and Q in the diagram?
b) If you replace the copper wire AB with a Nichrome wire of same length and area of cross section.
i) What change would you notice in the reading on the device Q? Why?
ii) What will happen to the heat produced in the conductor? Explain with references to Joule’s Law.
Answer:
a) P – Rheostat
Q – Ammeter

b) i) Reading will decrease. Due to high resistance current decreases
ii) Because of Nichrome’s high resistance the current in the circuit will decrease.
According to Joules law H = I²Rt, decrease in the amount of current will reduce the amount of heat.

Question 13.
Roshan observed a beautiful rainbow in the western Sky from his school ground.
a) When did Roshan observe the rainbow? [Morning, Noon, Evening, Prediction of time is impossible]
b) Draw the diagram of dispersion taking place in a water droplet during the formation of a rainbow.
Answer:
a) Morning.
b)
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 2

Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium

Question 14.
Observe the picture and answer the questions.
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 3
a) What happens to the air column around the paper core when the voice coil vibrates?
b) Is the voice coil vibrates if d.c. reaches the voice coil?
c) What is the working principle?
d) Mention the energy change taking place.
Answer:
a) Air column also vibrates. As a result sound is produced.
b) No. Because there is no flux change occurs.
c) Motor principle
d) Electrical energy sound energy

Question 15.
Wrap a rubber ball of diameter 12 cm completely with an aluminium foil and make the surfaces smooth. Where will be the image of an object kept 12 cm away from the centre of the ball? Is the image real or virtual?
Answer:
Diameter = 12 cm. R = 6 cm
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 4

Section – D

Answer any 4 questions. Each question carries 4 score. [4 × 4 = 16]

Question 16.
A motor cyclist observes a car coming from behind with a magnification 1/6. If the actual distance between the car and the bike is 30 m calculate the radius of curvature of the mirror.
Answer:
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 5

Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium

Question 17.
Observe the circuit A and B shown below:
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 6
a) If current through 40 W bulb in the circuit A is 0.6 A What is the current through 100 W bulb in the same circuit.
b) Which among the above two circuit is suitable for house hold connection?
c) What are the advantages of using above circuit for house hold electric connection?
Answer:
a) 0.6 A
b) Parallel connection.
c)

  • Bulbs can be controlled individually, using switches.
  • All the appliances works as per the power marked on them.
  • The same voltage is available for all the bulbs.
  • Total resistance decreases.

Question 18.
a) A bulb of power 40 W is designed to operate at 240 V. Calculate resistance of the filament in the bulb.
b) What are the characteristics required for the material chosen for making filament of incandescent lamp?
Answer:
a) V = 240 V
P = 40 W
R = ?
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 7

b)

  1. High resistance
  2. High melting point
  3. High ductility
  4. Ability to emit white light in the white hot condition.

Question 19.
Blue colour of sky is due to the phenomenon of scattering
a) What is meant by scattering
b) How is Tyndal effect related to above phenomenon?
c) What are the advantage of using infrared photography?
d) In which colour does sky appear when viewed from moon?
Answer:
a) Irregular and partial reflection of light is scattering.
b) When rays of light pass through a colloidal fluid or suspension, the tiny particles get illuminated due to scattering. Because of this, the path of light is made visible. This phenomenon is Tyndat effect.
c) To take clear photographs of distant objects.
d) The sky is seen dark.

Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium

Question 20.
Primary of a transformer has 20,000 turns and the secondary has 30,000 turns. 160 V AC is applied at the primary of the transformer?
a) What is the voltage available at secondary of the above transformer?
b) If the number of turns in the secondary transformer is greater than that in the primary then more voltage is induced in the secondary. Why?
c) How much power must be supplied to the primary of the transformer so that 500 W power is obtained from secondary?
Answer:
a) Np = 20000
Ns = 30000
Vp = 160 V
Vs = ?
Kerala SSLC Physics Model Question Paper 5 English Medium 8
b) Induced emf is directly proportional to number of turns.
c) 500 W

Kerala SSLC Maths Question Paper March 2019 with Answers Malayalam Medium

Students can read Kerala SSLC Maths Question Paper March 2019 with Answers Malayalam Medium and Kerala SSLC Maths Previous Year Question Papers with Answers helps you to score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Maths Question Paper March 2019 with Answers Malayalam Medium

Kerala SSLC Maths Previous Year Question Paper March 2019 Malayalam Medium 1

Kerala SSLC Maths Previous Year Question Paper March 2019 Malayalam Medium 2
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Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता)

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता)

Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) 1
प्रश्न 1.
यह चित्र किससे संबंधित है?
उत्तर:
नमक सत्याग्रह से संबन्धित है।

