Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

The comprehensive approach in Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Physics Textbook Solutions Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Questions and Answers English Medium ensures conceptual clarity.

Std 9 Physics Chapter 4 Notes Solutions Gravitation

SCERT Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Notes Solutions Kerala Syllabus Gravitation Questions and Answers

Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Let Us Assess Answers Gravitation

Question 1.
If an object is lifted from the centre of the Earth to its surface, will the mass and weight of the object change? Justify the answer.
Answer:
Mass will not change.
If an object is lifted from the centre of the Earth to its surface, the weight of the object will change. At the centre of the Earth, weight of the object will be zero.(weight-mg, g=0 at the centre.). As it is lifted to the surface, weight increases.

Question 2.
The weight of an object of mass 5 kg is determined using a spring balance. If the object and the spring balance are dropped down together, what will be the weight of the object while falling down? What is the reason?
Answer:
Weight of the object while falling down will be zero. During falling the entire force of gravity is used to produce acceleration. So a freely falling body experience weightlessness.

Question 3.
Will there be a change in the mass and weight of an object brought to the Moon from the Earth? Justify the answer.
Answer:
Whether on Moon on Earth, mass of an object does not change, but weight changes. This is because weight of an object depends on g value, whereas mass do not. g value on moon is approximately 1/6th of the value of g on earth.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 4.
An object is allowed to fall from the top of a tower of height 100 m. At the same time, another object was thrown vertically up with a velocity 25 m/s in order to collide with the object falling down (gEarth = 10 m/s2, gMoon = 1.62 m/s2)
a) Calculate the time taken by them to collide.
b) Find out the height from the ground at which they collide.
c) Would the answers obtained in the above case change, if this activity was carried out on the Moon? Justify.
Answer:
u = 0 m/s
h = 100 m
t = time taken to collide
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at2
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2 = 0 × t + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2 = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × t2
s = 5t2
Distance covered by the vertically thrown object = 100 – s
u = 25m/s, g = -10m/s2
100 – s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2
100 – s = 25t +\(\frac{1}{2}\) × – 10 × t2
100 – s = 25t – 5t2
100 – 5t2 = 25t – 5t2
100 = 25t – 5t2 + 5t2
i.e, 25t = 100
t = \(\frac{100}{25}\) = 4s

b) s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2
s = 25 × 4 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × – 10 × 42
s = 100 – 80 = 20 m
They will coillide at a height 20 m

c) On the moon, gmoon = 1.62 m/s2
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2 = 0 × t + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2
s = \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2
s = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 1.62 × t2
s = 0.81t2
Distance covered by the stone = 100 – s
100 – s = 25t + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × -1.62 × t2
100 – s = 25t – 0.81t2
100 – 0.81t2 = 25t – 0.81t2
100 = 25t – 0.81t2 + 0.81t2
100 = 25t
t = \(\frac{100}{25}\) = 4s
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2
=25 × 4 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × – 1.62 × 42
= 100 – 12.96 = 87.04m
They will collide at a height 87.04 m.

Question 5.
The gravitational force on the lunar surface is approximately 1/6 th that of the Earth.
a) What is the weight of an object of mass 10 kg on the Earth?
b) If this object is taken to the surface of the Moon, what will be its mass and weight?
Answer:
a) m = 10 kg
weight = mg 10 × 9.8 = 98 N
b) weight on Moon = 10 × 1.62 = 16.2 N
mass on Moon = 10 kg

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 6.
Objects with a larger mass are attracted by the Earth more strongly than objects with a smaller mass. So, if an object with a larger mass and an object with a smaller mass are allowed to fall from the same height,
a) Which one will reach the ground first?
b) Justify the answer.
Answer:
a) Both reaches at the same time.
b) Acceleration due to gravity is g = \(\frac{G M}{R^2}\)
This equation is independent of the mass of the object. Whatever be the mass of the object, acceleration due to gravity will be the same at a place.

Question 7.
Explain the difference between mass and weight.
Answer:
Topic 3, Qn. 49, Page 144

Question 8.
The masses of a stone and a hydrogen-filled. balloon are equal. If both are placed on the same ground, will the force of attraction exerted by the Earth on them be the same? Justify the answer.
Answer:
A hydrogen-filled balloon will be much larger than a stone. So the distance to its centre from the centre of the Earth will be much greater. So the force of attraction exerted by the Earth on the balloon will be less.

Question 9.
A stone falling from the top of a tall building reaches the ground in 2 s (g = 9.8 m/s2).
a) Calculate the height of the building.
b) What will be the velocity of the stone just before touching the ground .
Answer:
a) u = 0, t = 2s, g = 9.8 m/s2
height = s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at2
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt2
= 0 × 2 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 9.8 × 22
= 0 + 19.6
= 19.6 m

b) v = u + at
=u + gt
=0 + 9.8 × 2
= 19.6 m/s

Question 10.
Find examples of circular motion from the following and tabulate.

  • Electrons revolving around the nucleus
  • A child running a 100 m sprint
  • Planets revolving around the Sun
  • A train running along a railway track with no curves
  • Moon orbiting around the Earth

Answer:

  • Electrons revolving around the nucleus
  • Planets revolving around the Sun
  • Moon orbiting around the Earth

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 11.
What will be the weight of an object of mass 10 kg on a planet having twice the mass and three times the radius of the Earth?
Answer:
m = 10kg, g = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}^2}\) = 9.8 m/s2
Mnew = 2M
Rnew = 3R
g = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}^2}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{G} \times 2 \mathrm{M}}{(3 \mathrm{R})^2}\) = \(\frac{2}{9}\) × 9.8
= 2.2 m/s2
Weight = mg
=10 × 2.2 = 22N

Question 12.
The mass of a planet is half of the Earth and the radius is 1/4 times that of the Earth. The acceleration due to gravity of the planet is ¸ ……..times that of the Earth.
a) \(\frac{1}{4}\)
b) 4
c) \(\frac{1}{8}\)
d) 8
Answer:
Mnew = \(\frac{M}{2}\)
Rnew = \(\frac{R}{4}\)
gE(g on earth) = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}^2}\)
gnew = \(\frac{GM}{2}\) ÷ \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{R}}{4}\right)^2\)
= \(\frac{GM}{2}\) × \(\frac{16}{R^2}\)
= 8\(\frac{GM}{R^2}\)
So the acceleration due to gravity of the planet is 8 times that of the Earth.

Question 13.
A body falling freely from a certain height takes 50 s to reach the ground. How much time will the same object take to fall from the same height on another sphere having twice the radius and twice the mass of the Earth? (Answer: \(50 \sqrt{2} s\)).
Answer:
t = 50 S
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\)at2 = 0 × 50 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × 50 × 50
= 0 + 12500 m
=12500 m
s =12500 m, Mnew = 2M
gE(g on earth) = \(\frac{GM}{R^2}\) = 10 m/s2, Rnew = 2R
gE new = \(\frac{\mathrm{G} \times 2 \mathrm{M}}{(2 \mathrm{R})^2}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 = 5 m/s2
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at2
12500 = 0 × t + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 5 × t2
12500 = \(\frac{5 t^2}{2}\)
5t2 = 12500 × 2
5t2 = 25000
t2 = \(\frac{25000}{5}\)
t2 = 5000
t = \(\sqrt{5000}\) = \(\sqrt{2500 \times 2}\)
t = \(50 \sqrt{2} s\)

Question 14.
The mass of an object is 100 kg. Calculate its weight at the centre of the Earth, the polar region, the equatorial region, the Moon and the Jupiter (g on the Jupiter = 23.1 m/s2)
Answer:
m = 100 kg
At the centre, w = mg = 100 × 0 = 0 N
At the poles, w = mg = 100 × 9.83 = 983 N
At equator, w = mg 100 × 9.78 = 978 N
On Moon, w = mg = 100 × 1.62 = 162 N
On Jupiter, w=mg = 100 × 23.1 = 2310 N

Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Extended Activities Answers Gravitation

Question 1.
Make a still model of the Solar System and exhibit it in the class. It should include the Moon and an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth.
Answer:
Hint
It can be fun and educational to make a still model of the Solar System that includes the Moon and a man-made satellite orbiting the Earth. Amodel of this kind can be built by following these steps.

Materials needed: Foam balls of various sizes (to represent the Sun, planets, and the Moon), small bead or tiny ball (to represent the artificial satellite), paints and brushes, thin metal rods or skewers, Styrofoam or cardboard base, glue, string or wire, markers or labels. Steps:

  1. Prepare the base using Styrofoam or cardboard.
  2. Use foam balls of varying sizes to represent the Sun, Moon, the planets and the artificial satellite. The largest ball will be the Sun, and the others will be the Moon and the planets and the smallest one will be the artificial satellite.
  3. Paint the planets and the sun according to their appearance.
  4. Attach each planet to the base using thin metal rods or skewers.
  5. Use small pieces of paper or labels to label each planet, the Moon, and the artificial satellite and attach these labels to the base near the corresponding celestial bodies.

Arrange everything neatly and ensure all the rods and wires are securely attached.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 2.
The values of g in various planets are given. There is an object of mass 100 kg. Determine the weight of the object on these planets.

Planet Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2(Approximate value) Weight (N)
Earth 9.8
Mercury 3.7
Venus 8.9
Mars 3.7
Saturn 9.00
Uranus 8.7
Neptune 11.00

Answer:

Planet Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2(Approximate value) Weight (N)
Earth 9.8 9.8
Mercury 3.7 980
Venus 8.9 370
Mars 3.7 890
Saturn 9.00 370
Uranus 8.7 900
Neptune 11.00 870

Gravitation Class 9 Notes Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Have you ever wondered why a stone thrown up and a bird’s feather fall to the ground?
Answer:
A stone thrown up and a bird’s feather fall to the ground due to the attraction of the Earth.

Question 2.
From where did the stone and the feather get the force they needed to fall?
Answer:
The stone and the feather get the force they needed to fall from the force of attraction of Earth.

Question 3.
Imagine dropping stones in wells at various places around the Earth. Aren’t stones attracted to the bottom of the well?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 1
Answer:
Yes, stones are attracted to the bottom of the well.

Question 4.
Do the people standing on the opposite hemisphere of the Earth fall down? Isn’t this due to the attraction of the Earth?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 2
Answer:
No, the people standing on the opposite hemisphere of the Earth do not fall down. This is due to the attraction of the Earth.

Activity
Fasten a spring balance to the grill of a window. Pull its hook with your hand.

Question 5.
Why did the spring stretch?
Answer:
The spring is stretched due to the force applied by the hand.

Question 6.
What is the reading on the spring balance?
Answer:
(Measurement shown by the spring balance is to be taken)

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 7.
Isn’t this the force that we applied?
Answer:
Yes, this is the force that we applied.

Question 8.
What is the unit of force?
Answer:
The unit of force is newton (N).

Activity
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 3
Answer:
Suspend a mass of 100 g from a spring balance.

Question 9.
Why did the spring stretch?
Answer:
Because a force is experienced on the spring.

Question 10.
Which is the force that pulled down the 100 g mass?
Answer:
The force exerted by the Earth.

Question 11.
What is the reading on the spring balance?
Answer:
1 N

Question 12.
Isn’t this the force that attracted the object to the Earth?
Answer:
Yes, this is the force that attracted the object to the Earth.

Question 13.
Why does the spring balance experience more stretching force?
Answer:
Since the force exerted by the Earth is greater, the spring balance experiences more stretching force.

Question 14.
What happens to the force of attraction as mass increases? (increases/decreases)
Answer:
increases

Question 15.
If so, write down a factor that influences the force of attraction.
Answer:
Mass
The force of attraction on an object at different positions on the Earth is given in the table.

Mass of the object (kg) Height from the surface of the Earth (m) Attractive Force (N)
100 On the surface (0) 980
100 1,00,000 m 950
100 10,00,000 m 730

Analyse the table and answer the following questions.

Question 16.
Where did the object of mass 100 kg experience a greater force of attraction? (on the surface /at a height of 1,00,000 m at a height of 10,00,000 m)
Answer:
The object of mass 100 kg experience a greater force of attraction on the surface.

Question 17.
As the distance from the Earth to the object increases, the force of attraction exerted by the Earth (increases/decreases)
Answer:
decreases
Tides are caused by the influence of gravitational force on the Earth by the Moon and the Sun.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 18.
If the Sun and the Moon exert a force on the Earth, wouldn’t the other celestial bodies of the universe also exert a mutual force of attraction between them?
Answer:
Yes
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 4

Question 19.
Complete the table given below based on Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation and answer the questions given below.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 5
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 6

Question 20.
Two mutually attracting objects are placed at a fixed distance between them. If the mass of one of them is doubled, how many times will the force of attraction between them be?
Answer:
The force of attraction between them will be doubled.
F = \(\mathrm{G} \frac{m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\)
F(new) = \(G \times \frac{2 m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\)
= 2 × G × \(\frac{m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\)
= 2F

Question 21.
What if the mass of one object is doubled and the mass of the other tripled?
Answer:
The force of attraction between them will be increased by 6 times.
F = \(\mathrm{G} \frac{m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\)
F(new) = G × \(\frac{2 m_1 \times 3 m_2}{d^2}\)
= 6 × G × \(\frac{m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\) = 6F

Question 22.
What if the distance between the objects is doubled?
Answer:
The force of attraction between them will be de creased by (1/4) times.
F = G\(\frac{m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\)
F(new) = G × \(\frac{m_1 \times m_2}{(2 d)^2}\)
= \(\frac{1}{4}\) × G × \(\frac{m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\)
= \(\frac{1}{4}\)F

Question 23.
What if the distance between the objects is halved?
Answer:
The force of attraction between them will be increased by 4 times.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 7

Question 24.
What if the distance between the objects is quartered?
Answer:
The force of attraction between them will be increased by 16 times.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 8

Question 25.
Calculate the gravitational force of attrac- tion between two children of masses 40 kg and 50 kg when they are 2 m apart.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 9
Answer:
m1 = 40 kg
m2 = 50 kg
d = 2m
F = \(\mathrm{G} \times \frac{m_1 \times m_2}{d^2}\)
F = \(\frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times 40 \times 50}{2^2}\)
F = 500 × 6.67 × 10-11
= 3335 × 10-11 N
F = 3.335 × 103 × 10-11N
F = 3.335 × 10-8N
F = 0.0000003335 N

Question 26.
This force of attraction is not experiences in everyday life. why?
Answer:
The force of attraction between two persons is not felt because it is very feeble. This force is very small that it cannot even be compared to other forces like frictional force, magnetic force etc. Therefore, this force is not experienced in everyday life.

Question 27.
Do both of the children experience the same force of attraction?
Answer:
Here, the children of mass 40 kg and 50 kg attract each other with a force of 3.335 × 108 N. This means that both of them are experiencing the same force of attraction.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 28.
If the force of attraction of the Earth on the Moon is F, what will be the force of attraction of the Moon on the Earth?
Answer:
F itself.

Question 29.
A heavy body and a light body are dropped down together from a certain height. Which one reached first?
Answer:
Both reached simultaneously.

Question 30.
Which one will experience greater acceleration?
Answer:
Both will experience the same acceleration.
According to Newton’s second law of motion, F = ma
IfF is the force of attraction of the Earth and m is the mass of the object, then a is the acceleration due to the force of attraction of the Earth.

Question 31.
What is the unit of g?
Answer:
m/s2

Question 32.
Is the mass of the object included in this equation?
Answer:
No, mass of the object is not included in this equation.

Question 33.
If mangoes and leaves fall down from a mango tree at the same time, will they reach the ground together? What will be the reason?
Answer:
No, if mangoes and leaves fall down from a mango tree at the same time, they will not reach the ground together. It is due to the influence of air that leaves fall down slowly.

Question 34.
A piece of paper and a coin are dropped down together from the same height. What do you observe?
Answer:
The coin reaches the ground first and the piece of paper later.

Question 35.
Repeat the above activity after crumpling the paper. What difference do you observe now?
Answer:
The coin and the crumpled paper reach the ground simultaneouly.

Question 36.
Is the acceleration due to due to gravity the same everywhere on the Earth?
Answer:
No

Question 37.
Observe the figure. Does the Earth have a perfect spherical shape?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 10
Answer:
No, Earth does not have a perfect spherical shape.

Question 38.
Which region of the Earth is the farthest from its centre?
(polar region/equatorial region)
Answer:
Equatorial region

Question 39.
Which region lies closer to the centre of the Earth? (polar region/equatorial region)
Answer:
Polar region

Question 40.
How does the value of g vary as the distance from the Earth’s centre to the surface changes? Verify your answer using the equation.
Answer:
As the distance from the Earth’s centre to the surface increases, the value of g decreases.

Question 41.
Where is the value of g maximum?
(at the polar region /at the equatorial region)
Answer:
At the polar region

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 42.
The forces of attraction on an object at the centre of the Earth, from all sides of the Earth are equal. If so, what will be the value of g at the centre?
Answer:
Zero

Question 43.
Gravitational force is a force of mutual attraction. When the engine ceases working, the aeroplane falls down to the Earth. But the Earth does not move towards the aeroplane even though the aeroplane attracts the Earth. Why?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 11
Answer:
To understand the reason for this, we calculate the gravitational force between an aeroplane and the Earth when the aeroplane of mass 10000 kg is at a height 10 km above the surface of the Earth.
m = 10000 kg = 104kg
Height from the surface of the earth, d=10 km
=10000 m=104 m
F = \(G \frac{M m}{R^2}\)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 12
The acceleration of the aeroplane produced by the above force
F= mg
g = \(\frac{F}{M}\) = 97400/10000 = 9.74 m/s2
The aeroplane exerting the same force on the Earth as that exerted by the Earth on the aeroplane.
Acceleration of the Earth due to the force exerted by the aeroplane
g = \(\frac{F}{M}\) = \(\frac{97400}{6 \times 10^{24}}\) = 1.6 × 10-20 m/s2
g=0.000000000000000000016 m/s2.

The acceleration of the Earth is almost zero. Although the forces of attraction between the aeroplane and the Earth are equal, the Earth will not experience any considerable acceleration.

Question 44.
An artificial satellite of mass 10000 kg stops working and falls down to the Earth. We know that attraction between objects is mutual. The satellite attracts the Earth with the same force with which the Earth attracts the satellite.
Height from the Earth = 5000 m,
Radius of the Earth, R = 6.4 × 106 m
a) What is the acceleration of the satellite?
b) What is the acceleration of the Earth?
(Mass of the Earth = 6 × 1024 kg)
Answer:
Mass of the artificial satellite,
m = 10000 kg =10+ kg
Mass of the Earth; M = 6 × 1024 kg
Distance, d=Radius of the Earth + Height from the Earth
= 6.4 × 106 + 5000 = 6400000 + 5000 = 6405000 m
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 13

Question 45.
An object of 10 kg is allowed to fall to the ground from a height of 20 m.
a) How long will it take to reach the ground?
b) Calculate the time required to reach the ground, if it is on the Moon.
g(Earth) = 10 m/s2, g(Moon) = 1.62 m/s2
Answer:
m = 10 kg
u = 0
S = 20 m
g= 10 m/s2
a) s = ut + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) at2 = u t + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) gt2
20 = 0 × t + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) 10 × t2
20 = \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) 10 × t2
20 = 5 × t2
t2 = 20/5 = 4
t = 2s

b) g(Moon) = 1.62 m/s2
s = ut + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) at2 = u t + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) gt2
20 = 0 × t + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) 1.62 t2
20 = 0.81 × t2
t2 = 20 / 0.81 = 24.69
t = 5 s (approximate value)

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 46.
A stone is thrown vertically upwards from the lunar surface. If the stone returns in 6 s.
a) What is the initial velocity of the stone?
b) What is the distance that can be covered by the stone?
c) What will be the position of the stone after 4.s?
Answer:
Time taken to reach the maximum height,
t = 6/2 = 3 s
v = 0
u =?
a = g = 1.62 m/s2
a) v=u+at
0 = u+ -1.62 × 3
0 = u-1.62 × 3
0 = u – 4.86
u = 4.86 m/s

b) v2 = u2 + 2 gs
0 = u2 +2 × 1.62 × s
0 = (4.86)2 + 3.24 × s
-3.24 s = (4.86)2
s = (4.86)2 / -3.24 = – 7.29 m
s = 7.29 m
Total distance 7.29 m + 7.29 m = 14.58 m

c) t = 4 s
s = ut + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) at2 = ut + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) gt2
= 4.86 × 4 + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) × -1.62 × 42
= 19.44 – 12.96
= 6.48 m
The stone will be at a height 6.48 m.
The stone will be at a height 6.48 m.

Question 47.
What is the weight of an object of mass 50 kg?
Answer:
Weight = mg = 50 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 490 N
This is also known as 50 kgwt.

Question 48.
The mass of an object is 10 kg. Calculate its weight on the Earth. What would be its weight if it were on the moon? (gMoon 1.62 m/s2)
Answer:
Weight on the Earth = mg = 10 × 9.8 = 98 kgm/s2 = 98 N
g(Moon) = 1.62 m/s2
Weight on the Moon = mg(Moon) = 10 × 1.62 = 16.2 N

Question 49.
The mass of an object remains the same everywhere In the universe. Then what about its weight? Compare mass and weight and complete the table.
Answer:

Mass Weight
  • Measured using common balance
  • Unit kg
  • Mass of an object is the quantity of matter
  • contained in it.
  • Scalar quantity
  • Mass of an object is same everywhere
  • Measured using spring balance
  • Unit newton (N) or kgwt
  • The weight of the object on the Earth is the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on that object.
  • Vector quantity
  • Weight of an object will vary from place to place

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 50.
When goods shipped from Kochi to England were weighed in England using the same spring balance used in Kochi, the weight was found to be 20 N more. What could be the reason?
Answer:
England is situated near polar region and Kochi near equatorial region. Value of g is greater at polar region than at equatorial region. So weight (w = mg) will be more when weighed at England.

