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Class 10 History Chapter 6 Important Questions and Answers Mass Movement for Freedom

Kerala Syllabus Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 6 Mass Movement for Freedom Important Questions

Mass Movement for Freedom Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
Find the ones from ‘B’ that match the “A” category given below.

A	B
Kheda Strike	i) Peasant Strike ii) Bihar iii) Local Movements

a) i, ii
b) i, iii
c) ii, iii
d) iii only
Answer:
b) i) Peasant Strike, iii) Local Movements

Question 2.
Arrange the given items in chronological order.
i. Jallianwala Bagh massacre
ii. Chauri Chaura Incident
iii. Champaran Satyagraha
iv. Ahmedabad textile mill strike
a) ii – i – iii – iv
b) iv – ii – i – iii
c) iii – i – ii – iv
d) iii – iv – i – ii
Answer:
d) iii. Champaran Satyagraha – iv. Ahmedabad textile mill strike – i. Jallianwala Bagh massacre – ii. Chauri Chaura Incident

Question 3.
Arrange the table below.

A	B
A. Dr. Satyapal	i. Khilafat movement
B. Raj Kumar Shukla	ii. Swaraj Party
C. Muhammad Ali	iii. Anti-Rowlatt agitation
D. C. R. Das	iv. Champaran Satyagraha

a) a – ii, b – iii, c – i, d – iv
b) a – iii, b – iv, c – ii, d – i
c) a – iii, b – iv, c – i, d – ii
d) a – iv, b – iii, c – i, d – ii
Answer:
c) a – iii, b – iv, c – i, d – ii

A	B
A. Dr. Satyapal	iii. Anti-Rowlatt agitation
B. Raj Kumar Shukla	iv. Champaran Satyagraha
C. Muhammad Ali	i. Khilafat movement
D. C. R. Das	ii. Swaraj Party

Question 4.
Find out which is not related to the Bardoli strike.
a) The strike took place in 1928.
b) Bardoli is located in Gujarat.
c) The main cause was increase in tax.
d) Finally, the government did not revoke the increased tax.
Answer:
d) Finally, the government did not revoke the increased tax

Question 5.
Choose the correct answer by reading the given assertion and reason.
Assertion: Gandhiji initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement by making salt on Dandi beach. Reason: The aim was to reduce public participation.
a) Both assertion and reason are correct
b) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong
c) Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct
d) Both assertion and reason are wrong
Answer:
b) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong

Question 6.
Find out which of the following is not related to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
a) Gandhi signed the Irwin Pact in 1931.
b) Congress participated in the first round table conference
c) Ended the Civil Disobedience Movement
d) Gandhiji participated in the Second Round Table Conference
Answer:
b) Congress participated in the first round table conference

Question 7.
Arrange the given items in chronological order.
i. Simla Conference
ii. Mountbatten Plan
iii. Quit India Movement
iv. Cabinet Mission
a) iv – ii – iii – i
b) ii – i – iii – iv
c) iii – i – iv – ii
d) iii – ii – i – iv
Answer:
c) iii. Quit India Movement – i. Simla Conference – iv. Cabinet Mission – ii. Mountbatten Plan

Question 8.
Who was the last Viceroy of British India?
Answer:
Mountbatten

Question 9.
Who was the first Prime minister of Independent India?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 10.
Explain the provisions of the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:

• Anyone could be arrested without a warrant.
• Anyone could be jailed without trial.

Question 11.
Who were the leaders of the Khilafat movement in India?
Answer:
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali

Question 12.
Explain about Chauri Chaura incident.
Answer:
On February 5, 1922, while the Non – Cooperation Movement was underway, tensions escalated between protesters and police at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh. An enraged mob set the police station on fire, resulting in the deaths of 22 policemen. Recognising that the agitation violated the principle of non-violence, Gandhiji decided to stop the movement. This decision surprised other leaders and Gandhiji faced severe criticism. Subhas Chandra Bose later described this decision as a “national calamity.” Later, Gandhiji was arrested, tried, and sentenced to six years of imprisonment.

Question 13.
Explain the reason for the Rampa Rebellion.
Answer:

• The tribals were driven to agitation by the British forest laws, which restricted their rights to graze their cattle in the forest.
• Exploitation by moneylenders.

Question 14.
What did Gandhi participate in the Khilafat Movement?
Answer:
Gandhiji recognised the importance of extending the movement to rural areas as well. Ele also understood that Hindu-Muslim unity was essential for national solidarity. To achieve this, he took up the Khilafat issue.

Question 15.
The First World War had severe economic impacts on India. Elucidate the statement.
Answer:
INDIA AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• The First World War (1914 – 1918) had severe economic impacts on India.
• Additional wartime taxes were levied on the people.
• Huge quantities of food grains were exported for soldiers which led to a severe food shortage.
• Crop losses and epidemics during that period worsened the situation. Many people died of famine.

Question 16.
List the names of members of the Cabinet Mission.
Answer:

1. Stafford Cripps
2. Pethick Lawrence
3. A. V. Alexander

Question 17.
Analyze the early struggles in which Mahatma Gandhi intervened in India.
Answer:

Indigo farmers in Champaran (1917)	Ahmadabad Cotton Mill strike (1918)	Peasant Struggle in Kheda (1918)
In 1917, he was persuaded by Raj Kumar Shukla to study issues faced by indigo cultivators in Champaran district, Bihar. They were exploited by European planters. As a result, the British administration appointed a commission, with Gandhiji as a member, to investigate the grievances. Consequently, the issues of the peasants were largely resolved.	Gandhiji participated in the struggle of textile mill workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The struggle demanded a wage hike. Gandhiji went on a fast, and subsequently, the workers’ wages were increased.	In 1918, Gandhiji fought for the peasants of Kheda in Gujarat. They are unable to pay tax due to natural calamities. They launched a movement demanding tax remission. Gandhiji toured the villages and encouraged them. Eventually, the government agreed to grant tax remission who had lost their yield.

Question 18.
Explain the importance of the Lahore Congress.
Answer:
LAHORE CONGRESS: THE TURNING POINT
The annual session of the Indian National Congress was held in Lahore in December 1929. The Lahore Congress was significant in the history of India’s freedom struggle for several reasons.

• The Congress demanded complete independence for the first time.
• It entrusted Gandhiji with the responsibility to launch a mass movement to achieve this goal.
• The tricolour flag was formally adopted.

‘Independence Day Celebration’ Before Independence
January 26, 1930, was celebrated as ‘Independence Day’ across India as per the decision of the Lahore Congress. Meetings were convened in villages and towns simultaneously and the participants declared independence. People participated in the celebrations by hoisting the national flag and singing patriotic songs. Spinning the charkha, promotion of abstinence from alcohol, and fostering Hindu – Muslim unity were also part of the celebrations. January 26 was celebrated as Independence Day in subsequent years as well. This paved the way for January 26 to be chosen as Republic Day after independence.

Question 19.
Choose the correct answer from the given options.
i. Who led the Rampa Rebellion?
a) Motilal Nehru
b) C.R. Das
c) Dr. Satyapal
d) Alluri SitaramaRaju
Answer:
d) Alluri SitaramaRaju

ii. Who led the formation of the Awadh Kisan Sabha?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) C.R. Das
c) Motilal Nehru
d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
a) Jawaharlal Nehru

iii. Who led the farmers’ strike in Bardoli?
a) C.R. Das
b) Raj Kumar Shukla
c) Motilal Nehru
d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Answer:
d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

iv. Who was the president of the Lahore Congress annual session in 1929?
a) Motilal Nehru
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) C.R. Das
d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
b) Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 20.
Arrange the table given below.

A	B
Bhagat Singh	Satara
Surya Sen	Congress Socialist Party
Jayaprakash Narayan	Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Nana Patil	Chittagong armoury

Answer:

A	B
Bhagat Singh	Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Surya Sen	Chittagong armoury
Jayaprakash Narayan	Congress Socialist Party
Nana Patil	Satara

Question 21.
Why did Indians boycott the Simon Commission?
Answer:
The British government appointed a commission, led by Sir John Simon, to recommend constitutional reforms for India. All seven members of the commission were British. For this reason, the Congress and some other political parties decided to boycott the Simon Commission. The entire country observed a hartal on the day the commission arrived in India (February 3, 1928). Streets across India resounded with the slogan “Simon Go Back.” During the protests, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely injured in a lathi charge in Lahore and later succumbed to his injuries.

Question 22.
Peasants and workers protested against the British rule in India. Elucidate the statement.
Answer:
In the 1920s, farmers started organising themselves by forming “kisan sabhas.” The movement in Awadh, Uttar Pradesh, during this period was known as the Eka Movement. The formation of the All India Kisan Sabha in 1936 marked a significant milestone in the history of the peasant movement. In the 1940s, peasant uprisings played a crucial role in the country’s path to freedom.

With the advent of modern industries, a modern working class emerged in India. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was the first labour organisation in India to be formed on a national basis. The strikes of railways and telegraph workers in the post – World War II shook India. In 1946, a strike organised by labourers in Bombay in support of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Mutiny led to violence.

Question 23.
Explain the background of the Quit India Movement.
Answer:
QUIT INDIA
After the end of World War II, India’s support became crucial for Britain. To secure this, Sir Stafford Cripps came to India. However, Cripps failed to persuade Indian leaders through negotiations. This marked the beginning of the final mass movement led by Gandhiji. The ‘Quit India’ movement began as part of a speech Gandhiji delivered while addressing a mass meeting in Mumbai on August 8, 1942. The movement spread across the country even though leaders, including Gandhiji, were imprisoned.

• Students, youth, workers, and women all took up the struggle and carried it forward.
• Post offices, telegraph offices, and railway stations were targeted.
• Leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Arana Asaf Ali, and Sucheta Kripalani led the struggle from hiding. They communicated with activists through Congress Radio, which operated secretly from Bombay.

Although the straggle turned violent in several areas, Gandhiji did not condemn it. He alleged that it was the brutality of the government that provoked the people. He declined pressure from the government to denounce the violence and instead declared a 21-day fast in jail. International newspapers demanded Gandhiji’s release, but he completed the fast by overcoming all odds. During the Quit India Movement, certain areas were liberated from British control, and temporary governments were established in those regions.

• Ballia: In Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, a parallel government was established under Chittu Pandey.
• Satara: The parallel government was formed under Nana Patil in Satara, Maharashtra, which lasted until 1945.
• Tamluk: The parallel government in Tamluk in Bengal lasted for a year. It operated effectively by allocating funds to schools, establishing courts, and distributing surplus grain to the poor.

Question 24.
Examine how various sections of society participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:

Peasants	Peasants participated in the movement by refusing to pay tax to the government and rent to the landlords.
Labourers	Labourers in railways, ports, and mines participated in the movement. The labour strike at Sholapur (Maharashtra) turned violent.
Tribal People	They went into the forests to collect resources defying forest laws.
Women	They actively participated in programmes of the movement, such as salt making, and picketing shops that sold foreign goods.
Traders and Industrialists	They refused to buy or sell imported products.

Question 25.
Explain the importance of the Non-Cooperation Movement and participation of various sections of society.
Answer:
A non-violent, non-cooperation movement was launched under the joint leadership of the Khilafat Committee and the Indian National Congress.

The methods of the Non-Cooperation Movement included:

• Returning titles of honours granted by the British government
• Resigning from government jobs
• Advocates boycotting British courts
• Students boycotting British-run schools
• Boycotting foreign goods
• Boycotting legislative assemblies
• Strengthening social harmony, promoting the use of national products, popularising khadi, and establishing national schools were also key programmes during the movement.

Participation of various sections of society:
Women: Women participated in the movement by boycotting foreign goods, and collecting and burning foreign clothes.

Workers: Workers also responded actively to the Non-Cooperation Movement. Workers of the Buckingham Carnatic Mills in Madras, plantation labourers in Assam, and workers of the Assam – Bengal Railway, are among others who went on strike in support of the movement.

Students: Thousands of students boycotted government schools and colleges. They enrolled in national institutions to continue their studies. The Kashi Vidyapeeth in Banaras, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, and Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh were among the national institutions founded during this time.

Tribal People: The tribal communities participated in the movement by defying British-imposed forest laws. These laws had restricted access to forest resources.

Peasants: Peasants participated in the movement in large numbers. The ‘Awadh Kisan Sabha’ was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru during this period. In Bengal, peasants boycotted jute cultivation. They chose to grow rice and cotton instead of jute.

Question 26.
Write a short note about JallianwalaBagh Massacre.
Answer:
RESISTANCE TO BRITISH REPRESSION
The British government took a few steps to repress the Indian freedom movement which gained momentum after World War I. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was implemented as part of this effort. According to this law:

• Anyone could be arrested without a warrant.
• Anyone could be jailed without trial.

Gandhiji called for a national hartal on April 6, 1919, to protest this repressive law that curtailed fundamental rights. A ‘Satyagraha Sabha’ was formed to publicise the movement. There was a massive popular participation in the hartal. Gandhiji described this national hartal as the ‘most wonderful spectacle.’ The anti-Rowlatt agitation was very strong in Punjab and Lahore. Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, the popular leaders of Punjab, were arrested and imprisoned. Martial law was declared in Amritsar.

On April 13, 1919, people gathered on a ground for a public meeting at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the arrest of their leaders. Following the orders of General Reginald Dyer, the British police opened fire on the crowd without warning. The ground had only one entrance. According to official records, 379 people were killed during the 10-minute firing. However, actual casualties were likely much higher, with over a thousand injured. The British government appointed Hunter Commission to inquire into various incidents including the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

The Political Training Ground in South Africa
It was South Africa that shaped the political leader Mahatma Gandhi. He spent twenty years in South Africa. He arrived there as a legal assistant to Dada Abdullah Javeri, a migrant Gujarati merchant. During that time, Gandhiji led a struggle against racial discrimination faced by the Asians and the coloured people at the hands of the whites. It was in South Africa, that Gandhiji developed his Satyagraha, a form of struggle based on non-violence. South Africa served as a training ground for his real struggle. Gandhiji returned to India in 1915.

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SSLC History Chapter 6 Notes Pdf English Medium Mass Movement for Freedom

SCERT Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 6 Mass Movement for Freedom Notes Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes Kerala Syllabus Mass Movement for Freedom

Question 1.
Discuss the changes brought about by the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the freedom movement of India and prepare a note about it.
Answer:
Gandhiji transformed India’s freedom struggle into a mass movement. After Mahatma Gandhi had become the leader of the freedom movement, various sections of society, including peasants, workers, women, and students actively participated in the struggles. Gandhiji knew that the British Empire could only be fought against with the support of various sections of Indian society. He was able to unite everyone under a single umbrella and could become one of them.

Question 2.
Complete the Table.

Answer:

1917	Champaran	Issues faced by indigo cultivators
1918	Ahmedabad	For the salary hike of the textile mill workers
1918	Kheda	For the peasants

Question 3.
Identify the features of the early movements in which Gandhij i participated in India and prepare a chart. Mark the locations related to these movements on an outline map of India and include them in the chart.(Hints: Mark the given locations on an outline map of India)
Answer:

• Gandhiji, after having returned to India from South Africa, first turned his attention to local movements.
• Solving the problems of Farmers and Workers.
• The struggle demanded a wage hike.
• The political ideology of Mahatma Gandhi and his Satyagraha, based on non-violence.

Question 4.
Collect more information about Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and present it in the form of a role play.
Answer:
(Hints: Conduct a role play by using the given information)

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on April 13,1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, and is remembered as one of the most tragic events in Indian history. On that day, thousands of men, women, and children gathered peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh to celebrate the festival of Baisakhi and to protest against the Rowlatt Act, a repressive law passed by the British government that allowed arrests without trial. Without any warning, Brigadier- General Reginald Dyer and his troops surrounded the garden, blocked the narrow exits, and opened fire on the unarmed crowd.

The shooting continued for about ten minutes, killing hundreds and injuring over a thousand people. Official British reports said 379 people were killed, but Indian estimates placed the number much higher. The massacre shocked the entire nation and the world, leading to widespread anger against British rule. It became a turning point in India’s freedom struggle, as many Indians lost faith in British justice and joined the movement for independence. A memorial now stands at Jallianwala Bagh to honor the innocent lives lost in this brutal event.

Question 5.
Hold a discussion on the topic ‘Boycott and Constructive Programmes as the core ideas of Non-Cooperation Movement. ’
Answer:
A non-violent, non-cooperation movement was launched under the joint leadership of the Khilafat Committee and the Indian National Congress. The methods of the Non-Cooperation Movement included:

• Returning titles of honours granted by the British government
• Resigning from government jobs
• Advocates boycotting British courts
• Students boycotting British-run schools
• Boycotting foreign goods
• Boycotting legislative assemblies
• Strengthening social harmony, promoting the use of national products, popularising khadi, and establishing national schools were also key programmes during the movement.

Participation of various sections of society: Women: Women participated in the movement by boycotting foreign goods, and collecting and burning foreign clothes.

Workers: Workers also responded actively to the Non-Cooperation Movement. Workers of the Buckingham Carnatic Mills in Madras, plantation labourers in Assam, and workers of the Assam- Bengal Railway, are among others who went on strike in support of the movement.

Students: Thousands of students boycotted government schools and colleges. They enrolled in national institutions to continue their studies. The Kashi Vidyapeeth in Banaras, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, and Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh were among the national institutions founded during this time.

Tribal People: The tribal communities participated in the movement by defying British-imposed forest laws. These laws had restricted access to forest resources.

Peasants: Peasants participated in the movement in large numbers. The ‘Awadh Kisan Sabha’ was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru during this period. In Bengal, peasants boycotted jute cultivation. They chose to grow rice and cotton instead of jute.

Question 6.
Prepare a newspaper report on the Chauri Chaura incident.
Answer:
(Hints)
Violence at Chauri Chaura: Non-Cooperation Movement Suspended

On February 5, 1922, during the Non-Cooperation Movement, a violent clash broke out between protesters and police at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh. An angry mob set the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen. Shocked by this violation of non-violence, Mahatma Gandhi immediately called off the movement. His decision surprised many leaders and was criticized by Subhas Chandra Bose, who called it a “national calamity.” Soon after, Gandhiji was arrested and sentenced to six years in prison. The incident marked a major turning point in India’s freedom struggle.

Question 7.
How did the policies of the Swaraj Party differ from those of the Non-Cooperation Movement? Discuss.
Answer:
During the Non-Cooperation Movement, both elections and participation in legislative assemblies were boycotted. However, leaders such as C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru, who opposed with this strategy, formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 as a faction within the Congress. Their aim was to utilise the legislative assemblies as forums to voice political dissent. They participated in the elections, became members of legislative assemblies, and criticised the government. Thus, the Swaraj Party could successfully expose the government’s anti-public policies in the legislative assemblies.

Question 8.
Write a short note on the Anti-Simon Commission movement.
Answer:
The British government appointed a commission, led by Sir John Simon, to recommend constitutional reforms for India. All seven members of the commission were British. For this reason, the Congress and Some other political parties decided to boycott the Simon Commission. The entire country observed a hartal on the day the commission arrived in India (February 3, 1928). Streets across India resounded with the slogan “Simon Go Back.” During the protests, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely injured in a lathi charge in Lahore and later succumbed to his injuries.

Question 9.
Prepare a chart listing the major agitations that followed the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:

• 1928 – Anti-Simon commission movement
• 1928 – Bardoli Peasants Movement

Question 10.
What made the Lahore Congress a milestone in India’s freedom struggle?
Answer:
The annual session of the Indian National Congress was held in Lahore in December 1929. The Lahore Congress was significant in the history of India’s freedom struggle for several reasons.

• The Congress demanded complete independence for the first time.
• It entrusted Gandhiji with the responsibility to launch a mass movement to achieve this goal.
• The tricolour flag was formally adopted.

Question 11.
Prepare a newsletter on the participation of various sections of the population in the Civil Disobedience Movement and present it in the class.
Answer:
THE SEA ROAR AT DANDI
Following the decisions made at the Lahore Congress Gandhiji was entrusted with the task of initiating a mass movement for complete independence. Before launching the movement, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Lord Irwin, highlighting the hardships faced by Indians under British rule. The letter hinted at a possible civil disobedience movement. To ensure participation from all sections of society, Gandhiji decided to begin the movement by breaking the salt law. It was decided to break the salt law at Dandi Beach in Gujarat. For this, Gandhiji, along with 78 selected volunteers, marched to Dandi. Many foreign reporters also arrived to cover the 24-day-long walk. Gandhiji advised the people gathered along the route on the importance of cleanliness, the need to wear khadi, and fostering social harmony. On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement by making salt on Dandi beach.

• Public participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement surpassed that of the earlier Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Northwestern India was one of the major centres of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan led the movement there. He was known as the ‘Frontier Gandhi,’ who led a volunteer force called the Khudai Khidmatgar.

Participation of the various sections of society in this movement are:

Peasants	Peasants participated in the movement by refusing to pay tax to the government and rent to the landlords.
Labourers	Labourers in railways, ports, and mines participated in the movement. The labour strike at Sholapur (Maharashtra) turned violent.
Tribal People	They went into the forests to collect resources defying forest laws.
Women	They actively participated in programmes of the movement, such as salt making, and picketing shops that sold foreign goods.
Traders and Industrialists	They refused to buy or sell imported products.

Question 12.
Prepare a digital presentation on the issues faced by the peasants and workers in India and their responses and protests against these issues during the British rule.
Answer:
(Hints)
Slide 1: Introduction

Slide 2: Issues Faced by Peasants

• Excessive taxation
• Exploitation by landlords
• Eviction

Slide 3: Major Peasant Movements

• In the 1920s, farmers started organising themselves by forming “kisan sabhas.”
• The movement in Awadh, Uttar Pradesh, during this period was known as the Eka Movement.
• The formation of the All India Kisan Sabha in 1936 marked a significant milestone in the history of the peasant movement.
• In the 1940s, peasant uprisings played a crucial role in the country’s path to freedom.
• The Tebhaga Movement in Bengal and the Telangana Movement in Andhra were prominent ones among the later peasant movements.

Slide 4: Issues Faced by Workers

• Low wages
• Excessive working hours
• Exploitation of women and child labourers, etc.

Slide 5: Major Worker Movements

• The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was the first labour organisation in India to be formed on a national basis.
• The strikes of railways and telegraph workers in the post-World War II shook India.
• In 1946, a strike organised by labourers in Bombay in support of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Mutiny led to violence.

Slide 6: Conclusion

Question 13.
Discuss and prepare a note on how the Quit India Movement differs from earlier movements.
Answer:

• Students, youth, workers, and women all took up the struggle and carried it forward.
• Post offices, telegraph offices, and railway stations were targeted.
• Leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Sucheta Kripalani led the struggle from hiding. They communicated with activists through Congress Radio, which operated secretly from Bombay.
• Struggle turned violent in several areas.
• Certain areas were liberated from British control, and temporary governments were established in those regions.
• The importance of the Quit India Movement is that it made freedom an urgent goal.
• Transfer of power became inevitable.

Std 10 History Chapter 6 Notes Kerala Syllabus – Extended Activities

Question 1.
Organise a presentation highlighting major events in India’s freedom movement since 1919 using ICT in the Social Science Lab.
Answer:
(Hints)

• Title Slide (India’s Freedom Movement (1919 – 1947)
• Highlight Major Events:
  • 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
  • 1930 – 34: Civil Disobedience Movement (Salt March)
  • 1942: Quit India Movement
  • 1947: India achieves independence
• Use Visuals

Question 2.
Organise a digital quiz on the topic “Gandhiji and the Freedom Movement of India.”
Answer:
(Hints)

• When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa?
• Which movement was started by Gandhiji in 1920 – 22?
• What was the main principle of Gandhiji’s movements?
• Name the first Satyagraha led by Gandhiji in India.
• Who described Gandhiji’s decision to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement after Chauri Chaura as a “national calamity”?

Question 3.
Organise a virtual tour of key locations significant to India’s freedom movement.
Answer:
(Hints)
With the help of the teacher, find important places related to the Indian freedom struggle and organize a virtual tour. Record the historical significance and experiences of each place.

Mass Movement for Freedom Class 10 Notes Pdf

• Gandhiji, after having returned to India from South Africa, first turned his attention to local movements.
• In 1917, he intervened in the issues faced by indigo cultivators in Champaran district, Bihar.
• In 1918, Gandhiji participated in the struggle of textile mill workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
• The British government appointed Hunter Commission to inquire into various incidents including the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• The anti-Rowlatt agitation was a turning point in the freedom movement.
• The Khilafat movement in India was led by two brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
• A non-violent, non-cooperation movement was launched under the joint leadership of the Khilafat Committee and the Indian National Congress.
• Hind Swaraj is a book written by Gandhij i and published in 1909.
• During the Non-Cooperation Movement, both elections and participation in legislative assemblies were boycotted.
• The British government appointed a commission, led by Sir John Simon, to recommend constitutional reforms for India.
• On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement by making salt on Dandi beach.
• In 1928, Bhagat Singh and his associates founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
• The success of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the spread of socialist ideas led to the formation of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP).
• The ‘Quit India’ movement began as part of a speech Gandhiji delivered while addressing a mass meeting in Mumbai on August 8, 1942.
• Captain Mohan Singh, an officer in the British Indian Army, took the initiative to form the Indian National Army.
• World War II and the altered global circumstances accelerated the journey towards freedom.

INTRODUCTION

The chapter “Mass Movement for Freedom” explores the period in India’s history when ordinary people from all sections of society actively joined the struggle for independence against British rule. It highlights how peasants, workers, students, women, and tribal communities came together to participate in large-scale movements such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement. These movements were mostly non-violent and guided by the principles of Gandhiji, but sometimes escalated into violent clashes due to colonial repression. The chapter emphasizes the power of collective action and shows how the united efforts of millions of Indians gradually weakened British control and paved the way for India’s freedom in 1947.