प्रश्न 2.
यह यात्रा किसके लिए थी? (Page 9)
उत्तर:
यह ऐतिहासिक दण्डी यात्रा नमक कानून को तोड़कर नमक बनाने केलिए थी।

प्रश्न 3.
दो शब्दों के मेल से बने हुए अनेक शब्द कविता में हैं। उन्हें चुनकर लिखें।
जैसेः नीलांबर – नीले रंग का अंबर
उत्तर:

हरित तट  हरित रंग का तट
सूर्य-चन्द्र सूर्य और चन्द्र
शेषफन  शेष का फन
खग- वृद खगों का वृंद
हर्षयुत  हर्ष से युक्त
खेलकूद  खेल और कूद
प्रेम प्रवाह  प्रेम का प्रवाह

प्रश्न 4.
कवि ने मातृभूमि का वर्णन किस प्रकार किया है?
उत्तरः
मातृभूमि के हरे-भरे तट पर आकाश नीले रंग के वस्त्र की तरह शोभित है। सूर्य और चन्द्र इस भूमि का मुकुट है और समुद्र करधनी है। नदियाँ प्रेम प्रवाह है और फूल-तारे आभूषण है। बंदीजन पक्षियों का समूह है और शेष नाग का फन सिंहासन है। बादल पानी बरसाकर उसका अभिषेक करते रहते हैं। इस तरह की सगुण साकार मूर्ति है मातृभूमि।

प्रश्न 5.
मातृभूमि से कवि का बचपन कैसे जुडा है?
उत्तरः
मातृभूमि की धूली में लोट-लोट कर कवि बडे हुए है। इसी धरती पर घुटनों के बल पर रेंगकर वे धीरे-धीरे पौरों पर खडा रहना सीख लिया है। इसी पुण्य भूमि में रहकर उसने श्रीरामकृष्ण परमहंस की तरह सब सुखों को बाल्यकाल में ही भोगा है। इसके कारण ही उसे धूल भरे हीरे कहलाए।

प्रश्न 6.
तेरा प्रत्युपकार कभी क्या हमसे होगा – कवि इस प्रकार क्यों सोचता है?
उत्तरः
माता द्वारा अपने बच्चों केलिए किए गए कार्यों केलिए प्रत्युपकार करना आसान नहीं है। माँ का स्नेह असीम है। यहाँ मातृभूमि माँ का प्रतीक है। माँ की निस्वार्थ सेवाओं केलिए प्रस्तुपकार कभी नहीं कर सकता।

मातृभूमि अनुवर्ती कार्य:

प्रश्न 1.
कविता की अस्वादन टिप्पणी लिखें।
उत्तरः
द्विवेदी युग के प्रसिद्ध कवि है श्री मैधिली शरण गुप्त। वे राष्ट्रकवि माने जाते हैं। मातृभूमि गुप्त जी की एक प्रसिद्ध कविता है, जिसमें अपने जन्मभूमि का गुणगान करके उसकेलिए अपने जान भी देना का आह्वान करते हैं। मातृभूमि के हरियाली केलिए नीलाकाश एक सुंदर वस्त्र की तरह शोभित है। सूरज और चाँद इसकी मुकुट है, सागर इसकी करधनी है। यहाँ बहनेवाली नदियाँ प्रेम का प्रवाह है। तारे और फूल इसके आभूषण है। पक्षियाँ स्तुतिपाठक है, आदिशेष का सहस्र फन सिंहासन है। बादलों पानी बरसाकर इसका अभिषेक करते हैं। कवि अपनी मातृभूमि के इस सुंदर रूप पर आत्मसमर्पण करते हैं। वे कहते हैं वास्तव में तू सगुण-साकार मूर्ती है।

जन्मभूमि से कवि का बचपन का संबंध व्यक्त करते हुए कवि कहते हैं कि इसके धूली में लोट-लोटकर बडे हुए है। इसी भूमि पर घुटनों के बल पर सरक सरक कर ही पैरों पर खड़ा रहना सीखा। यहाँ रखकर ही बचनप में उसने श्रीरामकृष्ण परमहंस की तरह सभी आनंद पाया। इसके कारण ही उसे धूली भरे हीरे कहलाये। इस जन्मभूमि के गोदी में खेलकूद करके हर्ष का अनुभव किया है। एसी मातृभूमि को देखकर हम आनंद से मग्न हो जाते हैं। कवि कहते हैं – जो सुख शाँती हमने भोगा है, वे सब तुम्हारी ही देन है। तुझसे किए गए उपकारों का बदला देना आसान नहीं है। यह देह तेरा है, तुझसे ही बनी हुई है। तेरे ही जीव-जल से सनी हुई है। अंत में मृत्यु होने पर यह निर्जीव शरीर तू ही अपनाएगा। हे मातृभूमि। अंत में हम सब तेरी ही मिट्टी में विलीन हो जाएगा। सरल शब्दों में कवि मातृभूमि केलिए अपनी जान अर्पित करने की प्रेरणा देती है। आधुनिक समाज में देशप्रेम की ज़रूरत बड़ते जा रहे हैं। आतंकवाद, सांप्रदायिकता आदि को रोकने केलिए देशप्रम की ज़रूरत हैं।