Question 51.
Is an object heavier at the poles or at the equator? Justify your answer.
Answer:
An object is heavier at the poles. Value of g is greater at polar region than at equatorial region. So weight (w=mg) will be more at the poles.

Question 52.
What will be the weight of an object at the centre of the Earth?
Answer:
At the centre of the Earth, objects are attracted equally in all directions. The resultant force will be zero there. The value of g is zero, so weight of an object at the centre of the Earth will be zero.

Question 53.
Hook a 20 g mass on a spring balance and hold it. Bring it down quickly What will be the change in the reading at this time?
(increases/decreases)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 14
Answer:
decreases
If these are allowed to fall freely, the reading can be seen as zero.

Weightlessness
We know that a freely falling object has acceleration. The force required for acceleration is provided by the force of gravity. If the entire force of gravity is used to provide acceleration, the freely falling object will be weightless.

Question 54.
What are the instances in which weightlessness is experienced?
Answer:

  • For a person who orbits the Earth in space stations.
  • For a coconut falling from a coconut tree.

Question 55.
Why does a freely falling body experience weightlessness?
Answer:
During falling the entire force of gravity is used to produce acceleration. So a freely falling body experience weightlessness.

Question 56.
Isn’t the motion of a freely falling stone in a straight line?
Answer:
Yes

Question 57.
What type of motion do artificial satellites have? Write down examples for such types of motion.
Answer:

  • Whirling a stone tied to a string.
  • Rotation of fan blades.

Question 58.
Does this object have uniform velocity though it has uniform speed? Why?
Answer:
No, this object does not have uniform velocity. Though it has uniform speed, its direction is changing continuously. So it has non uniform velocity.

Question 59.
Does this object experience any force?
Answer:
Yes

Question 60.
If the string is released from the hand, in which direction will the stone move? Won’t it be along the tangent?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions Img 15
Answer:
Yes, it will be along the tangent.

Question 61.
Who gave this force? Isn’t it our hand?
Answer:
It is our hand who gave this force.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 4 Gravitation Notes Solutions

Question 62.
If there is no centripetal force, can there be circular motion?
Answer:
No, if there is no centripetal force, there can not be circular motion.
It is due to the lack of centripetal force that vehicles negotiating curves on a road tend to skid or roll off the curve. Mass and speed of the vehicle and curvature of the road are the factors that influence the tendency of the vehicle to roll over. The path followed by the objects moving under centripetal force will be circular or curved.

Question 63.
If so, from where do the artificial satellites orbiting around the Earth get their centripetal force?
Answer:
It is the Earth’s gravitational force that is acting

Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8

Students rely on Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Chemistry Notes Pdf Download Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Extra Questions and Answers to help self-study at home.

Kerala Syllabus Std 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Extra Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the condensed formula of the following organic compounds
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 1
Answer:
a) CH3-CH2-CH3
b) CH2=CH2
c) CH2=CH-CH3
d) CH≡CH

Question 2.
Find out the missing compounds in the given homologous series. To which category do these compounds belong and write the general formula of each series.
(i) C2H2, C3H4, ………, C5H8,…..
(ii) ………., C2H6, C3H8, ……….., C5H12
(iii) C3H6, C4H8, ……….., ………….., C7H14
Answer:
(i) C2H2, C3H4, C4H6, C5H8, C6H10 – Alkynes – CnH2n+2

(ii) CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12 – Alkanes – CnH2n+2

(iii) C3H6, C4H8, C5H10, C6H12, C7H14 – Alkenes – CnH2n

Question 3.
Write the molecular formula of the given hydrocarbons
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 2
Answer:
a) C5H8
b) C4H10
c) C3H6
d) C2H4

Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8

Question 4.
Draw the structures and write the condensed formula of the given hydrocarbons.
a) Propene
c) Ethene
b) Propyne
d) Ethyne
Answer:
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 3

Question 5.
Match the following

A B C
Alkane CnH2n Butane
Alkene CnH2n-2 Ethyne
Alkyne CnH2n+2 Propene

Answer:

A B C
Alkane  CnH2n+2 Butane
Alkene  CnH2n Propene
Alkyne CnH2n-2 Ethyne

Question 6.
C4H10 and C5H12 are homologues. What conclusions can be drawn from this statement?
Answer:

  • They can be represented using a general formula.
  • There is a difference in the -CH2– group between them.
  • Shows similarity in chemical properties.
  • Regular gradation in physical properties.

Question 7.
Which among the given hydrocarbons does not belong to the same homologous series?
C2H6, C3H8, C4H8, C5H12
Answer:
C4H8

Question 8.
The first member of the alkyne family is _____________
(CH, C2H2, C3H4, C4H6)
Answer:
C2H2

Question 9.
Draw the structure of an alkane, alkene and alkyne containing 5 carbon atoms.
Answer:
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 4

Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8

Question 10.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compounds.
a) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
b) CH2=CH-CH3
c) CH3-CH3
d) CH≡CH
Answer:
a) Butane
b) Propene
c) Ethane
d) Ethyne

Question 11.
Write the IUPAC names,
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 5
Answer:
a) Propene
b) Propyne

Question 12.
Analyse the two compounds given
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 6
a) To which category do these compounds belong?
b) Write the name and molecular formula of A and B.
Answer:
a) A – Alicyclic; B – Aromatic
b) A – C6H12 – Cyclohexane
B – C6H6 – Benzene

Question 13.
Hints about a hydrocarbon is given
• Three carbon atoms in the main chain
• A double bond is present between two carbon atoms
a) Draw the structure of the hydrocarbon.
b) Write the IUPAC name.
c) Write the condensed formula.
d) Write the molecular formula
e) Write the name and draw the structure of the cyclic compound having the same molecular formula.
Answer:
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 7

Question 14.
Hints about a hydrocarbon is given
• Four carbon atoms are there in the main chain
• A double bond is present between two carbon atoms
a) Write the structural formula of the open-chain hydrocarbon in two ways.
b) Write the condensed formula of both the structures.
c) Write the molecular formula and IUPAC name.
d) Draw the structure of a cyclic compound having the same molecular formula. Ans:
Answer:
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 8

Question 15.
From the given compounds, which one is aromatic?
a) Butane
b) Cyclopropane
c) Ethane
d) Benzene
Answer:
d) Benzene

Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8

Question 16.
IUPAC name of CH3—CH=CH2 is ______________
a) Propane
b) Propene
c) Propyne
d) Cyclopropane
Answer:
b) Propene

Question 17.
The structure of a hydrocarbon is given below
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 9
a) Which type of covalent bond is present in this compound?
b) What are hydrocarbons?
c) Draw the structure of a ring hydrocarbon having three carbon atoms.
d) The ability of the atoms of an element to combine among themselves is called _________ .
Answer:
a) Single bond
b) Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
c) Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 10
d) Catenation

Question 18.
Analyse the given structure
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 11
a) How many carbon atoms are there in the main chain of the compound.
b) Write the IUPAC name of this compound.
Answer:
a) 5 carbon atoms
b) 3- Methylpentane

Question 19.
The molecular formula of two hydrocarbons is given
a) C4H8
b) C3H8
Write the structural formula, condensed formula and IUPAC name of them.
Answer:
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 12

Question 20.
Draw the structures of benzene(C6H6) and cyclohexane(C6H12).
Answer:
Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8 13

Question 21.
Match the following

A B C
Coal Greenhouse effect Butane
LPG Carbonisation Methane
Global warming Domestic fuels Anthracite

Answer:

A B C
Coal Carbonisation Anthracite
LPG Domestic fuels Butane
Global warming Greenhouse effect Methane

Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8

Question 22.
Name the most abundant fossil fuel.
Answer:
Coal.

Question 23.
Name the method used for separating components from petroleum.
Answer:
Fractional distillation.

Question 24.
Name the process by which coal formation takes place.
Answer:
Carbonisation.

Question 25.
Write the different forms of coal.
Answer:
Anthracite, Bituminous coal, Lignite, and Peat.

Question 26.
Name some of the major fossil fuels.
Answer:
Coal, Petroleum end natural gas.

Question 27.
Compare LPG, LNG and CNG.
Answer:

LPG LNG CNG
Liquified Petroleum Gas. Liquified Natural Gas is manufactured by liquifying gas under very high pressure. Compressed Natural Gas.
Domestic fuel. Ecofriendly fuel: Emits less carbon than other fuels. Used as pollution-free vehicle fuel.
The main component is butane. The main component is methane gas. The main component is methane gas.

Organic Chemistry Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus Chemistry Chapter 8

Question 28.
Explain about the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Answer:
Greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) present in the atmosphere trap a part of the infrared radiation that is reflected and radiated from the earth. As a result, the temperature of the earth increases, and this is called the greenhouse effect.

The phenomenon of an increase in the average temperature of the earth and the atmosphere is called global warming.

Question 29.
a) Write the consequences of global warming in nature,
b) Write two measures to prevent global warming.
Answer:
a) Consequences of global warming are

  • Melting of ice glaciers results in flooding.
  • Results in drastic climatic changes.
  • Affects agriculture.

b) Measures to prevent global warming are

  • Reduce the use of fossil fuels.
  • Promote afforestation.
  • Reduce deforestation.

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Students rely on Kerala SCERT Class 9 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 1 Notes Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന Questions and Answers to help self-study at home.

Std 9 Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Malayalam Medium Let Us Assess Answers

Question 1.
കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചില പരീക്ഷണങ്ങളുടെ നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഓരോ നിരീക്ഷണത്തിന്റെയും അനുമാനം എഴുതുക.
a) കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയിൽ വച്ച നേർത്ത ഇതളുകളുള്ള ചക്രം കറങ്ങുന്നു.
b) കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയിൽ ഒരു വസ്തു വച്ചാൽ നിഴൽ ഉണ്ടാകുന്നു.
c) കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയ്ക്ക് ലംബമായി ഒരു വൈദ്യുത മണ്ഡലം പ്രയോഗിക്കുമ്പോൾ അത് പോസിറ്റീവ് പ്ലേറ്റിനടുത്തേക്ക് വ്യതിചലിക്കുന്നു.
Answer:
a) കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയിൽ നേർത്ത ഇതളുകളുള്ള ചക്രം കറങ്ങുന്നു. – ഇതിൽ നിന്നും കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളിലെ കണങ്ങൾക്ക് മാസ് ഉണ്ടെന്നു മനസ്സിലാക്കാം.

b) കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയിൽ ഒരു വസ്തു വച്ചാൽ നിഴൽ ഉണ്ടാകുന്നു. – ഇതിൽനിന്നും കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികൾ നേർരേഖയിലാണ് സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്നതെന്ന് ബോധ്യപ്പെടുന്നു.

c) കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയ്ക്ക് ലംബമായി ഒരു വൈദ്യുത മണ്ഡലം പ്രയോഗിക്കുമ്പോൾ അത് പോസിറ്റീവ് പ്ലേറ്റിനടുത്തേക്ക് വ്യതിചലിക്കുന്നു. – ഇതിൽ നിന്നും കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികൾക്ക് നെഗറ്റീവ് ചാർജ് ഉണ്ടെന്നു മനസ്സിലാക്കാം.

Question 2.
ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ 16-ഉം മാസ് നമ്പർ 32-ഉം ആണ്.
a) ഈ ആറ്റത്തിൽ എത്ര ഇലക്ട്രോൺ, പ്രോട്ടോൺ, ന്യൂട്രോൺ എന്നിവ അടങ്ങിയിരിക്കുന്നു?
b) ഈ ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ’ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം എഴുതുക.
c) ഇതിന്റെ ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം ചിത്രീകരിക്കുക.
Answer:
a) അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ = 16
മാസ് നമ്പർ = 32
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ = 16
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 16
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 32 – 16 = 16

b) ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം = 2, 8, 6

c) ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 1

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Question 3.
ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിലെ K, L, M എന്നീ ഷെല്ലുകളിൽ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ ഉണ്ട്.
a) ഈ ഷെല്ലുകളിൽ ഏറ്റവും ഊർജം കൂടിയ ഷെൽ ഏത്?
b) M ഷെല്ലിൽ 3 ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ മാത്രമേ ഉള്ളൂവെങ്കിൽ ഈ ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ എഴു
തുക.
c) ഈ ആറ്റത്തിലെ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണമെത്രയാണ്?
d) ഈ ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ന്യൂക്ലിയസിൽ 16 ന്യൂട്രോണുകളാണുള്ളതെങ്കിൽ അതിന്റെ മാസ് നമ്പർ എത്ര യാണ്?
Answer:
a) M ഷെൽ

b) പൊതുവേ താഴ്ന്ന ഊർജനിലയിൽ ഉള്ള ഒരു ഓർബിറ്റിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാവുന്ന പരമാവധി ഇലക്ട്രോ ണുകൾ നിറഞ്ഞതിനുശേഷം മാത്രമേ അടുത്ത ഊർജനിലയിലുള്ള ഓർബിറ്റിൽ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ പൂരണം നടക്കുകയുള്ളൂ.
K ഷെല്ലിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാവുന്ന പരമാവധി ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം 2 ഉം L ഷെല്ലിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാവുന്ന പരമാവധി ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം 8 ഉം ആണ്. അങ്ങനെയെങ്കിൽ,
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 2 + 8 + 3 = 13

c) ആകെ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 13

d) ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 16
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 16 + 13 = 29

Question 4.
ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം ചിത്രീകരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 2
a) ഈ ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ മാസ് നമ്പർ എത്ര?
b) ഇതിന്റെ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം എഴുതുക.
Answer:
ചിത്രത്തിൽ നിന്ന്
a) പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 13
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 14
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 13 + 14 = 27

b) ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 13
ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം = 2, 8, 3

Question 5.
ചില മൂലകങ്ങളുടെ പ്രതീകങ്ങൾ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു.
Answer:
\({ }_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}\), \({ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}\), \({ }_{7}^{15} \mathrm{N}\), \({ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}\), \({ }_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na}\)
a) ഇവയിൽ നിന്നും ഒരു ജോഡി ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്തെഴുതുക. ഈ ജോഡി തിരഞ്ഞ
ടുക്കാനുള്ള കാരണം എഴുതുക.
b) തന്നിരിക്കുന്ന മൂലകങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നും ഒരു ജോഡി ഐസോബാറുകൾ തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കുക.
Answer:
a) ഐസോടോപ്പ് ജോഡി = \({ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}\), \({ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}\)
കാരണം – ഒരേ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറും വ്യത്യസ്ത മാസ് നമ്പറുമുള്ള ഒരേ മൂലകത്തിന്റെ വ്യത്യസ്ത ആറ്റങ്ങ ളാണ് ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ.

b) \({ }_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}\), \({ }_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na}\)

Question 6.
A, B കോളങ്ങൾ അനുയോജ്യമായ രീതിയിൽ ചേർത്തെഴുതുക.

A B
പ്ലം പുഡിങ് മാതൃക ജെയിംസ് ചാഡ്വിക്
സൗരയൂഥ മാതൃക ഗോൾഡ്സ്റ്റൈൻ
കനാൽ രശ്മികൾ ജെ. ജെ. തോംസൺ
ന്യൂട്രോൺ റഥർഫോർഡ്

Answer:

A B
പ്ലം പുഡിങ് മാതൃക ജെ. ജെ. തോംസൺ
സൗരയൂഥ മാതൃക റഥർഫോർഡ്
കനാൽ രശ്മികൾ ഗോൾഡ്സ്റ്റൈൻ
ന്യൂട്രോൺ ജെയിംസ് ചാഡ്വിക്

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Question 7.
ഒരു മൂലകത്തിന്റെ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറും മാസ് നമ്പറും യഥാക്രമം 15, 31 എന്നിങ്ങനെയാണ്.
a) ഈ ആറ്റത്തിലെ ബാഹ്യതമ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം എത്ര?
b) ഇതിൽ എത്ര ന്യൂട്രോണുകൾ അടങ്ങിയിരിക്കുന്നു?
c) ഈ മൂലകത്തിന്റെ ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം ചിത്രീകരിക്കുക.
Answer:
a) അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 15
ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം = 2, 8, 5
ബാഹ്യതമ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 5

b) മാസ് നമ്പർ = അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ = 31 – 15 = 16

c) ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 3

Question 8.
ഫോസിലുകളുടെ കാലപ്പഴക്കം നിർണയിക്കാൻ ഒരു മൂലകത്തിന്റെ ഐസോടോപ്പ് ഉപയോഗി ക്കുന്നു.
a) ഈ ഐസോടോപ്പ് ഏത്?
b) ഈ മൂലകത്തിന്റെ മറ്റ് രണ്ട് പ്രധാന ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ ഏതൊക്കെ?
c) ഓരോ ഐസോടോപ്പിലുമുള്ള ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം എഴുതുക.
Answer:
a) \({ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}\)

b) \({ }_6^{12} \mathrm{C}\), \({ }_6^{13} \mathrm{C}\)

c) \({ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}\) ഐസോടോപ്പിൽ ഉള്ള ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 8
\({ }_6^{13} \mathrm{C}\) ഐസോടോപ്പിൽ ഉള്ള ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 7
\({ }_6^{12} \mathrm{C}\) ഐസോടോപ്പിൽ ഉള്ള ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 6

തുടർപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ

Question 1.
ആറ്റം ചരിത്രവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞരെക്കുറിച്ചും അവരുടെ സംഭാവനകളെക്കുറിച്ചും ഒരു പ്രസന്റേഷൻ തയ്യാറാക്കി ക്ലാസ്സിൽ അവതരിപ്പിക്കുക.
Answer:

  • ഡെമോക്രിറ്റസ്: ആറ്റം സിദ്ധാന്തത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കം; എല്ലാ വസ്തുക്കളും വളരെ ചെറുതും വിഭജിക്ക പ്പെടാത്തതുമായ കണങ്ങൾ കൊണ്ടാണ് നിർമ്മിതമെന്ന സിദ്ധാന്തം.
  • ജോൺ ഡാൽട്ടൻ: (1809) ആധുനിക ആറ്റം സിദ്ധാന്തം;(ആറ്റങ്ങൾ വിഭജിക്കപ്പെടാത്ത കണങ്ങളാണ്, ഓരോ ഘടകത്തിനും തന്മാത്രകളുണ്ട്, ‘രാസപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങളിൽ ആറ്റങ്ങൾ പുനഃസംഘടന ചെയ്യ പ്പെടുന്നു).
  • ജെ.ജെ. തോംസൺ: ഇലക്ട്രോണിന്റെ കണ്ടെത്തൽ;(ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ഉള്ളിൽ നെഗറ്റീവ് ചാർജുള്ള കണങ്ങൾ ഉണ്ടെന്നു കണ്ടെത്തി) (1897).
  • ഏണസ്റ്റ് റഥർഫോർഡ്: (1901) ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ന്യൂക്ലിയർ മോഡൽ;( ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ മദ്ധ്യഭാഗത്ത് പോസിറ്റീവ് ചാർജുള്ള ന്യൂക്ലിയസ് ഉണ്ട്, ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ പുറത്ത് ചുറ്റിനടക്കുന്നു.)
  • നീൽസ് ബോർ: ബോർ മോഡൽ; ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ പ്രത്യേക ഊർജതലങ്ങളിലായാണ് ചുറ്റുന്നത്, ഈ ഊർജതലങ്ങൾക്കിടയിൽ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ മാറുമ്പോൾ ഊർജം പരാമാവധി കൈമാറ്റം ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നു.

Question 2.
വിവിധ സബ് ആറ്റോമിക കണങ്ങളുടെ കണ്ടുപിടിത്തത്തിലേക്ക് നയിച്ച പ്രധാന സംഭവങ്ങൾ എഴുതി ടൈംലൈൻ ചാർട്ട് തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 4

Question 3.
ഐസോടോപ്പുകളെക്കുറിച്ച് മനസ്സിലാക്കിയല്ലോ. റേഡിയോ ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾക്ക് കൂടുതൽ ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തുക. ഓരോ റേഡിയോ ഐസോടോപ്പിന്റെയും ഉപയോഗത്തെ ക്കുറിച്ച് ലേഖനം തയ്യാറാക്കി ശാസ്ത്രമാസികയിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കുക. വേർഡ് പ്രോസസറിന്റെ സഹായത്തോടെ ഈ പ്രവർത്തനം ചെയ്യാമല്ലോ.
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 5
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 6

Question 4.
നിങ്ങൾക്ക് റഥർഫോർഡുമായി ഒരു അഭിമുഖം നടത്താൻ അവസരം ലഭിക്കുകയാണെങ്കിൽ അതിന് ആവശ്യമായ ചോദ്യാവലി തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:

  • നിങ്ങൾ പ്രതിപാദിച്ച ആറ്റം ഘടനയുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ ആധുനിക രാസ ശാസ്ത്രം എങ്ങനെ വികസി ച്ചുവെന്ന് നിങ്ങൾ കരുതുന്നു?
  • വളർന്നു വരുന്ന തലമുറയ്ക്ക് ഗവേഷണത്തിൽ അഭിരുചി ഉണ്ടാകാൻ എന്തെല്ലാം കാര്യങ്ങൾ നിങ്ങൾക്ക് നിർദേശിക്കാൻ കഴിയും?
  • ആറ്റം ഘടനയെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള ഇപ്പോഴത്തെ ഗവേഷണങ്ങളോട് നിങ്ങൾക്ക് എന്താണ് പറയാനുള്ളത്?
  • നിങ്ങളുടെ ഗവേഷണ ജീവിതത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും അവിസ്മരണീയമായ അനുഭവം എന്തായിരുന്നു?
  • ആറ്റം ഘടനയിലെ നിങ്ങളുടെ സിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങൾ ശാസ്ത്രലോകം സ്വീകരിക്കുന്നതിനായി വന്ന പ്രചാരങ്ങളും ആശങ്കകളും എങ്ങനെ മറികടന്നു?