From Champaran to Kheda

• Gandhiji, after having returned to India from South Africa, first turned his attention to local movements.
• In 1917, he intervened in the issues faced by indigo cultivators in Champaran district, Bihar.
• In 1918, Gandhiji participated in the struggle of textile mill workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
• The British government took a few steps to repress the Indian freedom movement which gained momentum after World War I. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was implemented as part of this effort.
• GandhijicalledforanationalhartalpnApril6,1919, to protest this repressive law that curtailed fundamental rights.
• The British government appointed Hunter Commission to inquire into various incidents including the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Towards a mass movement

• The anti-Rowlatt agitation was a turning point in the freedom movement.
• The Khilafat movement in India was led by two brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
• A non-violent, non-cooperation movement was launched under the joint leadership of the Khilafat Committee and the Indian National Congress.
• Gandhiji and the Ali brothers toured the country, convening mass gatherings and promoting the message of the non-cooperation movement.
• During the Non-Cooperation Movement, both elections and participation in legislative assemblies were boycotted.
• A committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru drafted a constitutional reform report, known as the Nehru Committee Report.
• On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement by making salt on Dandi beach.

The Sea Roar at Dandi

• Public participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement surpassed that of the earlier Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Northwestern India was one of the major centres of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement convinced the British that it was inevitable to transfer at least some power to Indians. As a result, discussions known as the Round Table Conferences were held in London.
• Salt making was a government monopoly.

The Path of Armed Struggle

• Along with the methods of struggle advocated by the Congress and Mahatma Gandhi, many people adopted different approaches to achieve the goal of freedom.
• Instead of Gandhiji’s non-violent approach, some people adopted the path of revolution.
• The success of the Russian Revolution and the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement halfway were among the factors that led them to the path of revolution.
• Following this, a revolutionary organisation named the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was formed in 1924.
• In 1928, Bhagat Singh and his associates founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
• The success of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the spread of socialist ideas led to the formation of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP).
• The All India Kisan Sabha led the Tebhaga Movement during 1946 – 47.
• The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India.

Quit India

• The ‘Quit India’ movement began as part of a speech Gandhiji delivered while addressing a mass meeting in Mumbai on August 8, 1942.
• During the Quit India Movement, certain areas were liberated from British control, and temporary governments were established in those regions.
• Subhas Chandra Bose was a leader who took a completely different path for India’s freedom.
• Subhas Chandra Bose served twice as the President of the Congress, following differences of opinion with Gandhiji, he resigned from the Congress and formed the Forward Bloc party.
• World War II and the altered global circumstances accelerated the journey towards freedom.
• Captain Mohan Singh, an officer in the British Indian Army, took the initiative to form the Indian National Army.

FROM CHAMPARAN TO KHEDA

• Gandhiji, after having returned to India from South Africa, first turned his attention to local movements.

In 1917, he intervened in the issues faced by indigo cultivators in Champaran district, Bihar. He was persuaded by Raj Kumar Shukla, a native of Champaran, to visit the area. The European planters were exploiting the indigo cultivators. As a result of Gandhiji’s intervention, the British administration appointed a commission, with Gandhiji as a member, to investigate the cultivators’ grievances. Consequently, the issues of the peasants were largely resolved.

In 1918, Gandhiji participated in the struggle of textile mill workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The struggle demanded a wage hike. Gandhiji went on a fast, and subsequently the workers’ wages were increased. In 1918, Gandhiji fought for the peasants of Kheda in Gujarat. The cultivators of Kheda were unable to pay tax due to natural calamities. They launched a movement demanding tax remission Gandhiji toured the villages and encouraged them. Eventually, the government agreed to grant tax remission to the cultivators who had lost their yield.

INDIA AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• The First World War (1914 – 1918) had severe economic impacts on India.
• Additional wartime taxes were levied on the people.
• Huge quantities of food grains were exported for soldiers which led to a severe food shortage.
• Crop losses and epidemics during that period worsened the situation. Many people died of famine.

RESISTANCE TO BRITISH REPRESSION
The British government took a few steps to repress the Indian freedom movement which gained momentum after World War I. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was implemented as part of this effort. According to this law:

• Anyone could be arrested without a warrant.
• Anyone could be jailed without trial.

Gandhiji called for a national hartal on April 6, 1919, to protest this repressive law that curtailed fundamental rights. A ‘Satyagraha Sabha’ was formed to publicise the movement. There was a massive popular participation in the hartal. Gandhiji described this national hartal as the ‘most wonderful spectacle.’ The anti-Rowlatt agitation was very strong in Punjab and Lahore. Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, the popular leaders of Punjab, were arrested and imprisoned. Martial law was declared in Amritsar.

On April 13, 1919, people gathered on a ground for a public meeting at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the arrest of their leaders. Following the orders of General Reginald Dyer, the British police opened fire on the crowd without warning. The ground had only one entrance. According to official records, 379 people were killed during the 10-minute firing. However, actual casualties were likely much higher, with over a thousand injured. The British government appointed Hunter Commission to inquire into various incidents including the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

The Political Training Ground in South Africa
It was South Africa that shaped the political leader Mahatma Gandhi. He spent twenty years in South Africa. He arrived there as a legal assistant to Dada Abdullah Javeri, a migrant Gujarati merchant. During that time, Gandhiji led a struggle against racial discrimination faced by the Asians and the coloured people at the hands of the whites. It was in South Africa, that Gandhiji developed his Satyagraha, a form of struggle based on non-violence. South Africa served as a training ground for his real struggle. Gandhiji returned to India in 1915.

TOWARDS A MASS MOVEMENT
The anti-Rowlatt agitation was a turning point in the freedom movement. However, it was strong mainly in urban areas. Gandhiji recognised the importance of extending the movement to rural areas as well. He also understood that Hindu-Muslim unity was essential for national solidarity. To achieve this, he took up the Khilafat issue. The Khilafat movement in India was led by two brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Khilafat

The winners of World War I signed the Treaty of Sevres with defeated Turkey. According to this treaty, many of the powers enjoyed by the Caliph (Khalifa) as the ruler of Turkey and the spiritual leader of the Islamic world were curtailed. The Khilafat Movement began with the objective of restoring the powers of the Caliph.

A FIGHT THROUGH NON-COOPERATION
A non-violent, non-cooperation movement was launched under the joint leadership of the Khilafat Committee and the Indian National Congress. The methods pf the Non-Cooperation Movement included:

• Returning titles of honours granted by the British government
• Resigning from government jobs
• Advocates boycotting British courts
• Students boycotting British-run schools
• Boycotting foreign goods
• Boycotting legislative assemblies

Strengthening social harmony, promoting the use of national products, popularising khadi, and establishing national schools were also key programmes during the movement. Gandhiji and the Ali brothers toured the country, convening mass gatherings and promoting the message of the non-cooperation movement. These tours raised awareness among ordinary citizens that the freedom movement was theirs too. The movement gained widespread popularity in both rural and urban areas. The participation of various sections of society in this movement is:

Women	Women participated in the movement by boycotting foreign goods, and collecting and burning foreign clothes.
Workers	Workers also responded actively to the Non -Cooperation Movement. Workers of the Buckingham Carnatic Mills in Madras, plantation labourers in Assam, and workers of the Assam-Bengal Railway, are among others who went on strike in support of the movement.
Students	Thousands of students boycotted government schools and colleges. They enrolled in national institutions to continue their studies. The Kashi Vidyapeeth in Banaras, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, and Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh were among the national institutions founded during this time.
Tribal people	The tribal communities participated in the movement by defying British – imposed forest laws. These laws had restricted access to forest resources.
Peasants	Peasants participated in the movement in large numbers. The ‘Awadh Kisan Sabha’ was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru during this period. In Bengal, peasants boycotted jute cultivation. They chose to grow rice and cotton instead of jute.

On February 5, 1922, while the Non-Cooperation Movement was underway, tensions escalated between protesters and police at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh: An enraged mob set the police station on fire, resulting in the deaths of 22 policemen. Recognising that the agitation violated the principle of non-violence, Gandhiji decided to stop the movement. This decision surprised other leaders and Gandhiji faced severe criticism. Subhas Chandra Bose later described this decision as a “national calamity.’’Later, Gandhiji was arrested, tried, and sentenced to six years of imprisonment.

The main objectives behind the decision to grow rice and cotton instead of jute were as follows:

• To force British owners to close down their jute mills by curtailing the supply of jute
• To ensure food security by expanding rice cultivation
• To increase the use of khadi and generate khadi related job opportunities by making cotton available

Hind Swaraj

Hind Swaraj is a book written by Gandhiji and published in 1909. In it, he explained the British rule as: The British rule was established in India with the cooperation of the Indians. It continues to exist due to the same cooperation. If Indians cease cooperation, British rule will end in a year, and Swaraj will be achieved. By the term ‘Hind Swaraj,’ Gandhiji meant self-rule in India.

FIGHT SHIFTED TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES
During the Non-Cooperation Movement, both elections and participation in legislative assemblies were boycotted. However, leaders such as C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru, who opposed with this strategy, formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 as a faction within the Congress. Their aim was to utilise the legislative assemblies as forums to voice political dissent. They participated in the elections, became members of legislative assemblies, and criticised the government. Thus, the Swaraj Party could successfully expose the government’s anti-public policies in the legislative assemblies.

CONTINUING POPULAR AGITATIONS
Although the Non-Cooperation Movement was called off following the Chauri Chaura incident, the enthusiasm it created persisted among the people. Anti-British protests continued in various parts of the country in the following years. The tribal movement in Andhra Pradesh is an example of this. This movement, known as Rampa Rebellion, was led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. The tribals were driven to agitation by the British forest laws, which festricted their rights to graze their cattle in the forest, and the exploitation by moneylenders.

Around 2,500 square miles of land area was under the control of the rebels. The rebellion was suppressed using military units, including the Malabar Special Police and the Assam Rifles. Alluri Sitarama Raju was killed during the agitation. Student and youth movements gained momentum during this period. Their goal was complete independence from British rule. Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose travelled across the country, addressing students and young activists.

SIMON GO BACK
• The British government appointed a commission, led by Sir John Simon, to recommend constitutional reforms for India.

All seven members of the commission were British. For this reason, the Congress and some other political parties decided to boycott the Simon Commission.The entire country observed a hartal on the day the commission arrived in India (February 3, 1928). Streets across India resounded with the slogan “Simon Go Back.” During the protests, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely injured in a lathi charge in Lahore and later succumbed to his injuries. The British bureaucrats frequently claimed that Indians were incapable of framing robust constitutional reforms.

In this context, various parties held a conference at Pune and prepared a report on constitutional reforms. A committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru drafted a constitutional reform report, known as the Nehru Committee Report. This report later played a significant role in shaping the Constitution of India.

BARDOLI PEASANTS MOVEMENT

• In 1928, Bardoli in Gujarat became the site for a significant peasant movement.
• The movement was led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Abbas Tyabji and Vithalbhai Patel also played a major role in the movement.

The main cause of the agitation was increase in tax. Peasants launched a protest, refusing to pay the tax. The government seized the peasants’ lands, domestic animals, vehicles, and agricultural tools. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel instructed the agitators: “Pull your carts to pieces and keep it different piaces.” Gandhiji visited Bardoli and strongly supported the peasants. Finally, the government revoked the increased tax. Thus, the movement concluded successfully.

LAHORE CONGRESS: THE TURNING POINT
The annual session of the Indian National Congress was held in Lahore in December 1929. The Lahore Congress was significant in the history of India’s freedom struggle for several reasons.

• The Congress demanded complete independence for the first time.
• It entrusted Gandhiji with the responsibility to launch a mass movement to achieve this goal.
• The tricolour flag was formally adopted.

‘Independence Day Celebration’ Before Independence

January 26, 1930, was celebrated as ‘Independence Day’ across India as per the decision of the Lahore Congress. Meetings were convened in villages and towns simultaneously and the participants declared independence. People participated in the celebrations by hoisting the national flag and singing patriotic songs. Spinning the charkha, promotion of abstinence from alcohol, and fostering Hindu- Muslim unity were’also part of the celebrations. January 26 was celebrated as Independence Day in subsequent years as well. This paved the way for January 26 to be chosen as Republic Day after independence.

PEACE TALKS
The Civil Disobedience Movement convinced the British that it was inevitable to transfer at least some power to Indians. As a result, discussions known as the Round Table Conferences were-held in London. The Congress boycotted the First Round Table Conference in 1930. In this context, the government started efforts to end the Civil Disobedience Movement and to include a Congress representative in the Second Round Table Conference. As part of this, Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed. According to the pact signed on March 5, 1931:

• The Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended.
• Gandhiji participated in the Second Round Table Conference.

But the Second Round Table Conference ended unsuccessfully, and the Congress boycotted the Third Round Table Conference.
Why Salt?
Salt making was a government monopoly. Therefore, private salt production was considered illegal, and violators were prosecuted. Gandhiji decided to break this law. Salt was an essential commodity for both people and livestock in India’s tropical climate. Gandhiji described the government’s monopoly on salt, which was also used for agricultural purposes, as an ‘iniquitous monopoly.’

The Dharasana Struggle

On May 21, 1930, a group of about 2,000 protesters arrived at the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat. As they approached, the police launched a lathi-charge, using batons tipped with metal to beat them until they fell. As the injured were carried away, the next group stepped forward. They too were brutally beaten by the police. As they were taken away, yet another group advanced. This relentless cycle went on without pause. By 11:00 am, with temperatures soaring to 46.67°C, 320 protesters had been injured, and 2 had lost their lives. Webb Miller, an American journalist who witnessed the protest, wrote: “In eighteen years of my reporting in twenty countries, during which I have witnessed innumerable civil disobediences, riots, street fights, and rebellions, I have never witnessed such harrowing scenes as in Dharasana.”

THE PATH OF ARMED STRUGGLE

• Along with the methods of struggle advocated by the Congress and Mahatma Gandhi, many people adopted different approaches to achieve the goal of freedom.
• Instead of Gandhiji’s non-violent approach, some people adopted the path of revolution. Most of these revolutionaries were young.

The success of the Russian Revolution and the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement hallway were among the factors that led them to the path of revolution. Following this, a revolutionary oiganisation named the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was formed in 1924. Some members attempted to rob the funds of the railway at Kakori in Uttar Pradesh to finance their activities, however, a few were arrested. The revolutionary activities that faced a setback after the Kakori incident regained momentum under the leadership of Bhagat Singh. In 1928, Bhagat Singh and his associates founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). The two major actions carried out by the revolutionaries under Bhagat Singh’s leadership were:

• A police officer named Saunders, who had participated in the lathicharge that led to the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, was shot dead.
• A bomb was thrown into the Central Legislative Assembly Hall.

Following this, the brave revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Raj guru, and Sukhdev, who were arrested, tried and executed on March 23, 1931. Revolutionary activity was particularly prominent in Bengal during this period. The looting of the Chittagong armoury by the revolutionaries led by Surya Sen, shocked the government. The involvement of women in revolutionary activities was also noteworthy. The prominent among them were Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutt and Bina Das.

CONGRESS SOCIALIST PARTY (CSP)
The success of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the spread of socialist ideas led to the formation of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP). The CSP was formed by those within the Congress who were inclined towards socialist ideas. Jayaprakash Narayan became its first Secretary. The party aimed to establish a socialist society by countering capitalism and landlordism. The Congress Socialist Party was able to organise the workers and peasants, and addressed their concerns.

PEASANT MOVEMENTS
Leaders, including Gandhiji, recognised that peasant participation was crucial for strengthening the national movement. At that time, the farmers faced numerous hardships. The major ones included:

• Excessive taxation
• Eviction
• Exploitation by landlords

In the 1920s, farmers started organising themselves by forming “Kisan sabhas.” The movement in Awadh, Uttar Pradesh, during this period was known as the Eka , Movement. The formation of the All India Kisan Sabha in 1936 marked a significant milestone in the history of the peasant movement. In the 1940s, peasant uprisings played a crucial role in the country’s path to freedom.

The Tebhaga Movement in Bengal and the Telangana sentenced to death for their involvement. Four others Movement in Andhra were prominent ones among the were deported to the Andaman islands, and seventeen later peasant movements.

LABOURERS GETTING ORGANISED
With the advent of modern industries, a modern working class emerged in India. Key issues faced by labourers included:

• Low wages
• Excessive working hours
• Exploitation of women and child labourers, etc.

The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was the first labour organisation in India to be formed on a national basis. The strikes of railways and telegraph workers in the post-World War II shook India. In 1946, a strike organised by labourers in Bombay in support of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Mutiny led to violence.

Kakori Incident
On August 9, 1925, revolutionaries stopped the 8 Down Train at Kakori near Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh and robbed the money for the purchase of arms. Many revolutionaries were arrested. Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri and Roshan Singh were sentenced to death for their involvement. Four others were deported to the Andaman islands, and seventeen were imprisoned.

Tebhaga Chai
The All India Kisan Sabha led the Tebhaga Movement during 1946 – 47. The peasant straggle was against the landlords, known as Jotedars. Previously, the crop was divided into two parts, with one part given to the Jotedars. The peasants staged the strike, demanding that the crop be divided into three parts, with two thirds allocated to them. To this end, they raised the slogan ‘Tebhaga Chai,’ which meant ‘We want two-thirds share.’

Naval Mutiny
The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India. In February 1946, the sailors of the RIN revolted against British rule. The mutiny, which began on the ship, Talwar on February 18, 1946, is known as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Mutiny. The mutineers removed the British flags and hoisted flags representing the Indian National Congress, the Communist Party, and the Muslim League. Although the mutiny spread to other naval bases, it was eventually suppressed by British military forces.

QUIT INDIA
After the end of World War II, India’s support became crucial for Britain. To secure this, Sir Stafford Cripps came to India. However, Cripps failed to persuade Indian leaders through negotiations. This marked the beginning of the final mass movement led by Gandhiji. The ‘Quit India’ movement began as part of a speech Gandhiji delivered while addressing a mass meeting in Mumbai on August 8, 1942. The movement spread across the country even though leaders, including Gandhiji, were imprisoned.

• Students, youth, workers, and women all took up the struggle and carried it forward.
• Post offices, telegraph offices, and railway stations were targeted.
• Leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Arana Asaf Ali, and Sucheta Kripalani led the struggle from hiding. They communicated with activists through Congress Radio, which operated secretly from Bombay.

Although the struggle turned violent in several areas, Gandhiji did not condemn it. He alleged that it was the brutality of the government that provoked the people. He declined pressure from the government to denounce the violence and instead declared a 21-day fast in jail. International newspapers demanded Gandhiji’s release, but he completed the fast by overcoming all odds. During the Quit India Movement, certain areas were liberated from British control, and temporary governments were established in those regions.

• Ballia: In Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, a parallel government was established under Chittu Pandey.
• Satara: The parallel government was formed under Nana Patil in Satara, Maharashtra, which lasted until 1945.
• Tamluk: The parallel government in Tamluk in Bengal lasted for a year. It operated effectively by allocating funds to schools, establishing courts, and distributing surplus grain to the poor.

DELHI CHALO
Subhas Chandra Bose was a leader who took a completely different path for India’s freedom. He served twice as the President of the Congress, following differences of opinion with Gandhiji, he resigned from the Congress and formed the Forward Bloc party. During World War II, Subhas Chandra Bose who reached Singapore took up the leadership of the Indian National Army (INA). He reorganised the INA and, marched to India with the Japanese army. However, his efforts could not overcome the heavy resistance of the British army. After World War II, the INA soldiers held as captives by the British were tried at the Red Fort in Delhi.

The country witnessed widespread protests against the trial of Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel G. S. Dhillon and Shah Nawaz Khan. During the trial, Congress leaders, including Nehru, appeared in court. Pamphlets with the slogan “Not traitors, but patriots” were widely circulated. The agitation over the trial of INA soldiers posed a significant challenge to the British government after World War II.

TOWARDS FREEDOM
World War II and the altered global circumstances accelerated the journey towards freedom. Lord Wavell, the then Viceroy, put forward certain proposals in his discussions with the Indian leaders. Although a conference was held in Simla in June 1945 to discuss these proposals, it ended without resolution. Some significant developments after the Simla Conference are:

Cabinet Mission (March 1946)	• The Cabinet Mission, which included three members of the British Cabinet, reached India to discuss the transfer of power. Stafford Cripps, Pethick Lawrence and A. V. Alexander were its members. • The key proposals included the formation of an interim government until the transfer of power and the establishment of a Constituent Assembly for drafting a constitution for India.
Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)	• This proposal was put forward by Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy. • It proposed partitioning the country into India and Pakistan, and granting them independence.
Indian Independence (August 15, 1947)	• India gained independence on August 15, 1947, in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Independence Act passed by the British Parliament. • Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of Independent India.

Indian National Army (INA)
Captain Mohan Singh, an officer in the British Indian Army, took the initiative to form the Indian National Army. Later, Subhas Chandra Bose took over its leadership. Women played a significant role in the activities of the INA. The INA included a women’s unit called the ‘Rani Jhansi Regiment,’ which was led by Captain Lakshmi Sahgal, a Malayali. Vakkom Abdul Khader was another Malayali in the INA who was held captive and was hanged to death by the British.

A thorough understanding of Class 10 Biology Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 5 Important Questions Immunity and Healthcare can improve academic performance.

SSLC Biology Chapter 5 Important Questions Immunity and Healthcare

Immunity and Healthcare Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct pair from the following options.
ENT – Treatment of Eye
Cardiology – Treatment of Heart
Ophthalmology – Treatment of Cancer
Answer:
Cardiology – Treatment of heart.

Question 2.
Which of the following is not a bacterial disease?
1. Tuberculosis
2. Nipah
3. Diphtheria
4. Anthrax
Answer:
Nipah

Question 3.
Communicable diseases are diseases caused by microorganisms and transmitted from one person to another.
Which of the following are included in the category of communicable diseases?
1. Dengue fever
2. Chikungunya
3. Typhoid
4. Malaria
5. Diabetes

A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
C. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
D. 2, 4 only
Answer:
C. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only

Question 4.
Examine the statement and reason, choose the correct answer and write it down.
Statement: When plants are infected with pathogens, the cells in the attacked area self-destruct to prevent the spread of the disease.
Reason: If pathogens enter by crossing the plant cell wall, the formation of a polysaccharide called callose in the cell wall helps prevent the spread of the pathogen.
a) The statement and the reason are correct. The reason is the correct explanation of the statement.
b) The statement and the reason are correct. The reason is the incorrect explanation of the statement.
c) The statement is correct. The reason is incorrect
d) The statement is incorrect because the reason is correct
Answer:
b) The statement and the reason are correct. The reason is the incorrect explanation of the statement.

Question 5.
The details of blood groups of two persons are given in the table. Analyse them and answer the questions.

Person	Antigen	Antibody	Rh factor
X	B	a	Present
Y	A	b	Absent

a) Identify the blood groups of persons X and Y.
b) Can Y receive blood from X? Why?
Answer:
a) X – B Group, Y – A Group

b) No, the antigen in the donor’s blood will react with the antibody in the recipient’s blood and cause the blood to clot.

Question 6.
Choose suitable hints from the box and complete the table.

• Culex mosquito • Plasmodium • Bacteria

• Bat • Filarial worm • Rat

• Anopheles mosquito • Virus

Disease	Vector	Pathogen
Malaria
Filariasis

Answer:
Malaria – Anopheles mosquito – Plasmodium.
Filariasis – Culex mosquito – Filarial worm.

Question 7.
Analyse the given condition and answer the questions:
‘Red blood cells bend like a sickle’
a) Identify the disease.
b) In this condition, other blood cells do not undergo the same structural change as red blood cells. Why?
Answer:
a) Sickle cell anemia

b) There is no haemoglobin in other blood cell (The defect in genes can cause deformities in, the sequencing of amino acids which are the building blocks of haemoglobin of Red blood cell).

Question 8.
Analyse the given illustration of the diseases and answer the questions.

a) Complete ‘i’
b) Complete ‘ii’ and ‘iii’ choosing appropriate one from the given diseases.
Answer:
a) (i) Viral Diseases

b) (ii) Mosaic diseases
(iii) Hepatitis

Question 9.
Observe the part of an awareness notice given below:

a) Identify the disease.
b) How do unsterilized injection needles transmit this disease?
Answer:
a) AIDS

b) Unsterilised needles used by an AIDS patient contain blood, in which HIV is present. Here, the disease transmission occurs through body fluids.

Question 10.
The picture shows a disease characterised by swelling of the lymph vessels in the legs due to obstruction of lymph flow.

a) Write the name of the disease and the pathogen
b) Suggest a way to prevent the spread of this disease.
Answer:
a) Filariasis – filarial worms
b) Mosquito control. People with this disease should avoid mosquito bites.

Question 11.
Anjana gets wounded on her foot while playing with her friends. Due to continuous bleeding, her parents take her to the hospital. The doctor’s diagnosis after thorough investigation, is given below.
“This has happened as the blood is not clotting. This is a genetic disease.”
a) What is Anjana’s disease?
b) How can temporary relief be brought about for the disease?
Answer:
a) Haemophilia
b) Injecting the deficient protein helps in blood clotting.

Question 12.
Analyse the given statement and answer the questions.
“The basis of blood grouping is the presence of antigen A and antigen B in red blood cells”.
According to this, how many blood groups are there in humans? Write the antigen and antibody of each group.
Answer:
There are four main blood groups in humans, based on the presence (or absence) of the A and B antigens.

Blood group	Antigen	Antibody
A	A	b
B	B	a
AB	AB	–
O	–	a, b

Question 13.
Some of the defence mechanisms in plants are given below:
a) Callose
b) Cuticle
c) Bark
How do each of them help in defence?
Answer:
i) Callose prevents germs that have crossed the cell wall from entering the cell membrane.
ii) Cuticle prevents the entry of germs through leaves.
iii) Bark protects the inner cells from direct contact with pathogens.