मातृभूमि कविता पढ़कर प्रश्नों का उत्तर लिखें।

प्रश्न 1.
धरती का परिधान क्या है?
उत्तर:
नीलांबर।

प्रश्न 2.
मातृभूमि का मुकुट क्या है?
उत्तरः
सूर्य और चंन्द्र मातृभूमि के मुकुड है।

प्रश्न 3.
मातृभूमि का करधनी क्या है?
उत्तरः
मातृभूमि का करधनी समुद्र है।

प्रश्न 4.
कौन मातृभूमि के स्तुति गीत गाते है?
उत्तरः
पक्षियों का समूह।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि अपनी मातृभूमि केलिए क्या करना चाहते हैं?
उत्तरः
कवि अपनी मातृभूमि के लिए आत्मसमर्पण करना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि कैसे बड़े हुए हैं?
उत्तरः
इस धरती की धूली में लोट-लोट कर बड़े हुए है।

प्रश्न 7.
कवि पैरों पर खडा रहना कैसे सीखा है?
उत्तरः
इस धरती में घुटनों के बल पर रेंगकर पैरों पर खड़ा रहना सीखा।

Plus Two Hindi मातृभूमि Questions and Answers

सूचनाः

निम्नलिखित कवितांश पढ़ें और 1 से 4 तक के प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।

नीलांबर परिधान हरित तट पर सुंदर है।
सूर्य-चंद्र युग मुकुट, मेखला रत्नाकर है।।
नदियाँ प्रेम प्रवाह फूल तारे मंडन हैं।
बंदीजन खग-वृंद, शेषफन सिंहासन है।।
करते अभिषेक पयोद हैं, बलिहारी इस वेष की।
हे मातृभूमि! तू सत्य ही, सगुण मूर्ति सर्वेश की।।

प्रश्न 1.
इसके रचनाकर कौन है? (आनंद बख्शी, कुँवर नारायण, मैथिलीशरण गुप्त, जगदीश गुप्त
उत्तरः
मैथिलीशरण गुप्त

प्रश्न 2.
“रत्नाकर’ शब्द का समानार्थी शब्द कोष्ठक से चुनकर लिखें। (नदी, समुद्र, तालाब, नाला)
उत्तरः
समुद्र

प्रश्न 3.
मातृभूमि के आभूषण क्या-क्या हैं?
उत्तरः
नीलांबर, सूर्य-चन्द्र युग, रत्नाकर, नदियाँ, फूल तारे, खग – वृंद, शेषफन आदि मातृभूमि के आभूषण है।

प्रश्न 4.
कवितांश की आस्वादन-टिप्पणी लिखें।
उत्तरः
द्विवेदी युग के प्रसिद्ध कवि है श्री मैथिलीशरण गुप्त। वे राष्ट्रकवि माने जाते हैं। प्रस्तुत कविताँश में कवि मातृभूमि भारत के गुणगान करते हैं। मातृभूमि के हरियाली में नीलाकाश एक सुंदर वस्त्र की तरह शोभित है। सूरज और चाँद इसकी मुकुट है। सागर इसकी करधनी है। यहाँ बहनेवाली नदियाँ प्रेम का प्रवाह है। पक्षियों मातृभूमि के गुणगान करते है, अदिशेष का सहस्र फन सिंहासन है, बादलों पानी बरसाकर इसका अभिषेक करते है। कवि अपनी मातृभूमि के इस सुंदर रूप पर आत्मसमर्पण करते हैं। कवि कहते हैं वास्तव में तू सगुण-साकार मूर्ती है। यहाँ कवि तत्सम शब्दों के साथ भारतीय दर्शन को साथ लिया है। धरती माँ के समान है। वह जीवनदायिनी है। हमें उसकी गरिमा पर गर्व करना चाहिए। इतना सुंदर रूप के साथ धरती माता सजा हुआ है। आज के प्रदूषित जीवन में इस कविता की प्रासंगिकता बहुत बड़ा है।

सूचनाः

निम्नलिखित कवितांश पढ़ें और 1 से 4 तक के प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।

पाकर तुझसे सभी सुखों को हमने भोगा।
तेरा प्रत्युपकार कभी क्या हमसे होगा?
तेरी ही यह देह, तुझी से बनी हुई है।
बस तेरे ही सुरस-सार से सनी हुई है।।