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

9th Class Chemistry Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium Chapter 1

Question 1.
പരിചയമുള്ള പദാർഥങ്ങളിൽ അടങ്ങിയിരിക്കുന്ന ആറ്റങ്ങൾ ഏതൊക്കെയെന്ന് തിരിച്ചറിയാമോ? പട്ടിക വിശകലനം ചെയ്യുക.
വിവിധ പദാർഥങ്ങളിലെ തന്മാത്രകൾ എങ്ങനെയെല്ലാം വ്യത്യാസപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു?
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 7
Answer:

  • തന്മാത്രയിലടങ്ങിയിരിക്കുന്ന ഘടക മൂലകങ്ങൾ
  • ഘടക മൂലക ആറ്റങ്ങളുടെ എണ്ണത്തിന്റെ അനുപാതം

Question 2.
ആറ്റങ്ങളിൽ അടങ്ങിയിരിക്കുന്ന പ്രധാന കണങ്ങൾ എന്തൊക്കെയാണ്?
Answer:

  • ഇലക്ട്രോൺ
  • പ്രോട്ടോൺ
  • ന്യൂട്രോൺ
    ഇവ സബ്അറ്റോമിക കണങ്ങൾ എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു

Question 3.
ഇലക്ട്രോണിന് മാസുണ്ടെന്ന് തെളിയിച്ചതെങ്ങനെ?
Answer:
കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയിൽ നേർത്ത ഇതളുകളുള്ള ചക്രം (Paddle wheel) വെച്ചാൽ അത് കറങ്ങുന്നു. ഇതിൽ നിന്നും കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളിലെ കണങ്ങൾക്ക് മാസ് ഉണ്ടെന്നു മനസ്സിലാക്കാം.

Question 4.
കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയിൽ ഒരു അതാര്യ വസ്തു വച്ചാൽ നിഴൽ ഉണ്ടാകുന്നു. ഇതിൽ നിന്ന് എന്ത് മനസ്സിലാക്കാം?
Answer:
കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ പാതയിൽ അതാര്യ വസ്തുക്കൾ വെച്ചാൽ നിഴൽ ഉണ്ടാകുന്നു. ഇതിൽനിന്നും കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികൾ നേർരേഖയിലാണ് സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്നതെന്ന് ബോധ്യപ്പെട്ടു.

Question 5.
സബ്അറ്റോമിക കണങ്ങളായ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ, പ്രോട്ടോൺ, ന്യൂട്രോൺ എന്നിവയുടെ ചില സവി ശേഷതകൾ പട്ടികയിൽ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നു. വിട്ടുപോയ ഭാഗം പൂരിപ്പിച്ച് സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 8
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 9

Question 6.
ചില പ്രസ്താവനകൾ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇവയിൽ ജെ. ജെ. തോംസണുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പ്രസ്താവനകൾ ഏതെല്ലാം?
Answer:
a) ഓർബിറ്റ് എന്ന ആശയം മുന്നോട്ടുവച്ചു.
b) ഡിസ്ചാർജ് ട്യൂബ് പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തി.
c) ന്യൂട്രോണിനെ കണ്ടെത്തി.
d) ഇലക്ട്രോണിനെ കണ്ടെത്തി.
e) പ്ലം പുഡിങ് മാതൃക മുന്നോട്ടുവച്ചു.
Answer:
b) ഡിസ്ചാർജ് ട്യൂബ് പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തി.
d) ഇലക്ട്രോണിനെ കണ്ടെത്തി.

Question 7.
ആറ്റം ഘടനയെക്കുറിച്ച് ഗവേഷണം നടത്തിയ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ, ‘അവരുടെ സംഭാവനകൾ എന്നിവയെ സംബന്ധിച്ച് ചോദ്യാവലി തയ്യാറാക്കി ക്ലാസിൽ ഒരു ക്വിസ് മത്സരം സംഘടിപ്പിക്കുക.
Answer:
നിങ്ങളുടെ റഫറൻസിനായുള്ള ചില ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ

  • ഡിസ്ചാർജ് ട്യൂബുകളും വാക്വം ട്യൂബുകളും ആരാണ് വികസിപ്പിച്ചത്?
    – ഹെൻറിച്ച് ഗീസ്ലർ
  • ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ കണ്ടെത്തിയത് ആരാണ്?
    – ജെ.ജെ. തോംസൺ
  • ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ അനുപാതം കണ്ടെത്തിയ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന്റെ പേര്.
    – ജെ.ജെ. തോംസൺ
  • കനാൽ രശ്മികൾ കണ്ടെത്തിയത് ആരാണ്?
    – ഒയ്ഗൻ ഗോൾഡ്സ്റ്റൈൻ
  • കാഥോഡ് രശ്മികളുടെ കണികകളുടെ ചാർജ് എന്താണ്?
    – നെഗറ്റീവ്
  • ഇലക്ട്രോണിന്റെ ചാർജും മാസും കണ്ടെത്തിയത് ആരാണ്?
    – റോബർട്ട് മില്ലിക്കൺ
  • റേഡിയോ ആക്റ്റീവത കണ്ടുപിടിച്ച ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ?
    – ഹെൻറി
    ബെക്വറൽ
  • വൈദ്യുത കാന്തിക മണ്ഡലങ്ങളിൽ വ്യതിചലിക്കാത്ത കണികകൾ ഏതാണ്?
    – ന്യൂട്രോൺ

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Question 8.
ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ന്യൂക്ലിയസിലെ കണങ്ങൾ ഏതൊക്കെയാണ്?
Answer:
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളും ന്യൂട്രോണുകളും.
ഒരാറ്റത്തിലെ പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെയും ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെയും ആകെ എണ്ണത്തെ മാസ് നമ്പർ എന്ന് പറയുന്നു. ഇതിനെ A എന്ന അക്ഷരം ഉപയോഗിച്ച് സൂചിപ്പിക്കാം.

Question 9.
2 പ്രോട്ടോണുകളും, 2 ന്യൂട്രോണുകളും ഉള്ള ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ മാസ് നമ്പർ എത്രയായിരിക്കും?
Answer:
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 2
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 2
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 2 + 2 = 4

മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം

ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
= മാസ് നമ്പർ – അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ
= (A – Z)

ഒരു ആറ്റത്തെ പ്രതീകം ഉപയോഗിച്ച് പ്രതിനിധാനം ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ പ്രതീകത്തിന്റെ ഇടതുവശത്ത് മുകളിലും താഴെ യുമായി യഥാക്രമം മാസ് നമ്പറും അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറും എഴുതുന്നു.
ഉദാ : \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\), \({ }_{20}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}\)

Question 10.
ക്ലോറിൻ, കാൽസ്യം എന്നീ ആറ്റങ്ങളിലെ പ്രോട്ടോണുകൾ, ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ, ന്യൂട്രോണുകൾ എന്നിവയുടെ എണ്ണം കണ്ടെത്തുക.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 10
Answer:
a) ക്ലോറിൻ സ്കൂ\({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z = 17
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 35
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 17
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 17
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
∴ ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z = 35 – 17 = 18

b) കാൽസ്യം \({ }_{20}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z = 20
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 40
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 20
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 20
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
∴ ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z = 40 – 20 = 20

Question 11.
ചുവടെ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്ന പട്ടിക പൂർത്തിയാക്കി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 11
Answer:
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ (Z) = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
= അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
= മാസ് നമ്പർ – അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ
= (A – Z)

a) \({ }_1^1 \mathrm{H}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z = 1
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 1
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 1
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 1
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z = 1 – 1 – 0

b) \({ }_3^7 \mathrm{Li}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z= 3
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 7
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 3
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 3
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z – 7 – 3 = 4

c) \({ }_8^16 \mathrm{O}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z = 8
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 16
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 8
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 8
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z – 16 – 8 = 8

d) \({ }_11^23 \mathrm{Na}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z = 11
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 23
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 11
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 11
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z = 23 – 11 – 12

e) \({ }_10^20 \mathrm{Ne}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, 2 = 10
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 20
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 10
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 10
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z = 20 – 10 = 10

f) \({ }_22^48 \mathrm{Ne}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z = 22
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 48
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 22
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 22

മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z = 48 – 22 = 26

g) \({ }_92^235 \mathrm{U}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ Z = 2
മാസ് നമ്പർ A = 235
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 92
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 92
മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം ( ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം – A – Z – 235 – 92 – 143

h) \({ }_90^232 \mathrm{Th}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ Z = 90
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 32
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 90
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 90
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പാട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – Z – 232 – 90 = 142

i) \({ }_30^65 \mathrm{Th}\)
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ Z = 30
മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 65
പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 30
ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 30
മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + തുടകളുടെ എണ്ണം
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = മാസ് നമ്പർ – പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം – A – Z = 65 – 30 = 35
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 12

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Question 12.
ബോർ ആറ്റം മാതൃക അനുസരിച്ച് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ എവിടെയാണ് കാണപ്പെടുന്നത്?
Answer:
ഓർബിറ്റിൽ

Question 13.
1, 2, 3, 4 എന്നീ ഊർജനിലകൾക്ക് യഥാക്രമം ഏതെല്ലാം പ്രതീകങ്ങളാണ് നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:

n ഊർജനില
1 K
2 L
3 M
4 N

ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിലെ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ വിവിധ ഓർബിറ്റുകളിൽ ക്രമീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത് ചില നിയമങ്ങൾ അനുസരിച്ചാണ്.

ഏതൊരു ഓർബിറ്റിലും ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാവുന്ന പരമാവധി ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം 21 ആണ് (n = ഓർബിറ്റ് നമ്പർ).

ഓർബിറ്റ് നമ്പർ (n) പേര് ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാവുന്ന പരമാവധി ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം (2n2)
1 K  2 × l2 = 2
2 L  2 × 22 = 8
3 M  2 × 32 = 18
4 N  2 × 42 = 35
5 O  2 × 52 = 50

പൊതുവേ താഴ്ന്ന ഊർജനിലയിൽ ഉള്ള ഒരു ഓർബിറ്റിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാവുന്ന പരമാവധി ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ നിറഞ്ഞതിനുശേഷം മാത്രമേ അടുത്ത ഊർജനിലയിലുള്ള ഓർബിറ്റിൽ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ പൂരണം നടക്കു കയുള്ളൂ.

ഏതൊരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെയും ബാഹ്യ ഓർബിറ്റിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാവുന്ന പരമാവധി ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം 8 ആയിരിക്കും.

ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ഓർബിറ്റുകളിൽ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ നിറയുന്നത് രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതാണ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം.

Question 14.
ചില മൂലകങ്ങളുടെ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം എഴുതി നോക്കാം. പട്ടിക പൂർത്തിയാക്കി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക,
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 13
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 14
1 മുതൽ 18 വരെ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറുള്ള മൂലകങ്ങളുടെ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം മാത്രമേ ഈ രീതിയനുസരിച്ച് കൃത്യമായി എഴുതാൻ കഴിയൂ. അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ 18-ൽ കൂടുതലുള്ള മൂലകങ്ങളുടെ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം എഴുതുന്ന രീതി ഉയർന്ന ക്ലാസുകളിൽ പരിചയപ്പെടാം.

Question 15.
\({ }_{13}^{27} \mathrm{Al}\)-ന്റെ ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം ചിത്രീകരിക്കുക.
Answer:
അലുമിനിയത്തിന്റെ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ, Z = 13
അലുമിനിയത്തിന്റെ മാസ് നമ്പർ, A = 27
അലുമിനിയത്തിലെ ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = A – 2 = 27 – 13 = 14
അലുമിനിയത്തിന്റെ ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 15

Question 16.
ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 16
ചിത്രം വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് ചുവടെ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നവ കണ്ടെത്തുക.
i) അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ
ii) മാസ് നമ്പര
ii) പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
iv) ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം
v) ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം
Answer:
i) അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ = 18
ii) മാസ് നമ്പർ = പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം + ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 18 + 22 = 40
iii) പ്രോട്ടോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 18
iv) ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം = 22
v) ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം = 28, 8

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Question 17.
1 മുതൽ 18 വരെ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറുള്ള മൂലക ആറ്റങ്ങളുടെ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം എഴുതി അവയുടെ ഷെൽ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ ചിത്രീകരിക്കുക.
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 17
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 18
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 199th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 20
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 21
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 22

Question 18.
ഒരു മൂലകം ഏതാണെന്ന് നിശ്ചയിക്കുന്നത് അതിലെ ഏതു സബ്അറ്റോമിക കണങ്ങളുടെ എണ്ണമാണ്? (പ്രോട്ടോൺ/ന്യൂട്രോൺ)
Answer:
പ്രോട്ടോൺ

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Question 19.
താഴെ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന ചിത്രം നോക്കൂ.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 23
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 24

Question 20.
ഈ ആറ്റങ്ങളുടെ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ എത്രയാണ്?
Answer:
1

Question 21.
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ 1 ഉള്ള മൂലകം ഏതാണ്?
Answer:
ഹൈഡ്രജൻ
എങ്കിൽ ഇവ മൂന്നും ഹൈഡ്രജൻ ആറ്റങ്ങൾ ആണല്ലോ.

Question 22.
ഈ ആറ്റങ്ങൾ തമ്മിൽ ഏത് കണത്തിന്റെ എണ്ണത്തിലാണ് വ്യത്യാസം?
Answer:
ന്യൂട്രോൺ

Question 23.
ഇവയുടെ മാസ് നമ്പർ ഒരുപോലെയാണോ?
Answer:
ആല്ല

Question 24.
ഇവയിൽ ന്യൂക്ലിയസിൽ ന്യൂട്രോൺ ഇല്ലാത്ത ആറ്റമേത്?
Answer:
പ്രോട്ടിയം

Question 25.
ഈ ആറ്റങ്ങൾ ഹൈഡ്രജന്റെ ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ ആണ്. എങ്കിൽ ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ എന്നാൽ എന്താണെന്ന് എഴുതാമോ?
Answer:
ഒരേ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറും വ്യത്യസ്ത മാസ് നമ്പറുമുള്ള ഒരേ മൂലകത്തിന്റെ വ്യത്യസ്ത ആറ്റങ്ങളാണ് ഐസോ ടോപ്പുകൾ,

ഒരേ അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറും വ്യത്യസ്ത മാസ് നമ്പറുമുള്ള ഒരേ മൂലകത്തിന്റെ വ്യത്യസ്ത ആറ്റങ്ങളാണ് ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ,

ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ ഒരേ രാസസ്വഭാവം കാണിക്കുന്നു. എന്നാൽ ഭൗതിക സ്വഭാവങ്ങളിൽ ചെറിയ വ്യത്യാസ ങ്ങൾ കാണിക്കുന്നു.

ഘനജലം (Heavy water) ഹൈഡ്രജന്റെ ഐസോടോപ്പായ ഡ്യൂറ്റീരിയത്തിന്റെ ഓക്സൈഡാണ്. ഘനജലം ആണവ നിലയങ്ങളിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു.

Question 26.
ഹൈഡ്രജന് മാത്രമാണോ ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾ ഉള്ളതെന്നു നോക്കാം. താഴെ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന ചിത്രം നോക്കൂ.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 25
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 26
\({ }_6^{12} \mathrm{C}\), \({ }_6^{13} \mathrm{C}\), \({ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}\) എന്നിവ കാർബണിന്റെ പ്രകൃതിദത്ത ഐസോടോപ്പുകളാണ്.
\({ }_6^{12} \mathrm{C}\) ആണ് ഏറ്റവും സ്ഥിരതയുള്ളതും ലഭ്യത കൂടിയതുമായ കാർബൺ ഐസോടോപ്പ് കാർബണിനും ഐസോടോപ്പുകളുണ്ടെന്ന് മനസ്സിലായല്ലോ.

കാർബണിന്റെ ആകെ ഐസോടോപ്പുകളിൽ ഏകദേശം 1.1% മാത്രമാണ് C. ഇത് സസ്യങ്ങളിലും ജന്തുക്കളിലും നടക്കുന്ന ജീവൽ പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് പഠിക്കാൻ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു. ‘C ഒരു റേഡിയോ ആക്റ്റീവ് ഐസോടോപ്പ് ആണ്. ഇത് ഫോസിലുകളുടെ കാലപ്പഴക്കം നിർണയിക്കുന്നതിന് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു. ഹൈഡ്രജന്റെ ഐസോടോപ്പുകൾക്കുമാത്രമേ പ്രത്യേക പേരുകൾ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ളു എന്ന് ശ്രദ്ധിക്കുമല്ലോ. മറ്റ് ചില ഐസോടോപ്പുകളും അവയുടെ ഉപയോഗങ്ങളും പട്ടികയിൽ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു.

ഐസോടോപ്പ് ഉപയോഗം
അയോഡിൻ -131 തൈറോയ്ഡ് ഗ്രന്ഥിയുടെ പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങളുടെ പഠനത്തിനും ചികിത്സയ്ക്കും
യുറേനിയം – 235 ആണവ നിലയങ്ങളിൽ ഇന്ധനം
കൊബാൾട്ട് – 60 കാൻസർ ചികിത്സക്ക്
സോഡിയം – 24 വ്യാവസായിക പൈപ്പ് ലൈനുകളിലെ ചോർച്ച കണ്ടെത്തൽ
അയൺ – 59 അനീമിയ നിർണയിക്കൽ

9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന

Question 27.
ആർഗൺ (Ar), പൊട്ടാസ്യം (K), കാൽസ്യം (Ca) എന്നീ ആറ്റങ്ങളുടെ ഓർബിറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നത് ശ്രദ്ധിക്കൂ.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 27
ചിത്രം വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് പട്ടിക പൂർത്തിയാക്കി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക.
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 28
Answer:
9th Class Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes Solutions Malayalam Medium ആറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ ഘടന 29

Question 28.
ഈ മൂലകങ്ങളുടെ മാസ് നമ്പറിന്റെ പ്രത്യേകത എന്താണ്?
Answer:
മാസ് നമ്പർ തുല്യമാണ്.

Question 29.
അറ്റോമിക നമ്പർ തുല്യമാണോ?
Answer:
തുല്യമല്ല
ഈ ആറ്റങ്ങൾ ഐസോബാറുകൾ എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു.
ഒരേ മാസ് നമ്പറും വ്യത്യസ്ത അറ്റോമിക നമ്പറുമുള്ള ആറ്റങ്ങളാണ് ഐസോബാറുകൾ.
ഇവ ന്യൂക്ലിയസിലെ ആകെ കണങ്ങളുടെ എണ്ണം (പ്രോട്ടോൺ + ന്യൂട്രോൺ) തുല്യമായ വ്യത്യസ്ത മൂലക ആറ്റ ങ്ങളായിരിക്കും.
ന്യൂട്രോണുകളുടെ എണ്ണം തുല്യമായ ആറ്റങ്ങൾ ഐസോടോണുകൾ എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു.
ഉദാ: \({ }_7^{15} \mathrm{C}\), \({ }_7^{14} \mathrm{C}\)

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

A thorough understanding of Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Questions and Answers English Medium can improve academic performance.

SCERT Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Notes Questions and Answers Reproductive Health

Std 9 Biology Chapter 5 Notes Pdf Kerala Syllabus English Medium Solutions Questions and Answers

Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Let Us Assess Answers Reproductive Health

Question 1.
What is the duration of full-term pregnancy in humans?
a) 200 – 210 days
b) 210 – 220 days
c) 270-280 days
d) 2 8 0 – 2 9 0 days
Answer:
c) 270-280 days

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Question 2.
Choose the one which is used to observe the growth of the foetus?
a) Ultrasound scan
b) Stethoscope
c) ECG
d) Thermometer
Answer:
a) Ultrasound scan

Question 3.
The fluid filled sac that surrounds and protects the foetus is ………..
a) Amnion
b) Placenta
c) Uterus
d) Ovary
Answer:
a) Amnion

Question 4.
Implantation means
a) Deposition of sperm in the vagina
b) Blastocyst attaches to the endometrium and grows
c) The fusion of sperm and the ovum
d) Surgical removal of the baby
Answer:
b) Blastocyst attaches to the endometrium and grows

Question 5.
The illustration given below shows a surgical procedure that men can adopt for contraception.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions 5
(a) Identify the contraceptive method in males.
(b) How is contraception possible through this surgery?
Answer:
(a) Vasectomy is the surgical contraceptive method in males
(b) Vasectomy is done by cutting and sealing the vas deferens in males. This prevents pregnancy by stopping sperm from leaving the body.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Question 6.
Which of the following organisms reproduce by external fertilisation?
a) Amphibians
b) Reptiles
c) Birds
d) Mammals
Answer:
a) Amphibians

Question 7.
“First breast milk, First defence”. These are the words in the poster released by the Department of Women and Child Development, Government of Kerala. What is your response to the phrases in the poster?
Answer:
The phrase in the poster is true regarding the first breast milk. Colostrum is light yellow-coloured milk produced after giving birth. This is rich in antibodies that protect the baby from infection, diarrhoea, respiratory diseases, and allergies. Thus, the colostrum, the first breast milk, prepares the baby for its first defence.