Question 14.
Rearrange columns B and C in accordance with column A:

A Disease	B Pathogen	C Spreading
Filariasis	Protozoa	Through contact
Ringworm	Virus	Through Culex mosquito
Malaria	Fungus	Through air
	Filarial worm	Through female Anopheles mosquito

Answer:
Filariasis – filarial worm – Through Culex mosquito. Roundworm – fungus – Through contact.
Malaria – protozoa – Through Anopheles female mosquito

Question 15.
The result of a survey conducted by the Health Department on mosquito borne diseases is shown in the graph. Analyse the graph and answer the questions.

a) Which disease affects more number of people?
b) Write symptoms of the disease B.
c) Suggest suitable measures to prevent the spread of the diseases shown in the graph.
Answer:
a) Filariasis (Filarial worm).

b) High fever with shivering, profuse sweating, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, anaemia, etc.

c) Dengue fever, Malaria, and Filariasis are the diseases spread by mosquitoes. Therefore, avoid circumstances that lead to the spread of mosquitoes. Observe ‘Dry Day’ once in two weeks, keep our surroundings clean, and practice the use of measures like mosquito nets.

Question 16.
Classify the diseases given below into animal diseases and plant diseases.

Anthrax, Blight disease, Quick wilt, Foot and mouth disease, Inflammation of udder, Bunchy top

Animal diseases	Plant diseases
Anthrax	Blight disease
Foot and mouth disease	Quick wilt
Inflammation of udder	Bunchy top

Question 17.
A study of the Agriculture Department on plant diseases in a panchayath is given below as a graph. Analyse this and answer the questions.

a) Which is the most affected crop?
b) Name the disease that affects pepper.
c) What are the fungal diseases that affected the plants of that area?
Answer:
a) Paddy
b) Quick wilt
c) Bud rot; quick wilt

Question 18.
Many voluntary organisations are involved in our society to offer better care to cancer patients.
a) What is cancer?
b) How do normal cells become cancer cells?
c) What are the treatments for cancer?
Answer:
a) Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply and spread to other tissues through uncontrolled cell division.

b) Disruption of the control mechanisms in the process of cell division, environmental factors, smoking, viruses, radiation, hereditary factors, and mutations can cause cancer.

c) Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Question 19.
Observe the illustration and answer the questions.

a) Which process is indicated in the illustration?
b) Which white blood cells participate in this process?
c) Write the various steps in this process in order.
Answer:
a) Phagocytosis.

b) Monocyte, neutrophil.

c) Phagocytosis – different stages:

• The phagocyte cell is attracted to the site of infection by chemicals released by the pathogen or by signals from damage to the body.
• The phagocyte cell uses its cell membrane to engulf the pathogen. This cavity inside the cell where the pathogen has entered is called the phagosome.
• The phagosome fuses with a lysosome. The resulting cavity is called the phagolysosome. This step is crucial for destroying the pathogen.
• Inside the phagolysosome, powerful digestive enzymes (for example, hydrolytic enzymes) in the lysosome digest the pathogen’s cell wall and proteins.
• After the pathogen is completely destroyed and digested, the unwanted debris is expelled from the cell.

Question 20.
Explain how the following defence mechanisms help in immune function.
a) Phagocytosis
b) Fever
c) Wound healing
d) Blood clotting
Answer:
a) Swallows and destroys pathogens

b) Reduces the rate of multiplication of pathogens.
Increases the efficiency of phagocytosis.

c) Reduces the risk of infection

d) To prevent blood loss through wounds and prevent the entry of pathogens through wounds.

Question 21.
a) Complete the flowchart showing the blood clotting.

b) Blood clotting is a defence mechanism to prevent the loss of blood through wounds. Mention the different stages of this process.
Answer:
a) A – Thrombin,
B – Fibrin
b) Stages of blood clotting:

a) When an injury occurs, the platelets and damaged tissues at the site produce an enzyme called thromboplastin. This converts a protein in the blood plasma called prothrombin into thrombin.
b) Thrombin then converts an inactive protein called fibrinogen into fibrin.
c) The fibrin forms a network of fibres that traps red blood cells, forming a blood clot.
d) This clot prevents further blood loss until the wound is healed.

Question 22.
Ravi prepared an illustration showing defence mechanisms in plants. Complete it.
Answer:
a) Prevents the entry of germs which have crossed the cell wall, through cell membrane.
b) Bark
c) Cuticle in leaves
d) Cell wall

A thorough understanding of Class 10 Biology Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 4 Important Questions Chemoreception in Organisms can improve academic performance.

SSLC Biology Chapter 4 Important Questions Chemoreception in Organisms

Chemoreception in Organisms Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
Examine the statement and reason and choose the correct answer.
Statement: Auxins accumulate in the shaded part of the plant stem, which causes the stem to bend towards the light.
Reason: Auxins increase cell elongation in the cells where they accumulate.
(A) Both statement and reason are correct. The reason is the correct explanation of the statement.
(B) Both statement and reason are correct. The reason is an incorrect explanation of the statement.
(C) Statement is correct. Reason is incorrect.
(D) Statement is incorrect. Reason is correct.
Answer:
(A) Both statement and reason are correct. The reason is the correct explanation of the statement.

Question 2.
Find the correctly matched set from the given answers.

(A) Auxin	(i) Breaks seed dormancy.
(B) Gibberellin	(ii) Regulates tropic movements.
(C) Cytokinin	(iii) Causes the shedding of mature leaves and fruits.
(D) Abscisic Acid	(iv) Stimulates cell differentiation.

(a) A – iv, B – ii, C – i, D – iii
(b) A – ii, B – i, C – iv, D – iii
(c) A – iii, B – iv, C – i, D – ii
(d) A – i, B – iii, C – ii, D – iv
Answer:
(b) A – ii, B – i, C – iv, D – iii

(A) Auxin	(ii) Regulates tropic movements.
(B) Gibberellin	(i) Breaks seed dormancy.
(C) Cytokinin	(iv) Stimulates cell differentiation.
(D) Abscisic Acid	(iii) Causes the shedding of mature leaves and fruits.

Question 3.
Choose the correct answer.
Statement 1: Auxins help in the maturation and ripening of leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Statement 2: Gibberellins maintain seed dormancy.
(A) Both Statement 1 and 2 are correct.
(B) Both Statement 1 and 2 are incorrect.
(C) Statement 1 is incorrect, Statement 2 is correct.
(D) Statement 1 is correct, Statement 2 is incorrect.
Answer:
(B) Both Statement 1 and 2 are incorrect.

Question 4.
Examine the statement and reason and choose the correct answer.
Statement: Insulin and Glucagon are the hormones that help in regulating the blood glucose level. Reason: Insulin increases the blood glucose level, and Glucagon decreases the blood glucose level.
(A) Both statement and reason are correct. The reason is the correct explanation of the statement.
(B) Both statement and reason are correct. The reason is an incorrect explanation of the statement.
(C) Statement is correct. Reason is incorrect.
(D) Statement is incorrect. Reason is correct.
Answer:
(C) Statement is correct. Reason is incorrect.

Question 5.
Find the correctly matched set from the given answers.

(A) Thyroid Gland	(i) Calcitonin
(B) Pancreas	(ii) Epmephrine
(C) Adrenal Medulla	(iii) Glucagon
(D) Pineal Gland	(iv) Melatonin

(a) A – iv, B – ii, C – i, D – iii
(b) A – ii, B – i, C – iv, D – iii
(c) A – iii, B – iv, C – i, D – ii
(d) A – i, B – iii, C – ii, D – i
Answer:
(d) A – i, B – iii, C – ii, D – i

(A) Thyroid Gland	(i) Calcitonin
(B) Pancreas	(iii) Glucagon
(C) Adrenal Medulla	(ii) Epmephrine
(D) Pineal Gland	(i) Calcitonin

Question 6.
Find the odd one out. Write the common characteristic of the others.
Cortisol, Nor-epinephrine, Aldosterone, Androgens
Answer:
Nor-epinephrine. The others are Corticosteroids (or hormones secreted by the Adrenal Cortex).

Question 7.
Complete the statement.
The chemical substances secreted by organisms belonging to the same species into the surroundings for communication are ……………………………
Answer:
Pheromones

Question 8.
Identify the word-pair relationship and complete the missing part. Also, write the relationship between the word-pairs.
Biological Clock: Melatonin:: Chief Controller: ………………………….
Answer:
Hypothalamus. The relationship is Hormones and their characteristics/function.

Question 9.
Name the hormone producing centres situated in the brain?
Answer:
Hypothalamus, pituitary, Pineal

Question 10.
The gland which is active only during infancy?
Answer:
Thymus

Question 11.
Name the digestive gland which is also functioning as an endocrine gland?
Answer:
Pancreas

Question 12.
Diabetic patients frequently take insulin injection. Give reason?
Answer:
Insulin is helpful to reduce the excess glucose in the blood and to maintain its normal level.

Question 13.
Under secretion of thyroxine : Hypothyroidism
Over secretion of thyroxine : …………………..?
Answer:
Hyperthyroidism

Question 14.
Give reasons.
Some times certain pregnant women need to take oxytocin injection.
Answer:
Oxytocin facilitates childbirth by stimulating the contraction of smooth muscles in the uterine wall. It also facilitates lactation.

Question 15.
Why do Vasopressin is known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH)?
Answer:
Because vasopressin retains the quantity of water by inducing the kidneys to reabsorb it.

Question 16.
How is homeostasis of the body maintained?
Answer:
Homeostasis of the body is maintained by the combined action of the quick nervous system and the slow endocrine system.

Question 17.
A farmer says pest control is made possible using pheromones. Can you say how?
Answer:
Artificial pheromones are used for pest control in agricultural field.

Question 18.
Analyse the table and identify the correct pair.

a) Decrease in somatotropin during growth phase.	Dwarfism
b) Increase in somatotropin during growth phase.	Acromegaly
c) Increase in somatotropin after growth phase.	Gigantism

Answer:
a) Decrease in somatotropin during growth phase. – Dwarfism

Question 19.
Choose the correct statements
a) Aldosterone maintains the salt water level.
b) Vasopressin helps to control inflammation and allergy
c) Prolactin promotes the growth of the body.
Answer:
a) Aldosterone maintains the salt water level.

Question 20.
Name the gland which seen at the centre of brain, write its function.
Answer:
Pineal gland, melatonin the hormone produces by this gland helps to maintain the rhythm of over daily activities.

Question 21.
Complete the illustration.

Answer:
(a) Development of brain in newborn babies and children.
(b) Helps to maintain the health of the heart, skin, reproductive system, etc.

Question 22.
Select the correct statements from the ones given below.
(A) Synthetic gibberellins are used to promote rooting in stem cuttings.
(B) Synthetic auxins are also used as weedicides.
(C) Synthetic ethylene is used for stem elongation in sugarcane.
(D) Synthetic auxins are used to promote rooting in stem cuttings.
(E) Synthetic gibberellins are used to increase fruit size in grapevines.
(F) Ethylene is used to ripen fruits like bananas and tomatoes simultaneously .
Answer:
B, D, E, F

Question 23.
Though hormones reach every part of the body through the blood, all hormones do not act upon all cell. Explain the reason.
Answer:
The cell which are acted upon by hormones are called target cells. Only cells having specific receptors can receive a particular hormone. A hormone receptor complex is formed by the combination of each hormone molecule and its receptor. Following this, enzymes are activated within the cell. As a result, certain changes occur in cellular activities.

Question 24.
Suppose a person is fasting in a day and takes heavy food on the very next day. How is the level of glucose in his body is maintained in these two days?
Answer:
While fasting glucagon converts glycogen or amino acids into glucose. When taking heavy food insulin enhances cellular uptakes of glucose and converts glucose in to glycogen.

Question 25.
If the level of glucose increases one feels hunger, thirsty and fatigue instead of becoming energetic. Give reason?
Answer:
Increasing the level of glucose in blood adversely affects the normal functioning of the cells.

Question 26.
Over production of parathormone can weaken the bones. Why?
Answer:
The hormone, parathormone prevents the deposition of calcium in bones resulting its weakening.

Question 27.
The hormone which can be used to prevent allergy and inflammation? Can this hormone be given to diabetic patients? Why?
Answer:
Cortisol of adrenal gland. It cannot be given to diabetic patients as it increases the level of glucose in blood.

Question 28.
The pineal gland is known as the ‘biological clock’ in the body. Why?
Answer:
Melatonin, the secretion of the pineal gland helps to maintain rhythm of our daily activities. There fore pineal gland is called as the biological clock.

Question 29.
What are the hormones of hypothalamus stored in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland? Mention its functions.
Answer:
Oxytocin – Facilitates child birjh by stimulating the contraction of smooth muscles in the uterine wall and also facilitates lactation
Vasopressin (Anti Diuretic Hormone) – Helps in the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

Question 30.
Point out the functions of releasing hormones and inhibitory hormones.
Answer:
Releasing Hormones: Stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secretes tropic hormones and other hormones.

Inhibitory Hormones : Inhibit the production of tropic hormones and other hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Question 31.
How are pheromones useful to animals?
Answer:
Pheromones help in attracting mates, to inform the availability of food, to determine the path of travel and to inform about dangers.

Question 32.
Artificial hormones should be handled with care. What is your opinion?
Answer:
This statement is correct. Though artificial hormones are useful they should be handled witlv care as they are chemicals, which may cause health and environmental issues.

Question 33.
Observe the chart

Write down the climate A and B
Answer:
A – Summer season
B – Rainy season or winter

Question 34.
Observe the illustration given below and explain how hormones act in target cells.

Answer:
The cell which are acted upon by hormones are called target cells. Only cells having specific receptors can receive a particular hormone. A hormone receptor complex is formed by the combination of each hormone molecule and its receptor. Following this, enzymes are activated within the cell. As a result, certain changes occur in cellular activities.

Question 35.
Observe the diagram and answer the questions.

a) Which endocrine gland does ‘X’ indicate?
b) Which are the two hormones produced by the gland to control the physical activities with the sympathetic system?
Answer:
a) Adrenal gland
b) Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Question 36.
Given below is a doctor’s comment at a seminar conducted as part of Diabetic day.
“In diabetic patients, the blood glucose level before breakfast is above 126mg/100ml.
Analyse the statement and enlist the reasons.
Answer:

• Decreased production of insulin
• Malfunctioning of insulin
• Destruction of Beta Cells
• Inactive insulin

Question 37.
Given below are a few statements related to hormones. Pick out the correct ones.
a) Estrogen helps to maintain embryo in the uterus.
b) Progesteron facilitates child birth.
c) Prolactin helps in the production of milk.
d) Oxytocin facilitates lactation.
Answer:
c) Prolactin helps in the production of milk., d) Oxytocin facilitates lactation.

Question 38.
Analyse the statements given below and write the reason.
a) Oxytocin is injected in pregnant women during childbirth, (delivery)
b) Feels sleepy during night, wakesup when day breaks.
Answer:
a) Facilitates child birth by stimulating the contraction of smooth muscles in the uterine wall.

b)

• When the level of melatonin increases at night, we feel sleepy,
• We wake up When the level of melatonin decreases during the day.

Question 39.
Choose the correct statement related to pheromones from those given below.
a) Pheromones are chemical substances secreted inside the body for communication.
b) This is the message to attract mates, determining the path of travel etc.
c) Musk in the civet cat is a pheromone.
d) Bombycol is the pheromone secreted by the female silk worm.
Answer:
b) This is the message to attract mates, determining the path of travel etc., d) Bombycol is the pheromone secreted by the female silk worm.

Question 40.
Teacher: The TSH hormone synthesised by the pituitary gland acts on the thyroid gland. It is transported to the thyroid gland through blood. All hormones are transported like this through blood.
Ammu: Can all the hormones synthesised by the pituitary gland reach the thyroid gland and act there? What is your answer for Ammu’s doubt?
Answer:
Receptors to receive other hormones synthesized by the pituitary gland are absent in the thyroid gland.

Question 41.
Choose the correct statement.
a) Synthesis of vasopressin increases, if the level of water in the blood increases.
b) Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland.
c) Synthesis of insulin increases if the blood glucose level rises.
d) Deficiency of thyroxine causes cretinism in adults.
Answer:
b) Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland., c) Synthesis of insulin increases if the blood glucose level rises.

Question 42.
All hormones are being transported through the blood and reach all cells of the body, but all hormones are not functioning in all cells. Why?
Answer:
Each hormone act only its target tissue, where specific receptors present to accept the same

Question 43.
Indicators related to the endoxine glands are given below. Analyse them and answer the questions.
• Act dining emergencies
• Act along with sympathetic system
a) Identify the gland
b) Which is the hormone synthesised by this gland?
Answer:
a) Adrenal gland
b) Epinephrine

Question 44.
Analyse the statements given below and write the reason.
a) Feels sleepy during night-wakesup when day breaks.
b) All hormones are being transported through the blood and reach all cells of the body but all hormoned are not functioning in all cells why?
Answer:
a) When the level of melatonin increases at night, we feel sleepy we wakeup when the level of melatonin decreases during the day.

b) Each hormone act only its target tissue, where specific receptors present to accept the same hormone.

Question 45.
Complete the table.

Plant Hormone	Function
Synthetic Auxins	………… (A) …………
………… (B) …………	Used to increase fruit size in grapevines and for stem elongation in sugarcane.
Synthetic Ethylene	………… (C) …………

Answer:
(a) Used to induce root formation in stem cuttings.
Also used as a weedicide (2, 4 – D)

(b) Synthetic gibberellins

(c) In agricultural sector, ethylene is used to make fruits ripen uniformly for harvest at the same time. Ethylene is used to ripen bananas and tomatoes simultaneously.

Question 46.
What is the normal level of glucose in blood? How is this level maintained?
Answer:
The normal level of glucose is 70 – 110 mg/ 100 ml blood. The level of glucose in blood is maintained by the combined action of insulin and glucagon of the Islets of Langerhans tissues of the pancreas.Insulin, released from the beta cells of Islets of Langerhans, helps to reduce blood sugar by accelerating the process of cellular uptake of glucose and conversion of glucose in to glycogen. When blood glucose level falls, glucagon, released from the alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans, converts glycogen to glucose and synthesizes glucose from amino acids.

Question 47.
What is the normal level of calcium in the blood? How is this level maintained?
Answer:
9 – 11 mg/100 ml blood.
When the level of calcium in blood increases, thyroid gland secretes a hormone named calcitonin. It lowers the level of calcium in blood by depositing excess calcium in bones and by preventing the mixing of calcium with blood form the bones. When the level of calcium in blood decreases, parathyroid gland secretes parathormone. It increases blood calcium by reabsorbing it from the kidneys and also preventing the deposition of calcium in bones.

Question 48.
What is the reason behind the difference in the quantity of urine during summer and rainy season?
Answer:
The production of vasopressin is high during summer season where water loss is excessive through sweat. But its production is less during winter and rainy seasons and there is difference in the quantity of urine during summer and rainy seasons.

Question 49.
Complete the following table related with the hormonal functions of our sex organs.

Sex organs	Hormones	Functions
Testis
Ovaries

Answer:

Sex organs	Hormones	Functions
	Testosterone	Sperm production, control secondary
Testis		sexual characters in males such as change in voice, growth of hair etc.
Ovaries	Estrogen	Control ovulation, Menstrual cycle, growth of sex organs in females.
	Progesterone	Control ovulation, menstrual cycle and implantation of embryo in the uterus.

Question 50.
Given below is the blood test result of a person. Analyse the result and answer the following questions?

Glucose – 200mg/100ml Calcium – 11mg/100ml

a) Name the disease of the man mentioned in the test report.
b) Write down the name of hormone which related to this disease.
c) What is the cause of this disease.
Answer:
a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Insulin
c) It is caused either by the decreased production of insulin or its malfunctioning.

Question 51.
The quantity of urine excreted by a person in different seasons is given below. Analyse it and answer the following questions.

a) Write down the climate B and C
b) Analyse the difference shown in B and C and write down its reasons.
c) Which hormone is responsible for the excreation of excess water through urine.
Answer:
a) B – Rainy season or winter season, C – Summer season

b) In rainy season production of vassopressin is less it decreases the reabsorbtion of water in the kidneys. So raises the quantity of urine. In summer season production of vasopressin increases. It increases the reabsorbtion of water in kidneys and lowers the quantity of urine.

c) ADH or vasopressin

Question 52.
The following figure shows the relationship of hypothalamus with an endocrine gland.

a) Write down the name of endocrine gland marked as X
b) Write down the name of hormones produced in A and B.
c) Mention the functions ofhormones produced in B.
Answer:
a) Pituitary gland

b) A – Tropic hormone
B – Oxytocin and vasopressin

c) Oxytocin helps to contraction of smooth muscles and vasopressin helps in the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

Question 53.
“It is now that I understand why the cock crows early in the morning everyday”. Anu said this during a class room discussion on the rythm of physiological activities.
a) Which is the hormone that regulates such activities?
b) Which gland secretes this hormone.
c) Write down more examples for such activities
Answer:
a) Melatonin
b) Pineal gland
c) It regulates the rhythm of life, reporductive activities of organisms with definite reproductive periods.

Question 54.
Fill up the blanks

Answer:
a) Thyroxine
b) Thyroid
c) Insulin
d) Diabetes
e) Pituitary gland
f) Dwarfism

Question 55.
Some statements related to endocrine system are given below.
A. Hormones are the secretions of endocrine glands.
B. Hormones are transported through lymph.
C. Hormones are transported through blood.
D. All the hormones produced by the endocrine glands are proteins.
a) Choose the correct statement.
b) Imagine that particular hormone is not entering a particular cell. What may be the reason? Formulate two hypothesis.
Answer:
a) A, C
c) Receptors of that hormone is not in the cell

Question 56.
Indicators related to the endocrine glands are given below. Analyse them and answer the questions.
• Situated just below the sternum.
• Active during infancy.
But constricts at puberty.
a) Name this endocrine gland?
b) Which is the hormone synthesised by this gland?
c) Write the function of this hormone.
Answer:
a) Thymus gland
b) Thymosine
c) Controls the activities and maturation of lymphocytes which help to impart immunity.

Question 57.
Identity the word pair relationship and complete the following.
a) Alphacells: Glucagon
Beta Cells: …………………
b) Prolactin: Production of milk
……………: Facilitate lactation
c) Parathyroid: Parathormone
Thyroid: ……………….
Answer:
a) Inslulin
b) Oxytocin
c) Calcitonin

Question 58.
Mention the functions of the following plant hormones.
a) Gibberellins
b) Abscisic acid
c) Ethylene
Answer:
a) Stimulates breakdown of stored food to facilitate germination, Sprouting of leaves.
b) Dormancy of embryo, dropping of ripened leaves and fruits.
c) Ripening of leaves and fruits, excess amount of ethylene causes dropping of leaves and fruits.

Question 59.
Classify the following statements into the appropriate categories.
(A) Metabolic rate increases.
(B) Weight loss
(C) Intolerance to cold
(D) Decreased heart rate
(E) Increased body weight
(F) Increased heart rate
(G) Metabolic rate decreases.
(H) Excessive sweating, anxiety.

Hyperthyroidism	Hypothyroidism

Answer:
Hyperthyroidism – A, B, F, H
Hypothyroidism – C, D, E, G

Question 60.
Complete the illustration.

(a) Maintains glucose homeostasis, Suppresses the Immune responses, Resists inflammation
and allergy of the body
(b) Androgens
(c) Aldosterone
(d) Helps in maintaining equilibrium of minerals in the body, Regulates blood pressure

Question 61.
Identify the hormone defects concern with the following hints.
(a) Insulin injection
(b) Treatment using thyroxine
(c) Food and medicine containing calcium
(d) Sea food, vegetable and iodised salt.
Answer:
(a) Diabetes
(b) Myxedema
(c) Osteoporosis
(d) Goitre

Question 62.
Identify the plant hormone that perform the, following functions.
(a) flowering and growth of leaves
(b) ripening of fruits
(c) dropping of leaves and fruits
(d) growth of terminal bud.
Answer:
(a) Gibberelline
(b) Ethylene
(c) Abscisic acid / ethylene in excess amount.
(d) Auxin

Question 63.
Artificial plant hormones are used extensively in the agricultural sector. Write a short note on the advantages and disadvantages of these.
Answer:
Advantages

• Sprouting
• Prevents premature fall of fruits
• Weedicidal action
• Increases size of fruits
• Ripening of fruits
• Increases production of latex in rubber trees
• Harvesting fruits at the same time.
• Prevents early ripening of fruits

Disadvantages

• Environmental issues
• Health issues

Question 64.
Pick the odd one out. Write the common features of the others.
a) Increases metabolic rate, increases energy production regulate growth in children, promotes production of milk.
b) Goitre, Acromegaly, Hypothyroidism, Hyper thyroidism.
c) Cortisol, Vasopressin,Epinephrine, Norepine phrine.
d) Ethylene, Cytokinin, Auxin, Pheromones.
Answer:
a) Increases the production of milk.
all others are the activities of thyroxine.

b) Acromegaly.
All others are disorders / diseases, related to thyroid gland

c) Vasopressin
All others are hormones of adrenal gland

d) Pheromones
All others are plant hormones

Question 65.
Observe the illustration and answer the following questions?

a) Identify the parts marked as A, B and C?
b) Name the hormones indicated as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5?
c) What are the functions of the hormones Oxytocin and Prolactin?
d) What are the abnormalities caused by the difference in the production rate of the hormone marked as 1?
Answer:
a) A – Anterior lobe of pituitary
B – posterior lobe of pituitary
C – Hypothalamus

b) 1 – Somatotropin /growth hormone
2 – Vasopressin /ADH
3 – Tropic hormones
4, 5 – TSH/ACTH

c) Oxytocin facilitates child birth by the contraction of smooth muscles in the uterine wall and also facilitates lactation. Vasopressin helps in the reabsorption of water in the kidney to prevent water loss through urine.

d) Dwarfism, Gigantism and Acromegaly

Question 66.
Make suitable word pairs from the words given below.
Dwarfism, Cretinism, Insulin,
Vasopressin, Diabetes insipidus,
Somatotropin, Vasopressin,
Diabetes mellitus, Thyroxine
Answer:
Diabetes mellitus – Insulin
Diabetes insipidus – Vasopressin
Somatotrophin – Dwarfism
Thyroxine – Cretinism

Question 67.
Given in the table below is related to growth hormone. Complete the table suitably.