प्रश्न 1.
यह किस कविता का अंश है? (मातृभूमि, सपने का भी हक नहीं, कुमुद फूल बेचनेवाली लड़की, आदमी का चेहरा)
उत्तरः
मातृभूमि

प्रश्न 2
कवि की राय में भारवासियों की देह किससे बनी हुई है?
उत्तरः
मातृभूमि से/ मिट्टी से

प्रश्न 3.
तेरा प्रत्युपकार कभी क्या हमसे होगा? ऐसा क्यों कहा गया है?
उत्तरः
मातृभूमि माँ के समान है। जिस प्रकार माँ की ममता का प्रत्युपकार कर नहीं सकता है उसी प्रकार मातृभूमि का भी प्रत्युपकार हम नहीं कर सकते। मातृभूमि का स्थान हम मानव से भी श्रेष्ठ है।

प्रश्न 4.
कवितांश की आस्वादन-टिप्पणी लिखें।
उत्तरः
राष्ट्रकवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की विख्यात कविता है “मातृभूमि”। इसमें मातृभूमि को हमने जननी का स्थान दिया है। मातृभूमि के लिए हमें अपना जीवन अर्पित करना है।

मातृभूमि के महत्व के बारे में याद करते हुए गुप्तजी कह रहे हैं आज तक जिन सुखों को हमने प्राप्त किया है, वह मातृभूमि का देन है। कवि कह रहे हैं, मातृभूमि माँ जैसी है। ऐसी मातृभूमि का प्रत्युपकार कभी भी हमसे नहीं हो सकता। हमारा शरीर जो है, तुम्हारी मिट्टी से बनी हुई है। तेरे ही जीव-जल से सनी हुई है। तुझसे किए गए उपकारों का बदला देना आसान नहीं है।

सरल शब्दों में कवि मातृभूमि के लिए अपनी जान अर्पित करने की प्रेरणा दे रही है। कविता की भाषा एवं भाव अत्यंत सरल एवं सारगर्भित है।

सूचनाः

निम्नलिखित कवितांश पढ़ें और प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।

नीलंबर परिधान हरित पट पर सुंदर है।
सूर्य-चंद्र युग मुकुट, मेखला रत्नाकर है।।
नदियाँ प्रेम प्रवाह फूल तारे मंडन हैं।
बंदीजन खग-वृंद, शेषफन सिंहासन है।।
करत अभिषेक पयोद हैं, बलिदारी इस वेष की।
हे मातृभूमि! तू सत्य ही, सगुण मूर्ति सर्वेश की।।

प्रश्न 1.
मातृभूमि किसकी सगुण मूर्ति है? (ईश्वर की, माता की, गुरु की)
उत्तरः
ईश्वर की

प्रश्न 2.
मातृभूमि का मुकट क्या है?
उत्तरः
सूर्य और चंद्र

प्रश्न 3.
कवि मातृभूमि पर बलिहारी होता है। क्यों?
उत्तरः
मातृभूमि और प्रकृति में अटूट संबंध है। इसलिए कवि मातृभूमि को ईश्वर की सगुण मूर्ति मानता है और मातृभूमि पर बलिहारी होता हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
द्विवेदीयुगीन कविता की विशेषताओं पर चर्चा करके कवितांश की आस्वादन-टिप्पणी लिखें।
उत्तरः
द्विवेदी युग में कविता राष्ट्रीयता तथा समाज-सुधार की भावनाओं से मुखरित है। देशप्रेम, मानवतावाद तथा संवच्छंद प्रकृति चित्रण आदि भी देख सकते हैं। इस समय के प्रसिद्ध कवि है मैथिलीशरण गुप्त। साकेत, यशोधरा, पंचवटी आदि आपके प्रसिद्ध रचनायें हैं। मातृभूमि गुप्त जी के एक प्रसिद्ध कविता है। इसमें कवि मातृभूमि के वर्णन किया है। हरित तट में नीलांबर यानी आकाश रूपी वस्त्र सौंदर्य देते हैं। सूर्य और चंद्र पृथ्वी के मुकंट है। समुद्र इस रूप की मेखला है। प्रेम प्रवाह के रूप में नदियाँ हैं। फूल और तारे आभूषण है। खग-वृंद वंदना करतें हैं। सिंहासन रूप में शेषनाग का फण हैं। पयोद पृथ्वी पर अभिषेक करते हैं। सत्य ही मातृभूमि ईश्वर की सगुण मूर्ति हैं और कवि इस वेष की बलिदारी होते हैं।

इस कवितांश में तत्सम शब्दों को इस्तेमाल किया है। प्रकृति, देशप्रेम आदि के प्रमुखता है। आज भी प्रासंगिकता रखते हैं यह छात्रानुकूल कविता।

सूचनाः

निम्नलिखित कवितांश पढ़ें और प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखें।