Question 8.
What are the factors that reduce fertility in both men and women?
Answer:
Factors that reduce fertility in both men and women are:

  • Exposure to toxins and pollution
  • Smoking
  • Drug abuse
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Sexually transmitted infections
  • Inflammation of the reproductive organs

Question 9.
Describe the physical changes of the foetus during each trimester of pregnancy.
Answer:

First trimester Second trimester Third trimester
The heartbeat starts Hair growth begins on the head and the body Lungs attains complete growth
Formation of limbs, fingers and toes The foetus starts moving Body size increases
Sex organs and organ systems are formed Eyelids open, eyelashes are formed Gaining of body weight

Question 10.
What are the chief ways to avoid Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?
Answer:
Methods to avoid Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

  • Practice safe sex: Use polyurethane condoms or other barrier methods each time having sex
  • Get vaccinated: Some STIs, such as HPV and Hepatitis B, can be prevented with vaccines.
  • Ensure genital hygiene.
  • Avoid having sex with multiple partners

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare a poster on adolescent health and food habits and display in the class.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions 6

Question 2.
Prepare the list of vaccines to be administered to newborns with the help of imaging software and post them in the social media.
Answer:

Age Vaccine
At birth BCG, OPV (zero dose), Hepatitis B
6 Weeks OPV-1, Pentavalent-1, IPV-1, RVV-1
10 W eeks OPV-2, Pentavalent-2, RVV-2
14 Weeks OPV-3, Pentavalent-3, IPV-2, RVV-3
9-12 W eeks Measles & Rubella (MR)-l
16-24 W eeks MR-2. Diphtheria, Pertussis & Tetanus (DPT)-Booster-l, OPV-Booster
5-6 years DPT-Booster-2
10 years Tetanus & adult diphtheria (Td)                                                                             ‘
16 years Td

Question 3.
Prepare a manuscript on the importance of motherhood by including pictures and descriptions.
Answer:
Key Points for the Manuscript on the Importance of Motherhood

The Nurturing Instinct:

  • Biological basis: Mothers are biologically equipped to nurture their offspring with instincts and physical attributes that facilitate caregiving.
  • Emotional bond: The mother-child bond is one of the most profound emotional connections, forged through shared experiences, love, and empathy.

The Shaping of Lives:

  • Early development: A mother’s love and care are essential for a child’s cognitive, emotional, and social development.
  • Role modelling: Mothers serve as powerful role models, influencing their children’s values, beliefs, and behaviours.
  • Resilience: The challenges of motherhood can strengthen a woman’s resilience, character, and determination.

The Impact on Families and Communities:

  • Family dynamics: The presence of a mother in a family can significantly impact its dynamics, creating a harmonious and nurturing environment.
  • Community well-being: Strong maternal figures contribute to the overall well-being of a community, influencing education, healthcare, and social cohesion.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

The Challenges and Rewards:

  • Balancing act: Motherhood often involves balancing the demands of work, family, and personal life, requiring effective time management and prioritisation skills.
  • Unconditional love: The unconditional love that mothers offer their children is one of the greatest rewards of motherhood, transcending boundaries and challenges.

Additional Considerations:

  • Cultural perspectives: Explore different cultural perspectives on motherhood to understand its global significance.
  • Challenges faced by specific groups: Discuss the unique challenges faced by single mothers, working mothers, or mothers in disadvantaged circumstances.
  • Supporting mothers: Highlight the importance of supporting mothers and promoting maternal well-being through policies, programs, and community initiatives.

Reproductive Health Class 9 Notes Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
What can be the reasons for the decrease in the maternal and infant mortality rate in Kerala?
Answer:

  • High literacy rate of women
  • Best Maternal and Child Health Care Centers
  • High quality public health projects
  • Early intervention and preventive measures

Question 2.
What all can be done to ensure gender justice? Based on the hints given below discuss and summarise the ideas and prepare a note.

  • Equal opportunities in leadership, decision making and positions
  • Opportunity to travel anywhere at any time with freedom and security
  • Equal right to education for boys and girls
  • Equal wages for equal work
  • Shared responsibilities for men and women in family care and household chores

Answer:
Gender justice aim to eliminate discrimination and promote equal rights for all genders.

  • It promote policies that encourage women’s participation in leadership roles across all sectors, including politics, business, and community organisations.
  • Implement mentorship programs and training initiatives to empower women and equip them with the skills necessary for leadership positions.
  • Create safe environments that allow individuals, regardless of gender, to travel freely without fear of harassment or violence.
  • Ensure that both boys and girls have equal access to quality education, addressing barriers such as poverty, cultural norms, and discrimination.
  • Ensure that individuals receive fair compensation regardless of gender.
  • Encourage shares responsibilities between men and women, which supports work-life balance.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Question 3.
What are the main changes and their causes of adolescence? List them.
Answer:

  • Rapid physical growth occurs due to hormonal changes
  • Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics including breast development in girls, facial hair and voice deepening in boys, and the beginning of menstruation in girls.
  • Increase in emotional changes leading to mood changes.

Question 4.
Based on the indicators, analyse the given illustration and formulate inferences.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions 1
Indicators:

  • The change in uterus during the menstrual cycle
  • Menstrual hygiene

Answer:
Menstrual cycle is a monthly process occurring in women’s body. It prepares body for pregnancy. During menstruation, the lining of the uterus (endometrium) sheds, and blood, tissue, and fluid flow out of the vagina. The menstrual cycle is divided into four phases: Menstrual phase, Follicular phase, Ovulation, and Luteal phase.

Menstrual phase is the stage when you have your period.
During follicular phase, the pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates the ovaries to produce follicles. Each follicle contains an egg.

During Ovulation, the mature egg is released from the ovary. It travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus. After ovulation, the follicle that released the egg turns into a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which helps to thicken the lining of the uterus in preparation for a possible pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilised, the corpus luteum breaks down, progesterone levels drop, and the lining of the uterus sheds, starting the menstrual cycle again.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Hygiene is important during menstruation.
It involves:

  • Choose suitable menstrual products
  • Change pads every 4-8 hours
  • Wash hands before and after changing menstrual products.
  • Dispose used products in a hygienic way
  • Shower regularly
  • Stay hydrated

Question 5.
Isn’t the zygote a single cell? How does it become a multicellular baby?
Answer:
The zygote undergoes repeated cell division and forms morula. Morula transforms into a structure filled with fluid and cells called Blastocyst. The blastocyst attaches to a lining of uterus called endometrium and grows there. This process is called Implantation. Further, the cells begin to differentiate and form specific organs and systems, eventually developing into a multicellular baby.

Question 6.
Only one of the sperms that reaches the ovum fuses with it. Why? Find it out.
Answer:
Only one sperm fertilises an ovum to ensure the correct number of chromosomes in the offspring. If multiple sperms fertilize an ovum, it may lead to abnormal number of chromosomes.

Question 7.
Prepare a flowchart including the various steps from fertilisation to implantation.
Answer:

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions 2

Question 8.
How does the foetus get nutrients and how is waste removed from its body?
Answer:
The foetus receives nutrients and eliminates waste through the placenta and umblical cord.

Question 9.
What are the changes that occur in the body during pregnancy?
Answer:

  • Gains body weight
  • The thickness of the inner lining of the uterus increases.
  • Menstruation stops temporarily.
  • Changes in skin
  • Fatigue and tiredness

Question 10.
What all things have to be taken care of, to ensure the physical and mental health during pregnancy?
Answer:

  • A healthy diet
  • Regular checkups
  • Moderate exercises
  • Enough rest
  • Stray hydrated
  • Avoid harmful substances like alcohol, tobacco, etc.
  • Ensure emotional well-being
  • Attend prenatal classes

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Question 11.
Discuss with adults, the food items to be included in the diet of a pregnant woman, and those to be regulated. Complete the table.

Food items to be included Food items to be regulated

Answer:

Food items to be included Food items to be regulated
Dairy Products
Legumes
Whole Grains
Fruits and Vegetables
Lean Protein
Caffeine
Raw or undercooked fish
Unpasteurized Dairy Products
Processed Meats
Alcohol

Question 12.
Organise a seminar in the class based on the topic ‘The challenges posed by alcohol, drugs and smoking’.
Sub topics

  • Reproductive health
  • Other health issues
  • Social and economic issues.

Answer:
Seminar: The Challenges Posed by Alcohol, Drugs, and Smoking

Introduction:
Substance abuse, including alcohol, drugs, and smoking, poses significant challenges to individuals, families, and societies. These substances have far-reaching consequences not only on physical health but also on mental well-being, relationships, and economic stability. For young people, understanding these risks is crucial to making informed choices. This seminar aims to shed light on the challenges posed by alcohol, drugs, and smoking by exploring their impact on reproductive health, overall health, and broader social and economic issues.

Reproductive Health:
In women, alcohol consumption, smoking, and drug use can cause fertility problems, leading to complications in conception. These substances also have a negative impact during pregnancy, resulting in miscarriages, preterm births, or fetal alcohol syndrome, a condition that severely impairs a child’s development.

In men, drugs and smoking are known to decrease sperm quality and lead to erectile dysfunction. Moreover, substance abuse often leads to high-risk behaviours, increasing the likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Therefore, substance use not only affects the individual’s reproductive capabilities but also poses long-term health risks for future generations.

Other Health Issues:
Alcohol is a leading cause of liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, and contributes to heart disease and strokes. Chronic alcohol use also damages the brain, leading to mental health problems like depression, anxiety, and even alcohol-induced dementia. Drug abuse, particularly with narcotics, can cause permanent brain damage, addiction, and overdose, which can be fatal. Smoking is responsible for a wide range of diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and heart disease.

Social and Economic Issues:
Substance abuse often leads to strained relationships, broken families, and social isolation, with many addicts experiencing stigma and shame. It can increase criminal behavior, contributing to violence, domestic abuse, and illegal activities. The economic impact of substance abuse is staggering, with productivity loss due to absenteeism or poor performance at work, leading to unemployment. Additionally, health care systems bear a significant financial burden due to the treatment of substance-related illnesses, rehabilitation programs, and public health initiatives aimed at prevention.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Conclusion:
The challenges posed by alcohol, drugs, and smoking extend far beyond the individual, affecting families, communities, and entire economies. Understanding the profound impact these substances have on reproductive health, general health, and socio-economic well-being is crucial for making better lifestyle choices.

Question 13.
You have understood the importance of care and nutrition during pregnancy and parturition. How should the nutrition and care of a newborn baby be?
Answer:
Proper nutrition and care are essential for the healthy growth and development of a newborn. Breastfeeding, hygiene, safe sleep, regular health check-ups, vaccinations, and emotional bonding are key aspects. Equally important is the postnatal care of the mother to ensure her well-being during this critical period.

Question 14.
What are the main vaccines given to newborns? What is the time schedule for vaccination? Visit the nearest health centre, check the National Immunisation Schedule and complete the table. Prepare a chart and display it in the class.
Find out the disease that is prevented by each vaccine.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions 3

Answer:

National Immunisation Schedule
At Birth BCG, OPV (zero dose). Hepatitis B
6 Weeks OPV-1, Pentavalent-1, IPV-1. RVV-1
10 Weeks OPV-2, Pentavalent-2, RVV-2
14 Weeks OPV-3, Pentavalent-3, IPV-2, RVV-3
9-12 Weeks MR-1
16-24 Weeks MR-2, DPT-Booster-1, OPV-Booster
5-6 years DPT-Booster-2
10 years Td
16 years Td

 

Vaccine Disease
Bacillus Calmcttc-Guerin (BCG) Tuberculosis (TB)
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Polio
Rotavirus Vaccine (RVV) Rotavirus (diarrhoea and vomiting in young children and babies)
Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B
Pentavalent Diphtheria, Tetanus. Pertussis (whooping cough), Hepatitis B. and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
MR vaccine Measles & Rubella Infections
DPT Vaccine Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertassis (whooping cough)
Td Vaccine Tetanus & adult diphtheria

Question 15.
What are the benefits of mother who breastfeeds?
Answer:
Health Benefits of the mother due to breastfeeding:

  • Lowers the Risk of Certain Diseases like breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and even heart disease later in life.
  • Breastfeeding creates a close connection between the mother and the baby, helping them bond better.
  • Breastfeeding releases hormones that help the mother feel relaxed and calm, which can reduce stress and anxiety.
  • Breastfeeding can delay the return of the mother’s menstrual cycle, which can act as a natural form of birth control, though it’s not completely reliable.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Question 16.
How about conducting a study on creating awareness among the public in your area about antenatal and postnatal care and the intervention of health workers? Prepare a report after interviewing health workers and the public by including the given topics.

  • Antenatal care
  • Diet, Treatment
  • Intervention of health workers
  • Home birth
  • Vaccines

Answer:
Some sample interview questions for health workers and the public are given below
For Health Workers:

  • What are the most important aspects of antenatal care?
  • How do you assist mothers during pregnancy and childbirth?
  • What challenges do you face in providing care, especially in rural areas?

For the Public:

  • How often do you visit health workers during pregnancy?
  • What kind of advice have you received about diet and vaccinations?
  • Do you prefer home births or hospital births, and why?

Sample of the report after conducting the interview:
Health workers emphasized the importance of regular antenatal check-ups to monitor the health of both the mother and the baby. They highlighted the need for early detection of complications, such as high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and anaemia. These visits are also important for educating mothers on nutrition, exercise, and general well-being. They provide medical support and guidance during pregnancy.

They offer regular monitoring, educate about healthy practices, and intervene in cases of complications. Midwives and community health workers also provide emotional support and are often the first point of contact in rural areas. Health workers recommend a balanced diet rich in proteins, iron, calcium, and folic acid. They also prescribe supplements when necessary to ensure that the mother and baby receive adequate nutrition.

Some members of the public were aware of antenatal care and its importance, but others, especially in rural areas, lacked knowledge or access to regular check-ups. Many rely on traditional methods and only visit a healthcare facility if there is a problem. Many women in urban areas are more aware of the importance of a nutritious diet during pregnancy, but in rural areas, women may not have access to the necessary foods or supplements. Some rely on traditional remedies and diets that may lack the needed nutrients.

Question 17.
Analysing the statements given below, discuss your opinions and form inferences.
Frequent pregnancy may affect the health of the mother and children.
Increase in population creates adverse effects in the environment and in the utilisation of resources.
In some countries where the birth rate is lesser, extra time and financial assistance for child care are given.
Answer:
Population growth and decline are global issues with wide-ranging implications for health, society, and the environment. While high birth rates strain resources and increase environmental damage, low birth rates threaten economic growth and social stability. Both challenges require comprehensive strategies, including access to contraception, education on family planning, and supportive policies for parents. Promoting reproductive health and creating policies that support families can lead to healthier populations and more sustainable development paths for nations across the globe.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Question 18.
Interview a doctor to clear your doubts about sexually transmitted diseases. Collect more information and prepare and display a poster on the pathogens causing the above diseases, their transmission and prevention.
Answer:
Some sample interview questions to ask Doctor about STIs:

  • What are the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) you encounter in your practice?
  • Can you explain the different pathogens responsible for these STDs (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.)?
  • How are these diseases typically transmitted?
  • What are the most effective methods of prevention against STDs?
  • What are some common misconceptions about STDs that patients often have?
  • How important is early detection and treatment in managing STDs?
  • Could you explain the role of vaccines, like the HPV vaccine, in preventing certain STDs?
  • What are the long-term health effects of untreated STDs?

Information gathered through interview:

Disease Causative organism Pathogen
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Chlamydiosis Bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis
Syphilis Bacteria Treponema pallidum
Gonorrhea Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Genital Herpes Virus Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Genital warts Virus Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Trichomoniasis Protozoan parasite Trichomonas vagina!is
Candidiasis Fungi Candida albicans

Transmission of STIs:

  • Unprotected sexual contact (vaginal, anal, oral)
  • Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth (e.g., HIV, syphilis)
  • Shared needles (e.g., HIV)

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions

Prevention of STIs:

  • Condom use during sexual intercourse
  • Vaccination (HPV and Hepatitis B vaccines)
  • Regular screenings and early detection
  • Avoid sharing needles

 

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 5 Reproductive Health Notes Solutions 4

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Students rely on Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Questions and Answers English Medium to help self-study at home.

Kerala SCERT Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Solutions Organic Chemistry

Kerala Syllabus Std 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions Questions and Answers

Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Let Us Assess Answers Organic Chemistry

Question 1.
The structural formula of a hydrocarbon is given below.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 1
a. Write its condensed formula.
b. Write its molecular formula.
c. Draw the structure of the first compound of the homologous series to which this hydrocarbon belongs.
d. Write the IUPAC name of this compound.
Answer:
a. Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 2

b. C4H8

c. Ethene (C2H4) is the first compound.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 3
d. Butene

Question 2.
C2H6, C3H8, ……………., C5H12 belong to the same homologous series.
a. Write the molecular formula of the missing compound.
b. Write the name of the homologous series to which these compounds belong.
c. Write the structural formula of C2H6.
Answer:
a. C4H10
b. Homologous series of alkanes
c. C2H6 is
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 4

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 3.
Molecular formulas of some hydrocarbons are given below.
C3H8, C4H8, C4H10, C3H6
a. Which among these are alkanes?
b. What is the general formula of alkenes?
c. Write the molecular formula of alkyne having 4 carbon atoms.
Answer:
a. Alkanes – C3H8, C4H10
b. CnH2n
c. C4H6

Question 4.
a. Write the molecular formula of the missing compounds in the homologous series.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 5
b. To which homologous series does category C belong?
c. Write the general formula of category A.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 6
b. Homologous series of alkynes
c. CnH2n

Question 5.
The molecular formulas of a few hydrocarbons are given below.
C2H4, C2H2, C2H6, C3H4, C3H8
a. Which among them belongs to the alkene group?
b. Which category does C2H2 belong to?
c. Which are the hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2?
Answer:
a. C2H4
b. Alkynes
c. C2H6 and C3H8

Question 6.
Two hints regarding a hydrocarbon are given below.
• It has 3 carbon atoms.
• The general formula of the category to which this hydrocarbon belongs is CnH2n+2.
a. Write the molecular formula and IUPAC name of this compound.
b. Draw the structure of this compound.
c. Write the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms and having a double bond.
Answer:
a. Molecular formula – C3H8
IUPAC name – Propane
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 7
c. C3 H6

Question 7.
Hints about a cyclic compound are given below.
It has 6 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms.
a. Draw the structure of this compound.
b. Write the structural formula of the open chain hydrocarbon having the same molecular formula.
c. Write the molecular formula of the alkane having the same number of carbon atoms.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 8
c. C6H14

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 8.
A chain having carbon atoms is given below.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 9
a. Complete the structure by adding hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom. Write its IUPAC name also.
b. Write the molecular formula of this compound.
c. Draw the structure of a cyclic compound having the same molecular formula.
d. Write the IUPAC name of this cyclic compound.
Answer:
a. IUPAC Name – Pentene
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 10
b. C5H10
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 11

d. Cyclopentane

Question 9.
The molecular formula of an alicyclic compound is C4H8.
a. Write the structural formula of this compound.
b. Write the structural formula of the open-chain hydrocarbon having the same molecular formula.
Answer:
a. Alicyclic C4H8
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 12
b. Open chain C4H8
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 13

Question 10.
The structure of an alicyclic compound is given below.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 14
a. What is its molecular formula?
b. Write its IUPAC name.
c. Write the structural formula of an open chain hydrocarbon having the same molecular formula.
Answer:
a. C4H6
b. Cyclobutene
c. Butyne
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 15

Question 11.
The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C3H6.
a. Write the structural formula of this compound.
b. To which category does it belong?
(Alkane, alkene, alkyne)
c. Draw the structure of an alicyclic compound having the molecular formula C3H6.
d. Write the IUPAC name of the compound.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 16
b. Alkene
c. Alicyclic C3H6
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 17

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 12.
a. Write the molecular formula of naphthalene.
b. Draw the structure of naphthalene.
Answer:
a. C10H8
b. Naphthalene
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 18

Question 13.
What is the method used to separate the components from petroleum?
Butane, the main component of LPG, is an alkane. It has four carbon atoms. Write the structural formula of butane.
Answer:
a. Fractional distillation
b. Butane
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 19

Question 14.
a. Which among the following gases does not cause global warming? (Methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide)
b. Write two ways to prevent global warming.
Answer:
a. Nitrogen

b. (i) Use public transportation whenever possible.
(ii) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: This practice helps minimise waste and reduces the demand for new products, which often require energy-intensive manufacturing processes.
(iii) Reduce carbon emissions.

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare and exhibit the ball and stick model of alkane, alkene and alkyne compounds having 4 carbon atoms.
Answer:
Hints
Alkane – Butane – C4H10
Alkene – Butene – C4H8
Alkyne – Butyne – C4H6

Question 2.
Present a seminar on the topic of “Global warming and climate change”.
Answer:
Hints: Include points like factors causing global warming, global warming and climate, consequences, and remedies.

Question 3.
Prepare and present a paper on the topic “The importance of Organic Chemistry”.
Answer:
Hints: Introduction – Define organic chemistry and its scope; body – Discuss the role of organic compounds in living organisms, explore the vast applications of organic chemistry in various industries, discuss the environmental implications of organic chemistry; conclusion – summarise the key points and emphasise the ongoing importance of organic chemistry.

Question 4.
The structural formula of a few organic compounds is given below.
i. CH3-CH2-OH
ii. CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
a. Write the molecular formulae of these compounds.
b. Are they homologous? Substantiate your answer.
Answer:
a. i. – C2H5OH or C2H6O
ii. – C3H7OH or C3H8O

b. Yes, they are homologous. Ethanol (C2H6O) and propanol (C3H8O) differ by one -CH2 unit, which is a key feature of homologous series.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 5.
Construct and exhibit a model of cyclic compounds having 6 carbon atoms.
Answer:
Hints
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 20

Organic Chemistry Class 9 Notes Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Complete the table with the help of the periodic table.