Disease	Condition of Hormone	Symptoms
(a) …………………	Deficiency of growth hormone during growth phase	Stunted growth
Gigantism	(b) …………………	Excessive growth of the body
Acromegaly	(c) …………………	(d) …………………

Answer:
a) dwarfism
b) Excessive production of growth hormone during the growth phase.
c) Excessive production of somatotropin after the growth phase.
d) Growth of the bones on face, jaws and fingers.

A thorough understanding of SCERT Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Biology Notes Pdf and Class 10 Biology Chapter 5 Immunity and Healthcare Notes Questions and Answers English Medium can improve academic performance.

SSLC Biology Chapter 5 Notes Questions and Answers Pdf Immunity and Healthcare

SCERT Class 10 Biology Chapter 5 Immunity and Healthcare Notes Pdf

SSLC Biology Chapter 5 Questions and Answers – Let Us Assess

Question 1.
From the sequence of activities related to phagocytosis, select the correct answer.
a) Expulsion of waste materials
b) Engulfment of pathogens in phagosome
c) Enzymes destroy the pathogen
d) Phagocyte approaches the pathogen
e) Phagolysosome is formed
i) d, c, e, b, a
ii) d, b, e, c, a
iii) b, c, e, a, d
iv) b, e, c, a, d
Answer:
ii) d, b, e, c, a

Question 2.
Find out those related to B lymphocytes from the following and choose the correct option.
a) Production of antibodies
b) Destruction of cancer cells
c) Maturation in the thymus gland
d) Formation in the bone marrow
i) a, b and d are correct
ii) a, c and d are correct
iii) b and c are correct
iv) a and d are correct
Answer:
iv) a and d are correct

Question 3.
Which of the following is the correct pair of phagocytes?
• Eosinophil, Neutrophil
• Basophil, Neutrophil
• Neutrophil, Monocyte
• Monocyte, Lymphocyte
Answer:
• Neutrophil, Monocyte

Question 4.
Analyse the given table and find the one in which both the statement and the reason are correct.

SI. No.	Statement	Reason
i.	The thymus gland has a role in the defence of cancer.	B lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.
ii.	Blood clotting is a defence mechanism.	Prevents the flow of blood as well as blocks the entry of pathogens when there is a wound.
iii.	Fever occurs during infection.	Antibodies raise the body temperature.
iv.	Thromboplastin is involved in the process of blood clotting.	Thromboplastin converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads.

Answer:
ii. Blood clotting is a defence mechanism. –  Prevents the flow of blood as well as blocks the entry of pathogens when there is a wound.

Question 5.
From the following, select the statements that are correct, regarding vaccines:
• The immunity produced by vaccines is innate immunity.
• Vaccines help to produce antibodies against pathogens.
• All vaccines contain deactivated pathogens.
Answer:
Vaccines act as antigens. Vaccines help to produce antibodies against pathogens.

Question 6.
The following text is from a placard prepared in connection with World AIDS Day:
Change ourselves, Change the Perspectives
Evaluate the text on the placard based on the following indicators.
i) Social responsibility to stop the disease
ii) Approach toward those affected by the disease
Answer:
i) Social responsibility to stop the disease:
The spread of HTV is a social problem. Therefore, the community must come together to gain knowledge about preventive measures and implement them in life. Every citizen has the responsibility to disseminate correct information and correct misconceptions.

ii) Approach toward those affected by the disease: HIV is not transmitted by sharing food, touching, coughing, or shaking hands. Society needs to embrace this fact. It is a social duty to provide the necessary love, respect, and support to those affected by the disease. Only when discrimination is eliminated patients can seek treatment without fear and lead normal lives.

Question 7.
Analyse the table showing certain pathogens in an area and the number of people affected by them and answer the questions.

Pathogen	Number of infected people
Naegleria fowleri	23
Leptospira	12
Plasmodium	57
Filarial worm	35

i) Which disease affected more people in the region?
ii) Which bacterial disease affected the people?
iii) Which pathogen affected the residents who bathed in stagnant fresh water?
iv) Prepare a note on the precautions to be taken to prevent vectors in the region.
Answer:
i) Malaria (Plasmodium)
ii) Leptospirosis (pathogen: Leptospira)
iii) Naegleria fowleri, Leptospira
iv) Precautions to be taken to prevent disease vectors:

• Completely avoid stagnant water around and inside the house (plant pots, refrigerator trays, tyres, gutters, broken containers).
• Keep wells, tanks, and other water reservoirs netted or closed.
• Clean the house and surroundings once a week and observe a Dry Day.
• Dispose household waste properly. Accumulation of waste attracts rats.

Question 8.
Give reasons.
Although antibiotics are effective medicines, their irrational use is harmful.
Answer:
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics increases the resistance of bacteria. When antibiotics are taken, they not only kill disease-causing bacteria, but also bacteria that are beneficial to the body (especially those in the digestive system).

Biology Class 10 Chapter 5 Notes Kerala Syllabus Immunity and Healthcare

Question 1.
In what ways do pathogens enter our bodies?
Answer:

1. Through the air
2. Through contaminated water or food
3. Through skin

Question 2.
Even though we live in the midst of pathogens, most of the time we don’t suffer from diseases. What would be the reason?
Answer:
Although germs are always around us, the main reason why most of us do not get sick all the time is because of our body’s very strong immune system. In addition, the amount and strength of germs, and a healthy lifestyle are also factors that influence this.

Question 3.
Analyse illustration 5.2 and complete Table 5.1.


Answer:

Part of the body	Immune mechanism
Eye, Ear, Mouth, Nose	Lysozyme in saliva and tear, Wax in the ear, Mucus, mucus membrane in the nose.
Trachea	Cilia in the trachea
Skin	Sweat and sebum on the skin
Stomach	HC1 in the stomach
Digestive tract, urinary tract	Useful bacteria in the digestive tract and urinary tract
Large intestine, urinary tract	Mucus, mucus membrane

Answers to the indicators on page 140 of the textbook
Question 4.
Phagosome:
Answer:
Phagocytes (phagosome) are blood cells that engage in the process of phagocytosis.

Question 5.
Importance of the formation of phagolysosome:
Answer:
Inside the phagolysosome, powerful enzymes in the lysosome digest the pathogen and break it into pieces to destroy it. Phagolysosome formation is essential for inactivating pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that have entered the body and breaking down their harmful components.

Question 6.
Phagocytosis – stages:
Answer:

• The phagocyte cell is attracted to the site of infection by chemicals released by the pathogen or by signals from damage to the body.
• The phagocyte cell uses its cell membrane to engulf the pathogen. This cavity inside the cell where the pathogen has entered is called the phagosome.
• The phagosome fuses with a lysosome. The resulting cavity is called the phagolysosome. This step is crucial for destroying the pathogen.
• Inside the phagolysosome, powerful digestive enzymes (for example, hydrolytic enzymes) in the lysosome digest the pathogen’s cell wall and proteins.
• After the pathogen is completely destroyed and digested, the unwanted debris is expelled from the cell.

Answers to the indicators on page 141 of the textbook
Question 7.
Histamine – Function:
Answer:
By dilating blood vessels and increasing their permeability, histamine helps to deliver immune cells and factors needed to destroy pathogens to the injured area as quickly as possible.

Question 8.
The advantage of the dilation of the capillary wall:
Answer:
The dilation of the capillary wall rapidly delivers
immune cells, plasma, and antibodies to the site of infection, increasing the body’s ability to destroy pathogens and repair damage.

Question 9.
Inflammatory response – an immune activity:
Answer:
The inflammatory response is a local immune response that occurs when the body is injured or invaded by pathogens. It is an emergency response that the body takes to destroy pathogens, repair damage, and heal. This response creates a barrier to pathogens, rapidly recruits phagocytes to the site of injury, and ultimately allows cells to destroy the pathogens and repair the damage.

Question 10.
Are neutrophils and monocytes the only types of phagocytes? Find out.
Answer:
Phagocytes are mainly divided into three types of cells:

• Neutrophils: These are the most abundant white blood cells. They are the first to arrive at the site of infection. They play a key role in the rapid response to disease.
• Macrophages: Macrophages are large cells that are transformed when monocytes leave the blood vessels and enter the tissues.
• Dendritic cells: These are found mainly in the skin, lungs, and digestive tract. They are capable of engulfing pathogens.

Question 11.
Why does the inflamed area become red and warm? Find out.
Answer:
The main reason for redness and increased heat in an inflamed area is increased blood flow to that area. Both of these symptoms (redness and heat) indicate the body’s attempt to quickly mobilize immune cells (phagocytes) to the site of infection.

Question 12.
Pyrogens – importance
Answer:
When the body temperature rises above the normal range, infection or inflammation occurs, and then the white blood cells release chemical substances called pyrogens. These trigger the brain to raise the body temperature.

Question 13.
The advantage of the rise in body temperature
Answer:
High temperature helps phagocytes to destroy pathogens more quickly by engulfing them, inhibits the growth of pathogens, and enhances immunity. This is a sign that the body is fighting against the disease. Once the infection is gone, the body temperature returns to the normal level.

Answers to the indicators on page 141 of the textbook
Question 14.
Factors that help in the clotting of blood:
Answer:
The enzyme thromboplastin, the protein prothrombin, thrombin, the inactive protein fibrinogen, and fibrin.

Question 15.
Processes involved in the clotting of blood:
Answer:

• When an injury occurs, the platelets and damaged tissues at the site produce an enzyme called thromboplastin. This converts a protein in the blood plasma called prothrombin into thrombin.
• Thrombin then converts an inactive protein called fibrinogen into fibrin.
• The fibrin forms a network of fibres that traps red blood cells, forming a blood clot.
• This clot prevents further blood loss until the wound is healed.

Question 16.
Clotting of blood – an immune activity:
Answer:
Blood clotting (Coagulation) is an integral part of the body’s immune system. It is the first line of defence that prevents pathogens from entering the body and controls blood loss.

Question 17.
To which category does the immunity received through antibodies from breast milk belongs? Find out.
Answer:
The immunity provided to the baby through antibodies through breast milk falls under the category of Natural Passive Immunity.

Question 18.
Analyse illustration 5.5 and appropriately complete table 5.2 containing information about lymphocytes.

Answer:

Cells in specific immunity	T lymphocytes	B lymphocytes
Formation	Forms in bone marrow	Forms in bone marrow
Maturation	Mature in the thymus gland	Mature in bone marrow
Function	Identify and destroy the infected cells and cancer cells.	Produce proteins called antibodies that act against antigens.

Question 19.
Analyse table 5.3 related to vaccines and gain understanding. Find out how vaccines are classified based on their components.

Answer:

Vaccine	Components of vaccine	Preventable diseases
MMR	Contains neutralised pathogens	Measles, Mumps, Rubella (German measles).
OPV	Contains dead pathogens	Poliomyelitis (polio)
HPV vaccine	Contains parts of pathogens	Cervical cancer
COVID – 19 vaccine	Contains parts of the genetic material of the pathogen	Coronavirus disease

Answers to the indicators on page 144 of the textbook
Question 20.
Vaccination:
Answer:
Vaccination is an important process that provides our body with immunity against diseases. It is a way to achieve Artificial Active Immunity.

Question 21.
Vaccines components:
Answer:

Vaccine	Components of vaccine
MMR	Contains neutralised pathogens
OPV	Contains dead pathogens
HPV vaccine	Contains parts of pathogens
COVID – 19 vaccine	Contains parts of the genetic material of the pathogen

Question 22.
Types of vaccines:
Answer:
Vaccines are classified into several types based on the method used to make them. Each type of vaccine induces immunity in the body in a different way.

1. Live-Attenuated Vaccines
2. Inactivated Vaccines
3. Subunit / Toxoid Vaccines
4. mRNA Vaccines

Question 23.
The components of vaccines are pathogens or their parts. How do they impart immunity?
Answer:
Vaccines act as antigens in our body. It stimulates our immune system and helps to produce antibodies against pathogens. These antibodies remain in the body and provide long-term protection against diseases. By taking the doses accurately, vaccines help to gain protection from a disease for many years or even for a lifetime.

Question 24.
Are there vaccines which are taken by other means than by injection? Find out.
Answer:
Non-injectable vaccines are available in two main forms:

• Oral Vaccines: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).
• Nasal Spray Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine

Question 25.
What can be done to strengthen the immune system in humans? Discuss.
Answer:

• Lifestyle adjustments (proper sleep, stress reduction, regular exercise, etc.)
• Healthy diet
• Disease prevention methods (vaccination, personal hygiene, avoiding drugs, etc.).

Question 26.
What are the ways to prevent the spread of diseases? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Personal hygiene
2. Environmental hygiene
3. Healthy habits

Answers to the indicators on page 149 of the textbook
Question 27.
Disease – pathogens:
Answer:
AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Question 28.
Mode of transmission:
Answer:
HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles and syringes that are not HIV-free, through transfusion of blood or organs containing HIV, and from an infected mother to the foetus.

Question 29.
Precautions to prevent the disease:
Answer:

• Use condoms and take preventive medications to prevent transmission through sexual intercourse.
• Do not use the same needle repeatedly to prevent transmission through blood.
• To prevent transmission from mother to child, HIV-infected mothers should avoid breastfeeding and give formula milk instead.
• Give medicines to the baby during pregnancy and childbirth, and continuously monitor the baby’s health after birth and provide necessary medicines.

Question 30.
People infected with COVID-19 lose their ability to taste and smell? Find out the reason.
Answer:
This is because this virus affects the nervous system and the cells in the respiratory tract.

Question 31.
Disease – pathogens:
Answer:
Nipah: Nipah virus

Question 32.
Mode of transmission:
Answer:

1. From bats to humans
2. From animals to humans
3. From humans to humans

Question 33.
Precautions to prevent the disease:
Answer:

1. Do not eat fruits that have been bitten or eaten by bats, especially dates and mangoes.
2. If you see symptoms (shortness of breath, cough, fever) in pigs or other domestic animals, avoid contact completely.
3. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially after touching public places and before eating.
4. Avoid close contact with individuals with Nipah symptoms.

Answers to the indicators on page 152 of the textbook
Question 34.
Disease – pathogen:
Answer:
Malaria: Plasmodium

Question 35.
Mode of transmission:
Answer:
Female Anopheles mosquito transmits this pathogen from one person to another.

Question 36.
Precautions for the prevention of disease:
Answer:

1. Prevent mosquito bites
2. Prevent mosquito breeding
3. Prevention through medication

Answers to the indicators on page 153 of the textbook
Question 37.
Disease – pathogen:
Answer:
Filariasis: Filarial worm

Question 38.
Symptoms:
Answer:
Body parts such as legs, arms, and genital organs become excessively swollen and enlarged.

Question 39.
Prevention:
Answer:
Prevent mosquito breeding, dispose of waste, and install screens on windows and doors to prevent mosquitoes from entering the house.

Question 40.
The disease condition called cancer:
Answer:
Cancer is a condition in which abnormal and uncontrolled cell division leads to the multiplication of cells.

Question 41.
Reasons:
Answer:
Genetic changes, Environmental factors, Viral infections, Lifestyle

Question 42.
Peculiarity of cancer cells:
Answer:
Normal cells become cancerous when the control mechanisms in the cell division process are disrupted. Cancer cells divide uncontrollably.

Question 43.
Treatment methods:
Answer:
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy. Immunotherapy, Targeted therapy, Hormone therapy, etc. are the treatment methods.

Question 44.
There are also diseases that are not transmitted from one person to another. What are some such diseases that you know of? Collect information and complete Table 5.5.

Answer:

Type	Disease	Reason
Lifestyle diseases	• Diabetes Mellitus • Hypertension	• Unhealthy Diet • Lack of Physical Activity
Occupational diseases	Silicosis	• Prolonged exposure to harmful substances in the workplace, specifically, the inhalation of fine crystalline silica dust.
Autoimmune disorders	Rheumatoid arthritis	• The Immune System Malfunction • Environmental Triggers
Nutritional disorders	Anaemia	• Inadequate Dietary Intake • Poor Absorption • Chronic Blood Loss

Question 45.
Haven’t you understood about various diseases? Based on this, complete illustration 5.12

Answer:

Question 46.
When should one seek treatment?
Answer:

1. When symptoms appear
2. As a precaution
3. Before and during pregnancy

Answers to the indicators on page 157 of the textbook
Question 47.
Medicines used in Ayurveda:
Answer:
In Ayurveda, plant and animal-based substances are used as medicines.

Question 48.
Treatment method in Homeopathy:
Answer:
This is a method of treatment that uses diluted doses of natural substances that cause symptoms in a healthy person to prevent disease.

Question 49.
Modern medicine:
Answer:
This system corrected superstitions related to diseases and gave importance to pathogens, diagnosis and the medicines.

Answers to the indicators on page 158 of the textbook
Question 50.
Stages of modern medical treatment:
Answer:

1. Assessing the symptoms
2. Laboratory test
3. Body check-up
4. Treatment (Medicine, Surgery, Organ transplantation, Radiation therapy).

Question 51.
Diagnostic measures:
Answer:

1. Assessing the symptoms
2. Laboratory test
3. Body check-up

Question 52.
Methods of treatment:
Answer:
Medicine, Surgery, Organ transplantation, Radiation therapy, etc. are the treatment methods.

Question 53.
Among the devices used for diagnosis, list those that you know.
Answer:
DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT

1. Along with assessing the symptoms, diagnosis is also important.
2. Some examples of instruments used for diagnosis are:

a) Stethoscope
b) Sphygmomanometer
c) Digital BP apparatus
d) Pulse oximeter
e) Thermometer
f) Endoscope
g) US scanner, CT scanner, MRI scanner

Question 54.
Analyse the given collage in page 158 and complete table 5.6


Answer:

Equipment	Use
Stethescope	To understand heartbeat rate
Sphygmomanometer	To measure blood pressure
Digital BP Apparatus	An electronic device for measuring blood pressure
Pulse oximeter	To check blood oxygen levels
Thermometer	Body temperature measuring device
Endoscope	used to find the cause of symptoms in organs within the body.
US scanner, CT scanner, MRI scanner	The three main imaging devices used for various diagnoses are US scanner (Ultrasound), CT scanner (CT Scan), and MRI scanner (MRI Scan).

Question 55.
There are various specialisations to make treatment more effective.
Analyse the board displayed in the hospital, identify more departments and find out what each one is related to.
Answer:

• General Medicine – The medical speciality concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases that do not require surgery.
• Cardiology – The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels.
• Paediatrics – The branch of science concerned with the health, diseases, and care of infants, children, and adolescents.
• Gynaecology – The branch of science concerned with the health problems, diseases, and treatment of the female reproductive system.
• Urology – The branch of science concerned with the diseases and surgeries that affect the urinary system of men and women, as well as the male reproductive system.
• Nephrology – The branch of science concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases related to the kidneys.
• Neurology – The branch of science concerned with the study, diagnosis, and non-surgical treatment of the nervous system and diseases that affect it.
• ENT – It is the branch of science that deals with diseases related to the ear, nose, and throat and their treatment.

Question 56.
Analyse the description given on page 162 of the textbook and complete Table 5.7 appropriately.

Answer:

Blood group	Antigen	Antibody
A	A	b
B	B	a
AB	AB	–
O	–	a, b

Question 57.
Do other animals have blood groups? Find out.
Answer:
Each species has its own blood group system. These differ from the ABO system in humans. These groups are determined based on the presence or absence of proteins and antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Answers to the indicators on page 162 of the textbook
Question 58.
Basis of blood groups:
Answer:
Blood groups are determined by the presence of the A antigen and the B antigen present on the surface of RBCs. The type of antigen present in the blood determines the blood group.

Question 59.
Antibodies present in each blood group:
Answer:

1. A group – antibody b
2. B group – antibody a
3. AB group – no antibodies
4. group – antibodies a and b.

Question 60.
Rh factor and blood groups:
Answer:
In addition to A and B antigens, some individuals have another antigen called the D antigen. If D antigen is present, the blood group is called positive; if absent, it is called negative. Since the D antigen was first discovered in Rhesus monkeys, it is also known as the Rhesus factor (Rh factor).

Question 61.
Importance of determining blood group in blood transfusion:
Answer:
If the donor’s blood contains an antigen that is naturally absent in the recipient’s blood, the antibodies present in the recipient’s plasma may act against it, leading to agglutination of the blood. Therefore, it is essential to consider blood groups in blood transfusion.

Question 62.
Is there a threat of plant diseases in your area? Prepare a project report by interviewing local farmers and the agricultural officer about the diseases and the control measures they have adopted, and present in the class.
Answer:
A sample project report is given below:

• Introduction: The objective of this project was to study the major diseases affecting agricultural crops in our region, how they affect farmers economically, and the scientific preventive measures adopted by the Agriculture Department to control these diseases. For this, information was collected by visiting the farms and the Agriculture Office in the region.
• Include an interview questionnaire conducted with farmers and Agriculture Officers
• Add information about one of the most threatening diseases from the interview and other studies.
• Conclusion: Currently, diseases like blight in rice and bunchy top in banana are a major threat in our region. Although farmers rely on chemicals to control these diseases, it is essential to implement integrated pest management, which includes resistant seeds, organic pesticides, and regular inspections as per the instructions of the Agriculture Department.

Question 63.
Do plants have an immune system like animals?
Answer:
Yes, plants have an immune system to protect against pathogens, but it is an innate immune system that is distinct from the animal immune system. Key differences include the absence of specialized immune cells and an adaptive immune system in plants; instead, plants rely on cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to detect microbial molecules and launch defensive responses like producing antimicrobials and reinforcing cell walls.

Std 10 Biology Chapter 5 Notes – Extended Activities

Question 1.
Organise a blood group determination camp in the school under the auspices of the Health Club and prepare a Blood Group Directory.

Question 2.
Conduct a survey to find out the vaccination status of school children in your area and plan awareness programmes accordingly.
Answer:
Tips to include in an awareness campaign about the importance of vaccination:

• The fundamental importance of vaccination
• Individual and societal benefits
• Dispelling common doubts and misconceptions
• Raising awareness about authoritative sources
• Providing an opportunity to share the experiences of those who have recovered from the disease or avoided the disease through vaccination.

Question 3.
Prepare an action plan to eliminate mosquitoes at home and in your school and submit the report to the concerned authorities of the school and the Panchayath.
Answer:
Below are some important tips and suggestions for preparing an action plan to eliminate mosquitoes in homes and schools:
Action Plan Step 1: Identify and eliminate breeding sites.

In homes:

• Standing water
• Sewage
• Coolers/fridge trays
• Water tanks

In schools:

• Playgrounds/premises
• Tanks and pipes
• Garden/farming

Action Plan Step 2: Prevention Methods In homes and schools:

• Install mosquito nets on windows and doors.
• Encourage children to wear long clothing that covers their arms and legs, if possible, to avoid mosquito bites.
• Use mosquito nets when sleeping.

Action Plan Step 3: Awareness and Monitoring In schools:

• Campaigns
• Form a mosquito control monitoring squad, including children.
• Weekly “Dry Day”

In homes:

• Family meetings
• Regularly ensure that there is no water stagnation in the terrace of the house, rainwater pipes, and air conditioner drainage.

Question 4.
Conduct interviews with the agricultural officer, veterinary doctor and farmers to learn about plant and animal diseases in your area, prepare a presentation and present it in class.
Answer:
Questions for interviewing the Agriculture Officer:

1. What are the major agricultural crops in the area and the diseases that mainly affect them?
2. What was the plant disease that caused the most damage this year? What is its cause?
3. What are the current aids and subsidies provided by Krishi Bhavan for disease control?

Questions to interview a veterinarian:

1. What are the main diseases that affect domestic animals (cattle, poultry, goats, pigs) in your area?
2. Have zoonotic diseases (transmitted from animals to humans) been reported in the area? What precautions are taken to prevent them?
3. What are the awareness programs provided by the veterinary hospital to prevent recurrence of the disease after treatment?

Questions to interview farmers:

1. What are the diseases that mostly affect your crops and livestock?
2. Are you satisfied with the assistance you receive from the Krishi Bhavan or the Agriculture Officer?
3. What are two main suggestions you would like to put forward to improve the plant and animal disease control system in this area?

Immunity and Healthcare Class 10 Notes

Immunity and Healthcare Notes Pdf

• Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
• Anything that can enter our bodies and cause disease, including germs, can be called antigens. Germs, pollen, dust, some foods, and chemicals are all examples of antigens.
• The immune system is the body’s ability to prevent the entry of pathogens and destroy pathogens that have entered. These are of two types: innate immunity and acquired immunity.
• Phagocytosis is the process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
• The inflammatory response is a way to increase blood flow to the area of a wound or injury and recruit white blood cells to fight infection.
• Fever is a condition in which the body’s temperature rises above normal (98.6°F or 37°C).
• Blood clotting is a way to stop blood flow and prevent the entry of germs when there is a cut on the skin.
• Lymphocytes are the main cells responsible for acquired immunity. There are two types of lymphocytes – T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
• Vaccines act as antigens in the body. This stimulates our immune system to produce antibodies against pathogens.
• Immunisation is an artificial way of preparing Immune cells for a potential attack by a pathogen. The immunity acquired in this way is called artificial immunity.
• Acquired diseases are diseases that occur during a person’s lifetime. In addition to these, there are also hereditary diseases. Environmental factors, pathogens, lifestyle, etc., can all cause such diseases.
• Most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. Such diseases are known as contagious diseases. Such diseases can be transmitted by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and worms.
• Cancer is a non-communicable disease. It is a condition in which cells multiply through abnormal and uncontrolled cell division and spread to other parts of the body.
• Hereditary diseases are diseases caused by genetic defects. Sickle cell anaemia and haemophilia are examples of some such diseases.
• In different parts of the world, treatment methods have been developed according to the lifestyle, culture, and available natural resources of the respective region. Ayurveda and Unani are traditional treatment methods that have evolved over time.
• Antibiotics are drugs that are made from microorganisms or are synthetically produced and used against bacteria.
• Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood components from one person to another. The person who gives blood is called a donor, and the person who receives blood is called a recipient.
• The study of diseases affecting animals and plants, their symptoms, causes, and methods of control are important fields in biology, agriculture, and veterinary sciences.

INTRODUCTION

Health
Health is the greatest wealth and blessing in human life. According to the definition of the World Health Organisation (WHO), “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease, or infirmity.”