पाकर मुझसे सभी सुखों को हमने भोगा।
तेरा प्रत्युपकार कभी क्या हमसे होगा?
तेरी ही यह देह, तुझी से बनी हुई है।
बस तेरे ही सुरस-सार से सनी हुई है।
फिर अंत समय तू ही इसे अचल देख अपनाएगी।
हे मातृभूमि! यह अंत में तुझमें ही मिल जाएगी।।

प्रश्न 1.
‘मातृभूमि’ किस युग की कविता है? (द्विवेदी युग, छायावादी युग, प्रगतिवादी युग)
उत्तरः
द्विवेदी युग

प्रश्न 2.
‘धुलि’ का समानार्थी शब्द कवितांश से ढूँढ़ें। (सनी, बनी, मिली)
उत्तरः
सनी

प्रश्न 3.
‘तेरा प्रस्तुपकार कभी क्या हमसे होगा’ – कवि ऐसा क्यों कहता है?
उत्तरः
हमारा सबकुछ मातृभूमि से मिली है। यह देह, यह जीवन और अंत में हमें स्वीकार करनेवाला भी मातृभूमि है। इसलिए कवि ऐसा कहता है।

प्रश्न 4.
कवि एवं काव्यधारा का परिचय देते हुए कवितांश की आस्वादन टिप्पणी लिखें।
उत्तरः
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ द्विवेदी युग के प्रसिद्ध कवि श्री मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा लिखा गया है। देशप्रेम, वीरता, प्रकृति चित्रण आदि इस समय के विशेषताएँ है। खड़ी बोली का विकास भी इस काल में हुआ है। साकेत पंचवटी यशोधरा आदि गुप्त जी के प्रसिद्ध रचनायें हैं।

प्रस्तुत कवितांश में मातृभूमि के विशेषतायें व्यक्त करते हैं। हमारा सभी सुखों का कारण मातृभूमि है। हमारा यह शरीर भी इस पृथ्वी से मिला है। हमें जीवन दिया है और मृत्यु के बाद वापस स्वीकार करेगा। इसलिए कवि के विचार में मातृभूमि का प्रत्युपकार करना असंभव है। यह छात्रानुकूल और प्रासंगिक कविता से कवि हमारे मन में देशप्रेम, प्रकृति से अटुट संबंध आदि दिखाते हैं। खड़ीबोली के साथ-साथ तत्सम शब्द भी यहाँ प्रयुक्त हुआ है। सभी नागरिकों को जागरित करने केलिए कविता सफल है।

मातृभूमि कवि का परिचय

Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) 2
– मैथिली शरण गुप्त

मैथिली शरण गुप्त राष्ट्रकवि मैथिली शरण गुप्त का जन्म उत्तर प्रदेश के चिरगांव में 1885 में हुआ। भारतीय पुराणों में उपेक्षित कथा प्रसंग एवं पात्रों को लेकर युगानुरूप काव्य उन्होंने लिखे। साकेत, यशोधरा, जयद्रध वध आदि उनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ है।

मातृभूमि गुप्तजी की प्रमुख कविता है। इसमें कवि ने मातृभूमि को हमारी जननी के स्थान देकर उसकेलिए अपने जीवन अर्पित करने का आह्वान करती है।

मातृभूमि Summary in Malayalam

Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) 3
Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) 4
Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) 5
Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) 6

मातृभूमि Glossary

Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) Glossary 1

Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 मातृभूमि (कविता) Glossary 2

Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 झंड़ा ऊँचा रहे हमारा

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 झंड़ा ऊँचा रहे हमारा Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus Two Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 झंड़ा ऊँचा रहे हमारा

झंड़ा ऊँचा रहे हमारा इकाई परिचय :

आपकी पहली इकाई है झंडा ऊँचा रहे हमारा। यह इकाई स्वतंत्रता के महत्व को दर्शाकर देशप्रेम की माँग करती है। पहला पाठ भारत के राष्ट्रकवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की देशप्रेम भरी कविता है। मातृभूमि का गुणगान करनेवाली यह कविता देश के लिए अपनी जान अर्पित करने का परोक्ष आह्वान करती है। इकाई का दूसरा पाठ सम्राट बहादुरशाह ज़फर द्वारा अपनी बेटी को जेल से भेजा गया खत है। अपनी बेटी तथा देश की जनता के प्रति सम्राट के प्यार-भरे आँसू से खत भीगा पड़ा है। आगे भारत की स्वतंत्रता की ऐतिहासिक वेला में लाल किले पर तिरंगा झंडा फहराते हुए देशवासियों को संबोधित करनेवाले प्रथम प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू का भाषण है। इकाई के हर पाठ के ज़रिए भारत का तिरंगा झंडा ऊँचाई पर लहरा रहा है।

झंड़ा ऊँचा रहे हमारा പാഠപരിചയം :

Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 झंड़ा ऊँचा रहे हमारा 1
Plus Two Hind Textbook Answers Unit 1 झंड़ा ऊँचा रहे हमारा 2

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

Students can Download Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation Notes, Plus Two Zoology Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity
The diversity is not only at the species level but at all levels from macromolecules within cells to biomes. Edward Wilson has described the biodiversity as follows

(i) Genetic diversity:
It is diversity at the genetic level. For example the Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in different Himalayan ranges shows the genetic variation i.e due to the concentration of the active chemical (reserpine) that the plant produces.