Symbol …………………………..
Atomic number ……………………………
Electronic configuration ………………………….
Valency ……………………………

Answer:

Symbol C
Atomic number 6
Electronic configuration 2, 4
Valency 4

Carbon compounds are referred to as organic compounds due to their abundance and diversity
Carbon contains 4 electrons in its outermost shell and a valency of 4. This allows carbon to make covalent bonds in various ways.

Question 2.
The structure of an organic compound is given in the figure. What are the constituent atoms in this compound?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 21
Answer:
Carbon and hydrogens.

Question 3.
What is the peculiarity of the bond between carbon and hydrogen?
Answer:
It is a single covalent bond, and in this bond, both carbon and hydrogen share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

Question 4.
Do you know any other compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen?
Answer:
Yes, there are a lot of other compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.

Question 5.
Look at the compounds given below. Complete the valency of carbon using hydrogen atoms.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 22
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 23

Question 6.
What are the peculiarities of the bond between carbon atoms?
Answer:
Three types of covalent bonds are present between these carbon atoms that are single, double and triple covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

Question 7.
Analyse the structure of the given hydrocarbon.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 24
a) Molecular formula?
b) What is the type of covalent bond in this compound?
Answer:
a) Molecular formula – CH4
b) Single covalent bond

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 8.
The structure of another hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms and having only a single bond between them is illustrated.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 25
What is the molecular formula of this compound?
Answer:
C2H6 – ethane.

The structural formula of this compound can also be represented as CH3—CH2. Such a representation is known as a condensed formula.

Question 9.
Complete the table 8.2.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 26
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 27
The open-chain hydrocarbons having only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called alkanes.
n alkanes, since all the four valencies of each carbon atom are satisfied by single bonds, they are also known as saturated hydrocarbons.

Question 10.
Analyse Table 8.2 and answer the given questions.
a) How many hydrogen atoms are present in an alkane having one carbon atom? ……………….
b) How many hydrogen atoms are present in an alkane having 2 carbon atoms? ………………..
c) What if there are 3 or 4 carbon atoms? …………………
d) What number is added to twice the number of carbon atoms to get the number of hydrogen
atoms? ………………….
e) If an alkane contains an ‘n’ number of carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms will be
there? (2n, 2n+2,2n-2) ………………..
f) Write the general formula of alkanes ………………
Answer:
a) 4
b) 6
c) For 3 carbon atoms – 8 H atoms
For 4 carbon atoms – 10 H atoms
d) 2 is added
e) 2n+2
f) CnH2n+2

Question 11.
The structure of a hydrocarbon having a double bond between two carbon atoms is given
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 28
a) What is the molecular formula of the compound given above?
b) Write its condensed formula.
Answer:
a) C2H4
b) Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 29

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 12.
Represent the structure of such hydrocarbons having a double bond between any of the two carbon atoms by adding more carbon atoms.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 30

Question 13.
Complete the table given below.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 31
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 32
Hydrocarbons having atleast one double bond between any two carbon atoms are called alkenes.

Question 14.
Analyse table 8.3
a) What is the relation between the number of carbon atoms and the number of hydrogen atoms in alkenes?
b) If an alkene contains an ‘n’ number of carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms will be there?
c) Write the general formula of alkenes.
Answer:
a) In alkenes, the number of hydrogen atoms is always twice the number of carbon atoms.
b) 2n
c) CnH2n

Question 15.
Look at the structure of a hydrocarbon having a triple bond between two carbon atoms.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 33
a) Write the molecular formula of the compound given above.,
b) Write its condensed formula.
Answer:
a) C2H2
b) CH≡CH

Question 16.
Complete the table given below.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 34
Hydrocarbons with atleast one triple bond between any two carbon atoms are called alkynes.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 35

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 17.
Analyse table 8.4
a) In these, are the number of hydrogen atoms twice that of carbon atoms?
b) What number is subtracted from twice the number of carbon atoms to get the number of
hydrogen atoms in each of these?
c) If an alkyne has an ‘n’ number of carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms will be there? (2n+2, 2n, 2n-2)
d) Write the general formula of alkynes.
Answer:
a) No
b) 2
c) 2n-2
d) CnH2n-2

Question 18.
Analyse the molecular formula of the. hydrocarbons given below and classify them as alkane, alkene and alkyne.
C5H10, C3H4, C2H4, C5H12, C6H12, C7H12, C9H20, C3H8, C4H6, C4H8.
Answer

Alkane Alkane Alkane
C5H12, C9H20, C3H8 C5H10, C2H4, C6H12, C4H8 C3H4, C7H12, C4H6

Question 19.
Analyse the molecular formulae C2H6 and C3H8.
a) To which category do they belong?
(Alkane, alkene, alkyne)
b) What is the general formula of this category?
c) What is the difference between C2H6 and C3H8 in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms? Let us examine.

Compound Number of carbon atoms Number of hydrogen atoms
C3H8
C2H6
3
2
8
6
Difference in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms 1 ……………………………..

d) Have you understood that the difference in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in these is -CH2-?
e) Do C4H10 and C5H12, which belong to this category, have the same difference?
Answer:
a) Alkane
b) CnH2n + 2
c) There is a difference by -CH2– group.

Compound Number of carbon atoms Number of hydrogen atoms
C3H8
C2H6
3
2
8
6
Difference in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms 1 2

d) Yes
e) Yes, C4H10 and C5H12 also have a difference by -CH2 group.

Question 20.
Alkene: C6H6 and C4H8
a) What is the difference in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in these alkenes?
b) The general formula of alkene ………………..
Answer:
a) There is a difference in 1 carbon and 2 hydrogens, i.e., a -CH2– group.
b) CnH2n

Question 21.
Alkyne: C2H2 and C3H4
a) What is the difference in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in these alkynes?
b) The general formula of alkyne ……………..
Answer:
a) There is a difference in 1 carbon and 2 hydrogens, i.e., a -CH2– group.
b) CnH2n-2
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds that can be represented by a general formula and have a difference of -CH2– group between two successive members.

The characteristics of a homologous series are:
(i) The members can be represented by a general formula.
(ii) Successive members differ by a -CH2- group.
(iii) Members show similarity in chemical properties.
(iv) There is a regular gradation in their physical properties.

Question 22.
The molecular formulas of some hydrocarbons are given below.
C2H4, C2H6, C3H4, C3H8 .
a. Which of these compounds belong to the same homologous series?
b. Write the general formula of this homologous series.
Answer:
a. C2H6 and C3H8
b. CnH2n+2

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 23.
The molecular formula of hydrocarbons that belong to the same homologous series are given below.
C2H2, C3H4, C4H6, A, B
a. Write the molecular formula of the compounds A and B.
b. To which category do these compounds belong?
(Alkane, alkene, alkyne)
c. What is their general formula?
d. Draw the structure of compound A.
Answer:
a. A – C5H8 and B – C6H10
b. Alkyne
c. CnH2n-2
d. C5H8
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 36

Question 24.
Write the IUPAC names of alkanes having 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
Answer:
C4H10 = Butane, C5H12 = Pentane, C6H14 = Hexane, C7H16 = Heptane, C8H18 = Octane, C9H20 = Nonane, C10H22 Decane.

Question 25.
Which is the suffix added here?
Answer:
“ene”.

Question 26.
Write the IUPAC names of alkenes having 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
Answer:
C4H8 = Butene, C5H10 = Pentene, C6H12 = Hexene, C7H14 = Heptene, C8H16 = Octene, C9H18 = Nonene, C10H20 = Decene.

Question 27.
Write the IUPAC names of alkynes having 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
Answer:
C4H6 = Butyne, C5H8 = Pentyne, C6H10= Hexyne, C7H12 = Heptyne, C8H16 = Octyne, C9H16 = Nonyne, C10H18 = Decyne

Question 28.
Notice the structure of a few carbon compounds given below.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 37
What is the peculiarity of the structures of these carbon compounds?
Answer:
These carbon compounds are cyclic.
Carbon atoms can combine with one another to form cyclic compounds. Cyclic hydrocarbon compounds can be classified into two groups, namely alicyclic compounds and aromatic compounds.

Question 29.
The structure and IUPAC name of some alicyclic hydrocarbons are given. Write their molecular formula.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 38
Answer:
Cyclobutane – C4H8, Cyclobutene – C4H6, Cyclopentene – C5H8, Cyclohexane – C6H12.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 30.
How are alicyclic compounds named?
Answer:
Alicyclic compounds can be named by adding the term ‘Cyclo-‘ as a prefix along with the IUPAC name of the hydrocarbon.

Question 31.
Write down the molecular formula of benzene.
Answer:
C6H6
Naphthalene is another aromatic hydrocarbon with a characteristic odour and a white crystalline form. Two benzene rings are fused together to form its structure. It is the main ingredient in mothballs. The structure of naphthalene is
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 39

Question 32.
Write the molecular formula of naphthalene.
Answer:
C10H8

Question 33.
The structural formula of a hydrocarbon is given below.
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
a. Write the molecular formula of this compound.
b. Draw the structure of a cyclic compound with the same molecular formula.
Answer:
C4H8
b. Cyclobutane
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 40

Question 34.
The structures of two organic compounds are given below. Compare these.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions 41
Answer:

Compound A Compound B
Molecular formula C6H6 C6H12
IUPAC Name Benzene Cyclohexane
Aliphatic/ Aromatic Aromatic Alicyclic

Question 35.
You have seen that the number of carbon compounds is very high. List the reasons for this.
Answer:

  • The valency of carbon is four. So, it has the ability to form four covalent bonds with other atoms or carbon itself.
  • Ability for catenation.
  • Can form single, double and triple covalent bonds.
  • Can form an open chain and cyclic or ring compounds.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Chemistry Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry Notes Solutions

Question 36.
Which form of coal has the highest carbon content?
Answer:
Anthracite (94%).

Question 37.
Which form of coal has the lowest carbon content?
Answer:
Peat (57%).

Question 38.
What are the consequences of global warming? What are the ways to effectively counter global warming?
Answer:
Consequences

  • Global warming is causing increasingly frequent and intense heatwaves, which threaten ecosystems and
  • humans.
  • Sea levels are rising faster as ice caps and glaciers melt, threatening coastal regions.
  • Hurricanes, droughts, and floods are becoming more severe due to global warming, inflicting extensive damage and death.
  • Many plant and animal species are losing habitat, endangering, and extinction due to climate change.

Ways to reduce

  • Reduce the use of fossil fuels.
  • Afforestation.
  • Control deforestation.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

A thorough understanding of Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Questions and Answers English Medium can improve academic performance.

SCERT Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 Notes Questions and Answers To Life Processes

Std 9 Biology Chapter 1 Notes Pdf Kerala Syllabus English Medium Solutions Questions and Answers

Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 Let Us Assess Answers To Life Processes

Question 1.
Compare the outer membrane of raw egg and boiled egg using the indicators given below

  • Permeability
  • Possibility of osmosis
  • Possibility of active transport

Answer:

Raw egg Boiled egg
Permeability is more Permeability is less
Possibility of osmosis is more Possibility of osmosis is less
Active transport is present Active transport is not present

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

Question 2.
Given below is an answer written by a child to the question ‘How is oxygen released in photosynthesis? ‘Evaluate and comment on it. ‘Carbon dioxide and water are the raw materials for photosynthesis. Both these breakdown and oxygen is released’
Answer:
The oxygen released during photosynthesis is from the water. The plants will absorb water as well as carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Later these water molecules split and produce hydrogen and oxygen. Then this hydrogen is utilized for the dark phase of photosynthesis and is converted into sugar (Glucose). The oxygen is then released into the atmosphere whereas the sugar molecules are stored for energy.

Question 3.
Though photosynthesis is ultimately anabolism, it also involves catabolism’. Analyze the statement.
Answer:
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process during which plants use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas and water into sugar molecules. But during this anabolic process, some breaking down reactions have also happened. An example of a catabolic reaction during photosynthesis is the process of food digestion, where different enzymes break down food particles so they can be absorbed by the small intestine.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

Extended Activities

Question 1.
There are so many people who have dedicated their lives for environmental activities. Collect information about them and prepare an album.
Answer:
(Hints: Given below is a list of some environmentalists and their achievements as a model for the preparation of your album).
Greta Thunberg: A Swedish climate activist who is famous for starting the Fridays for Future movement. Thunberg began by protesting in front of the Swedish parliament in 2018, and her lone strike inspired millions of students around the world to walk out of school and demand action on climate change.

Vandana Shiva: An Indian environmental activist, physicist, and author who has written extensively about the dangers of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the importance of biodiversity. Shiva is the founder of Navdanya, an organization that promotes organic farming and seed saving.

Question 2.
Complete the table given below by observing plants in the surroundings.

Plants Value added products Consumption
Coconut tree Coconut oil For cooking
Medicine

Answer:

Plants Value added products Consumption
Coconut tree Coconut oil For cooking
Aloe vera Medicine Treating skin problems, wounds, cancers, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, etc.
Rubber Reclaimed rubber, rubber mats Used in waterproof materials and works as an electrical insulator.
T urmeric Cosmetics, Food Ingredient in dietary supplements, cosmetics, flavouring for foods
Coffee plant Coffee powder. Bio-oil For cooking. To produce essential oils from coffee leaves
Palm trees Toddy, Wine, Honey, Jaggery To produce fresh juice (sweet toddy), fermented drinks (toddy, wine, and arak).

To Life Processes Class 9 Notes Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Complete the illustration given below to gain an understanding of metabolism.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 1
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 2
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 3

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

Question 2.
Find examples of enzymes and hormones.
Answer:

Enzymes Hormones
1. Salivary amylase in saliva 1. Sex hormone – Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone
2. Pepsin in the gastric juice 2. Thyroxine
3. Sucrase 3. Calcitonin
4. Lipase 4. Thymosin

Question 3.
Many factors required for metabolism are obtained from their external environment. Which are they? List out.
Answer:
Air, water, temperature, etc.

Question 4.
Is there internal environment like external environment? Note down your guess.
Answer:
Yes, there is internal environment, like external environment. In animals the fluid found in the Ispace between the cells (extracellular fluid) serves as the internal environment. The internal environment of plants consists of cell walls and their components, extracellular fluid and air sacs between cells.

Question 5.
Why plasma membrane is known as selectively permeable membrane? Find out.
Answer:
The plasma membrane is called selectively permeable membrane, because, it allows only certaint molecules to pass in and out.

Question 6.
What happens to raisins placed in fresh water and why? Find out.
Answer:
The raisins will bulge, because high amount of water enter into it. This is because of the movement of water molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Question 7.
Will diffusion take place through and without semi permeable membrane? Find out.
Answer:
Yes, diffusion will takes place through and without semi permeable membrane.
Ex: Diffusion of CO2 and O2.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

Question 8.
Complete the work sheet by including processes involved in the exchange of materials.

The nature of flow of molecule Name of the process
from a region of higher to lower concentration
From a region of low er to higher concentration
Applicable to water only
Energy required
Energy not required
Carrier protein not required
Carrier protein required

Answer:

The nature of flow of molecule Name of the process
from a region of higher to lower concentration Diffusion
From a region of low er to higher concentration Active transport
Applicable to water only Osmosis
Energy required Active transport
Energy not required Facilitated diffusion
Carrier protein not required Diffusion
Carrier protein required Active transport

Question 9.
Nutrients are essential for metabolism. How do animals get them? What about plants?
Answer:
Animals get their nutrients from their surroundings, and they depend on other organisms for their food. They are heterotrophic organisms. But Plants follow an autotrophic mode of nutrition. They can prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

Question 10.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food. List the components required for photosynthesis.
Answer:

  • Chlorophyll
  • Sunlight
  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide

Question 11.
Observe the illustration and discuss the parts involved in photosynthesis based on the indicators and make a note.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 4

Indicators:

  • Structure of chloroplast.
  • Position of chlorophyll.
  • Thylakoid, grana and stroma.

Answer:
There are three types of plastids in plant cells: chloroplast, chromoplast, and leucoplast. Chloroplast is a green-coloured plastid mainly responsible for photosynthesis due to the presence of chlorophyll pigments.

Chromoplasts are plastids that contain carotenoid pigments. They lack chlorophyll. Carotenoid pigments are responsible for different colours like yellow, orange, and red colour imparted to fruits, flowers, old leaves, roots, etc. Chromoplasts may develop from green chloroplasts.
Leucoplasts are colourless plastids that generally occur in non-green plant cells near the nucleus and store starch, proteins, and oils.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

Anatomically, leaves consist of an outer protective group of cells called epidermal cells, both upper and lower epidermis. The lower epidermis contains numerous openings called stomata for water and gaseous exchange. Mesophyll cells form the ground tissue, contains two types of cells: elongated palisade mesophyll and spherical spongy mesophyll. Numerous green-coloured, dot-like structures are seen in the mesophyll cells, the chioroplasts.

Chioroplast is a double-membrane bound cell organelle, consisting of an outer and an inner membrane. The fluid part inside the inner membrane is the stroma, in which the dark reaction of photosynthesis takes place. Thylakoids are the numerous membranous sacs arranged like stacks of coins within the stroma. The group of thylakoids are termed as grana. Each granum is interconnected by a bridge-like structure called the stroma lamellae. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs inside the grana (Thylakoid).

Question 12.
Complete the given table by analyzing illustration and the informations given.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 5

Photosynthesis
Hints Light phase Dark phase
Place where reaction takes place
Reactions
Products

Answer:

Photosynthesis
Hints Light phase Dark phase
Place where the reaction takes place Grana Stroma
Reactions Water splits into hydrogen and oxygen. Glucose is formed by combining, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Products Hydrogen, Oxygen, ATP Glucose, Water

Question 13.
Complete the illustration by including the reactants and products of photosynthesis.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 6
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 7

Question 14.
Is sunlight itself is required for photosynthesis? Can photosynthesis take place under the light of an LED bulb? Find out.
Answer:
Yes, photosynthesis can take place in artificial light if the plant is exposed to the correct wavelength of light. Photosynthesis is the natural process by which plants use chlorophyll to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide and convert it to sugar in the presence of sunlight

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

Question 15.
Many substances are produced when starch undergoes metabolism. Observe the pictures given below and complete the illustration.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 8
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 9
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 10

Question 16.
You know about nutrition and nutrients. List the nutrients.
Answer:

  • Carbohydrates
  • Minerals
  • Water
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins

Question 17.
Plants grow in water as well as on land. Who are the producers in the ocean and other water bodies?
Answer:
Aquatic plants include larger plants, or macrophytes, and microscopic algae, or phytoplankton. These are the primary producers in the ocean and other water bodies.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions

Question 18.
What are the steps to be taken to prevent ocean pollution? Discuss.
Answer:

  • Reduce plastic production & waste
  • Improve wastewater systems Use eco-friendly products
  • Reduce chemical pollution
  • Manage oil spills
  • Beach & river cleanups
  • Monitoring & measuring progress.

Question 19.
Are food and oxygen the only things that plants provide? Arrive at inferences by analyzing the illustration and the description.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 To Life Processes Notes Solutions 11
Answer:

  • The service rendered by plants for the sustenance of the living world is unique. Plants serve as the cheapest, most effective, and natural means for the purification of air.
  • Mangroves are found where back waters meet the sea. Kerala has 43 species of mangrove plants that grow in salt water.
  • Plants are the foundation stones of the biosphere. Depletion of plants will ultimately affect the survival of life itself.
  • The concept of sustainable development is formulated by considering plants as well.
  • Nature conservation should become part and parcel of everyone’s life. Nature should be used wisely and preserved for generations to come.

The nature and humans are receiving countless services from plants. Most plant parts have economic importance in one way or the other. A variety of value-added products are made from them. The processing and marketing of these resources open doors to a wide range of job opportunities. The service rendered by plants for the sustenance of the living world is unique.

Plants serve as the cheapest, effective, and natural means for the purification of air. By absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen, plants provide invaluable service to the living world. Plants also have a major role in the mitigation of natural disasters. Mangrove forests help in controlling Tsunami to some extent. Bamboo forests, reed, vetiver, lemongrass, etc. protect the riverbanks from collapsing during floods. Trees and bushes in mountains and hills prevent soil erosion and landslide.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ

When preparing for exams, Kerala SCERT Class 9 Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ can save valuable time.