Innate and acquired immunity
Immunity is the natural ability of an organism to protect its body from pathogens and other foreign substances. The immune system of humans and other organisms mainly relies on two types of immunity:

• Innate Immunity: This is a general and non-specific immunity that exists in a person at birth.
• Acquired or Adaptive Immunity: This is immunity that is acquired during a person’s life through exposure to diseases or through vaccination.

Acquired diseases
Acquired diseases are diseases that a person does not have at birth or are not genetically inherited, but are acquired during life. Acquired diseases can be divided into two broad categories based on their nature: communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases. In modern healthcare, the increase in these communicable diseases is a major challenge. A healthy lifestyle and preventive measures (vaccination, hygiene) are essential to prevent and control them.

Cancer
The human body is made up of billions of cells. These cells grow, divide, and die when needed in an orderly process. However, cancer is a condition in which this natural growth control is lost. There is no single-cause for cancer. Many factors can cause cancer, including genetic factors, unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption, ultraviolet rays,
certain types of viruses (for example: HPV), and environmental toxins.

Hereditary diseases
Hereditary diseases are diseases that are passed down from a person’s parents or ancestors to the next generation through genetic factors. These fall under the larger category of genetic disorders. Haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia are examples of such diseases.

Treatment
Treatment refers to all activities performed to alleviate, eliminate, or mitigate the effects of a disease, injury, or other health-related issue. The basic goal of treatment is to restore or maintain human health and well-being. There are various types of treatment methods in modern medicine.

Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood components into a patient’s body through veins. It is a treatment method that is used frequently all over the world to save lives. Blood transfusion is a process that must be done with great care. This is because incompatibilities in blood group and Rh factor between the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood can cause serious reactions. Therefore, it is essential to perform accurate tests such as cross-matching before donating blood.

Animal and plant diseases
Diseases are defined as abnormal conditions in living organisms that threaten the survival, food supply, and economic security of living organisms on Earth. The study of diseases affecting animals and plants, their symptoms, causes, and methods of control are important areas of biology, agriculture, and veterinary sciences.

HEALTH

• Health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being. It means not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Drug abuse is one of the biggest threats to health.
• Apart from drugs, the list of other factors that adversely affect health are:
  • Pathogens
  • Malnutrition
  • Environmental factors (pollution, chemicals)
  • Poor diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Stress
• Any change in the homeostasis of the body due to these factors is called disease.
• Pathogens around us cause different types of diseases. They enter our body in many ways.

Antigens

• Anything, including pathogens that enter our body and cause diseases, is called an antigen.
• Pathogens, pollen grains, dust, certain food items, chemicals, etc., are examples of antigens.

Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the body to prevent the entry of pathogens and to destroy those that have already entered. Some of them are innate and some others are acquired.

INNATE IMMUNITY

• The natural immune mechanism that exists in the body by birth is called innate immunity.
• Innate immunity includes various mechanisms to prevent antigens from entering the body. These are generally called primary level immunity.
• If the pathogens bypass the primary level immunity and enter the body, the innate immune system that defends against them is called the secondary level immunity.
• It includes the coordinated action of defence mechanisms that destroy the pathogens that have entered the body.
• White blood cells are mainly involved in secondary-level immunity.
• All innate immune functions are independent of the type or mode of action of the pathogens. Therefore, they are called non-specific immunity.

PHAGOCYTOSIS

• Phagocytosis is the process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
• The blood cells that take part in phagocytosis are called phagocytes.
• White blood cells such as neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytes.

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

• It is the process by which blood flow increases to the injured or bruised area to bring white blood cells to fight an infection.
• The cells at the injured part releases histamine and other chemical substances. This dilates the blood vessels.
• As blood flow increases, blood cells such as monocytes and neutrophils reach the injured area.
• They engulf and destroy the pathogens.

Fever

• Fever is the condition that occurs when the body temperature rises above the normal range (98.6° F or 37° C).
• When infection or inflammation occurs, white blood cells release chemical substances called pyrogens. These trigger the brain to raise the body temperature.
• Fever is a kind of immune mechanism.
• High temperature helps phagocytes to destroy pathogens more quickly by engulfing them, inhibit the growth of pathogens, and enhance immunity.
• This is a sign that the body is fighting against the disease.
• Once the infection is gone, the body temperature returns to the normal level.

CLOTTING OF BLOOD

• It is a mechanism to prevent the flow of blood as well as to block the entry of pathogens into the body when a wound forms on the skin.
• When an injury occurs, the platelets and damaged tissues at the site produce an enzyme called thromboplastin. This converts a protein in the blood plasma called prothrombin into thrombin.
• Thrombin then converts an inactive protein called fibrinogen into fibrin.
• The fibrin forms a network of fibres that traps red blood cells, forming a blood clot.
• This clot prevents further blood loss until the wound is healed.

Wound healing

• As blood clots and inflammation occur at the wound, new tissues are formed, leading to wound healing.
• If the wound is healed with connective tissue replacing the lost tissues, a scar will remain.

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

• This is the immunity that develops after birth.
• This immune mechanism specifically recognises and defends antigens (like the pathogens) that enter the body. Hence, this is also called as specific immunity.
• This immune defence is primarily carried out by lymphocytes. There are two types of lymphocytes -T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes	B lymphocytes
Form in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland. Identify and destroy the infected cells and cancer cells	Form and mature in bone marrow. Produce proteins called antibodies which act against antigens.

VACCINES

• In deadly diseases like Diphtheria and Tetanus, by the time natural immunity develops and becomes effective, the pathogens will have multiplied and the chances of death are high.
• In such situations, we have to rely on artificial immune mechanisms. Vaccines are the substances used for this.
• Vaccines act as antigens in our body.
• It stimulates our immune system and helps to produce antibodies against the pathogens.
• These antibodies remain in the body and provide long-term protection against diseases. By taking the doses accurately vaccines help to gain protection from a disease for many years or even for a lifetime.
• There are many vaccines available, including MMR, OPV, HPV, and the COVID-19 vaccine.
• Immunisation is an artificial method of preparing the immune cells in advance, expecting the attack of pathogens. The immunity acquired in this way is called artificial immunity.

ACQUIRED DISEASES

• Malfunction of the immune system, genetic defects, unhealthy lifestyle, abundance of pathogens etc. disrupt the homeostasis of the body and cause diseases.
• There are diseases that occur during a person’s lifetime and also diseases that are inherited.
• Diseases which occur during the course of one’s life are called acquired diseases. Environmental factors, pathogens, lifestyle etc. may cause these diseases.
• There are communicable and Non-communicable diseases.
• Most communicable diseases are caused by microorganisms. Such diseases are known as contagious diseases.

BACTERIA

• When bacteria enter the body and multiply, the toxins released by them destroy the host tissues and disrupt bodily functions.
• Some produce enzymes that damage the cell membrane and destroy cells.
• Tuberculosis and Leptospirosis are some diseases spread by bacteria.

VIRUS

• Viruses enter the body and multiply using the genetic mechanism of the host cells.
• Thereby, they destroy the cells and cause diseases.
• AIDS and Nipah are examples of diseases transmitted by viruses.

a) AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)

• Pathogen: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HTV).
• Affects T lymphocytes.
• The virus attacks, and destroys them by multiplying using the genetic mechanism of T lymphocytes. As a result, the body’s ability to fight diseases is reduced and gradually the condition reaches to AIDS.
• Symptoms: Primary symptoms are similar to other viral diseases, but when the immunity decreases, fatal diseases such as Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, some types of cancer, etc., may develop.
• Mode of Transmission: HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles and syringes that are not HTV-free, through transfusion of blood or organs containing HIV, and from an infected mother to the foetus.
• Treatment – Currently, there is no medicine to completely cure AIDS. However, through Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), it is possible to control the multiplication of the virus and maintain the patient’s immunity.
• Scientists are working on technologies like CRISPR gene editing to cut and remove the HTV virus gene from cells.
• Along with this, efforts are also underway to develop medicines that ean activate and destroy the hidden HIV in the body, as well as to discover an effective HIV vaccine.

b) Nipah

• Pathogen: Nipah virus
• Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscular pain, cough, and vomiting are the initial symptoms. As the disease becomes severe, disorientation, epilepsy, and loss of consciousness may occur.
• Mode of transmission:

Treatment: Only supportive care is available to reduce the symptoms and complications of the disease. There are currently no antiviral medicines or vaccines.

FUNGUS

• Fungi can also cause various types of diseases in humans.
• These may directly infect the skin and nails, or produce toxins, leading to different diseases.

PROTOZOA

• They are unicellular eukaryotes.
• Some protozoa infect the red blood cells, multiply inside them and destroy them.

• Some others release harmful substances that affect the physiological activities.
• Malaria is a disease spread by protozoa.
• The protozoan named Plasmodium is the pathogen. Female Anopheles mosquito transmits this pathogen from one person to another.

• Symptoms: Intermittent fever, chills and shivering, headache, vomiting, muscular pain, body pain and fatigue.
• Treatment: Antimalarial medicines are used.

WORMS

• The parasitic worms such as pin worm, round worm etc. cause diseases.
• These diseases are generally known as worm infestations.
• The infection spreads through habits like nail- biting, eating without washing hands, or drinking contaminated water.
• Worm infestation causes fatigue, lack of enthusiasm,’tiredness, lack of concentration, nutritional deficiency, loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach pain, dizziness, and vomiting.
• Albendazole destroys various types of worms and helps prevent worm infestation. Albendazole tablets are effective in preventing the spread of worm infestation too.

a) Filariasis

• Filariasis occurs when filarial worms lodge in the lymphatic vessels and obstruct the normal flow of lymph.
• Female culex mosquitoes transmit these pathogens from one person to another.

• When a mosquito bites, the larvae of the worms enter the bloodstream, grow, and reach the lymphatic vessels and settle there.
• As a result, lymphatic fluid accumulates, and over time, body parts such as legs, arms, and
  genital organs become excessively swollen and enlarged.

CANCER

• Cancer is a non-contagious disease.
• Cancer is a condition in which abnormal and uncontrolled cell division leads to the multiplication of cells.
• This spreads to other parts of the body. When the control mechanisms of the cell division process fail, normal cells turn into cancer cells.
• Cancer cells spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph.
• Causes of Cancer: Genetic changes, Environmental factors, Viral infections, Lifestyle
• Treatment Methods: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy. Immunotherapy. Targeted therapy, Hormone therapy, etc. are the treatment methods.

HEREDITARY DISEASES

• Diseases caused by genetic defects are called hereditary diseases.
• Sickle cell anaemia and haemophilia are examples of such diseases.

TREATMENT

• In different parts of the world, treatment methods have evolved according to the lifestyle, culture, and available natural resources of the respective region.
• Ayurveda and Unani are traditional treatment methods that have evolved in this way.

AYURVEDA

• Ayurveda is a world-renowned system of treatment that originated in India.
• It aims at maintaining the balance of bodily functions through diet regulation, herbal medicines and exercise.
• In Ayurveda, plant and animal-based substances are used as medicines.
• Charaka is known as the Father of the Ayurvedic system of treatment.

HOMEOPATHY

• Homeopathy is a system of treatment introduced by the German doctor Samuel Hahnemann.
• This is a method of treatment that uses diluted doses of natural substances that cause symptoms in a healthy person to prevent disease.

MODERN MEDICINE

• The foundation of modern medicine was laid by the Greek physician Hippocrates.
• This system corrected superstitions related to diseases and gave importance to pathogens, diagnosis and the medicines.

MEDICINES

• Following the diagnosis, various medicines are used for treatment.
• These may be derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, or they may be artificially synthesised.
• Among these, antibiotics deserve special mention.

ANTIBIOTICS

• Antibiotics are medicines that are either derived from microorganisms or produced synthetically, and are used
• against bacteria.
• Although they are the most effective medicines available to treat bacterial diseases, their unscientific and excessive use can lead to several side effects.
• Some of these side effects include:
  • Problems in the digestive system such as diarrhoea, vomiting and stomach pain
  • Allergy
  • Damage to the liver and kidneys
  • Destruction of beneficial bacteria in the intestine
  • Resistance against antibiotics (Antibiotic resistance)
• A major concern is antibiotic resistance, which is developed in bacteria. This makes treatment more complicated.
• Use antibiotics only as prescribed by a doctor.

• Against viruses – antiviral drugs • Against fungi – antifungal drugs • Against protozoa – antiprotozoal drugs • against worms – Anti-helminthic drugs • To reduce fever – antipyretic drugs

Alexander Fleming and Penicillin

Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928. While examining a petri dish containing Staphylococcus bacteria, he noticed that a fungus called Penicillium notatum had grown on it and was destroying the bacteria. This was the first antibiotic in the world that could kill bacteria without harming human cells.

Although Fleming could not purify penicillin himself, after a decade, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain succeeded in purifying it and began large-scale production during the Second World War. This discovery revolutionised medical science. In 1945, Fleming, Florey, and Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. This led to the beginning of the antibiotic era.

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• The process of transferring blood or its components from one person to another is called blood transfusion.
• The person who gives blood is known as the donor, and the person who receives blood is called the recipient.
• Blood groups are determined by the presence of A antigen and B antigen present on the surface of RBCs.
• The type of antigen present in the blood determines the blood group.
• The antibodies present in the plasma also play an important role in blood transfusion.
• In addition to A and B antigens, some individuals have another antigen called the D antigen. If D antigen is present, the blood group is called positive; if absent, it is called negative.
• Since the D antigen was first discovered in Rhesus monkeys, it is also known as the Rhesus factor (Rh factor).
• If the donor’s blood contains an antigen that is naturally absent in the recipient’s blood, the antibodies present in the recipient’s plasma may act against it, leading to agglutination of the blood. Therefore, it is essential to consider blood groups in blood transfusion.

ANIMAL AND PLANT DISEASES
Diseases affect not only humans but also animals and plants.

ANIMAL DISEASES

Disease	Pathogen	Affects	Prevention
Foot and Mouth Disease	Virus	Cattles	Vaccine
Anthrax	Bacteria	Cattles	Vaccinfc
Mastitis	Bacteria	Cattles	Vaccine
Ranikhet disease	Virus	Chicken, duck	Vaccine

PLANT DISEASES

Disease	Pathogen	Symptoms
Wilt of Brinjal	Bacteria	The young leaves wilt quickly. Gradually, the leaves turn yellow, growth becomes stunted, and the branches are reduced in number.
Blight disease of paddy	Bacteria	Round yellow spots on the leaves, spots on the rice grain
Bunchy top of Banana	Virus	Leaves become short, narrow and stand upright; growth becomes stunted.
Mosaic disease in Tapioca	Virus	Initially, light yellow-coloured patches form on the leaves. Gradually, these become white. Growth retards, and the size of tapioca decreases.
Bud rot of coconut	Fungus	The tender leaves turn into yellow, and the crown of the coconut tree droops and falls.
Quick wilt of pepper	Fungus	Wet marks on the leaves and stem. Leaves fall, and the plant wilts quickly.

IMMUNITY IN PLANTS

• A rigid cell wall, epidermis and waxy coating on leaves and stems prevent the entry of pathogens.
• Antimicrobial substances either kill pathogens or inhibit their growth.
• Enzymes break down the cell walls of pathogens.
• The cells in the infected area undergo autolysis to prevent the spread of the disease.
• When one part of the plant is attacked, it sends warning signals from cell to cell about the disease.
• If pathogens cross the cell wall and enter, a polysaccharide called callose prevents their spread.

A thorough understanding of SCERT Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Biology Notes Pdf and Class 10 Biology Chapter 6 Biology and Technology Notes Questions and Answers English Medium can improve academic performance.

SSLC Biology Chapter 6 Notes Questions and Answers Pdf Biology and Technology

SCERT Class 10 Biology Chapter 6 Biology and Technology Notes Pdf

SSLC Biology Chapter 6 Questions and Answers – Let Us Assess

Question 1.
Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA technology is correct?
I. Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA of an organism.
II. Ligase enzymes join the cut DNA fragments together.
III. Vectors are usually bacterial plasmids.
IV. When recombinant DNA enters a host cell, it does not replicate.
a) I and II only
b) I, II, III only
c) I, III, IV only
d) I, II, III, IV all
Answer:
b) I, II, III only

Question 2.
Identify A, B, and C and choose the correct option.
A: A technology that joins together DNA segments from two or more different organisms
B: A technology used to locate genes in DNA
C: A technology used to identify individuals by analysing the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA

i) A – Recombinant DNA Technology, B – Gene Mapping, C – DNA Fingerprinting
ii) A – Human Genome Project, B – Gene Therapy, C – CRISPR Technology
iii) A – Recombinant DNA Technology, B – DNA Fingerprinting, C – CRISPR Technology
iv) A – Gene Therapy, B – Gene Mapping, C – Human Genome Project
Answer:
i) A – Recombinant DNA Technology, B – Gene Mapping, C – DNA Fingerprinting

Question 3.
What is the importance of the host cell in recombinant DNA technology? Analyse how this technology would be limited if there were no host cells.
Answer:
The importance of the host cell in recombinant DNA technology:

• Multiplication: The host cell makes many copies of the recombinant DNA through cell division. This process is called cloning. When a new DNA molecule is introduced into 100,000 cells, the DNA multiplies in each cell to make many copies.

• Expression: The host cell helps the gene contained in the recombinant DNA (for example, the gene for making insulin) to fulfil its purpose. The host cell’s RNA and ribosomes produce the necessary protein (for example, insulin) according to the instructions of this gene.

Without a host cell, recombinant DNA technology would not be able to exist in its current form. All of the following would be limited:

• Quantitative limitation: Recombinant DNA is produced in very small quantities. We get this DNA in sufficient quantities because it multiplies in the host cell. Without a host cell, we would not be able to produce the required amount of DNA or protein.

• Protein production limitation: Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce proteins such as insulin, vaccines, and enzymes. Without a host cell, these genes cannot make proteins.

• Gene therapy limitation: In gene therapy, a new gene is introduced into a patient’s cells to try to reverse the disease. Without a host cell, this new gene would not be able to function in the patient’s body.

Question 4.
Analyse how the information provided by the Human Genome Project will help in the future development of recombinant DNA technology, CRISPR editing technology and Al in biology.
Answer:
a) Human Genome Project (HGP): The Human Genome Project helped to understand the complete structure of human DNA. It provides information about the location of each gene, their function, and how changes in them cause diseases.

b) Recombinant DNA Technology: Recombinant DNA technology helps to cut out the desired genes and make new combinations using the information provided by HGP. For example, the gene that produces insulin was found and transferred to bacteria to produce large amounts of insulin.

c) CRISPR Editing Technology: CRISPR is the next generation of recombinant DNA technology. It makes gene editing easier, faster, and more precise. It helps to edit any part of the human genome. Using the information obtained from HGP, it is possible to accurately identify genes that cause diseases and use CRISPR to correct them. This will make a big difference in the treatment of hereditary diseases in the future.

d) AI in Biology: AI plays a major role in integrating these three technologies. AI helps in analysing large data sets like the Human Genome Project and finding hidden patterns and relationships in it. AI can be used to predict diseases and develop personalised treatments. AI can analyse a patient’s genome and suggest the most suitable medicine for them.

Question 5.
How can the use of genome data be helpful in prescribing drugs that are appropriate for the patient?
Answer:
Genomic data can be used to understand how a drug will work in a patient.

Each person’s genome contains genes that control enzymes responsible for breaking down drugs. Small differences (called genetic variations) in these genes can cause drugs to be broken down very quickly in some people and very slowly in others. Analysing a patient’s genome can help determine which group they belong to and aid in determining the right dose of the drug. Some drugs cause serious side effects only in some people. The genetic variations that cause these side effects can be found in genomic data. Some drugs work in one group of patients but not in another. By studying their genomes, it is possible to find out which patients are more likely to benefit from a particular drug.

Question 6.
Analyse the fundamental similarities and differences between recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy.
Answer:
Similarities:

• Use of genetic molecules: Both technologies are based on genetic molecules such as genes, DNA, or RNA.
• Use of vectors: Both technologies use vectors such as viruses to deliver new genes into cells.

Differences:

Peculiarities	Recombinant DNA technology	Gene therapy
Main aim	Creating new organisms or producing large amounts of proteins	Modifying cells in a patient’s body to treat genetic diseases
Method of application	Genes are transferred from one organism to another, often resulting in changes in the behaviour of an organism.	A healthy gene is directly transferred into a patient’s own cells. It is used only to treat the patient.
Examples	Human insulin-producing bacteria, insect-resistant BT cotton	Treating hereditary diseases like cystic fibrosis and haemophilia.

Question 7.
Observe the illustration and answer the questions.

a) Name the technology indicated in the illustration.
b) Identify and name A and B.
c) What is the role of A and B?
Answer:
a) The illustration refers to the CRISPR-Cas 9 gene editing technology.

b) A is the guide RNA (gRNA) and B is the Cas 9 protein.

c) CRISPR uses an enzyme called Cas9 (B) as scissors to cut DNA. It also includes an RNA that identifies the DNA segment to be cut. This is called as guide RNA (gRNA) (A)

Question 8.
Imagine that you have received a DNA fingerprinting report in a forensic case. Explain how the perpetrator can be identified by analysing the patterns in this report. How can this technology be used to identify the unidentified dead bodies found in natural disasters?
Answer:
To identify a criminal from a DNA report, repeated DNA patterns at specific locations are analysed, comparing the number and length of repeating DNA sequences between crime scene evidence and suspect samples. For unidentified bodies after a natural disaster, this technology identifies victims by comparing their DNA profiles to reference samples from their families or other biological material found at the scene.

Question 9.
How does artificial intelligence (AI) help data analysis and discoveries in biological research?
Answer:
AI plays a key role in many areas of biological research, such as disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and genetic engineering
BIOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

• AI plays a major role in many areas of biological study, including disease diagnosis, drug discovery and genetic engineering.
• Bioinformatics is a new scientific discipline of science that analyses biological data by combining the latest technological disciplines such as computer science, mathematics and statistics.

Potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in biological fields:

• Diagnosis, treatment: For discovering new drugs, for predicting the effectiveness of chemical substances and recommendation of the most suitable treatment.
• Personalised medicine: analyses each individual’s genetic makeup and health information and recommends the most suitable treatment regimens for them.
• Genome sequencing: Utilised in gene editing technology for the treatment of genetic disorders.
• Improving agriculture: Monitors the health of the soil, predicts the diseases that might affect crops.
• Pollution: Predicts air and water pollution levels and recommends mitigation strategies.
• Bioinformatics: Analyses large amounts of genetic data and suggests simplification strategies

Question 10.
Prepare a note on the following concepts to present in a seminar on the possibilities of technology for environmental conservation:
i) Data Collection
ii) Biodiversity Conservation
iii) Pollution Control
Answer:
Technology plays a crucial role in environmental protection, data collection, biodiversity conservation, and pollution control. Technologies such as satellite remote sensing, drones, and sensors can be used to monitor the condition of forests and water resources in real time and quickly identify the source of pollution. Gene banking technology can be used to preserve the genes of endangered species. Similarly, biodiversity can be preserved by developing resistant plants and animals. In addition, microbiology can be used to remove wastes such as oil through bioremediation and reduce pollution by using renewable energy sources.

Biology Class 10 Chapter 6 Notes Kerala Syllabus Biology and Technology

Question 1.
How is genetic constitution altered through recombinant DNA technology?
Answer:

Answers to the indicators on page 170 of the textbook
Question 2.
Recombinant DNA Technology:
Answer:
Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA segments from two or more different organisms to form recombinant DNA.

Question 3.
Enzymes and their functions:
Answer:
a) Restriction Endonuclease Enzyme: The genetic scissor that cuts a specific gene
b) Ligase enzyme: Genetic glue that joins two DNA segments.

Question 4.
Vectors-fiinction:
Answer:
Vectors carry the genes and a host cell into which the recombinant DNA is inserted, (circular DNA), and some viruses are used as gene carriers or vectors)

Question 5.
Various stages of recombinant DNA technology:
Answer:

• Cuts the desirable gene from human DNA
• Cuts the plasmid and removes a specific part
• The cut human gene is ligated to the plasmid
• The plasmid with the incorporated human gene is inserted into the host cell.
• As the inserted genes become active in the cell, the desired products are formed.

Question 6.
This technology is widely used in various fields. An example for this is the production of human insulin using bacteria. What are the other fields in which this technology is used?

a) Medicine

• Hormones: This technology helps in the production of important hormones such as human insulin and human growth hormone.
• Vaccines: Vaccines are developed against diseases such as hepatitis B using the DNA of pathogenic microorganisms.
• Gene therapy: This technology is used to replace damaged genes with healthy genes to treat certain inherited diseases.

b) Agriculture

• Genetically Modified Crops: Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce crops that are resistant to pests and diseases. This helps reduce the use of chemical pesticides. For example, BT Cotton.
• Increased Yield: Crops are developed that are more resistant to drought and adverse weather conditions.
• Nutrient-rich crops: This is used to produce plants with higher nutrient content. For example, Golden Rice with increased levels of vitamin A.

c) Industry

• Enzyme production: This technology helps produce enzymes needed to make cheese, biofuels, and detergents.
• Pollution control: Genetically modified microorganisms can be used to remove pollutants such as oil and mercury from the environment.

Question 7.
Is CRISPR technology the only technology used in gene editing? Find out.
Answer:
No, CRISPR technology is not the only technology used for gene editing; other technologies such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription factor-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and mega nucleases existed before it. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has become very popular due to its ease of use, low cost, and precise operation.

Answers to the indicators on page 171 of the textbook
Question 8.
CRISPR technology:
Answer:
CRISPR is a modern technique used to edit DNA with extreme precision.

Question 9.
Guide RNA, Cas9 enzyme:
Answer:
CRISPR technology uses an enzyme called Cas9 as scissors to cut DNA. It also includes an RNA that identifies the DNA segment to be cut. This is called as guide RNA (gRNA).

Question 10.
Gene editing:
Answer:
The arrangement of nitrogen bases in DNA can be edited in a way that is necessary to change the characteristics of an organism. This can remove unwanted traits or add new traits. This is called gene editing.