India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice, and 1,000 varieties of mango.

(ii) Species diversity:
It is the diversity at the species level. For example, the Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

(iii) Ecological diversity:
It is the diversity at the ecosystem level. For example, the different type of ecosystems within India are deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries.

Alpine meadows has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway. Internationally, the biodiversity and its conservation are vital environmental issues because it is important for survival of human beings.

1. How Many Species are there on Earth and How Many in India?
According to the IUCN (2004), the total number of plant and animal species described is slightly more than 1.5 million.

But several species of plants and animals would have to be discovered in tropics and temperate regions.

More than 70 per cent Animals
22 per cent plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms)

Among animals, insects are the most species-rich, it is more than 70 per cent of the total. This indicates that out of every 10 animals on this planet, 7 are insects.

The number of fungi species in the world is more than the combined total of the species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

Indian land area occupies 2.4 per cent of the world’s land area and possess 8.1 per cent of global species diversity. So India is the one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the world.

Nearly 45,000 species of plants and twice as many of animals have been recorded from India.
May’s global estimates shows that 22 percent of the total species have been recorded so far and more than 1,00,000 plant species and more than 3,00, 000 animal species yet to be discovered.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

Representing global biodiversity: proportionate number of species of major taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates:
Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation 1

2. (i) Latitudinal gradients:
The species diversity decreases from the equator towards the poles. Tropics (latitudinal range of 23.5° N to 23.5° S) have more species than temperate or polar areas.

Colombia (near the equator) has nearly 1,400 species of birds while New York at 41° N has 105 species and Greenland at 710 N only 56 species.

India (tropical latitudes) has more than 1,200 species of birds. Equador forest in a tropical region has 10 times species of vascular plants than temperate region, the Midwest of the USA.

Topical Amazonian rain forest in South America has the greatest biodiversity on earth. It possess more than 40,000 species of plants, 3,000 of fishes, 1,300 of birds, 427 of mammals, 427 of amphibians, 378 of reptiles and of more than 1,25,000 invertebrates. About two million insect species have to be discovered in rain forests.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

The reason for the greatest biodiversity in tropics

(a) Temperate regions subjected to frequent glaciations in the past but the tropics undisturbed for millions of years, so in tropics evolution leads to species diversification.
(b) Tropical environments are less seasonal, constant, and predictable. Such constant environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species diversity.
(c) The availability of more solar energy in the tropics causes higher productivity, so it leads to greater diversity.

(ii) Species-Area relationships:
German naturalist and geographer, Alexander von Humboldt observed that relation between species richness and area to be a rectangular hyperbola. It is a straight line in logarithmic-spate. The relationship is given below as equation.

log S = log C + Z log A whereS = Species richness A = Area Z = slope of the line (regression coefficient) C = Y-intercept

The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, (whether it is the plants in Britain, birds in California or molluscs in New York state, the slopes of the regression line are similar).

But, the species-area relationships among large areas like continents, the slope of the line to be much steeper.

Here the Z value lies in the range of 0.6 to 1.2. For example, for fruit-eating birds and mammals in the tropical forests of different continents, the slope is found to be 1.15.

3. The importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem:
The communities with more species are more stable than those with less species. The stable community shows much variation in productivity from year to year; they are resistant to disturbances and spreading of foreign species.

David Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass. He also showed that increased diversity leads to higher productivity. The rich biodiversity is not only for ecosystem health but helpful to the survival of the human race.

4. Loss of Biodiversity:
The colonisation of tropical Pacific Islands by humans led to the extinction of more than 2,000 species of native birds.

The IUCN Red List (2004) included 784 species undergoes extinction.

Including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates and 87 plants.
Some examples are the dodo (Mauritius), quagga(Africa), thylacine (Australia), Steller’s Sea Cow (Russia) and three subspecies (Bali, Javan, Caspian) of tiger.

It was noticed that the disappearance of 27 species in recent days. The 12 per cent of all bird species, 23 per cent of all mammal species, 32 per cent of all amphibian species and 31 per cent of all gymnosperm species in the world face the threat of extinction. Here amphibians are more vulnerable to extinction.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

The study fossil records indicates the mass extinction. It is estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times faster than in the pre-human times.