Kerala SCERT Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ

Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Kerala Syllabus Malayalam Medium

Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Malayalam Medium Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
ചുവടെയുള്ള കണക്കുകൾ മനസ്സിൽത്തന്നെ ചെയ്ത് ഉത്തരം കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക.
(i) 71 × 91
(ii) 42 × 62
(iii) 10\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 6\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(iv) 9.5 × 3.5
(v) 10\(\frac{1}{4}\) × 6\(\frac{1}{4}\)
Answer:
(i) 71 x 91 = (70 + 1)(90 + 1)
= (70 × 90) + 70 + 90 + 1
= 6300 + 160 + 1
= 6461

(ii) 42 × 62 = (40 + 2)(60 + 2)
= (40 × 60) + 2(40 + 60) + 4
= 2400 + 200 + 4
= 2604

(iii) 110\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 6\(\frac{1}{2}\) = (10 + \(\frac{1}{2}\)) × (6 + \(\frac{1}{2}\))
= (10 × 6) + \(\frac{1}{2}\)(10 + 6) + \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= 60 + 8 + \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= 68\(\frac{1}{4}\)

(iv) 9.5 × 3.5 = (9 + 0.5)(3 + 0.5)
= (9 × 3) + 0.5(9 + 3) + 0.25
= 27 + 6 + 0.25
= 33.25

(v) 10\(\frac{1}{4}\) × 6\(\frac{1}{4}\)

Question 2.
രണ്ട് എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 1400 ഉം, തുക 81 ഉം ആണ്. ഇവ ഓരോന്നിന്റെയും തൊട്ടടുത്ത രണ്ട് എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
ഒരു സംഖ്യ x എന്നും മറ്റേ സംഖ്യ y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
xy = 1400
x + y = 81
തൊട്ടടുത്ത എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകൾ x + 1, y + 1
∴ (x + 1)(y + 1) = xy + x + y + 1
= 1400 + 81 + 1
= 1482

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ

Question 3.
രണ്ട് ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 621 ഉം, തുക 50 ഉം ആണ്. ഈ ഓരോ ഒറ്റസംഖ്യയുടെയും തൊട്ടടുത്ത രണ്ട് ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
ഒരു സംഖ്യ x എന്നും മറ്റേ സംഖ്യ y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
xy = 621
x + y = 50
തൊട്ടടുത്ത ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകൾ x + 2, y + 2
∴ (x + 2)(y + 2) = xy + 2(x + y) + 4
= 621 + 100 + 4
= 725

Question 4.
ചുവടെപ്പറയുന്ന ഓരോ കാര്യവും, പല സംഖ്യകളെടുത്തു പരിശോധിക്കുക. അവയിൽനിന്ന് പൊതുവായ ഒരു തത്വം ഊഹിക്കുക. ഊഹിച്ചത് ശരിയാണെന്ന് ബീജഗണിതം ഉപയോഗിച്ച് തെളിയിക്കുക.
i. 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും, 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും, ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം.
ii. 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും, 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും, ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം.
iii. അടുത്തടുത്ത ആറ് എണ്ണൽസംഖ്യകളിൽ, അറ്റത്തുള്ള രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെയും, നടുക്കുള്ള രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെയും ഗുണനഫലം തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം.
Answer:
i. 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകൾ,
1, 4, 7, 10,…
3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകൾ, 2, 5, 8, 11,…
സംഖ്യകൾ 4, 11 എന്നിങ്ങനെ എടുത്താൽ,
4 × 11 = 44

ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം = 2
സംഖ്യകൾ 7, 8 എന്നിങ്ങനെ എടുത്താൽ,
7 × 8 = 56

ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം = 2
3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും,
2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും, ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം 2 ആണ്.
ബീജഗണിതം ഉപയോഗിച്ചാൽ,

3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യയെ 31 + 1 എന്നും 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യയെ 3m + 2 എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
ഇവയുടെ ഗുണനഫലം,
(3n+1)(3m + 2) = 9mn + 6n + 3m + 2
= 3(3mn + 2n + m) + 2
∴ ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം = 2

ii. 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകൾ, 1, 5, 9, 13,…
4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകൾ, 2, 6, 10, 14,…
സംഖ്യകൾ 5, 10 എന്നിങ്ങനെ എടുത്താൽ,
5 × 10 = 50

ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം = 2
സംഖ്യകൾ 9, 6 എന്നിങ്ങനെ എടുത്താൽ,
9 × 6 = 54

ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം = 2
ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ
4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും,
2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും, ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം 2 ആണ്.
ബീജഗണിതം ഉപയോഗിച്ചാൽ,

4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യയെ 41 + 1 എന്നും 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യയെ 4m + 2 എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
ഇവയുടെ ഗുണനഫലം,
(4n + 1)(4m + 2) = 16mn + 8n + 4m + 2
= 4(4mn + 2n + m) + 2
ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 4 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം = 2

iii. അടുത്തടുത്തുള്ള 6 എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകൾ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
അറ്റത്തുള്ള രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം = 1 × 6 = 6
നടുക്കുള്ള രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം = 3 × 4 = 12
∴ വ്യത്യാസം
സംഖ്യകൾ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 എന്നിങ്ങനെ എടുത്താൽ,

അറ്റത്തുള്ള രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം = 5 × 10 = 50
നടുക്കുള്ള രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം = 7 × 8 = 56
∴ വ്യത്യാസം = 6
ബീജഗണിതം ഉപയോഗിച്ചാൽ,

അടുത്തടുത്തുള്ള ഏതു 6 എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകൾ
x, x + 1, x + 2, x + 3, x + 4, x + 5 എന്നെ ടുക്യക.
അറ്റത്തുള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം = x(x + 5) = x² + 5x
നടുക്കുള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം (x + 2)(x + 3) = x² + 5x + 6
∴ വ്യത്യാസം = 6.

Question 5.
36 × 28 എന്ന ഗുണനഫലം കണ്ടുപിടിക്കാനുള്ള ഒരു രീതി ചുവടെ കാണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 3
i. മറ്റു ചില രണ്ടക്ക സംഖ്യകളിൽ ഈ രീതി പരീക്ഷിക്കുക.
ii. ഇത് ശരിയാകാനുള്ള കാരണം ബീജഗണിതരീതിയിൽ വിശദീകരിക്കുക.
(രണ്ടക്കസംഖ്യകളെയെല്ലാം 10m + 1 എന്ന ബീജഗണിതരൂപത്തിൽ എഴുതാമെന്ന് ഏഴാം ക്ലാസ്സിൽ കണ്ടത് ഓർക്കുക.)
Answer:
i.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 4
ii. രണ്ടക്ക സംഖ്യകളെയെല്ലാം 10m + n എന്ന ബീജഗണിതരൂപത്തിൽ എഴുതാം
10m + n എന്ന സംഖ്യയിൽ ആദ്യത്തെ അക്കം m രണ്ടാമത്തെ അക്കം
10p + q എന്ന സംഖ്യയിൽ ആദ്യത്തെ അക്കം p രണ്ടാമത്തെ അക്കം മു
(10m + n)(10p + q) 100mp + 10(mq + np) + nq
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 5

Question 6.
ചുവടെ കാണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നതുപോലെ സംഖ്യകൾ എഴുതുക:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 6
i. കലണ്ടറിൽ ചെയ്തതുപോലെ നാലു സംഖ്യകളുള്ള ഒരു സമചതുരം അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തി, സംഖ്യകൾ കോണോടുകോൺ ഗുണിച്ചു വ്യത്യാസം കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക. ഏതു സമചതുര ത്തിലെ നാലു സംഖ്യകളെടുത്താലും ഒരേ വ്യത്യാസമാണോ കിട്ടുന്നത്?
ii. ഇത് എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണെന്ന് ബീജഗണിതം ഉപയോഗിച്ച് വിശദീകരിക്കുക.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 7
കോണോടുകോൺ വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം,
7 × 13 = 91

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 8
12 × 8 = 96
വ്യത്യാസം = 96 – 91 = 5
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 9

കോണോടുകോൺ വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം,
9 × 3 = 27
4 × 8 = 32
വ്യത്യാസം = 32 – 27 = 5

i. ടേബിളിൽ ഉള്ള നമ്പറുകൾ എഴുതിയിരിക്കുന്നത് ഇങ്ങനെയാണ്;
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 10

n n + 1
n + 5 n + 6

കോണോടുകോൺ വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം,
n × (n + 6) = n² + 6n
(n + 1) × (n + 5) = n² + 6n + 5
വ്യത്യാസം = 5

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ

Question 7.
ഗുണിതപ്പട്ടികയിൽ നാലു സംഖ്യകളുള്ള സമചതുരത്തിനു പകരം, ഒൻപതു സംഖ്യകളുള്ള ഒരു സമചതുരമെടുത്തു, നാലു മൂലകളിലുമുള്ള സംഖ്യകൾ മാത്രം അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുക:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 11
i. കോണോടുകോൺ തുകകളുടെ വ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
ii. ഇങ്ങനെയുള്ള സമചതുരങ്ങളിലെല്ലാം വ്യത്യാസം 4 തന്നെ കിട്ടുന്നത് എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണെന്ന് ബീജഗണിതം ഉപയോഗിച്ച് വിശദീകരിക്കുക.
iii. പതിനാറ് സംഖ്യകളുടെ സമചതുരമെടുത്താലോ?
Answer:
കോണോടുകോൺ വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകൾ കൂട്ടിയാൽ,
6 + 20 = 26
10 + 12 = 22
വ്യത്യാസം = 4

ii. ടേബിളിൽ ഉള്ള നമ്പറുകൾ എഴുതിയിരിക്കുന്നത് ഇങ്ങനെയാണ്;

n n + 2 n + 4
n + 3 n + 6 n + 9
n + 6 n + 10 n + 14

നാലു മൂലകളിലുമുള്ള സംഖ്യകൾ കോണോടുകോൺ കൂട്ടിയാൽ
n+ (n + 14) = 2n + 14
n+ 4 + (n + 6) = 2n + 10
വ്യത്യാസം = 4

iii.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 12
കോണോടുകോൺ വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകൾ കൂട്ടിയാൽ,
6 + 30 = 36
15 + 12 = 27
വ്യത്യാസം = 9
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 13
കോണോടുകോൺ വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകൾ കൂട്ടിയാൽ,
n + n + 24 = 2n + 24
n + 6 + n + 9 = 2n + 15
വ്യത്യാസം = 9

Question 8.
ഒരു ചതുരത്തിന്റെ ചുറ്റളവ് 40 സെന്റിമീറ്ററും, പരപ്പളവ് 70 ചതുരശ്ര സെന്റിമീറ്ററുമാണ്. നീളവും വീതിയും ഇതിനേക്കാൾ 3 സെന്റിമീറ്റർ കുറവായ ചതുരത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് കണക്കാക്കുക.
Answer:
ചുറ്റളവ് = 40 സെന്റിമീറ്റർ
പരപ്പളവ് = 70 ചതുരശ്ര സെന്റിമീറ്റർ
നീളം x എന്നും വീതി y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
2(x + y) = 40 ⇒ x + y = 20
xy = 70
നീളവും വീതിയും ഇതിനേക്കാൾ 3 സെന്റിമീറ്റർ കുറവായ ചതുരത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് = (x – 3)(y – 3)
= xy – 3x – 3y + 9
= xy − 3(x + y) + 9
= 70 – 3 × 20 + 9
= 19 ചതുരശ്ര സെന്റിമീറ്റർ

Question 9.
ഒരു ചതുരത്തിന്റെ നീളവും വീതിയും ഒരു മീറ്റർ വീതം കുറച്ചാൽ, പരപ്പളവ് 741 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്ററാകും; ഒരു മീറ്റർ വീതം കൂട്ടിയാൽ 861 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്ററും.
i. ചതുരത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് എത്രയാണ്?
ii. ചുറ്റളവ് എത്രയാണ്?
iii. നീളവും വീതിയും എത്രയാണ്?
Answer:
നീളം x എന്നും വീതി y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 861 ⇒ xy + x + y + 1 = 861 ….(1)
(x − 1)(y-1) = 741⇒ xy – (x + y) + 1 = 741 ….(2)
(1) + (2) = = 2xy + 2 = 1602
⇒ xy = 800
(1) – (2) ⇒ 2(x + y) = 120
⇒ x + y = 60
xy = 800 & x + y = 60
∴ (x − y)² = (x + y)² – 4xy
= 60² – (4 × 800)
=400
= 20²
⇒ x – y = 20
x = 40
y = 20
i. ചതുരത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് = xy = 800 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്റർ
ii. ചുറ്റളവ് = 2(x + y) = 120
iii. നീളം x = 40 മീറ്റർ
വീതി, y = 20 മീറ്റർ

Question 10.
രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകൾ ഓരോന്നിനോടും ഒന്ന് കൂട്ടി ഗുണിച്ചപ്പോൾ 1271 ഉം, ഒന്ന് കുറച്ചു ഗുണിച്ചപ്പോൾ 1131 ഉം കിട്ടി.
i. സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം എത്രയാണ്?
ii. സംഖ്യകളുടെ തുക എത്രയാണ്?
iii. സംഖ്യകൾ ഏതൊക്കെയാണ്?
Answer:
സംഖ്യകൾ x, y എന്നെടുത്താൽ,
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 1271 xy + x + y + 1 = 1271 ….(1)
(x – 1)(y – 1) = 1131 ⇒ xy – (x + y) + 1 = 1131 ….(2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2xy + 2 = 2402
⇒ xy = 1200
(1) – (2) = 2(x + y) = 140
⇒ x + y = 70
xy = 1200 & x + y = 70
∴ (x – y)² = (x + y)² – 4xy
= 70² – (4 × 1200) = 100 = 10²
⇒ x – y = 10
x = 40
y = 30
i. സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം, xy
ii. സംഖ്യകളുടെ തുക, x + y = 70
iii. സംഖ്യകൾ, x = 40 y = 30

Question 11.
രണ്ടു ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളിൽ ഓരോന്നിന്റെയും തൊട്ടുമുമ്പിലുള്ള ഒറ്റ സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 285 തൊട്ടുപുറകിലുള്ള ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 165 ഉം ആണ്. സംഖ്യകൾ എന്തൊക്കെയാണ്?
Answer:
സംഖ്യകൾ x, y എന്നെടുത്താൽ,
(x + 2)(y + 2) = 285 ⇒ xy + 2(x + y) + 4 = 285 ….(1)
(x – 2)(y – 2) = 165 ⇒ xy – 2(x + y) + 4 = 165….(2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2xy + 8 = 450
⇒ xy = 221

(1) – (2) ⇒ 4(x + y) = 120
⇒ x + y = 30
xy = 221 & x + y = 30
.. (x − y)² = (x + y)² – 4xy
= 30² – (4 × 221) = 16 = 4²
⇒ x – y = 4
x = 17
y = 13
സംഖ്യകൾ = 17, 13

Question 12.
ചുവടെയുള്ള കണക്കുകൾ ചെയ്തുനോക്കൂ.
i) 52 × 19
ii) 101 × 48
iii) 97 × 102
iv) 9\(\frac{3}{4}\) × 20\(\frac{1}{2}\)
Answer:
i) 52 × 19 = (50 + 2)(20 – 1)
= (50 × 20) – (50 × 1) + (2 × 20) -(2 × 1)
= 1000-50 + 40 – 2
= 988

ii) 101 × 48 = (100 + 1)(50 – 2)
= (100 × 50) – (100 × 2) + (1 × 50) -(1 × 2)
= 5000 – 200 + 50 – 2
= 4848

iii) 97 × 102 = (100 – 3)(100 + 2)
= (100 × 100) + (100 × 2) – (3 × 100) -(3 × 2)
= 10000 + 200 – 300-6
= 9894

iv) 9\(\frac{3}{4}\) × 20\(\frac{1}{2}\) = (10 – \(\frac{1}{4}\))(20 + \(\frac{1}{2}\))
= (10 × 20) + (10 × \(\frac{1}{2}\)) – (\(\frac{1}{4}\) × 20) – (\(\frac{1}{4}\) × \(\frac{1}{2}\))
= 200 + 5 – 5 – \(\frac{1}{8}\)
= 199\(\frac{7}{8}\)

(x + 1 )(y – 1) = xy — x + y – 1
(x – 1)(y + 1) = xy + x – y – 1

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ

Question 13.
രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 713 ഉം, വ്യത്യാസം 8 ഉം ആണ്
i. വലിയ സംഖ്യയോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും, ചെറിയ സംഖ്യയിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം എന്താണ്?
ii. വലിയ സംഖ്യയിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും, ചെറിയ സംഖ്യയോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
വലിയ സംഖ്യ x എന്നും ചെറിയ സംഖ്യ y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
xy = 713
x – y = 8
i. വലിയ സംഖ്യയോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും, ചെറിയ സംഖ്യയിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം,
(x + 1)(y − 1) = xy−x + y − 1 = xy − (x − y) − 1
= 713 – 8 – 1
= 704

ii. വലിയ സംഖ്യയിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും, ചെറിയ സംഖ്യയോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം,
(x − 1)(y + 1) = = xy + xy – 1 = xy + (x – y) –
1
= 713 + 8 – 1
= 720

Question 14.
രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളിൽ വലുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും, ചെറുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം, സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലത്തേക്കാൾ 5 കുറവാണ്. വലുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചു ചെറുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടി ഗുണിച്ചാൽ ഗുണനഫലം സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലത്തേക്കാൾ എത്ര കൂടും?
Answer:
വലിയ സംഖ്യ x എന്നും ചെറിയ സംഖ്യ y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
വലുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും, ചെറുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം, സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലത്തേക്കാൾ 5 കുറവാണ്,
(x + 1)(y – 1) = xy – 5
-x + y – 1 = xy – 5
⇒ x – y = 4

വലുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചു ചെറുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടി ഗുണിച്ചാൽ ഗുണനഫലം,
(x – 1)(y + 1) = xy + (x – y) – 1
= xy + 4 = 1
= xy + 3
വലുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചു ചെറുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടി ഗുണിച്ചാൽ ഗുണനഫലം സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലത്തേക്കാൾ 3 കൂടുതലാണ്.

Question 15.
രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളിൽ, വലുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും, ചെറുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം 540; വലുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും ചെറുതിനോട് ഗുണനഫലം 560.
i. സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം എന്താണ്?
ii. സംഖ്യകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം എന്താണ്?
iii. സംഖ്യകൾ എന്തൊക്കെയാണ്?
Answer:
വലിയ സംഖ്യ x എന്നും ചെറിയ സംഖ്യ y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
വലുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും, ചെറുതിൽ നിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം 540
⇒ (x + 1)(y – 1) = 540
xy – x + y – 1 = 540 …….(1)

വലുതിൽനിന്ന് 1 കുറച്ചതും ചെറുതിനോട് 1 കൂട്ടിയതും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഗുണനഫലം 560
⇒ (x – 1)(y + 1) = 560
⇒ (x – 1) (y + 1) = 560
⇒ xy + (x – y) – 1 = 560 …..(2)

⇒ (1) + (2) ⇒ 2xy – 2 = 1100
⇒ xy = 551
സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം = 551

i. (2) – (1)⇒ 2(x − y) = 20
⇒ x – y = 10
സംഖ്യകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം = 10

ii. (x + y)² = (x − y)² + 4xy
= 10² + 4 × 551
= 2304
x + y = 48
∴ x = 29
y = 19
സംഖ്യകൾ 29, 19

Question 16.
ഒരു ചതുരത്തിന്റെ നീളം 3 മീറ്റർ കൂട്ടുകയും, വീതി 2 മീറ്റർ കുറയ്ക്കുകയും ചെയ്താൽ പരപ്പളവ് 10 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്റർ കുറയും. നീളം 2 മീറ്റർ കുറയ്ക്കുകയും വീതി 3മീറ്റർ കൂട്ടുകയും ചെയ്താൽ പരപ്പളവ് 30 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്റർ കൂടും. ചതുരത്തിന്റെ നീളവും വീതിയും കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക
Answer:
നീളം x എന്നും വീതി y എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
നീളം 3 മീറ്റർ കൂട്ടുകയും, വീതി 2 മീറ്റർ കുറയ്ക്കുകയും ചെയ്താൽ പരപ്പളവ് 10 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്റർ കുറയും
(x + 3)(y – 2) = xy – 10
⇒ xy – 2x + 3y – 6 = xy – 10
⇒ 2x – 3y = 4 ….(1)

നീളം 2 മീറ്റർ കുറയ്ക്കുകയും വീതി 3മീറ്റർ കൂട്ടുകയും ചെയ്താൽ പരപ്പളവ് 30 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്റർ കൂടും
(x − 2)(y + 3) = xy + 30
⇒ xy + 3x – 2y – 6 = xy + 30
⇒ 3x – 2y = 36 …(2)

(1), (2) ഇവയിൽ നിന്ന്,
x = 20
y = 12
നീളം = 20 മീറ്റർ
വീതി = 12 മീറ്റർ

Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Malayalam Medium Intext Questions and Answers

Question 1.
26 സെന്റീമീറ്റർ നീളവും 15 സെന്റീമീറ്റർ വീതിയുമുള്ള ചതുരത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് എത്രയാണ്?
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 1
26 x 15
സാധാരണ പരപ്പളവ് കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുന്നത്:
പരപ്പളവ്= നീളം × വീതി
= 26 × 15

ഇത് നേരിട്ടു ഗുണിക്കാതെ കണ്ടുപിടിക്കാം.
26 × 15 = (20 + 6) × (10 + 5)
= (20 × 10) + (20 × 5) + (6 × 10) + (6 × 5)
=200 + 100 + 60 + 30
= 390 ച. സെ.മീ
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ 2
ഇത് എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളുടെ കാര്യത്തിൽ മാത്രമല്ല;
ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്,
6\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 8\(\frac{1}{3}\) = (6 + \(\frac{1}{2}\)) × (8 + \(\frac{1}{3}\))
= (6 × 8) + (6 × \(\frac{1}{3}\)) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 8) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\) × \(\frac{1}{3}\))
= 48 + 2 + 4 + \(\frac{1}{6}\)
= 54\(\frac{1}{6}\)

Question 2.
(x + 1)(y + 1) = xy + x + y + 1
Answer:
ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്,
31 × 51 = (30 + 1)(50 + 1)
= (30 × 50) + 30 + 50 + 1
= 1500 + 80 + 1
= 1581

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ

Question 3.
(x + \(\frac{1}{2}\))(y + \(\frac{1}{2}\)) = xy + \(\frac{1}{2}\)(x + y) + \(\frac{1}{4}\)
Answer:
ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്,
6\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 8\(\frac{1}{2}\) = (6 + \(\frac{1}{2}\)) × (8 + \(\frac{1}{2}\))
= (6 × 8) + \(\frac{1}{2}\)(6 + 8) + \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= 48 + 7 + \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= 55\(\frac{1}{4}\)

Question 4.
ഏതു രണ്ട് ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളുടെയും ഗുണനഫലം ഒറ്റസംഖ്യ തന്നെയാണെന്ന് തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer: ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളുടെ പൊതുരൂപം,
2n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ….
അതുകൊണ്ട് ഒരു ഒറ്റസംഖ്യയെ 2n + 1 എന്നും മറ്റേതിനെ 2m + 1 എന്നും എടുക്കുക.
ഇവയുടെ ഗുണനഫലം;
(2n + 1)(2m + 1) = 4mn + (2n + 2m) + 1
= 2(2mn + n + m) + 1
∴ ഗുണനഫലം ഒറ്റസംഖ്യയാണ്.