Answers to the indicators on page 172 of the textbook
Question 11.
The various fields in which beneficial changes are brought about, and the resultant changes.
Answer:
Agriculture: It has been possible to produce plants that are resistant to pests, weeds, and viruses. It is possible to ensure high production efficiency.
Health: It is also helpful in the production of hormones like insulin and vaccines, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Question 12.
The changes that can be brought about in nature by genetically modified organisms:
Answer:

• If GMOs have a higher survival rate than normal organisms, they may multiply rapidly in nature. This could threaten native flora and fauna and lead to their extinction.
• Some genetically modified crops may have a negative impact on soil structure and microorganisms.
• Continued use of genetically modified crops may lead to pests developing resistance to them. This may force us to use more powerful pesticides.
• Genetically modified foods may cause allergies in some people.

Question 13.
Has the genome information of other organisms been discovered? Find out.
Answer:
In addition to the human genome, the genomes of thousands of animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi have already been analysed, and data collected.
Major organisms whose genomes have been studied include:

• Animals: dog, cat, monkey, rat, cow, chicken, pig, etc.
• Plants: rice, wheat, cassava, apple, grape, etc.
• Microorganisms: various bacteria, yeast, and viruses.

Answers to the indicators on page 173 of the textbook
Question 14.
Genome:
Answer:
The genome is the sum total of all the genetic materials in an organism.

Question 15.
Gene Mapping:
Answer:
Gene mapping is a technique used to locate genes in DNA.

Question 16.
Human Genome Project:
Answer:
The Human Genome Project was a global scientific initiative that began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, with the goal of completely understanding the information in the human genome.

Question 17.
List the various steps of stem cell therapy.
Answer:

• The stem cells that produce blood cells are collected.
• The active gene is incorporated into the stem cells using viruses as vectors.
• The stem cells incorporated with the gene are injected to the patient.

Question 18.
Analyse the illustration 6.5 a and find out how the relationship between parents and offspring is identified and also analyse illustration 6.5 b and identify the person to whom the sample resembles.

Answer:
Illustration 6.5a Analysis:
A child gets half of their DNA from their mother and half from their father. This will be reflected in the DNA fingerprinting.

1. Identify the individuals: Look at which lane the mother, father, and child DNA samples are in the image.
2. Compare the bands: Carefully examine each DNA band in the child’s lane.
3.  Find the relationship: Each of the child’s DNA bands must be in exactly the same position in either the mother’s lane or the father’s lane. That is, each band in the child must match either the mother’s or the father’s band. If the child does not have a single band in either of the parents, the child is not their biological child.

Illustration 6.5b Analysis:
Each person has a unique DNA structure (except for twins). This principle is used in forensic cases to identify criminals.

1. Identify the samples: Look at which row in the image is the sample from the crime scene and which row is the sample from the suspect.
2. Compare the patterns: Carefully compare the pattern of DNA bands of the unknown sample (labelled sample) with the pattern of each suspect.
3. Find an exact match: The person whose band pattern of the unknown sample matches the band pattern of the person exactly (all bands fall in the same position) is the owner of the sample. If not even one band matches, then the sample does not belong to him.

The sample in the given illustration matches that of person 2.

Answers to the indicators on page 176 of the textbook
Question 19.
DNA Fingerprinting:
Answer:
The technology that is used to analyse the sequence of nucleotides in DNA and to identify individuals accordingly is called DNA fingerprinting.

Question 20.
DNA Fingerprinting – basis:
Answer:
The basis of DNA fingerprinting is the differences in the repeating sequences in each person’s DNA. Although these repeating sequences are found in everyone, there are large differences in their number and arrangement from person to person.

Question 21.
Application possibilities of DNA fingerprinting:
Answer:
The possibilities of DNA fingerprinting are endless in forensic science, in proving paternity and relationships, in healthcare diagnostics, organ donation, and in crop management in agriculture.

Question 22.
Match with the sample and the culprit in the illustration:
Answer:
The person whose band pattern of the unknown sample in the illustration matches the band pattern of the person completely (all bands fall in the same position) is the owner of the sample. If not even one band matches, then the sample does not belong to him. The sample in the given illustration matches that of person 2.

Answers to the indicators on page 177 of the textbook
Question 23.
Microbiome:
Answer:
The human microbiome is the collection of microorganisms and their genes that inhabit and interact within the human body.

Question 24.
Microbiome Project:
Answer:
To develop knowledge about microorganisms, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was launched by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States in 2007.

Question 25.
Services provided by Microbiome:
Answer:

1. Improves digestion
2. Boosts immunity
3. Protects mental health
4. Prevents obesity
5. Produces vitamins and other nutrients.

Question 26.
Organise a seminar on the topic Biotechnology Opportunities and Challenges.
Answer:
Hint: (Below is an outline for organising a seminar on this topic. You can present the seminar using this outline).

Seminar: Biotechnology, Opportunities and Challenges

Introduction

• Importance of Biotechnology
• Major recent advances in this field
• Need to discuss the opportunities and challenges these technologies offer to humanity and nature.

Possibilities (Technologies and their benefits)
a) Genetic engineering:

• In health: gene therapy, vaccine production, production of artificial insulin.
• In agriculture: production of plants with higher yields and immunity (for example, BT cotton).

b) DNA fingerprinting:

• Forensics: helps to find criminals and identify bodies.
• Relationships: used to determine paternity and other family relationships.

c) Stem cell research:

• The potential to grow new cells and organs.
• Helps to regenerate damaged cells and treat and cure diseases.

Challenges (topics to discuss)
a) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs):

• Potential harmful changes they can cause in nature.
• Potential health problems in humans from eating genetically modified plants.

b) Ethical issues:
• Ethical concerns about modifying human behavior and abilities through gene editing.

c) Illicit use:

• Potential for misuse of these technologies to produce biological weapons.
• Concerns about the leakage of individuals’ genetic information.

Conclusion

• Biological technologies are a great opportunity, but it must be ensured that they are safe and ethical.
• The need to raise public awareness about this technology.
• The importance of society working together to use these technologies only for good.

Std 10 Biology Chapter 6 Notes – Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare a short video on the topic ‘The Role of the Microbiome in a healthy lifestyle’ by including the Human Microbiome Project, the importance of microorganisms in our body as well as their relationship with health and diseases, and present it under the leadership of Little KITES.
Answer:
Some helpful tips for making videos:
1. Start with an engaging question like, “Did you know there’s a microbial world inside you?”

2. Use simple language: Avoid technical terms like “microbiome” and simply say “the community of microbes in our bodies.”

3. Use visuals:

• Animation: Simple animations can show how bacteria digest food and help the immune system.
• Charts and images: Simple charts or images can be used to explain the structure of the microbiome.
• Similes: Simple similes can help make the idea clearer.

4. Keep it short and to the point: Reduce the length of the video. Focus only on the main points.

• Introduction: What is the microbiome?
• Content: How does it help us, and what happens if it becomes unhealthy?
• Conclusion: How can we keep it healthy?

5. End the video with a message like “Remember that the food you eat helps the microbes inside you make the world healthier.”

Question 2.
Organise a debate to discuss on the topic ‘The Social and Ethical Aspects of Biotechnology including Genetic Engineering’ by involving experts and the general public.
Answer:
Suggestions for discussion:
a) Moral aspects:

• Designer babies: Is it morally right to create ‘superior humans’ by rewriting the genes that determine intelligence and beauty? Won’t this create new kinds of inequalities in society?
• Human evolution: How will genetic engineering affect the natural evolution of humans? What changes will the creatures created by humans make in nature?

b) Socio-economic aspects:

• Economic inequality: Genetic treatments are likely to be very expensive. Will this become a privilege only available to the rich?
• Food security: Are genetically modified crops (GMOs) a solution to food shortages or will they cause health problems in the long run?

c) Legal aspects: How can we prevent the potential for misuse of these technologies? What should be the rules regarding keeping genetic information confidential?

Question 3.
Conduct a publicity campaign in schools and nearby areas, by using posters and pamphlets prepared on the importance of biotechnology.
Answer:

Question 4.
Prepare a science article exploring the possibilities and problems that could arise if gene editing were applied to humans.
Answer:
Some tips the writing an essay:

• Explain briefly what gene editing is and how technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 can help with this. Mention its importance in the field of human health.
• Potential (benefits): Treating hereditary diseases: It is possible to provide a permanent solution to genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia.
• Enhancing immunity: Genes can be modified to increase the body’s immunity to fight HIV and some types of cancer.
• Problems and challenges (disadvantages): Safety issues: Gene editing technology is prone to errors. This can cause unwanted changes and lead to new diseases or other health problems.
•  Social implications: It is possible to create a new kind of social division between genetically enhanced humans and those who are not. This may create new conflicts in society.
•  Gene editing is a critical technology. Although it has great potential, it must be used responsibly and with legal restrictions. The article concludes by noting that more discussion and study is needed on how to use this technology for the welfare of humanity.

Biology and Technology Class 10 Notes

Biology and Technology Notes Pdf

• Biotechnology is the technology that uses living organisms or their parts to provide products and services that are useful to humans.
• Genetic engineering is the technology that creates desirable traits in organisms by adding or removing genes.
• Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA segments from two or more different organisms to form recombinant DNA.
• CRISPR is a modern technique used to edit DNA with extreme precision. It uses an enzyme called Cas9 as scissors to cut DNA. It also includes an RNA that identifies the DNA segment to be cut. This is called as guide RNA (gRNA).
• There are plants, animals, and microorganisms whose genetic constitutions have been altered through genetic engineering. They are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
• The genome is the sum total of all the genetic materials in an organism.
• The Human Genome Project was a global scientific initiative that began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, with the goal of completely understanding the information in the human genome.
• Gene mapping is a technology that locates the location of genes in DNA.
• Gene therapy is a method of treating diseases by removing defective genes and replacing them with functional genes.
• DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals by analysing the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA.
• The human microbiome is the collection of microorganisms and their genes that inhabit and interact with the human body.
• The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) is a project launched by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States in 2007 to expand knowledge about microorganisms.
• AI plays an important role in many biological fields such as diagnosis, drug discovery, and genetic engineering.
• Many biological techniques have been developed to help protect ecosystems and biodiversity. Technology plays a major role in effectively combating the challenges facing nature.

INTRODUCTION

Genetic Revolution
Human evolution is moving from a life in harmony with nature to the advanced era of biotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI). From the use of fire, agriculture, and social life, to major discoveries such as cell biology, genes, DNA analysis, and synthetic biology, humans are conquering new heights of knowledge. These advances are bringing about major changes in areas such as environmental protection, food security, agriculture, health, and industry. By producing artificial meat in labs, we can avoid slaughtering animals. Gene editing is beneficial for the agricultural sector. Similarly, DNA analysis in the field of forensics helps in identifying criminals. These technologies have the potential to change the future of humanity.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology and genetic engineering are two related scientific disciplines. Biotechnology is a large branch of science that uses living organisms and their parts to develop products and technologies for the welfare of humanity. Genetic engineering is a sub-discipline of this. Genetic engineering is a technology that changes the genetic structure of an organism. It helps in cutting out genes, adding new genes, and controlling the functions of genes. Technologies like recombinant DNA technology and CRISPR-Cas9 are examples of this. These technologies have brought about great changes in sectors such as health, agriculture, and industry.

Genetically Modified Organisms – GMOs
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are plants, animals, or microorganisms that have had their genetic makeup scientifically altered. Typically, these alterations are made by removing a beneficial gene from one organism and inserting it into another.

Human Genome Project (HGP)
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a large international research project that aims to understand the entire genetic makeup (genome) of the human body.

Begun in 1990 and completed in 2003, the project sequenced approximately 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and mapped approximately 20,000 – 25,000 genes in humans.

The project opened up new avenues for research into genetic diseases, their causes, and treatments. The information provided by the Human Genome Project is considered a maj or milestone in the study of biology and medicine.

Human Microbiome Project (HMP)
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) is a large research project aimed at studying the community of microbes (the microbiome) inside and outside the human body. Its main goal is to understand how these microbes play a role in our health and disease. Like the Human Genome Project, this project is also providing new knowledge about our bodies.

Biology and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
In today’s scientific world, biology and artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly merging. AI is helping to analyse biological big data, make new discoveries, and bring revolutionary changes in human health and agriculture. Genome studies, protein structure analysis, drug discovery, and disease diagnosis can all be made more efficient with AI.

Technological possibilities in environmental conservation
Modern technologies open up great possibilities for environmental protection. Today, technology is an important tool for scientifically tackling problems such as climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Technologies such as remote sensing, drones, and artificial intelligence (AI) help monitor the environment and collect information. Similarly, biotechnology such as bioremediation and renewable energy sources provide new ways to control pollution and protect biodiversity. In short, technology plays a major role in effectively combating the challenges facing nature.

GENETIC REVOLUTION
Genetic technology is having a major impact on various areas of human life today. Instead of relying on animals for meat production, it is possible to produce artificial meat in labs using stem cells. This is already available in countries such as the USA, Israel, and Singapore. In addition, the development of immune-resistant plants through gene editing, for example, tomato plants that are resistant to fungal diseases, holds great promise for the agricultural sector. This technology is also crucial in the field of forensics; although the body could not be found in a murder case in 2020, the DNA analysis of a hair sample obtained from the suspect’s car was able to identify and convict the murderer. Such examples illustrate the growth of genetic technology and its practical possibilities.

From ancient humans who lived in harmony with nature, humanity has reached the modern era of biotechnology, genetics, and artificial intelligence (AI). From the use of fire, the beginning of agriculture, social life, and the domestication of animals, humans are conquering new heights of knowledge through great discoveries such as cell biology, genes, DNA analysis, and synthetic biology. From primitive man to modern man, and from there to the heights of biotechnology, other technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI), man is taking a step forward. Through this, environmental protection, food security, agriculture, health, and industry are all undergoing major changes.

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
Biotechnology

• Biotechnology is the technology of using living things or their parts to provide products and services that are useful to humans.
• The discovery of the structure of DNA has accelerated the growth of biotechnology.

Genetic engineering

• Genetic engineering is the technology for creating desired traits in organisms by combining or deleting genes.
• For this, various technologies are used in genetic engineering.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA segments from two or more different organisms to form recombinant DNA.
Key components of recombinant DNA technology and their functions:
a) Restriction Endonuclease Enzyme: The genetic scissors that cuts a specific gene
b) Ligase enzyme: Genetic glue that joins two DNA segments.
c) Vector: This carries the genes and a host cell into which the recombinant DNA is inserted, (circular DNA), and some viruses are used as gene carriers or vectors)
d) Host cell: The cell that receives the recombinant DNA.

CRISPR TECHNOLOGY

• CRISPR is a modern technique used to edit DNA with extreme precision.
• Emmanuel Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna discovered this technology.
• The CRISPR technology was designed from a natural defence mechanism that bacteria use, to defend viruses.
• It uses an enzyme called Cas9 as scissors to cut DNA.
• It also includes an RNA that identifies the DNA segment to be cut. This is called as guide RNA (gRNA).

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)
There are plants, animals, and microorganisms whose genetic constitutions have been altered through genetic engineering. They are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)

• Genes control our characteristics and activities.
• The genome is the sum total of all the genetic materials in an organism.
• The human genome contains approximately 300 crore DNA base pairs.
• The Human Genome Project was a global scientific initiative that began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, with the goal of completely understanding the information in the human genome.
• Gene mapping technology, which identifies the location of genes in DNA, has helped in this.
• The Human Genome Proj ect is a maj or milestone in biology.
• It is very helpful in understanding how genetic diseases arise and finding new treatments.

The following facts were discovered through this project:
a) The exact sequence of 300 crore base pairs in the human genome.
b) Humans have 20,000 to 25,000 genes.
c) Functional genes make up approximately 1 – 2% of human genome. The remaining bulk part is known as ‘junk DNA’. (Studies are going on about its exact functions.)

GENE THERAPY

Gene therapy is the method of treating diseases by removing the defective genes and replacing them with functional genes.

E.g., Sickle cell anaemia. This is a hereditary disease. Previously, there was no effective treatment for this disease. However, the World Health Organisation has approved gene therapy treatment to completely reverse sickle cell anaemia. This treatment method can be described as gene therapy or stem cell therapy, as it involves genetic modification of the stem cells of the patient and their injection back into the body.

How does gene therapy work?

Somatic gene therapy delivers healthy genes to body cells. Examples: muscles, liver, blood cells. The effect of this therapy will be only in the person being treated; that is, these changes in genes will not be passed on to the next generation. However, in germline gene therapy, the genes are transferred into the reproductive cells. The genetic changes that occur in this way will be transmitted to the next generations. This raises so many ethical and social questions.

DNA FINGERPRINTING

• The technology that is used to analyse the sequence of nucleotides in DNA and to identify individuals accordingly is called DNA fingerprinting.
• 99.9% of DNA is the same in all humans. Variations are seen in the remaining 0.1 % of the DNA of individuals.
• Just as fingerprints that vary from person to person, the sequence of nucleotides in each person also vary. This peculiarity helps to identify individuals.
• These differences are mainly seen in the parts of DNA that do not help to make proteins. In these parts, some DNA sequences are repeated.
• The number of repeats and their order differ in each individual.
• More resemblances can be seen in the DNA patterns of parents, their offspring and siblings.

British geneticist Sir Alex Jeffrey discovered DNA fingerprinting on 10 September, 1984, at the University of Leicester. While examining a DNA X- ray film, he realised that differences in the DNA patterns of individuals could be used to identify them. He also discovered that each individual has a unique DNA pattern, as unique as the fingerprint.

Uses of DNA Fingerprinting:

• To identify culprits
• To identify genetic disorders and learn about hereditary diseases
• To determine the biological relationship between parents and offspring
• To understand lineage by identifying fossils
• To identify victims of accidents or disasters
• To track endangered species

Organoids and 3D printing

Organoids are tiny, three-dimensional tissue models that are grown in the lab. They help to study diseases, test new drugs, and develop regenerative therapies. Currently, the shortage of donors, infection, and the tendency of the body to reject the new organ are major challenges in organ transplantation surgery. 3D printing of organs is a technology that can help to overcome these challenges. By using M.R.I or C.T scan the image of organs are collected. These images and bioinks (consisting of living cells, other organic materials and growth factors) are sent to the 3D bioprinter. Using the bioinks, the 3D bioprinter creates organ models. This technology could effect major changes in organ transplantation surgery in future.

HUMAN MICROBIOME PROJECT (HMP)

• The human microbiome is the collection of microorganisms and their genes that inhabit and interact within the human body.
• It is a community of microorganisms that includes bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses.
• The number of microorganisms in our body is ten times more than the cells.
• They provide us with many services, including immunity, digestion, and the production and absorption of vitamins.
• To develop knowledge about microorganisms, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was launched by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States in 2007.
• HMP proved that the human body is not only composed of cells but also crores of microorganisms, and co-existence is essential for our well-being.
• It also revealed that the cause of disease is not only the pathogen but the change in the equilibrium of microorganisms in the body.
• This knowledge has opened new avenues for diagnostic and treatment methods.
• This project opened a great opportunity to design personalised medicine and to arrange treatment according to each individual’s microbiome.

The science that converts even feces to medicine

Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes working for us. The main ones are bacteria. Antibiotics are ineffective against serious intestinal infections caused by the drug-resistant bacterium Clostridium difficile. That’s where a new treatment using human feces as medicine comes in. For this treatment, beneficial bacteria that help with digestion are collected from the feces of a healthy person and put into capsules. When these “poop pills” are given to the patient, the number of good bacteria increases, and they can fight Clostridium difficile infections. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has approved the poop treatment. As strange as it may sound, this is an example of how science will take any path to solve a problem through its method.

TECHNOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Numerous biological techniques have been developed to help conserve the ecosystems and biodiversity. The following are some examples:
a) Wildlife Tracking Sensors: These help wildlife conservationists and researchers to plan conservation strategies by monitoring the movement, behaviour, and location of wild animals.

b) Global Biodiversity Data Sensors: A technology that collects information about biodiversity using satellite remote sensing, acoustic analysis and camera traps

c) Cryopreservation: This is the process of preserving living cells, tissues and organs at very low temperatures (- 196°C). It is used for long-term preservation in fields such as medicine, agriculture and research.

d) Bioremediation: Uses microorganisms and plants to remove pollutants from contaminated environments such as soil, water and air. This converts the pollutants into harmless compounds.

A thorough understanding of SCERT Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Biology Notes Pdf and Class 10 Biology Chapter 4 Chemoreception in Organisms Notes Questions and Answers English Medium can improve academic performance.

SSLC Biology Chapter 4 Notes Questions and Answers Pdf Chemoreception in Organisms

SCERT Class 10 Biology Chapter 4 Chemoreception in Organisms Notes Pdf

SSLC Biology Chapter 4 Questions and Answers – Let Us Assess

Question 1.
The illustration related to the transmission of hormones to their target cells is given below. Analyse it and answer the questions.

i. Write the function of A with respect to the formation of C.
ii. If A is the releasing hormone, where can B be found?
in. How does the secretion and transmission of A differ in plants and animals?
Answer:
i) Function of A (Hormone): It combines with B (Receptor) to form C (Hormone—Receptor complex).
ii) If A is a releasing hormone, B (Receptor) will be found in the pituitary gland.
iii) In animals, hormones are secreted into the blood and carried to target cells. In plants, hormones move cell- to-cell or through xylem and phloem.

Question 2.
The illustration given below is related to the regulation of calcium level in blood. Analyse it and answer the questions.

(a) Which hormone is indicated as 1?
(b) Redraw the illustration showing glucose instead of calcium.
Answer:
(a) 1. Calcitonin.
(b)

Question 3.
The amount of thyroxine in the blood decreases. Through various stages, the amount of thyroxine is brought back to an adequate level. List the actions that take place for this in order and the hormones responsible for it.
Answer:
Hypothalamus secretes TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)
Stimulates Pituitary gland to secrete TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
TSH stimulates Thyroid gland to produce Thyroxine
Thyroxine level returns to normal.

Question 4.
Is it possible to sleep during the day just as one can sleep at night? Justify your opinion by relating it to the functions of the pineal gland.
Answer:
Yes, sleep is possible during the day, but it is not as natural as at night. The pineal gland produces melatonin mainly in darkness at night, which induces deep sleep. Light reduces melatonin secretion, so daytime sleep is lighter and less effective.

Question 5.
The hypothalamus functions as part of the nervous system and the endocrine system. Evaluate the statement.
Answer:
The hypothalamus works as part of both systems: Nervous system: Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotions.
Endocrine system: Produces releasing and inhibitory hormones that control the pituitary gland and, indirectly, other endocrine glands.
Hence, it acts as a link between nervous and endocrine systems.

Question 6.
‘A person runs very fast and escapes from a ferocious dog’. This incident involves the functions listed below. Write them in the correct sequence.
• Action of adrenal gland
• Action of the sympathetic nervous system
• Action of parasympathetic nervous system
Answer:
• Action of sympathetic nervous system.
• Action of adrenal gland.
• Action of parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 7.
Informat ion about a chemical substance is provided in the box.
Analyse it and answer the questions.

• Organisms belonging to the same species secrete it into the surroundings for communication. • It is used to mark a path and to attract mates.

i) Which chemical substance is mentioned in the box?
ii) Write any two other properties of this chemical substance.
iii) How do farmers make use of this chemical substance?
Answer:
i) Pheromone.

ii) Other properties: Used for communication in same species; can signal danger, mark territory, attract mates, guide food trails.

iii) Farmers use pheromone traps to control pests in agricultural fields.

Question 8.
X, Y, and Z are the functions of different plant hormones.Analyse them and choose the correct option.

Answer:
X = Abscisic acid Y = Cytokinin Z = Auxin

Question 9.
Explain how the pancreas regulates the amount of glucose in the blood in the following situations.
• A person eats carbohydrate-rich food.
• A person fasts for 12 hours.
• A person has type-1 diabetes and takes insulin regularly.
Answer:
A person eats carbohydrate – rich food
Blood glucose increases – Insulin secreted – Stores glucose as glycogen – Blood sugar decreases.
A person fasts for 12 hours.
Blood glucose decreases – Glucagon secreted – Converts glycogen to glucose – Blood sugar rises.
A person has type-1 diabetes and takes insulin regularly.
Type-1 diabetic with insulin treatment: Since natural insulin is absent, injected insulin helps cells absorb glucose – Maintains normal glucose level.

Question 10.
Explain how hormones influence plant growth in the following situations?
• A seedling grows in complete darkness.
• A farmer sprays gibberellins on a crop
Answer:
• Seedling in darkness: Auxin distributes evenly – Stem elongates abnormally – Seedling becomes pale and weak.
• Spraying gibberellins: Promotes stem elongation, breaks seed dormancy, increases fruit size.

Biology Class 10 Chapter 4 Notes Kerala Syllabus Chemoreception in Organisms

Question 1.
How was the discovery of auxin, that influence the growth of plants?
Answer:
F. W. Went, a botanist from Holland cut the coleoptile of the oats plant while studying the growth of plants,and kept it in a jelly like substance called agar. After a few hours, he removed the coleoptile from agar and cut the agar into small pieces. When he kept the agar block on the cut end of coleoptile, he observed that the tip of the plant showed growth towards the upper side. When it was placed on one side, the plant bent and grew towards the opposite side. It was later discovered that the chemical substance diffused into the agar from the coleoptile was responsible for the growth of the plant tip. It was later named auxin.

Question 2.
What are known as plant hormones?
Answer:
Later, many such substances that influence the growth of plants were discovered by scientists. They are known as plant hormones.

Question 3.
What all things understood about hormones?
Answer:

• Hormones are chemical substances.
• Hormones control and coordinate various functions in the body.
• Hormones are produced in small amounts.

Answers to the indicators on page 113 of the textbook
Question 4.
Target cells
Answer:
All hormones do not function in all cells. A cell in which a hormone acts is called the target cell.

Question 5.
Relationship between hormones and target cells
Answer:
A cell in which a hormone acts is called the target cell. The target cell of each hormone has receptors suitable for that hormone. Receptors are seen in the cell membrane and within the cells. Hormones combine with their receptors to form a hormone receptor complex. This complex controls activities inside the cell.