(a) reduction in plant production,
(b) lowered resistance to environmental factors such as drought and
(c) increased variability in ecosystem processess such as plant productivity, water use, and pest and disease cycles.

Causes of biodiversity losses: It is mainly due to human activities.
There are four major causes

(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation:
This is the most important cause of extinction of animals and plants. This was mainly in tropical rain forests. More than 1000 hectares of rain forest have been lost in recent decades.

The Amazon rain forest is cleared for cultivating soya beans or for conversion to grasslands for raising beef cattle.

The degradation of many habitats by pollution affects the survival of many species. It results large habitats are broken up into small fragments. So the mammals and birds requiring large areas are affected, it leads to the reduction in population.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

(ii) Over-exploitation:
It leads to the over-exploitation of natural resources. For example the extinction of Steller’s sea cow, passenger pigeon was due to humans. The overexploitation of marine fish populations leads to the reduction of commercially important species.

(iii) Alien species invasions:
The introduction of foreign species cause the reduction or extinction of indigenous species. The Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria in east Africa led to the extinction of more than 200 species of cichlid fish in the lake.

The introduction of weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium), Lantana and water hyacinth (Eicchomia) seriously affected the land and aquatic population respectively.

Introduction of African catfish Clarias gariepinus for aquaculture purposes is a threat to the indigenous catfishesin river.

(iv) Co-extinctions:
If two species are in obligatory relation ship the extinction of one species affect the other. Eg-coevolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction of one species leads to the extinction of the other

Biodiversity conservation
1. Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity?
It is mainly based on three concepts narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian, and ethical.

(1) Narrowly utilitarian:
Humans get economic benefits from nature food (cereals, pulses, fruits), firewood, fibre, construction material, industrial products (tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, perfumes) and products of medicinal importance.

More than 25 per cent of the drugs are obtained from plants. Many medicinally useful plants would have to be discovered from the tropical rain forests.

(2) Broadly utilitarian:
Biodiversity plays a major role in ecosystem services . Amazon forest is through photosynthesis produce 20 per cent of the total oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere.

Pollination is another ecosystems service by bees, bumblebees, birds and bats. Nature provides aesthetic pleasures of watching spring flowers in full bloom and bulbul’s song in the morning.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

(3) Ethical:
Every species has an intrinsic value so they are conserved for future generations.

2. How do we conserve Biodiversity?
It is through in situ (on site) conservation and ex situ (off site) conservation
In situ conservation:
Some areas of country are identified as ‘biodiversity hotspots’ These region shows high species richness and high degree of endemism.

In world the total number of biodiversity hotspots is 34. In India biodiversity hot spot identified as western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya. All the biodiversity hotspots cover less than 2 percent of the earth’s land area
In India, biodiversity-rich regions are protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. India has 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national parks and 448 wildlife sanctuaries.

Besides these the sacred groves such as in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh conserve and protect large number of rare and threatened plants.

Ex-situ Conservation:
It is the conservation of threatened animals and plants outside their natural habitat. Examples are Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks.

As a part of conservation gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques. In this technique, fertilized eggs, embryos, seeds etc are also stored.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 8 Biodiversity and Conservation

In the Convention on Biological Diversity (The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, nations taken measures for conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable utilisation.

In a follow-up, the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa, 190 countries taken the decision to achieve biodiversity at 2010 and decrease the current rate of reduction.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

Students can Download Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare Notes, Plus Two Zoology Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes In Household Products
Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare 1
The traditional drink ‘Toddy’ is made by fermenting sap from palms.
Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare 2

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare
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Microbes In Industrial Products
Microbes are used to synthesise a number of products such as beverages and antibiotics. These are produced in large scale by using large vessels called fermentors.

1. Fermented Beverages:
Fermentors:
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Fermentation plant:
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Yeasts ( brewer’s yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is used for the production of beverages like wine, beer, whisky, brandy or rum.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

Different type of alcoholic drinks are made depending on the type of the raw material used for fermentation and the type of processing.

Wine and beer are produced without distillation Whisky, brandy and rum are produced by distillation of the fermented broth

2. Antibiotics:
Antibiotics are chemical substances, they are isolated form some microbes and used to kill or destroy the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes.

Penicillin was the first discovered antibiotic from the mould Penicillium notatum. Alexander Fleming while working on Staphylococci bacteria, observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which Staphylococci could not grow. It was due to a chemical produced by the mould and he named it as Penicillin.

Chain and Florey developed penicillin for commercial use. This antibiotic was used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II. Fleming, Chain and Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945, for this discovery. Many antibiotics are used to treat diseases such as plague, whooping cough, diphtheria leprosy etc.

3. Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules:

  • Aspergillus niger(a fungus)- citric acid
  • Acetobacter aceti(a bacterium) – acetic acid
  • Clostridium butylicum (a bacterium)- butyric acid
  • Lactobacillus (a bacterium)- lactic acid
  • Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)- ethanol

1. Lipases:
They are used in detergent, helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry.

2. Streptokinase:
It is obtained from bacterium Streptococcus used as a ‘clot buster’ for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

3. Cyclosporin A (Immunosuppressive agent):
It is produced by the fungus Trichodermapolysporum. It is helpful to patients subjected to organ-transplant.

4. Statins:
It is obtained from yeast Monascus purpureus used to lower blood-cholesterol level It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.

Microbes In Sewage Treatment
The waste water generated in cities and towns contain large quantity of human excreta and waste materials called as sewage. It contains organic matter and microbes. It is treated in sewage treatment plants (STPs). It is done by two stages.

Primary treatment:
It is the removal of large and small particles from the sewage through filtration and sedimentation.; Initially, floating debris is removed by sequential filtration. Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by sedimentation. All solids that settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent.

The effluent ready for secondary treatment:
Secondary treatment:
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An aerial view of sewage plant:
Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare 7

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

Secondary treatment or Biological treatment:
The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks that is agitated and air is pumped into it. It results the vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into floes (bacteria associated with fungal filaments forms mesh like structures).

The growing microbes consume the organic matter in the effluent. It reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent.

This treatment is continued till the BOD is reduced. After reducing the BOD, the effluent is passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘floes’ are allowed to sediment. This sediment is called activated sludge.

A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to.serve as the inoculum. The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters. Here the bacteria and the fungi are digested. This process releases gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide.

These gases form biogas and used as source of energy Later the effluent is released into natural water bodies like rivers and streams.

The Ministry of Environment and Forests has initiated Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan to save these major rivers of our country from pollution.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes In Production Of Biogas
Bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material, produce large amount of methane along with CO2 and H2. They are called as methanogens. eg Methanobacterium.

These bacteria are commonly found in the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment and in the rumen (a part of stomach) of cattle.

The excreta (dung) of cattle is rich in these bacteria. It is used for generation of biogas, commonly called gobar gas.

The biogas plant consists of a concrete tank (10 – 15 feet deep) in which bio-wastes are collected and a slurry of dung is fed. The biogas plant has an outlet, which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas to nearby houses. The spent slurry is removed through another outlet and used as fertiliser.
A typical biogas plant:
Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare 8
The biogas thus produced is used for cooking and lighting.

The technology of biogas production was developed in India by the joint efforts of Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes As Biocontrol Agents
Biocontrol is controlling of plant diseases and pests by biological methods instead of using insecticides pesticides and weedicides.

Biological control of pests and diseases:
In agriculture, natural predation is practiced instead of using chemicals. So it is called sustainable agriculture

1. The beetle with red and black markings – the Ladybird, and Dragonflies are useful to eliminate aphids and mosquitoes, respectively.

2. Bacillus thuringiensis is used to control butterfly caterpillars is an example of microbial biocontrol. Here cry gene of bacteria introduced into cotton plant and it is called as Bt cotton.

If these plants are eaten by the insect larvae. In the gut of the larvae, the oxin is released and the larvae get killed.

3. Trichoderma species are free-living fungi that are very common in the root ecosystems. They are effective bio control agents of several plant pathogens.

4. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods.

5. The genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus are species-specific and have narrow spectrum insecticidal applications

This is better in the area having beneficial insects that are coming under integrated pest management (IPM) programme.

Plus Two Zoology Notes Chapter 7 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes As Biofertilisers
1. For example, the root nodules of leguminous plants have the symbiotic association of Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen which is used by the plant as nutrient. Other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen eg- Azospirillum and Azotobacter( free-living in the soil) enriching the nitrogen content of the soil.

2. Fungi form symbiotic associations with plants (mycorrhiza). The genus Glomus form mycorrhiza. The fungal symbiont absorbs phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plant. In addition to these plants are resistance to root-borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought, and an overall increase in plant growth and development.

3. Cyanobacteria which can fix atmospheric nitrogen, eg. Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, etc. In paddy fields, cyanobacteria serve as an important biofertiliser. These add organic matter to the soil and increase its fertility. Biofertilisers are used to reduce dependence on chemical fertilisers.

Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Equations in Malayalam

Students can Download Maths Chapter 2 Equations Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Activity in Malayalam Medium, Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Maths Solutions helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala State Syllabus 8th Standard Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Equations in Malayalam

Equations Text Book Questions and Answers

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Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Equal Triangles in Malayalam

Students can Download Maths Chapter 1 Equal Triangles Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Activity in Malayalam Medium, Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Maths Solutions helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala State Syllabus 8th Standard Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Equal Triangles in Malayalam

Equal Triangles Text Book Questions and Answers

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