Question 5.
3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന രണ്ട് സംഖ്യകൾ തമ്മിൽ ഗുണിച്ചാൽ കിട്ടുന്ന ഗുണനഫലവും 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യതന്നെയെന്ന് തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യകളുടെ പൊതുരൂപം,
3n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ……………..
അതുകൊണ്ട് ഒരു സംഖ്യയെ 3n + 1 എന്നും മറ്റേതിനെ 3m + 1 എന്നും എടുക്കുക.
ഇവയുടെ ഗുണനഫലം;
(3n+1)(3m + 1) = 9mn + (3n+ 3m) + 1
= 3(3mn + n + m) + 1
∴ ഗുണനഫലം 3 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യയാണ്.

Question 6.
അടുത്തടുത്തുള്ള ഏതു നാല് എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളെടുത്താലും, അറ്റത്തുള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലവും, നടുക്കുള്ള രണ്ടു സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലവും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം രണ്ട് ആണ് എന്ന് തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
അടുത്തടുത്തുള്ള ഏതു നാല് എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകൾ x, x + 1, x + 2 x + 3
എന്നെടുക്കുക.
അറ്റത്തുള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം= x(x + 3) = x² + 3x
നടുക്കുള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം = (x + 1)(x+2) = x² + 3x + 2
∴ വ്യത്യാസം = 2.

Question 7.
ചുവടെയുള്ള കണക്കുകൾ ചെയ്തുനോക്കൂ.
(i) 38 × 49
(ii) 47 × 99
(iii) 29 × 46
(iv) 9\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 19\(\frac{1}{2}\)
Answer:
(i) 38 × 49 = (40 – 2)(50 – 1)
= (40 × 50) – (40 × 1) – (2 × 50) + (2 × 1)
= 2000 -40- 100 + 2
= 1862

(ii) 47 × 99 = (50 – 3)(100 – 1)
= (50 × 100) – (50 × 1) – (3 × 100) + (3 × 1)
= 5000- 50 – 300 + 3
= 4653

(iii) 29 × 46 = (30 – 1)(50 – 4)
= (30 × 50) – (30 × 4) – (1 × 50) + (1 × 4)
= 1500 – 120 – 50 + 4
= 1334

(iv) 9\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 19\(\frac{1}{2}\)
= (10 – \(\frac{1}{2}\)) (20 – \(\frac{1}{2}\))
= (10 × 20) – (10 × 1) – (\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 20) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\) × \(\frac{1}{2}\))
= 200 – 5 – 10 + \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= 185\(\frac{1}{4}\)

Multiplication Identities Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Malayalam Medium

Question 1.
50 × 40 = 2000 ആകുന്നു.
a) 51 × 41 =
b) 52 × 42 =
c) 49 × 39 =
d) 48 × 38 =
Answer:
(a) 51 × 41 = 50 × 40 + (50 + 40) + 1²
= 2000 + 90 + 1
= 2091

(b) 52 × 42 = 50 × 40 + 2(50 + 40) + 2²
= 2000 + 180 + 4
= 2184

(c) 49 × 39 = 50 × 40 – (50 + 40) + 1²
= 2000 – 90 + 1
= 1911

(d) 48 × 38 = 50 × 40 – 2(50 + 40) + 2²
= 2000 – 180 + 4
= 1824

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Solutions Malayalam Medium ഗുണനസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ

Question 2.
രണ്ടു എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 300 ഉം തുക 35 ഉം ആണ്.
a) ഇവ ഓരോന്നിന്റെയും തൊട്ടടുത്ത രണ്ടു എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം എന്താണ്? b) ഇവ ഓരോന്നിന്റെയും തൊട്ടുപുറകിലുള്ള രണ്ടു എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം
എന്താണ്?
Answer: സംഖ്യകൾ x,y ആയാൽ,
xy = 300
x + y = 35
(a) (x + 1)(y + 1) = xy + (x + y) + 1;
= 300 + 35 + 1
= 336

(b) (x – 1)(y – 1) = xy – (x + y) + 1
= 300 – 35 + 1
= 266

Question 3.
രണ്ടു ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 899 ഉം, തുക 60 ഉം ആണ്. ഈ ഓരോ ഒറ്റ സംഖ്യകളുടെയും തൊട്ടടുത്തുള്ള രണ്ടു ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം എന്താണ്?
Answer:
ഒറ്റസംഖ്യകൾ x, y ആയാൽ,
xy = 899
x + y = 60
(x + 2 )(y + 2) = xy + 2(x + y) + z²
= 899 + 2(60) + 4
= 1023

Question 4.
5 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന ഒരു സംഖ്യയുടെയും ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 5 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള മിച്ചം എത്രയാണ്?
Answer:
5 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 1 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യ 5m + 1 എന്നും, 5 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാൽ 2 മിച്ചം വരുന്ന സംഖ്യ 5n + 2 എന്നും എടുത്താൽ, അവയുടെ ഗുണനഫലം
(5m + 1)(5n + 2) = 25mn + 10m + 5n + 2
= 5(5mn + 2m + n) + 2
അതായത് ഗുണനഫലത്തെ 5 കൊണ്ട് ഹരിച്ചാലുള്ള ശിഷ്ടം 2 ആകുന്നു.

Question 5.
(a) 8\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 4\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(b) 10\(\frac{1}{4}\) × 6\(\frac{1}{4}\)
Answer:
(a) 8\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 4\(\frac{1}{2}\)
= 8 × 4 + \(\frac{1}{2}\)(8 + 4) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\))²
= 32 + 6 + \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= 38\(\frac{1}{4}\)

(b) 10\(\frac{1}{4}\) × 6\(\frac{1}{4}\)
= 10 × 6 + \(\frac{1}{4}\)(10 + 6) + (\(\frac{1}{4}\))²
= 60 + 4 + \(\frac{1}{16}\)
= 64\(\frac{1}{16}\)

Question 6.
രണ്ടു എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകളിൽ ഓരോന്നിന്റെയും തൊട്ടുമുൻപിലുള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 2201 ഉം തൊട്ടുപുറകിലുള്ള സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം 2001 ഉം ആകുന്നു. സംഖ്യകളുടെ ഗുണനഫലം എത്രയാണ്?
Answer:
സംഖ്യകൾ x,y ആയാൽ,
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 2201
(x − 1)(y − 1) = 2001
xy + (x + y) + 1 = 2201 … (1)
xy – (x + y) + 1 = 2001 ……… (2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2xy + 2 = 4202
2xy = 4200
xy = \(\frac{4200}{2}\) = 2100

Question 7.
ഒരു ചതുരത്തിന്റെ നീളവും വീതിയും ഒരു മീറ്റർ വീതം കുറച്ചാൽ, പരപ്പളവ് 240 ചതുരശ്ര മീറ്ററാകും, ഒരു മീറ്റർ വീതം കൂട്ടിയാൽ 306 ചതുരശ്രമീറ്ററും.
i. ചതുരത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് എത്രയാണ്?
ii. ചുറ്റളവ് എത്രയാണ്?
iii. നീളവും വീതിയും എത്രയാണ്?
Answer:
നീളവും വീതിയും x, y എന്നെടുത്താൽ,
(x + 1) (y + 1) = 306 … (1)
(x – 1) (y – 1) = 240 … (2)

i. ചതുരത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ്,
xy = \(\frac{240+306-2}{2}\) = 272

ii. ചുറ്റളവ്= 2(x + y) = 306 – 240 = 66

iii. 2(x + y) = 66
x + y = 3 = 33 …(3)
(x − y)² = (x + y)² − 4xy
(3) + (4)
= 33² – 4 × 27² = 1 …(4)
= 2x = 34
⇒ x= 17
(3) — (4) → 2y = 32
⇒ y = 16

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

The comprehensive approach in Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Physics Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Questions and Answers English Medium ensures conceptual clarity.

Std 9 Physics Chapter 3 Notes Solutions Laws of Motion

SCERT Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Notes Solutions Kerala Syllabus Laws of Motion Questions and Answers

Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Let Us Assess Answers Laws of Motion

Question 1.
A body of mass 5 kg travelling with a velocity 144 km/h comes to rest in 4 s. Calculate its
a) initial momentum
b) final momentum
c) change in momentum
d) rate of change of momentum
Answer:
Mass, m = 5 kg
Initial velocity,
u = 144 km/h
= \(\frac{144 \times 5}{18}\) m/s (1km/h = \(\frac{5}{18}\) m/s) = 40 m/s

Final velocity, v = 0 (since it comes to rest)
Time, t = 4 s

a) Initial momentum, Pinitial = m × u = 0 = 5 × 40 = 200 kg m/s
b) Final momentum, Pfinal = m × v = 0
Since the body comes to rest, the final momentum is 0.

c) Change in momentum, Δ p = Pfinal – Pinitial = 0 – 200 = -200 kg m/s

d) Rate of change of momentum = \(\frac{\Delta p}{\Delta t}\) = \(\frac{-200}{4}\) = -50 kg m/s2

Question 2.
A hockey ball of mass 200 g hits a hockey stick with a speed 20 m/s and returns with the same speed through the same path. What is the change in momentum?
Answer:
Mass of the hockey ball. m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
Initial speed of the hockey ball (u) = 20 m/s
Final speed of the hockey ball (v) = 20 m/s (since it returns with the same speed)
Initial momentum, Pinitial = m × u = 0.2 × 20 = 4 kg m/s
Final momentum, Pfinal = m × v = 0.2 × 20 = 4 kg m/s
Change in momentum, Δ p = Pfinal – Pinitial = 4 – 4 = 0

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 3.
What is the rate of change of momentum of a loaded truck of mass 10,000 kg, if its velocity changes from 15 m/s to 12 m/s in 4 s?
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 1

Question 4.
Which of the following does not belong to the group?
Answer:
Speed. (Speed is a scalar quantity)

Question 5.
A cup is covered with a cardboard and a coin is kept on the cardboard.
a) What happens to the coin when the cardboard is struck off suddenly?
b) Why does it happen?
Answer:
a) The coin falls in the cup.
b) When the cardboard is struck off suddenly, it is thrown off because of the force applied on it. But the coin doesn’t get force. It continues in its state of rest due to its inertia of rest.

Question 6.
To clean a carpet, we hold it up and hit it with a stick. The dust falls off. Give reason.
Answer:
When a carpet is hung and hit with a stick, only the carpet gets an external unbalanced force. The dust particles do not get an external unbalanced force. The dust particles fall off due to its inertia of rest.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 7.
When a horse pulls the cart, the horse cart moves forward. The cart in turn pulls the horse with an equal and opposite force. But the horse and the cart go ahead. Explain.
Answer:
The horse’s feet exert force on the floor. At this time, an opposite force exerted on the legs by the floor helps the cart to move forward.

Question 8.
The velocity-time graph of a body of mass 250 g moving on a surface is given. Calculate the force of friction exerted by the surface.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 2
Answer:
Mass, m = 250 g = 0.25 kg
From the graph,
Initial velocity, u=0
Final velocity, v = 6 m/s
Time, t = 12 s
Force, F = m × a
= m × \(\frac{v-u}{t}\)
= 0.25 × \(\frac{6-0}{12}\)
= 0.125 N

Question 9.
A body of mass 500 g moves with a velocity of 40 m/s. On applying a force for 4 s. the velocity changes to 80 m/s. Calculate the force applied.
Answer:
Mass, m = 500 g = 0.5 kg
Initial velocity, u = 40 m/s
Final velocity, v = 80 m/s
Time, t = 4s
Force, F = m × a
= m × \(\frac{v-u}{t}\)
= 0.5 × \(\frac{80-40}{4}\)
= 5 N

Question 10.
A person of mass 50 kg runs with a velocity of 8 m/s and makes a long jump. Another person of mass 60 kg makes the jump with a velocity 7 m/s. Compare their momenta. 50 kg
Answer:
Mass of first person, m, = 50 kg
Velocity of first person, v1 = 8 m/s
Mass of second person, m2 = 60 kg
Velocity of second person, v2 = 7 m/s
Momentum of first person, p1 = m1 × v1
=50 × 8
= 400 kg m/s
Momentum of second person, p2 = m2 × v2
60 × 7 = 420 kg m/s
Comparing the two momenta, we can find that the second person has more momentum than the first person.

Question 11.
Calculate the force required to stop a vehicle of mass 14,000 kg by applying a retardation of 1.8 m/s2.
Answer:
Mass, m = 14000 kg
Retardation, a = -1.8 m/s2
Force, F = m × a
= 14000 × (- 1.8)
= -25200 N

Question 12.
A force is applied on a body of mass 20 kg for 2s and its velocity changes from 10 m/s to 50 m/s. The same force is applied on another body of mass 10 kg moving with a velocity of 20 m/s for 2s in the direction of its motion. Calculate the final velocity.
Answer:
Mass of first body, m1 = 20 kg
Initial velocity of first body, u1 = 10 m/s
Final velocity of first body, v1 = 50 m/s
Time, t1 = 2s
Force on first body, F1 = m × a = m × \(\frac{v_1-u_1}{t}\)
= 20 × \(\frac{50-10}{2}\) = 400 N
Given that force is same, ie., F1 = F2 = 400N
Mass of second body, m2 = 10 kg
Initial velocity of second body, u2 = 20 m/s
Time, t2 = 2s
Force = m × \(\frac{v_2-u_2}{t}\)
400 = 10 × \(\frac{\mathrm{v}_2-20}{2}\)
v2 – 20 = \(\frac{400 \times 2}{100}\)
v2 = 80 + 20 = 100 m/s

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 13.
A bullet of mass 20 g hits a wooden block with a velocity of 100 m/s and comes to rest after penetrating 4 cm.
a) What is the acceleration of the bullet?
b) What is the retardation of the bullet?
c) Calculate the force exerted by the bullet on the plank.
Answer:
Mass of bullet, m = 20g = 0.02 kg
Initial velocity, u = 100 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0
Distance penetrated by bullet, s = 4 cm = 0.04 m

a) From equation of motion, v2 – u2 = 2as
Acceleration, a = \(\frac{v^2-u^2}{2 s}\) = \(\frac{0-100^2}{2 \times 0.04}\) = – 125000 m/s2

b) Retardation of the bullet is 125000 m/s2
c) Force exerted by the bullet,
F = m × a
= 0.02 × (125000)
= – 2500 N

Question 14.
A graph showing the application of force on a body of mass 10 kg is given. The magnitude of force changes as indicated in the graph. (Frictional force need not be considered.)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 3
a) What is the acceleration of the body when it is at 3 m?
b) Which are the instances when the body has uniform velocity?
c) Which are the instances when the body has uniform acceleration?
d) Which is the instance when the body has retardation?
Answer:
Mass of the body, m = 10 kg
a) Force at 3m, F = 8 N
Accelertion, a = \(\frac{F}{m}\)
= \(\frac{8}{10}\) = 0.8 N

b) Uniform velocity is at OA, DE and HI. (Here, force acting is zero. So, acceleration is zero)

c) Uniform acceleration is at BC and FG

d) Retardation is at CD and EF.

Question 15.
Which is the graph showing zero resultant force?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 4
Answer:
Graph A

Question 16.
The figure shows forces applied on an object at rest. What is its acceleration? What is its displacement in 2 s?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 5
Answer:
Mass of the object, m = 10 kg
Resultant force on the object, F = 16 – 7 = 9N
Acceleration, a = \(\frac{F}{m}\) = \(\frac{9}{10}\) = 0.9 m/s2
Initial velocity, u = 0 (since body is at rest)
Time, t = 2s
From equation of motion, S = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at2
=0 × 2 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 0.9 × (2)2
= 1.8 m

Question 17.
Observe the figure.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 6
A and B are two objects of masses 6 kg and 4 kg respectively. They are placed touching each other on a frictionless surface. Calculate the force exerted by object B on object A, when a force of 15 N is applied on them.
Answer:
Mass of A, mA = 6 kg
Mass of B, mB = 4 kg
Force, F = 15 N
Acceleration, a = \(\frac{F}{m_A+m_B}\)
= \(\frac{15}{6+4}\) = 1.5 m/s2
Force exerted by object B on object A,
FBA = mA × a
= 6 × 1.5
= 9 N

Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Extended Activities Answers Laws of Motion

Question 1.
Prepare and present a seminar paper on how overload and overspeed of vehicles affect road safety.
Answer:
HINTS
Title: The Effects of Speeding and Overloaded Vehicles on Traffic Safety

Introduction:

  • Begin by providing a brief definition of overload and overspeed in relation to automobiles.
  • Stress how crucial road safety is to everyone’s health and safety.

Overloaded Automobiles:

  • Describe the hazards connected to overloading
  • Give situations or instances to highlight the risks associated with overloading.
  • Discuss the significance of adhering to weight restrictions imposed by authorities.

Overspeed Vehicles:

  • Talk about the dangers of exceeding the speed limit
  • Emphasize how crucial it is to follow speed limits for everyone’s protection.

Effect on Traffic Safety:

  • Provide evidence or statistics to back up your claims, if any are available.
  • Stress the value of safe driving practices in order to avert collisions and save lives.

Conclusion:

  • Recap the key ideas covered in the seminar paper.
  • End with a request that everyone make road safety their top priority.

Question 2.
Write a report on how the concept of impulse can be used to explain the working of shock absorber in vehicles and discs in the spinal cord. Present it in the Science Club.
Answer:
HINTS
Title: Explaining Shock Absorbers in Vehicles and Discs in the Spinal Cord Using Impulse

Introduction:

  • Define impulse as the change in momentum of an object.
  • Explain how vehicle shock absorbers and spinal cord discs use impulse principles to perform properly.

Shock absorbers for vehicles:

  • Define shock absorbers and their function in vehicles.
  • Relate this process to the concept of impulse.

Discs in the Spinal Cord:

  • Discuss the spinal cord’s role in signal transmission between the brain and the body.
  • Relate spinal disc function to impulse

Conclusion:

  • Summarize major points from the report.
  • Emphasize the role of shock absorbers in automobiles and spinal discs in ensuring smooth and safe mobility.
  • Emphasize the importance of impulse in both mechanisms, demonstrating how the concept can be utilized in a variety of real-world situations.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 3.
Present a seminar on some real life situations in which the concepts related to force are utilised.
Answer:
HINTS
Title: Practical Uses of Forces

Introduction:

  • Begin by briefly defining force as a push or pull applied to an item and discussing its significance in day- to-day activities.
  • Stress that practically everything we do, from walking to utilizing technology, involves forces.

Forces in Motion:

  • Talk about situations in daily life where forces are at work to cause motion
  • To demonstrate these points and describe how various forces, such as gravity and friction, affect motion, use demonstrations or movies.

Technological Forces:

  • Describe the forces used to run different technology devices and how the engineers designed them to utilise a variety of forces.

Forces in Nature:

  • Talk about the ways where natural occurrences are influenced by forces including tension, air resistance, and gravity.

Conclusion:

  • Recap the key ideas covered in the seminar.
  • Summarise more on how forces are everywhere and vital to life.

Laws of Motion Class 9 Notes Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 7
Question 1.
The rope moves only in one direction even though both the teams are applying force. Why?
Answer:
The Force F1 is greater than the force F2.

Question 2.
Is the force applied by both teams the same?
Answer:
No

Question 3.
Which team applied more force?
Answer:
The team on the left side applied more force.

Question 4.
Wasn’t it the excess force that caused the motion?
Answer:
Yes, it was the excess force that caused the motion.

Question 5.
What will be the resultant force if 100 N force is applied on an object in the east direction and 150 N force in the west direction?
Answer:
The resultant force = 100 N+(-150 N)=-50 N. The force applied in the east direction is positive. The resultant force is 50 N towards the west.

Question 6.
Complete the table by analysing the following figures.

Figure Force F1 Force F2 Resultant Force(N)
1
2 +150 -150 0
3
4
5
6

Answer:

Figure Force F1 Force F2 Resultant Force(N)
1 +150 0 +150 (To the right)
2 +150 -150 0
3 +150 -120 +30 (To the right)
4  0 -300 -300 (To the left)
5  0 -200 -200 (To the left)
6 +200 -200 0

Question 7.
In which of these situations is the resultant force zero?
Answer:
In fig. 2 and fig. 6

Question 8.
Which are the situations where the resultant force is not zero?
Answer:
In fig. 1, fig. 3, fig. 4, fig. 5

Question 9.
Which are the situations where there is no motion?
Answer:
In fig. 2 and fig. 6

Question 10.
In the tug of war shown in the figure below, is the resultant force experienced on the rope balanced or unbalanced?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 8
Answer:
Unbalanced

Activity
To study if all forces cause motion
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 9
Fix a pulley each at the both ends of a wooden plank of length about 1.2 m and breadth 10 cm. Keep this plank on a table. Place a toy car in the middle of the plank as shown in the above figure. Hang pans of equal mass on strings attached to the two ends of the toy car. Place 200 g weight each in both the pans.