Question 6.
Transport of plant and animal hormones
Answer:
In animals, the hormones that are produced by endocrine glands reach the target cells through blood. Plant hormones are produced at the tip of the shoot or root, in seeds or in sprouting leaves. They reach the target cells via cell-to-cell transport or through xylem and phloem.

Question 7.
How does auxin help in the bending and growth of the plant?
Answer:

Auxins have a tendency to stay away from light. When sunlight falls vertically on the stem of a plant, auxin is distributed uniformly to all sides of the stem. When light falls on the stem from only one direction, auxin moves to the opposite side of the stem. There, auxin combines with hormone receptors in the cells to form a hormone receptor complex and as a result, changes occur in cellular activities. The cells on the shaded side elongate and the part where cell elongation occurs bends towards the opposite side.

Question 8.
Completed worksheet 4.1 on page 115

Answer:

Plant Hormones	Function
Auxins	Increase the length of the stem, inhibit lateral bud growth, and regulate tropic movements, stimulate the formation of flowers and fruits.
Gibberellins	Break seed dormancy, stimulate cell division in both stems and roots, influence the growth of fruits and seeds.
Cytokinins	Stimulate cell division and cell differentiation in germinating seeds, stimulate the growth of lateral buds delay senescence and retains the green colour of leaves, stimulate cell division in both stems and roots, promote the transport of nutrients to growing regions.
Ethylene	Plays a role in the degradation of chlorophyll, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to the ageing of leaves and flowers and ripening of fruits.
Abscisic acid	Maintains die dormancy of seeds until favourable conditions arise, inhibits the growth of plant parts and enables them to tide over unfavourable conditions. It also promotes abscission of mature leaves and fruits.

Question 9.
Write about the name and use of synthetic plant hormones used in the agricultural sector.
Answer:
Natural plant hormones are also artificially synthesized after a detailed study of their chemical struture and are being widely used in the field of agriculture.

Synthetic auxins – Used to induce root formation in stem cuttings. Also used as a weedicide (2, 4 – D). Synthetic gibberellins – To increase the size of fruits in grapevines and to promote stem elongation in sugarcane.

Synthetic ethylene – In agricultural sector, ethylene is used to make fruits ripen uniformly for harvest at the same time. Ethylene is used to ripen bananas and tomatoes simultaneously.

The ideas related to debate on the topic – the health issues and environmental problems caused by synthetic plant hormones.

The use of synthetic plant hormones causes diseases, allergies, and genetic problems.
Environmental issues: The spread of synthetic hormones to other habitats, affecting soil and water, and im-pacting other organisms.

Answers to the indicators on page 113 of the textbook
Question 10.
Photoperiodism
Answer:
Flowering is closely related to the length of day and night. This response of plants to the photoperiod is known as photoperiodism. Based on this, plants regulate flowering time, pollination, and seed formation.

Question 11.
Phytochrome
Answer:
Phytochrome, alight-sensitive pigment, plays a major role inphotoperiodism. Phytochrome is synthesized in the fully developed leaves at the shoot apex.

Question 12.
Flowering
Answer:
Phytochrome is synthesized in the fully developed leaves at the shoot apex. These leaves, perceive the length of day and night through phytochrome and transmit a signal to the shoot apical meristem to induce flowering. As a result of this, genes that control flowering is stimulated.

Question 13.
Position of the gland
Answer:
The thyroid gland is located in the front of a person’s neck, just below the larynx.

Question 14.
Cells
Answer:
There are two types of cells in the thyroid gland: Follicular cellsand Parafollicular cells.

Question 15.
Hormone
Answer:
Follicular cells produce the hormone thyroxine, while parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin.

Question 16.
Function
Answer:
Thyroxine – Controls metabolism and body temperature. Development of brain in newborn babies and children, Helps to maintain the health of the heart, skin, reproductive system, etc.

Question 17.
Collect more information about the various forms of thyroxine, such as T3 and T4.
Answer:
The thyroid gland produces two main hormones: T4 (Thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyronine). T4 has 4 iodine atoms, is made in larger amounts, less active, and mainly acts as a storage form. T3 has 3 iodine atoms, is made in smaller amounts, but is more active and directly controls metabolism. T4 converts into T3 in the body for actual use. Both are important for growth, metabolism, and body temperature.

Question 18.
What are the diseases caused by the fluctuations in thyroxine production and the malfunction of the gland?
Answer:
Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Goitre

Question 19.
Write the cause and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism.
Answer:
Cause – Excessive secretion of thyroxine.
Symptoms – Increase in the rate of metabolism, weight loss, heart beat increases, excessive sweating, anxiety

Question 20.
Write the cause and symptoms of Hypothyroidism.
Answer:
Cause – Reduced secretion of thyroxine
Symptoms- Metabolism decreases, body weight increases, heart rate slows down, fatigue, intolerance to cold.

Question 21.
Write the cause and symptoms of Goitre.
Answer:
Cause – Various disorders of thyroid gland, deficiency of iodine.
Symptoms – Swelling in the neck region, difficulty in swallowing

Answers to the indicators on page 119 of the textbook
Question 22.
Normal level of calcium
Answer:
The normal level of calcium in blood is 9-11 mg/dL.

Question 23.
Action of Calcitonin
Answer:
When the level of calcium increases in blood – Thyroid gland produces Calcitonin.
Calcitonin – Inhibits the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from blood. Decreases the absorption of calcium from blood. Inhibits the activity of mixing of calcium and phosphate from the bones.

Question 24.
Action of Parathormone
Answer:
When the level of calcium decreases in blood – Parathyroid gland produces Parathormone.

Parathormone – Accelerates the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from blood. Accelerates the absorption of calcium from blood. Stimulates the activity of mixing of calcium and phosphate from the bone into the blood.

Question 25.
What is the normal level of glucose in the blood?
Answer:
The fasting blood glucose (FBS) level in healthy individuals typically ranges from 70 to 100 mg/ dL. The glucose level should be below 140 mg/ dL, two hours after having food(PPBS). If the average blood glucose level of three months measured using HbAlc test is below 5.7 %, it can be considered a normal glucose level.

Question 26.
What are the hormones that help regulate the level of glucose in the blood?
Answer:
The glucose level is regulated by the actions of insulin and glucagon.

Question 27.
Where are insulin and glucagon produced?
Answer:
If the level of glucose in the blood increases, insulin produced by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas regulates it.

If the level of glucose in the blood decreases, glucagon produced by the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas regulates it.

Answers to the indicators on page 121 of the textbook
Question 28.
Action of insulin
Answer:
If the amount of glucose in the blood increases, insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas regulates it.

Insulin – Speeds up the entry of glucose into cells. In the liver and muscle cells, glucose is converted into glycogen.

Question 29.
Action of glucagon
Answer:
If the amount of glucose in the blood decreases, glucagon produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas regulates it.

Glucagon – Helps in the formation of glucose from glycogen and amino acids with the help of the liver.

Question 30.
Completed table 4.4 on page 122 of the text book

Answer:

	Regulation of glucose
	Level increases	Level decreases
Hormone produced	Insulin	Glucagon
Producing cell	Beta cells of pancreas	Alpha cells of pancreas
Process taking place	Speeds up the entry of glucose into cells. In the liver and muscle cells, glucose is converted into glycogen.	Helps in the formation of glucose from glycogen and amino acids with the help of the liver.

Answers to the indicators on page 123 of the textbook
Question 31.
Different type of diabetes
Answer:
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the level of glucose in blood rises above normal (FBS above 126mg/dL).
There are two types of diabetes- Type I and type II

Question 32.
Causes
Answer:
There are two types of diabetes- Type I and type II. Type II diabetes is a condition caused by factors such as variation in insulin production, lack, of dietary control, and decreased effectiveness of insulin. Type – 1 diabetes is the condition in which insulin production capacity is lost due to the destruction of beta cells.

Question 33.
Symptoms
Answer:
Excessive thirst, hunger, frequent urination, weight loss and fatigue are its symptoms.

Question 34.
Prepare a questionnaire based on the hints given below, conduct an interview with a doctor
Answer:

• What is retinopathy, and how does it affect the eyes of a diabetes patient?
• What is nephropathy, and why are the kidneys at risk in diabetes?
• Could you explain what neuropathy is and its common symptoms?
• What do you mean by resistance to insulin, and how does it lead to diabetes?
• What are some preventive treatments or lifestyle changes to control or avoid diabetes?
• How important are regular check-ups for people with diabetes?
• What advice would you give to teenagers to prevent diabetes in the future?

Question 35.
Report based on the interview
Answer:
The doctor explained that retinopathy affects the eyes and may lead to vision loss, while nephropathy damages the kidneys. Neuropathy affects the nerves, causing pain or numbness. He further explained that insulin resistance is when the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, which increases blood sugar levels. For preventive treatment, the doctor advised maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding junk food, and going for routine health check-ups. The doctor concluded by emphasizing that if healthy habits are adopted early in life, the chances of getting diabetes can be reduced. This interview helped us understand the seriousness of diabetes and the importance of prevention.

Question 36.
Why are hormones needed when the sympathetic system is able to control physical changes during emergencies?
Answer:
The sympathetic nervous system controls emergency situations by sending quick nerve signals, but its effect lasts only for a very short time. Hormones, on the other hand, are released into the blood and can circulate throughout the body. They make the response stronger and keep it active for a longer duration. Thus, hormones are needed along with the sympathetic system to ensure that the body’s emergency response is both quick and long-lasting.

Answers to the indicators on page 124 of the textbook
Question 37.
Position of the adrenal gland
Answer:
Above the kidneys

Question 38.
Parts
Answer:
Outer part cortex and inner part medulla

Question 39.
Hormones secreted by the medulla
Answer:
The inner part of the adrenal gland called medulla secretes two hormones namely epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 40.
The way to overcome an emergency
Answer:
These hormones prepare the body to deal with an emergency situation through a number of physiological changes such as an increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased blood glucose levels, increased blood flow to the heart and muscles, decreased blood flow to the skin and digestive organs, etc.

Question 41.
What are corticosteroids?
Answer:
The cortex of the adrenal gland produces various hormones that belong to the class of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids. They are generally known as corticosteroids.

Question 42.
What are the different types of corticosteroids?
Answer:
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens

Question 43.
Completed table 4.5 in page 125 of the text book (The hormones produced by cortex and their functions)

Answer:

Hormone	Function
Cortisol	Maintains glucose homeostasis. Suppresses the Immune responses. Resists inflammation and allergy of the body.
Aldosterone	Helps in maintaining equilibrium of minerals in the body. Regulates blood pressure.
Androgens	Controls sexual development and sexual behaviour.

Question 44.
What are the functions of Melatonin?
Answer:
The pineal gland, located near the thalamus in the human brain, produces a hormone called melatonin. The variations in the secretion of this hormone influences sleep and wakefulness.

Question 45.
Why pineal gland is known as the biological clock?
Answer:
Melatonin plays a major role in controlling the activities that occur at regular intervals throughout the day. Therefore, pineal gland is known as the biological clock.

Question 46.
How we can promote quality sleep?
Answer:
Using a computer or mobile phone for a long time at night can lead to difficulty falling asleep, disrupt sleep and feeling sleepy during the day. The use of such devices should be completely avoided before sleeping. Melatonin is produced in the required quantity for the brain only under such conditions”, thereby promoting quality sleep.

Question 47.
Is darkness necessary for sleeping? Why?
Answer:
Darkness is necessary for sleep because it helps the brain release melatonin, the sleep hormone. Melatonin makes us feel sleepy and maintains the sleep-wake cycle. Too much light reduces melatonin, so people sleep better in darkness.

Question 48.
What is the role of thymus gland in the body’s immune system?
Answer:
The thymus gland, located behind the sternum, plays a majorrole in the body’s immune system. The hormone thymosin produced by thymus gland helps in the maturation of lymphocytes.

Question 49.
How can the hypothalamus be considered the master controller of the hormone production process?
Answer:
The functions of most endocrine glands are controlled by the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is seen below the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls the functioning of other endocrine glands by regulating the production of tropic hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Therefore, we can say that the hypothalamus can be considered as the master controller of the hormone production process.

Answers to the indicators on page 127 of the textbook
Question 50.
Parts of the pituitary gland
Answer:
Two parts – Anterior lobe, Posterior lobe

Question 51.
The lobes of the pituitary gland and their relationship with hypothalamus
Answer:
The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus are connected to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland via the portal vein and to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland via nerve fibres.

Question 52.
The hypothalamus hormone which reaches the anterior lobe and its function
Answer:
The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus are connected to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland via the portal vein. Releasing hormone reaches the anterior lobe of the pituitary and stimulates the production of tropic hormones. Inhibitory hormones inhibit their production.

Question 53.
The hypothalamus hormone which reaches the posterior lobe and its function.
Answer:
Vasopressin and oxytocin, which are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus, are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland via nerve fibres. Vasopressin helps in the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Oxytocin aids in milk secretion and the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus.

Question 54.
Pituitary hormones and their functions
Answer:
TSH – Stimulates Thyroid gland
ACTH – Stimulates Adrenal cortex
GTH – Stimulates the action of ovary and testes
Prolactin – Produces milk.
Somatotropin – Helps in body growth

Question 55.
Which hormone helps in growth?
Answer:
Growth hormone (somatotropin, GH) is a growth regulating hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This is a hormone that accelerates the process of cell division known as mitosis and increases cell size, leading to body growth.

Question 56.
What are the growth defects caused by variations in the production of somatotropin?
Answer:
The variations in somatotropin’s production cause growth disorders like Dwarfism, Gigantism, Acromegaly

Question 57.
Write the cause and symptoms of Dwarfism
Answer:
Dwarfism
Cause – The production of somatotropin decreases during the growth phase
Symptom – Stunted growth

Question 58.
Write the cause and symptoms of Gigantism.
Answer:
Gigantism
Cause – The production of somatotropin increases during the growth phase.
Symptom – Excessive body growth

Question 59.
Write the cause and symptoms of Acromegaly.
Answer:
Acromegaly
Cause – The production of somaotropin increases after growth phase.
Symptom – Excessive growth of body parts such as palms, foot and jaws.

Question 60.
How does the action of vasopressin affect the body during summer and winter?
Answer:
Vasopressin helps to maintain water balance in the body. Excessive heat and sweating during summer can lead to dehydration, which increases the production of vasopressin. It speeds up water reabsorption in the kidney. As a result, the production of urine decreases, and dehydration is prevented. During winter, since dehydration through sweating is reduced, the reabsorption of water from the kidneys also decreases.

Question 61.
Completed illustration 4.11 on page 129 of the text book
Answer:

Question 62.
Write about the hormones associated with reproduction and birth, and their functions.
Answer:
Testosterone – produced in testes. The activity of male sex organs. Sperm production. Controls secondary sexual characteristics.
Estrogen – produced in ovary – The activity of female sex organs. Production of ovum. Menstrual cycle. Control of secondary sexual characteristics
Progesterone – produced in ovary – Maintaining the foetus in the uterus. Menstrual cycle
Prolactin – Produces milk.
Oxytocin helps with milk secretion and the contraction of smooth muscles in the uterus.

Question 63.
What are pheromones?
Answer:
Pheromones are chemical substances that are secreted by organisms to their immediate surroundings to facilitate communication with the same species.

Question 64.
Write the different types of pheromones and their functions.
Answer:
Territorial Pheromone: Used to mark the boundaries of a habitat. An example of this is how mammals like dogs and cats use urination to indicate their presence and mark their territory.
Aggregation Pheromone: Helps ensure food availability. Ants use this type of pheromone.
Alarm Pheromone: Used to signal danger. Ants also use this pheromone.
Sexual Pheromone: Used to attract mates. Animals like rabbits and insects use this pheromone.

Question 65.
Do plants produce pheromones?
Answer:
Yes, plants produce pheromone-like chemicals, also called volatile substances. These help in communication and protection. For example, some plants release scents to attract insects for pollination, while others release warning chemicals when attacked by insects. These signals can make nearby plants prepare their own defense or repel herbivores. Thus, plants use pheromones to survive and interact with their surroundings.

Std 10 Biology Chapter 4 Notes – Extended Activities

Question 1.
Create an awareness poster, video, etc. on the prevention of diabetes through lifestyle changes.

Question 2.
Apply plant parts containing natural auxins on plants and observe their growth pattern. Conduct an experiment by cutting the tip of a plant and observing the effects on its growth.

Question 3.
Research and present the life stories of famous people who experienced growth-related disorders.
Answer:
Famous People and Their Hormonal Variations

1. Lionel Messi
A world-famous Argentine football player.
He was found to have a growth hormone deficiency as a child. He continued playing football after achieving normal growth through hormone therapy.
Today, he is considered one of the greatest football players of all time.

2. Warwick Davis
British actor.
He has a rare form of dwarfism. He became famous for his characters in films such as ‘Star Wars,’ Harry Potter,’ and Willow.’ He is an inspiration to many, proving that physical differences are not limitations to talent.

Question 4.
Maintain a one-month diet journal focusing on foods rich in calcium and their impact on bone health.
Answer:
Calcium and Bone Health: A One-Month Diet Plan
I included foods such as milk, curd, cheese, ragi, leafy vegetables, almond, and fish in my diet plan. Consuming calcium-rich food daily helps to keep the bones healthy and strong.

Question 5.
Research on how plant hormones are used in fruit ripening and present your findings as a report.
Answer:
Report
The main hormone involved in fruit ripening is Ethylene. Ethylene helps fruits like bananas, mangoes, and tomatoes to become soft, sweet, and gain color. Farmers use Ethylene or Ethylene-releasing chemicals to quickly ripen fruits for the market. This method helps the fruits to ripen uniformly and reduces wastage.

Chemoreception in Organisms Class 10 Notes

Chemoreception in Organisms Notes Pdf

• Different types of hormones are present in plants and animals.
• All hormones do not function in all cells. A cell in which a hormone acts is called the target cell.
• Hormones and receptors combine to form the hormone receptor complex. This complex regulates the activities inside the cell.
• The main plant hormones are Abscisic acid, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Auxins, and Ethylene.
• Synthetic plant hormones are plant hormones produced artificially by understanding the chemical structure of naturally occurring plant hormones. Synthetic plant hormones are widely utilized in the agricultural secto
• The production of flowers is related to the length of the day and night. This response of plants is called photoperiodism. Based on this, plants regulate stages such as flowering time, pollination, and seed formation.
• The light-sensitive pigment phytochrome plays a maj or role in photoperiodism.
• The Thyroid gland is a gland that plays a major role in controlling metabolism, body growth, and development.
• There are two types of cells in the thyroid gland: follicular cells and parafollicular cells. Follicular cells produce the hormone Thyroxine, and parafollicular cells produce the hormone Calcitonin.
• Thyroxine – Controls metabolism and body temperature. Develops the brain in newborns and children. Maintains the health of the heart, skin, and reproductive system, etc.
• Calcitonin – Decreases the level of calcium in the blood.
• Disease conditions caused by fluctuations in Thyroxine production or malfunctioning of the gland are Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, and Goitre.
• The normal level of calcium in the blood is 9 – 11 mg / dL
• The blood calcium level is regulated by Calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland and Parathormone produced by the Parathyroid gland, which is situated on the posterior side of the thyroid gland.
• The level of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) in healthy individuals is 70-100 mg/dL.
• The disease condition in which the glucose level in the blood rises above the normal average is Diabetes Mellitus. Symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, hunger, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue.
• Type 2 diabetes is caused by factors such as fluctuations in insulin production, lack of dietary control, and decreased functional efficiency of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the ability to produce insulin is” lost due to the destruction of beta cells.
• During emergency situations, along with the sympathetic system, certain hormones produced by the Adrenal gland, which is part of the endocrine system, also act.
• The Medulla, the inner part of the Adrenal gland, secretes the hormones Epinephrine and Nor-epinephrine.
• Epinephrine and Nor-epinephrine, along with the sympathetic system, prepare the body to face an emergency situation.
• The Cortex of the Adrenal gland produces various hormones belonging to the categories Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, and Gonadocorticoids. These are known as Corticosteroids.
• Cortisol, Aldosterone, and Androgens are different Corticosteroids.
• The Pineal Gland, situated near the thalamus in the brain, produces the hormone Melatonin. Fluctuations in Melatonin production affect daily sleep and wakefulness.
• The hormone Thymosin, produced by the Thymus gland, helps in the maturation of T-lymphocytes.
• The functions of most endocrine glands are controlled by the Hypothalamus. The Hypothalamus controls the function of other endocrine glands by regulating the production of trophic hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
• Releasing hormones and Inhibitory hormones, produced by the neurosecretory cells of the Hypothalamus, reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
• Releasing hormones reach the anterior lobe via the portal vein and stimulate the production of trophic hormones. Inhibitory hormones prevent their production.
• Vasopressin and Oxytocin, produced by the neurosecretory cells of the Hypothalamus, are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland via nerve fibers.
• TSH – Stimulates the Thyroid Gland.
• ACTH – Stimulates the Adrenal Cortex.
• GTH – Stimulates the function of the Ovary and Testis.
• Somatotropin – Helps in body growth.
• Prolactin – Produces breast milk.
• The growth hormone (Somatotropin, GH) produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland controls growth. Somatotropin is the hormone that causes body growth by accelerating cell division and increasing cell size in most body cells.
• Fluctuations in Somatotropin production lead to growth disorders (Dwarfism, Gigantism, Acromegaly).
• Water balance in the body occurs through the action of the hormone Vasopressin or Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH), which is stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. ADH helps to maintain the water content in the body.
• Testosterone – Produced in the Testis. It regulates the function of male reproductive organs, sperm production, and secondary sexual characteristics.
• Estrogen – Produced in the Ovary. This hormone performs the regulation of female reproductive organ function, ovulation, menstrual cycle, and secondary sexual characteristics.
• Progesterone – Produced in the Ovary. This hormone helps to maihtain the embryo in the uterus and regulate the menstrual cycle.
• Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by organisms of the same species into the surroundings for communication. Pheromones have a volatile nature.
• Trail pheromone, Territorial pheromone, Aggregation pheromone, Alarm pheromone, and Sexual pheromone are different types of pheromones.

INTRODUCTION

Hormones and Life processes
Different types of hormones are present in plants and animals. All hormones do not function in all cells. A cell in which a hormone acts is called the target cell. The target cell of each hormone has receptors suitable for that hormone. Hormones combine with their receptors to form a hormone- receptor complex. This complex controls activities inside the cell.

Plant Hormones and their Functions
Plant hormones influence plant growth and other activities. Abscisic acid, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Auxins, Ethylene are the major plant hormones. Natural plant hormones are also artificially synthesized after a detailed study of their chemical struture and are being widely used in the field of agriculture. These are synthetic plant hormones. Synthetic auxins, Synthetic Gibberelins, Synthetic ethylene are synthetic plant hormones widely used in the field of agriculture. Flowering is closely related to the length of day and night. This response of plants to the photoperiod is known as photoperiodism. Based on this, plants regulate flowering time, pollination, and seed formation.

Control of Metabolism
Thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, body growth and development. Follicular cells in the thyroid gland produce the hormone thyroxine, while parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin. Thyroxine controls metabolism and body temperature, development of brain in newborn babies and children and helps to maintain the health of the heart, skin, reproductive system, etc.

Regulation of calcium and glucose in blood
The normal level of calcium in blood is 9 – 11 mg/dL.The level of calcium is maintained at the proper level by the combined action of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland and parathormone produced by the parathyroid gland located behind the thyroid gland.

The fasting blood glucose (FBS) level in healthy individuals typically ranges from 70 to 100 mg/ dL.When the glucose level in the blood increases, the beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin, which regulates the glu¬cose level in the blood. If the glucose level in the blood decreases, the alpha cells in the pancreas produce glu-cagon, which regulates the glucose level in the blood. Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the level of glucose in blood rises above normal. Diabetes appears in two types: type 1 and type 2.

Overcoming emergency situations
In emergency situations, epinephrine and norepinephrine produced by the adrenal gland, which is part of the endocrine system, work in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system. The cortex of the adrenal gland produces various hormones that are categorized as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids. These are known as corticosteroids.Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgen are various corticosteroids.

The pineal gland, located near the thalamus in the brain, produces the hormone melatonin. Melatonin plays a major role in regulating the body’s 24-hour rhythmic activities. Because of thisf the pineal gland is known as the biological clock.

The thymus gland, located behind the sternum, plays a major role in the body’s immune system. The hormone thymosin produced,by thymus gland helps in the maturation of T lymphocytes.

Hypothalamus and Pituitary : Master Control System
The hypothalamus controls the function of other endocrine glands by regulating the production of tropic hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Vasopressin and oxytocin, produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus, are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland via nerve fibers. The hormones produced by the pituitary gland are: TSH, ACTH, GTH, Somatotropin, Prolactin.

Growth hormone (somatotropin, GH) is a growth regulating hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This is a hormone that accelerates the process of cell division known as mitosis and increases cell size, leading to body growth. The variations in its production cause growth disorders like dwarfism, gigantism, and acromegaly.

Water balance in the body is maintained by the action of vasopressin, also known as the Antidiuretic Honnone (ADH), which is stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. ADH helps to maintain the water content in the body.

Communication can also be like this
Pheromones are chemical substances that are secreted by organisms to their immediate surroundings to facilitate communication with the same species. These volatile substances perform various functions. The reason ants move in a line is due to trail pheromones, which help them determine the path.

HORMONES AND LIFE PROCESSES
Finding of Auxins

• F. W. Went, a botanist from Holland studied the growth of plants,
• Later, many such substances that influence the growth of plants were discovered by scientists. They are known as plant hormones.

Hormones and Life processes

• Different types of hormones are present in plants and animals.
• All hormones do not function in all cells. A cell in which a hormone acts is called the target cell.
• The target cell of each hormone has receptors suitable for that hormone. Receptors are seen in the cell membrane and within the cells.
• Hormones combine with their receptors to form a hormone- receptor complex. This, complex controls activities inside the cell.
• In animals, the hormones that are produced by endocrine glands reach the target cells through blood.
• Plant hormones are produced at the tip of the shoot or root, in seeds or in sprouting leaves. They reach the target cells via cell-to-cell transport or through xylein and phloem.

side, the plant bent and grew towards the opposite side. It was later discovered that the chemical substance diffused into the agar from the coleoptile was responsible for the growth of the plant tip. It was later named auxin.

PLANT HORMONES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Plant Hormones

• Abscisic acid – Maintains the dormancy of seeds until favourable conditions arise, inhibits the growth of plant parts and enables them to tide over unfavourable conditions. It also promotes abscission of mature leaves and fruits.
• Gibberellins – Break seed dormancy, stimulate cell division in both stems and roots, influence the growth of fruits and seeds.
• Cytokinins – Stimulate cell division and cell differentiation in germinating seeds, stimulate the growth of lateral buds delay senescence and retains the green colour of leaves, stimulate cell division in both stems and roots, promote the transport of nutrients to growing regions.
• Auxins – Increase the length of the stem, inhibit lateral bud growth, and regulate tropic movements, stimulate the formation of flowers and fruits.
• Ethylene plays a role in the degradation of chlorophyll, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to the ageing of leaves and flowers and ripening of fruits.

Synthetic Plant Hormones

• Synthetic Plant Hormones – Artificially synthesized after a detailed study of the chemical struture of natural hormones.
• Synthetic plant hormones are being widely used in, the field, of agriculture.
• Synthetic auxins – Used to induce root formation in, stem cuttings. Also used as a weedicide (2, 4 – D).
• Synthetic gibberellins – To increase the size of fruits in grapevines and to promote stem elongation in sugarcane.
• Synthetic ethylene – In agricultural sector, ethylene is used to make fruits ripen uniformly for harvest at the same time. Ethylene is used to ripen bananas and tomatoes simultaneously.
• Flowering is closely related to the length of day and night. This response of plants to the photoperiod is known as photoperiodism. Based on this, plants regulate flowering time, pollination, and seed formation.
• Phytochrome, a light-sensitive pigment, plays a major role in photoperiodism.
• Phytochrome is synthesized in the fully developed leaves at the shoot apex. These leaves, perceive the length of day and night through phytochrome and transmit a signal to the shoot apical meristem to induce flowering. As a result of this, genes that control flowering is stimulated.

CONTROL OF METABILISM

• Thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, body growth and development.
• There are two types of cells in the thyroid gland: Follicular cellsand Parafollicular cells.
• Follicular cells produce the hormone thyroxine, while parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin.
• Thyroxine – Controls metabolism and body temperature. Development of brain in newborn babies and children, Helps to maintain the health of the heart, skin, reproductive system, etc.
• Calcitonin – Reduces the level of calcium in blood.
• Fluctuation in the production of thyroxine and malfunctioning of the gland can lead to disease conditions like Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Goitre.

REGULATION OF CALCIUM AND GLUCOSE IN BLOOD
Regulation of calcium in blood

• The normal level of calcium in blood is 9 – 11 mg/dL
• The level of calcium in blood is maintained at the proper level by the combined action of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland and parathormone produced by the parathyroid gland located behind the thyroid gland.
• When the level of calcium decreases in blood – Parathyroid gland produces Parathormone.
• When the level of calcium increases in blood – Thyroid gland produces Calcitonin.
• Parathormone – Accelerates the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from blood. Accelerates the absorption of calcium from blood. Stimulates the activity of mixing of calcium and phosphate from the bone into the blood.
• Calcitonin – Inhibits the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from blood. Decreases the absorption of calcium from blood. Inhibits the activity of mixing of calcium and phosphate from the bones into the blood.

Regulation of glucose in blood

• The fasting blood glucose (FBS) level in healthy individuals typically ranges from 70 to 100 mg/ dL.
• The glucose level should be below 140 mg/ dL, two hours after having food(PPBS).
• If the average blood glucose level of three months measured using HbAlc test is below 5.7 %, it can be considered a normal glucose level.
• The pancreas is the gland that plays a key role in regulating the glucose level in the blood.
• A group of cells in the pancreas that functions in relation to hormone production is called the Islets of Langerhans. There are two types of cells in it: Alpha cells and Beta cells. Alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon and beta cells produce the hormone insulin.
• Blood glucose levels are regulated by the actions of insulin and glucagon.
• If the amount of glucose in the blood increases, insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas regulates it.
• If the amount of glucose in the blood decreases, glucagon produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas regulates it.
• Insulin – Speeds up the entry of glucose into cells. In the liver and muscle cells, glucose is converted into glycogen.
• Glucagon – Helps in the formation of glucose from glycogen and amino acids with the help of the liver.
• Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the level of glucose in blood rises above normal (FBS above 126mg/dL).
• Excessive thirst, hunger, frequent urination, weight loss and fatigue are its symptoms.
• There are two types of diabetes- Type I and type II
• Type II diabetes is a condition caused by factors such as variation in insulin production, lack of dietary control, and decreased effectiveness of insulin.
• Type – 1 diabetes is the condition in which insulin production capacity is lost due to the destruction of beta cells.

OVERCOMING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Adrenal gland – Structure, Function

• Certain hormones produced by the adrenal gland, which is part of the endocrine system, also work in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system during emergencies.
• The inner part of the adrenal gland called medulla secretes two hormones namely epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine prepare the body to deal with an emergency situation through a number of physiological changes such as an increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased blood glucose levels, increased blood flow to the heart and muscles, decreased blood flow to the skin and digestive organs, etc
• The cortex of the adrenal gland produces various hormones that belong to the class of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids. They are generally known as corticosteroids.
• Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens are various corticosteroids.
• Cortisol – Maintains glucose homeostasis, Suppresses the Immune responses, Resists inflammation and allergy of the body.
• Aldosterone – Helps in maintaining equilibrium of minerals in the body. Regulates blood pressure.
• Androgens, – Controls sexual development and sexual behaviour.

Sleep and Awakening

• The pineal gland, located near the thalamus in the human brain, produces a hormone called melatonin.
• The variations in the secretion of this hormone influences sleep and wakefulness.
• Melatonin plays a major role in controlling the activities that occur at regular intervals throughout the day. Therefore, pineal gland is known as the biological clock.

Behind immunity

• The thymus gland, located behind the sternum, plays a major role in the body’s immune system.
• The hormone thymosin produced by thymus gland helps in the maturation of lymphocytes.

HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY: MASTER CONTROL SYSTEM
Hypothalamus and Pituitary

• The functions of most endocrine glands are controlled by the hypothalamus.
• The pituitary gland is seen below the hypothalamus.
• The hypothalamus controls the functioning of other endocrine glands by regulating the production of tropic hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Therefore, we can say that the hypothalamus can be considered as the master controller of the hormone production process.
• Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones, which are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus, reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
• Releasing hormone reaches the anterior lobe of the pituitary and stimulates the production of tropic hormones. Inhibitory hormones inhibit their production.
• Vasopressin and oxytocin, which are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus, are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland via nerve fibers.
• Vasopressin reabsorbs water in the kidneys.
• Oxytocin helps with milk secretion and the contrac-tion of smooth muscles in the uterus.
• TSH – Stimulates Thyroid gland
• ACTH – Stimulates Adrenal cortex
• GTH – Stimulates the action of ovary and testes
• Prolactin – Produces milk.
• Somatotropin – Helps in body growth

Behind growth

• Growth hormone (somatotropin, GH) is a growth regulating hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
• Somatotropin is a hormone that accelerates the pro-cess of cell division known as mitosis and increases cell size, leading to body growth.
• The variations in somatotropin’s production cause growth disorders (Dwarfism, Gigantism, Acromegaly)
• Dwarfism – Cause – The production of somatotropin decreases during the growth phase. Symptom – Stunted growth
• Gigantism – Cause-The production of somatotropin increases during the growth phase. Symptom – Excessive body growth
• Acromegaly – Cause – The production of somaotropin increases after growth phase. Symptom – Excessive growth of body parts such as palms, foot and jaws.

Water balance

• Water balance is maintained by the action of a hormone called vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
• Vasopressin helps to maintain water balance in the body.
• Excessive heat and sweating dining summer can lead to dehydration, which increases the production of vasopressin. It speeds up water reabsorption in the kidney. As a result, the production of urine decreases, and dehydration is prevented.
• During winter, since dehydration through sweating is reduced; the reabsorption of water from the kidneys also decreases.

Reproductive hormones

• Testosterone – produced in testes. The activity of male sex organs. Sperm production. Controls sec-ondary sexual characteristics.
• Estrogen – produced in ovary – The activity of female sex organs. Production of ovum. Menstrual cycle. Control of secondary sexual characteristics
• Progesterone – produced in ovary – Maintaining the foetus in the uterus. Menstrual cycle

COMMUNICATION CAN ALSO BE LIKE THIS
Pheromones

• Pheromones are chemical substances that are secreted by organisms to their immediate surroundings to facilitate communication with the same species.
• Pheromones have a volatile nature.
• The reason why ants travel in a line is due to trail pheromones, which help them determine the path of travel.
• Territorial Pheromone: Used to mark the boundaries of a habitat. An example of this is how mammals like dogs and cats use urination to indicate their presence and mark their territory.
• Aggregation Pheromone: Helps ensure food availability. Ants use this type of pheromone.
• Alarm Pheromone: Used to signal danger. Ants also use this pheromone.
• Sexual Pheromone: Used to attract mates. Animals like rabbits and insects use this pheromone.

Students rely on Class 10 Chemistry Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 7 Important Questions with Answers Some Compounds of Industrial to help self-study at home.

SSLC Chemistry Chapter 7 Important Questions Kerala Syllabus

Some Compounds of Industrial Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
Liquefied ammonia is known as ………………….
Answer:
Liquid ammonia

Question 2.
The Industrial preparation of Ammonia is known as ………………………….
a) Haber process
b) Contact process
c) Ostwald process
d) Bosch process
Answer:
a) Haber process

Question 3.
In which one of the following reversible reactions, the change in pressure does not influence the equilibrium?
i. N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NH₃(g)
ii. N₂(g) + O₂(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NO (g)
iii. 2NO(g) + O₂(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NO₂(g)
Answer:
N₂(g) + O₂(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NO (g)
There is no change in the number of moles of reactants and products.

Question 4.
Write the name of the catalyst used in the industrial production of sulphuric acid.
a) Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅)
b) Platinum (Pt)
c) Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃ )
d) Manganese oxide (MnO₂)
Answer:
a) Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅)

Question 5.
Which industrial process is used to manufacture sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)?
A. Contact Process
B. Ostwald Process
C. Deacon Process
D. Haber-Bosch Process
Answer:
A. Contact Process

Question 6.
Match the following.

Set 1	Set 2
(a) H2C2O4	(i) Acid salts
(b) NaOH	(ii) Tribasic acid
(c) H3PO4	(iii) Alkali
(d) NH4Cl	(iv) Dibasic acid

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

Answer:
D. (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c) – (ii), (d) – (i)

Question 7.
Statement 1: Nitrogen, Phosphorous and potassium are the three elements that plants need in large quantities. They are called as primary nutrients.
Statement 2: Elements like Iron and manganese are needed by plants only in very small amounts.
Which of the following is correct regarding the above statements?
A. Both statements are correct
B. Both statements are not correct
C. Only statement 1 is correct
D. Only statement 2 is correct
Answer:
A. Both statements are correct

Question 8.
How do the following conditions affect a reversible reaction?
i. More reactants are added.
ii. Products are removed.
Answer:
i. The rate of forward reaction increases
ii. Rate of forward reaction increases

Question 9.
H_2(g) + I_2(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2HI_(g)
a) What is the total number of moles of reactants and products in the above reaction?
b) What is the effect of pressure in this reversible reaction? Explain.
Answer:
a) No. of moles of reactant = 2
No. of moles of product = 2

b) In a reversible reaction, if there is no change in the number of moles of reactants and products in the gaseous state, pressure will have no effect on the chemical equilibrium.

Question 10.
The flow chart of the industrial preparation of sulphuric acid is given. Complete it.

Answer:
(a) SO₂ (Sulphur dioxide)
(b) H₂S₂O₇ (Oleum)

Question 11.
A student dissolves ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) in water and finds the solution is acidic. Explain this observation by answering the following questions.
(a) Identify the acid and base that react to form ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl).
(b) Which is stronger, the acid or the base?
Answer:
(a)The acid is Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the base is Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH).
(b) The acid (hydrochloric acid) is stronger.

Question 12.
Graph of a reversible process,
N₂ + 3H₂ \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NH₃ + heat is given. Analyze the graph and answer the following questions.

a) Identify the part of the graph that represents the forward reaction
[OA, BA, AC]
b) Identify the part of the graph which represents the equilibrium state
c) From the given statements, select the correct ones regarding chemical equilibrium.
i. Chemical equilibrium is static at the molecular level.
ii. Both reactants and products co-exist.
iii The rates of forward and backward reactions are equal.
iv. Chemical equilibrium is attained in an open system.
Answer:
a) BA
b) AC
c) (ii) Both reactants and products co-exist.
(iii) The rates of forward and backward reactions are equal

Question 13.
N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NH₃(g) + Heat
How do the following changes influence the amount of the product?
a) Temperature decreases.
b) Pressure increases.
c) Ammonia produced is removed continuously from the system.
Answer:
a) Amount of product increases
b) Amount of product increases
c) Amount of product increases

Question 14.
a) Which of the following chemicals are used to prepare ammonia (NH₃) in the laboratory?
[NaCl, Ca (OH)₂, CaCl₂, NH₄Cl]
b) Ammonia gas produced is passed through quick lime. Give a reason.
c) Which product is obtained when ammonia reacts with HCl?
Answer:
a) NH₄CI and Ca(OH)₂
b) To remove moisture content.
Quick lime is used as a drying agent.
c) NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl

Question 15.
A few drops of cone. H₂SO₄ are added to blue coloured copper sulphate crystals taken in a watch glass.
a) Write the observation.
b) Which property of sulphuric acid is exhibited here?
Answer:
a) The blue colour of CuSO₄ disappears
b) Dehydrating agent

Question 16.
represents an important stage in the Industrial preparation of Sulphuric acid.
a) By what name is the Industrial preparation of Sulphuric acid known as?
b) How do the following changes influence the forward reaction? :
i) More oxygen (O₂) is added
ii) Pressure is decreased
Answer:
a) Contact process
b) i) Increases the rate of forward reaction, and more product is formed.
ii) The rate of forward reaction decreases.

Question 17.
A reversible reaction at equilibrium is given.
2NO(g) + O₂(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NO₂(g) + Heat
Answer the following:
a) How does an increase in temperature influence the amount of products formed?
b) What change is to be made in pressure to get more product?
c) How does an increase in the concentration of oxygen influence the rate of the forward reaction?
d) What is the function of a catalyst in reversible reactions?
Answer:
a) Amount of product decreases
b) Increase pressure
c) Forward reaction increases
d) Helps to attain equilibrium more quickly

Question 18.
A reversible reaction at equilibrium is given.
2NO(g) + O₂(g) \(\text { ⇌ }\) 2NO₂(g)+Heat
a) Write the equation of the forward reaction.
b) How do the following changes affect the rate of forward reaction?
i. Adding more oxygen.
ii. Increasing pressure
c) What is the effect of a catalyst in a reversible reaction at equilibrium?
Answer:
a) 2NO(g) + O₂(g) → 2NO₂(g)
b) i. Increases,
ii. Increases
c) Catalyst does not affect reversible reactions at equilibrium

Question 19.
a) The industrial preparation of sulphuric acid is known as ___________ .
b) Which is the catalyst used in this process?
c) Take some sugar in a watch glass and add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into it. What is your observation? Which chemical property of sulphuric acid is shown here?
d) Why concentrated sulphuric acid is not used as
drying agent in the preparation of Ammonia?
Answer:
a) Contact process
b) Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅)

c) Sugar is converted into a black substance. The dehydrating nature of sulphuric acid is shown here.

d) Concentrated sulphuric acid is not used as a drying agent in the preparation of ammonia because ammonia is basic and can react with concentrated Sulphuric acid, and then it will form ammonium sulphate.

Question 20.
The presence of various types of nutrients and the specific properties of a fertilizer are critical for
successful plant cultivation.
a) What are the three natural nutrients that plants absorb from air and water?
b) Explain the primary difference between primaiy and secondary nutrients.
c) State two essential qualities a fertilizer must have to be truly effective.
d) Why is a fertilizer that decomposes too quickly considered harmful to plants?
Answer:
a) The three natural nutrients plants absorb from air and wafer are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).

b) Primary nutrients are those needed by plants in large quantities, specifically nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). In contrast, secondary nutrients are required in smaller amounts and include calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulphur (S).

c) Two essential qualities a fertilizer must have are:

• It should be soluble in water so that the nutrients can be absorbed by the plants.
• It should be stable and remain in the soil for a long time, providing a sustained release of nutrients.

d) A fertilizer that decomposes too quickly is harmful because it can cause a “fertilizer burn” that damages the plant’s roots. It also leads to nutrient leaching, which pollutes water, and provides only a brief nutrient boost rather than a steady supply necessary for healthy growth.

Question 21.
The chlor-alkali process is a significant industrial method for producing essential chemicals, including sodium hydroxide, through the electrolysis of brine.
a) What are the ions formed when sodium chloride dissolves in water, and what are their respective charges?
b) At which electrode does oxidation occur, and which ion is oxidised?
c) What is the function of the membrane used to separate the two chambers in the membrane cell?
d) List any two uses of sodium hydroxide.
Answer:
a) When sodium chloride dissolves in water, the
ions formed are sodium ions (Na⁺), which are positively charged, and chloride ions (Cl^–), which are negatively charged.

b) Oxidation occurs at the anode, where the chloride ion (Cl^–) is oxidised.

c) The membrane separates the two chambers and allows the passage of specific ions only, such as the Na⁺ ions moving from the left chamber to the right chamber.

d)

• For the preparation of soaps and detergents.
• For the purification of bauxite in the manufacture of aluminium.

Students rely on Class 10 Chemistry Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapter 6 Important Questions with Answers Metals to help self-study at home.

SSLC Chemistry Chapter 6 Important Questions Kerala Syllabus

Metals Class 10 Important Questions

Question 1.
Find the relation and fill in the blanks.
Copper pyrites : CuFeS₂
Zinc blende : …………………………
a) ZnS (Chemical formula)
b) Zinc (Ore)
c) Magnetite (Iron)
d) Leaching (Concentration method)
Answer:
a) ZnS (Chemical formula)

Question 2.
Bauxite is the ore of ………………………… metal
a) Iron
b) Aluminium
c) Zinc
d) Copper
Answer:
b) Aluminium

Question 3.
Find the relation and fill in the blanks
Bauxite : Leaching
Tinstone : ……………………….
Answer:
Magnetic separation (Method of concentration)

Question 4.
The ore of a metal is lighter than the impurities
Which method is suitable for its concentration?
a) Levigation
b) Magnetic separation
c) Froth floatation
d) Leaching
Answer:
c) Froth floatation

Question 5.
Which is the method used to concentrate Sulphide ores?
a) Magnetic separation
b) Leaching
c) Froth floatation
d) Levigation
Answer:
c) Froth floatation

Question 6.
The metal which is refined by distillation is _____________ .
(Sn, Cu, Hg, Pb)
Answer:
Hg

Question 7.
Statement 1: Roasting refers to heating the concentrated ore at a temperature below the melting point in the presence of air.
Statement 2: Calcination refers to heating the concentrated ore in limited quantities or absence of air at a temperature below the melting point. Which of the following options is true, regarding these statements?
A. Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
B. Statement 1 is correct, but 2 is not correct.
C. Statement 1 is not correct, but 2 is correct.
D. Statements 1 and 2 are not correct.
Answer:
A. Statements 1 and 2 are correct

Question 8.
Match the following

Nature of Ore	Concentration method
(a) Ores are less dense than the impurities	(i) Levigation
(b) A solvent which dissolves the ore is used	(ii) Froth Floatation
(c) Ores are denser than the impurities	(iii) Leaching

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

Answer:
D. (a) – (ii), (b) – (iii), (c) – (i)

Question 9.
Molten iron obtained from the blast fiimace contains 4% carbon and other impurities. What is this known as?
(Pig iron, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron)
Answer:
Pig iron

Question 10.
What are ores? Give any one example.
Answer:
A mineral from which a metal is economically, easily and quickly extracted is called the ore of the metal – for example, aluminium – bauxite

Question 11.
Find out the odd one. Give reason.
Haematite, Bauxite, magnetite, Iron pyrites
Answer:
Bauxite – Ore of Aluminium. Others are minerals of Iron.

Question 12.
Choose the suitable method used in each of the following processes from the bracket.
[Liquation, Leaching, Froth floatation, Distillation]
a) Concentration of sulphide ores.
b) Refining of metals with low boiling points.
Answer:
a) Froth floatation
b) Distillation

Question 13.
a) Name a method of concentration of an ore in which impurities are heavier than the ore particles.
b) Select an ore which can be concentrated by using this method.
(Fe₃O₄, ZnCO₃, CaCO₃, ZnS)
Answer:
a) Froth floatation
b) ZnS

Question 14.
Concentrated Cu₂S is converted into oxide by roasting.
a) Write the process of roasting.
b) How impurities like sulphur and phosphorus are removed in this process?
Answer:
a) Roasting refers to heating the concentrated ore at a temperature below its melting point in the presence of air.
b) Sulphur and phosphorous are removed as their oxides.

Question 15.
Calcination and Roasting are two methods of conversion of concentrated ore into its oxide.
a) How does Roasting differ from Calcination?
b) Cu2S ore is converted into Cu₂O by ……………………..
process
Answer:
a) Roasting refers to heating the concentrated ore at a temperature below its melting point in the presence of air

b) Roasting

Question 16.
What is cathodic protection? Explain its underlying principle using an example involving two metals.
Answer:
Cathodic protection is a method used to prevent the corrosion of a metal by making it the cathode in an electrochemical cell. This process is a key form of galvanic corrosion prevention.

The principle is to connect the metal you want to protect (the cathode) to a more reactive metal (the anode), known as a sacrificial anode. The sacrificial anode will corrode preferentially, releasing electrons and protecting the cathode from rusting.

For example, when an iron pipe is buried underground, a block of a more reactive metal like ^ns magnesium is connected to it. The magnesium corrodes over time, acting as the anode and sacrificially protecting the iron pipe, which becomes the cathode.

Question 17.
Complete the table.

Metal	Method of refining	Reason for selecting the method
Lead	(a)	Low melting point
Cadmium	Distillation	(b)

Answer:
a) Liquation
b) Low boiling point

Question 18.
Haematite is converted into iron by using the blast furnace.
a) Which are the substances fed into the blast furnace along with the ore of iron?
b) Which compound acts as the reducing agent in the blast furnace?
Answer:
a) Limestone, Coke
b) Carbon monoxide (CO)

Question 19.
Complete the table.

Characteristics of Ore	Method of Concentration
i. Ore particles are lighter than the impurities	……………..(a)……………
ii. Ore particles are heavier than the impurities	……………..(b)……………
iii. Ore and impurities do not dissolve in the same solvent	……………..(c)……………

Answer:
a) Froth floatation
b) Levigation or Hydraulic washing
c) Leaching

Question 20.
Some metals and their refining methods are given. Find the appropriate pair.

Answer:

Question 21.
Match columns A, B and C suitably.

A Characteristics of ore	B Method of concentration	C Example
Ore particles are heavier than the impurities	Froth floatation	Tinstone
Ore particles are lighter than the impurities	Magnetic separation	Ore of gold
Magnetic nature of the ore	Levigation	Zinc Sulphide

Answer:

A Characteristics of ore	B Method of concentration	C Example
Ore particles are heavier than the impurities	Levigation	Ore of gold
Ore particles are lighter than the impurities	Froth floatation	Zinc Sulphide
Magnetic nature of the ore	Magnetic separation	Tinstone

Question 22.
Chemical equations of the reactions taking place in blast furnace during the industrial production of iron are given below.
i) C + O₂ → CO₂ + Heat
ii) CO₂ + C + Heat → 2CO
iii) Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂
iv) CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
v) CaO + SiO₂ → CaSiO₃
Answer the following questions.
a) Which compound acts as the reducing agent?
b) What is the function of CaO in the production of iron?
c) Which is the slag formed here?
Answer:
a) Carbon monoxide (CO)
b) Act as flux to remove Silica (SiO₂)
c) Calcium silicate (CaSiO₃)

Question 23.
Bauxite is the main ore of Aluminium.
a) Which method is used to concentrate bauxite?
b) Electricity is used as the reducing agent in the manufacture of Aluminium. Why?
c) Aluminium is obtained at which electrode during the electrolysis?
Answer:
a) Leaching
b) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal; thus strong reducing agent like electricity is used.
c) Cathode (Negative electrode)

Question 24.
Haematite is converted into iron by reactions taking place in the blast furnace.
a) Write the molecular formula of Haematite.
b) Which substance acts as the reducing agent in this process?
c) Molten iron is produced along with slag from the furnace. What is meant by slag?
d) Write the chemical equation that shows the formation of slag.
Answer:
a) Fe₂O₃
b) Carbon monoxide (CO)
c) Mixture of flux and gangue
d) CaO + SiO₃ → CaSiO₃

Question 25.
Zinc is an industrially important metal
a) Which is the ore of Zinc?
b) Write the name of the concentration method used for Zinc ore?
c) What is the process used in the conversion of zinc ore to zinc oxide after the concentration of the ore?
d) Write the name of the purification method used for Zinc.
Answer:
a) Zinc blende (ZnS)
b) Froth floatation
c) Roasting
d) Distillation

Question 26.
Aluminium is very useful in our daily life.
a) Which is the ore of aluminium?
a) Which is the solution used to concentrate aluminium ore?
b) Why is cryolite added to alumina during its electrolysis?
c) Write the equation of reduction of aluminium ion.
Answer:
a) Bauxite
b) Hot Concentrated NaOH solution.
c) Cryolite is added to alumina to reduce its melting point and increase its electrical conductivity.
d) Al³⁺ + 3e^– → Al