Question 11.
Does the toy car move?
Answer:
No

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 12.
Are these forces balanced or unbalanced?
Answer:
Balanced

Question 13.
Add 50 g more to any one of the pans. What do you observe?
Answer:
The toy car moves in the direction in which the extra 50 g is added.

Question 14.
Are the forces balanced or unbalanced in this case?
Answer:
Unbalanced

Question 15.
When the toy car is moving, if 50 g more is added to the pan in the direction in which the car moves, what change can be observed in the motion of the car?
Answer:
Its speed increases.

Question 16.
When the car is moving, a mass of 200 g more is added to the pan attached to the string in the opposite direction of the motion of the car. What is the change observed?
Answer:
It moves in the opposite direction.

Question 17.
Are the forces balanced or unbalanced in the above situation?
Answer:
Unbalanced

Question 18.
What do you understand from these activities?
Answer:
The body moves in the direction of the resultant force.

Question 19.
Does the body move in the direction of resultant force? (moves / does not move)
Answer:
The body moves in the direction of the resultant force.

Question 20.
When does the speed of the car increase?
(when the magnitude of the resultant force increases/decreases)
Answer:
When the magnitude of resultant force increases.

Question 21.
Was the force that moved the car applied from inside the car or from outside?
Answer:
The force that moved the car was applied from outside.

Question 22.
In which situation does the direction of motion change?
Answer:
When the direction of the resultant force changes.
Note: In all the above cases, the force was given externally. Hence, all of them are external forces. An external force can be balanced or unbalanced.

Observe the figure
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 10
Question 23.
Can a vehicle move if pushed from inside?
Answer:
No

Question 24.
Isn’t it an internal force?
Answer:
Yes

Question 25.
All internal forces are………………
(balanced/unbalanced)
Answer:
balanced

Question 26.
Complete the chart and redraw it in the science diary
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 11
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 12

Activity
Galileo’s Observations
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 13

A wiring channel is used for doing this experiment. The end C of the wiring channel is gradually lowered to horizontal level as shown in the figures.

Question 27.
What do you observe, if in each case, a marble is rolled from the end A in the wiring channel?
Answer:
In figures (a), (b) and (c), the marble that is rolled from A moves towards point C. It does not reach C. In fig (d), the marble moves beyond point C.

Question 28.
Does the distance travelled by the marble increase or decrease in each situation?
Answer:
increases

Question 29.
When did the marble travel the longest distance?
Answer:
fig.(d). The marble covers more distances as the slope decreases.
When the marble falls down it has a tendency to reach the original height. This tendency makes the marble move longer distances as the slope decreases.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 30.
Why did the marble come to rest after traversing some distance?
Answer:
The marble come to rest after traversing some distance due to friction.

Question 31.
What would have happened if the force of friction was absent?
Answer:
It will continue in its state of uniform motion.

Question 32.
What would have happened if no external force was applied to the marble?
Answer:
It would have continued in its state of uniform motion.

Question 33.
Write your inference from the above observation.
Answer:
If an unbalanced external force does not act on a body that is in motion, it will continue in its state of uniform motion.

Question 34.
What is the importance of Newton’s first law of motion?
Answer:
The first law of motion helps us to define the physical quantities like inertia and force

Question 35.
Passengers standing in a bus tend to fall backwards when the bus at rest moves forward suddenly. Why?
Answer:
Before the bus moved forward, the passengers and the bus were stationary. When the bus moves forward suddenly, the passengers tend to fall backwards because of the tendency to continue in the state of rest. This tendency is the inertia of rest.

Question 36.
Why do the passengers standing in a bus tend to fall forward when the moving bus stops suddenly?
Answer:
The passengers and the bus were moving. When the bus stops suddenly, the passengers tend to fall. forward because of the tendency to continue in the state of motion. This tendency is the inertia of motion.

Activity
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 14
Place a paper on a table. Keep a closed flat bottomed bottle filled with water over the paper. Quickly pull the paper horizontally.

Question 37.
What happened to the bottle?
Answer:
The bottle continues in the state of rest.

Question 38.
Name the inertia possessed by the bottle.
Answer:
The bottle possesses inertia of rest.

Activity
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 15
Place a glass filled with water on a desk. Slowly move it forward and gradually increase its speed. Stop it suddenly.

Question 39.
What do you observe? Name the inertia possessed by the water.
Answer:
The water in the cup splashes forward. The water possesses inertia of motion.

Activity
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 16
Stack some carrom coins, one above the other, as shown in the figure. Place a plastic cup filled with water above it. Using a long plastic scale, quickly strike out the carrom coins one by one from the bottom.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 40.
Does the cup possess inertia? Which type?
Answer:
Yes, the cup possesses inertia. The cup possesses inertia of rest.

Question 41.
Write down the following statements related to inertia in the table appropriately. Expand the table by including more examples for inertia of rest and inertia of motion.

  • On shaking the branch of a mango tree, the mangoes get detached and fall down.
  • A participant in long jump competition, runs some distance and then jumps.
  • Travelling in a car. without wearing seat belt is dangerous.
Inertia of rest Inertia of motion
When a bus moves forward suddenly, the standing passengers tend to fall backward. A ball set rolling on a horizontal floor keeps moving forward.

Answer:

Inertia of rest Inertia of motion
  • When a bus moves forward suddenly, the standing passengers tend to fall backwards.
  • On shaking the branch of a mango tree, the mangoes get detached and fall down.
  • Put a coin on a cardboard placed on the top of a glass. Strike off the cardboard quickly. The coin will fall into the cup due to its inertia of rest.
  • When a carpet is hung and tapped with a stick, the dust particles fall down due to its inertia of rest.
  • A participant in long jump competition, runs some distance and then jumps.
  • Travelling in a car without wearing seat belt is dangerous.
  • A ball set rolling on a horizontal floor keeps moving forward
  • If we try to jump out of a moving bus, we will fall forward due to inertia of motion. To avoid this, we have to step forward a little further.
  • Sitting on a moving train, if we throw an object upwards, it falls back into our hands.

Activity
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 17
Place a paper on a table. Take two identical flat bottomed bottles. Fill one of them with sand. Place the bottles vertically on the paper. Quickly pull the paper horizontally.

Question 42.
Which bottle does not topple over?
Answer:
The bottle filled with sand does not topple over.

Question 43.
Which bottle has a higher mass?
Answer:
The bottle filled with sand has a higher mass.

Question 44.
Which bottle possesses more inertia?
Answer:
The bottle filled with sand possesses more inertia.

Question 45.
Based on the above observations, what is the relation between mass and inertia?
Answer:
As mass increases, inertia increases.

Question 46.
Which one possesses greater inertia – an empty barrel or a tar filled barrel? Give reason.
Answer:
The tar-filled barrel possesses greater inertia. Since the tar-filled barrel has more mass due to. the added weight of the tar, it will have greater inertia compared to the empty barrel.

Question 47.
Why people run in a zig-zag manner to escape from an elephant attack?
Answer:
As the mass of an elephant is greater, its inertia is also greater. So elephant cannot turn and run easily. Because we have relatively less mass, we can turn and run more easily than an elephant.

Question 48.
From the following, write the situations where an unbalanced force is experienced.
a) Brakes are applied on a car moving with a velocity of 20 m/s.
b) A book is supported by the hand.
c) An artificial satellite travels with uniform speed.
Answer:
(a) and (c)

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 49.
A force of 200 N is applied on a body in one direction and another force of 250 N in the opposite direction.
a) Calculate the resultant force.
b) If it moves, what will be the direction of motion?
Answer:
a) F1 = + 200 N
F2 = -250 N
Resultant force = +200 N + -250 N = -50 N
b) It moves in the direction of 250 N force.

Activity
Observe the given figure.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 18

Question 50.
Pull back the balls in a Newton’s cradle and release them in the following order. Write down the observations.
Answer:
First ball alone – When the first ball alone hits the next ball, the momentum thus transferred by it reaches the last ball through the other balls and results in the last ball being tossed off.

First two balls – When the first two balls together hit the next ball, they form a moving system and the momentum of this system is transferred to the last two balls. Hence, the last two balls are tossed off.

First three balls – When the first three balls together hit the next ball, they form a moving system and the momentum of this system is transferred to the last three balls. Hence, the last three balls are tossed off.

First four balls – When the first four balls together hit the next ball, they form a moving system and the momentum of this system is transferred to the last four balls. Hence, the last four balls are tossed off.

Factors influencing momentum

Activity
In the Newton’s cradle, pull back one ball alone to a small distance and release it. The last ball moves out only a little. When the same ball is pulled back further and released, it hits with a greater velocity. Now we can see that the last ball covers a greater distance on moving out. It is due to the increase in the velocity of the first ball.

Question 51.
Here, which factor influenced the momentum of the ball?
Answer:
Velocity of the ball.
We have seen that when a system of two balls together hit the others in Newton’s cradle, the last two balls are tossed out. This is due to the increase in the mass of the hitting system.

Question 52.
In this case, what decided the momentum of the balls?
Answer:
Mass of the ball.
Momentum is a vector quantity.
The direction of momentum is the same as that of its velocity.
Unit of momentum = Unit of mass × Unit of velocity Kg m/s

Question 53.
Calculate the momentum of a body of mass 200 kg moving with a velocity 16 m/s. 16 m/s
Answer:
m = 200 kg
v = 16 m/s
p = m v = 200 kg × 16 m/s =3200 kg m/s

Question 54.
The momentum of a body moving with a velocity 20 m/s is 200 kg m/s. What is its mass?
Answer:
p = 200 kg m/s
v = 20m/s
p=mv
m = p/v
=200/20
= 10 kg

Question 55.
Calculate the momentum of a bullet of mass 60 g moving with a velocity 200 m/s. What is its momentum when it is at rest?
Answer:
m = 60 g = \(\frac{60 \mathrm{~g}}{1000}\) = 0.06 kg
v = 200 m/s
p = mv = 0.06 kg × 200 m/s = 12 kg m/s
p = 0 (at rest)

Question 56.
A body of mass 20 kg is at rest. When a force is applied on it for 5 s, its velocity changes to 30 m/s. Find the change in momentum of the body.
Answer:
Initial momentum = mu = 20 kg × 0 = 0
Final momentum = mv =20 kg × 30 = 600 kg m/s
Change in momentum = mv – mu = 600 kg m/s – 0 = 600 kg m/s

Question 57.
What will be its change in momentum in unit time or its rate of change of momentum?
Answer:
Rate of change of momentum = change of momentum/time
= 600 / 5 = 120 kg m/s2

Question 58.
A body of mass 100 kg starts from rest and acquires a velocity of 30 m/s in the fourth second. If so,
a) what is its initial momentum?
b) what is its final momentum?
c) what is the change in momentum?
d) what is the rate of change of momentum?
Answer:
m = 100 kg, u = 0,v = 30 m/s, t = 4s
a) Initial momentum = mu = 100 kg × 0 = 0

b) Final momentum = mv = 1oo kg × 30 = 3000 kg m/s

c) Change in momentum = mv – mu = 3000 kg m/s – 0
= 3000 kg m/s

d) Rate of change of momentum = (mv – mu)/t = 3000/4 = 750 kg m/s2

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 59.
A body of mass 20 kg is at rest. The velocity at various instances when a force of varying magnitude is applied on it for a time interval of 5 s is given. Calculate the initial momentum, final momentum and the rate of change of momentum of the body in each case. Complete the table and find the relation between the rate of change of momentum and the force applied on them.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 19
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 20

Question 60.
A body of mass 12 kg is moving with an acceleration of 4 m/s2. Calculate the force applied.
Answer:
m = 12 kg a = 4 m/s2 F = ?
F = ma = 12 × 4 = 48 N

Question 61.
A force of 40 N is applied on a body of mass 20 kg. Calculate the acceleration produced.
Answer:
m = 20 kg F = 40 N a = ?
a = F/m = 40 N / 20 kg =2 m/s2

Question 62.
A vehicle of mass 1000 kg is travelling with a velocity of 90 km/h. The vehicle comes to rest when brakes are applied for 5 s. Calculate the force applied.
Answer:
Initial velocity u = 90 km/h = 90 × 5/18 m/s = 25 m/s
Final velocity v=0
Mass m = 1000 kg
F = ma
= m (v-u)/t
= 1000 (0-25)/5 = -5000 N

Question 63.
There is negative sign for this force. Why?
Answer:
Force is a vector quantity. The negative sign indicates that the force applied in a direction opposite to the motion of the vehicle.

Question 64.
The velocity of a body of mass 10 kg changes from 6 m/s to 18 m/s in 4 s.
a) What is the rate of change of momentum?
b) What is the force applied?
c) Calculate the acceleration of the body.
d) What will be its velocity if this force is applied for 6 s?
Answer:
mass = 10 kg
Initial velocity u = 6m/s
Final velocity v = 18 m/s

a) Rate of change of momentum
= m (v – u)/t
=10 (18 – 6)/4 = 30 N

b)Force, F = Rate of change of momentum = 30 N

c) Acceleration, a = F/m = 30 N/ 10 kg = 3 m/s2

d)Final velocity v=u+at
= 6 m/s +3 m/s2 × 6 s = 24 m/s

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 65.
A shot of mass 7 kg rolled on level ground, with a velocity 2 m/s came to rest in 5 s.
a) Which force brought it to rest?
b) Calculate the magnitude of this force.
Answer:
m = 7 kg, u = 2 m/s, t = 5 s, v = 0
a) Frictional Force
b) F = ma
= m(v – u)/t
7(0 – 2)/5 N
= -2.8 N

Question 66.
Can you find out the peculiarities of forces applied in following situations?
hitting the ball with cricket bat
kicking the ball while playing football
Nailing the wall
Answer:
Large forces are applied here for a short interval of time. Such forces are impulsive forces. Impulsive force

Question 67.
A ball of mass 200 g is moving with a velocity of 30 m/s. A person catches the ball.
a) If the time taken to bring the ball to rest is as follows, what will be the force felt on the arm in each case?
i) 0.3 s
ii) 0.2 s
iii) 0.1 s
b) The magnitude of the force is negative. This indicates that the force is applied in the opposite direction of the object’s motion.
c) As the time taken to bring the object to rest decreases, the force felt on the hand increases.
Answer:
a) m = 200g = 200/1000 = 0.2 kg
u = 30 m/s, v = 0
(i) F m (v – u) / t
= 0.2 (0 – 30) / 0.3
=0.2 × – 30/0.3
=- 20N

(ii)F = m(v – u)/t
= 0.2 (0 – 30) / 0.2
=0.2 × – 30/0.2
= – 30N

(iii)F =m(v – u)/t
0.2 (0 – 30) / 0.1
=0.2 × – 30/0.1
= -60N

b) The magnitude of the force is negative. This indicates that the force is applied in the opposite direction of the object’s motion.
c)As the time taken to bring the object to rest., decreases, the force felt on the hand increases.

Question 68.
Based on the conclusions formulated, find the reason for the following statements.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 21
a) Cricket players move their hands backwards along with the ball while catching a fast moving ball.
b) In the game of football, while the goalkeeper catches the ball coming into the goal post, he moves his hands backwards along with the ball.
c) A foam bed is placed in a pole vault pit.
d) Sponge or hay is kept between glass vessels while packing.
Answer:
a) Cricket players move their hands backwards along with the ball while catching a fast-moving ball to increase the time taken to bring the moving ball to rest. This helps to decrease the impact or force felt on the hand.

b) In the game of football, while the goalkeeper catches the ball coming into the goal post, he moves his hands backwards along with the ball, increasing the time taken to bring the moving ball to rest. This helps to decrease the impact or force felt on the hand.

c) A foam bed is placed ¡n a pole vault pit.

d) Sponge or hay is kept between glass vessels while packing.
Answer:
a) Cricket players move their hands backwards along with the ball while catching a fist-moving ball to increase the time taken to bring the moving balito rest. This helps to decrease the impact or force felt on the hand.

b)In the game of football, while the goalkeeper catches the ball coming into the goal post, he moves his hands backwards along with the ball, increasing the time taken to bring the moving ball to rest. This helps to decrease the impact or force felt on the hand.

c) A foam bed is placed in a pole vault pit to increase the time taken to bring the athlete to rest. This helps to decrease the impact or force felt on the body.

d) Sponge or hay is kept between glass vessels while packing to increase the colliding time between the glass containers and thus reduce the impact or force.
Answer:
F = ma
a = F/m
when F = 0 then
a = 0
That means there will be no acceleration if no force is applied. That is, an object in motion with no acceleration will continue in its motion in a straight line or an object at rest will continue in its state of rest. This is the first law of motion. That means that the second law of motion is on par with the first law of motion.

Activity
A straw is passed through a smooth plastic thread tied diagonally. Attach an inflated balloon in the straw with cello tape and release the air from the balloon.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 22

Question 70.
What is the direction of airflow from the balloon?
Answer:
The air flows backwards. (In the opposite direction of motion of the balloon).

Question 71.
What is the direction of motion of the balloon?
Answer:
The balloon moves forward. (In the opposite direction of motion of the air flow).

Activity

A and B are two identical spring balances.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 23
Fix one end of the spring balance B firmly to the grill of a window. Apply force of 40 N on the spring balance B using A.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions

Question 72.
What is the reading shown by each spring balance?
Answer:
40 N

Question 73.
Are the readings the same?
Answer:
Yes

Question 74.
Are forces in same direction or the opposite direction?
Answer:
The forces are in the opposite direction.

Question 75.
A car will not move if we push it sitting inside. But we can move the front seat by pushing it sitting on the back seat. How is it possible?
Answer:
While sitting on the back seat and pushing the front seat, we are actually outside the front seat. Hence, we are able to exert an unbalanced external force. But when we are pushing the car sitting inside, the same force that is exerted on the car is transferred through our body to the platform of the car. Thus, the forces become balanced. Hence, the car will not move. On pushing the car by standing on the road the car moves as an unbalanced external force is acting on it.

Question 76.
Which happens first – action or reaction?
Answer:
Action and reaction act simultaneously.

Question 77.
While rowing a boat the water is pushed back, but the boat moves forward.
Answer:
When we row a boat, we push the water backwards, and the water pushes the boat forward. The boat moves forward due to the force exerted by water.

Question 78.
When a rocket is launched, gases are produced in its chamber by the combustion of fuels. These gases which are at high pressure move in one direction at high speed. But the rocket is propelled in the opposite direction.
Answer:
The high-temperature and high-pressure gases are produced by burning the fuel inside the rocket’s combustion chamber. These gases are ejected at very high speed through the nozzle of the rocket engine. The exhaust gases will exert a high force on the rocket. This will be in the opposite direction to the outflow of gases. As a result of this force, a forward acceleration is created in the rocket, and it moves forward.

Question 79.
When a person jumps from a boat onto a shore, the boat moves backwards.
Answer:
When a person jumps from a boat onto a shore, action and reaction will be exerted on the legs and boat. As a result of the action and reaction, the person jumps forward, and the boat moves backwards.

Question 80.
In the diagram below, are the forces in both directions equal?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Notes Solutions Img 24
Answer:
Forces occur only in pairs.
F12 is the force exerted by the first body on the second body.
F21, is the force exerted by the second body on the first body. If so, according to Newton’s third law of motion, F12 – F21
Answer the following questions and justify them.

Question 81.
Action and reaction are equal and opposite. If so, will they cancel each other?
Answer:
No, they will not cancel each other because action and reaction are acting on different bodies.

Question 82.
If you are pushing a vehicle standing on ice, will the vehicle move?
Answer:
No, Ice-covered surfaces have less frictional force. So, reaction force will not be obtained. The vehicle will not move.

Question 83.
Based on the third law of motion, establish how an internal force becomes balanced force.
Answer:
When an internal force is applied, both action and reaction are acting on the same body. They will cancel each other. Internal forces are always balanced.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions

A thorough understanding of Kerala Syllabus 9th Standard Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Questions and Answers English Medium can improve academic performance.

SCERT Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Notes Questions and Answers Behind Movements

Std 9 Biology Chapter 4 Notes Pdf Kerala Syllabus English Medium Solutions Questions and Answers

Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Let Us Assess Answers Behind Movements

Question 1.
Identify the plant movement mentioned in each of those given below.
(a) The pea plant twines around a support
(b) The coconut tree near the bank of a river grows leaning towards the river.
(c) The pollen tube grows towards the ovary.
(d) The leaf of Touch-me-not plant folds while touching.
Answer:
(a) Haptotropism
(b) Phototropism (Sunlight as stimulus promotes the growth of coconut tree towards river)
(c) Chemotropism
(d) Nastic Movement

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 2.
Identify the disease mentioned in the statement given below.
In some people certain cells of the immune system may destroy the cartilages and synovial membrane.
Answer:
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 3.
Identify the muscle from the peculiarities given below.

  • Cells with single nucleus.
  • Spindle shaped cells

Answer:
Smooth Muscle

Question 4.
Observe the joints denoted as X, Y, Z and choose the one which comes in the correct order.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 1
Answer:
c) X-Gliding Joint, Y-Hinge joint, Z-Pivot joint

Question 5.
Disorders of the bones and muscles are given in column 1, and their causes are given in column 2. Analyse them and choose the option including the correct pairs.

Column I Column II
P) Sprain i. Destruction of cartilage by certain defense cells
Q) Osteoporosis ii. Changes that occur in genes
R) Rheumatoid arthritis iii. Stretching or breaking of ligaments
S) Muscular dystrophy iv. Deficiency of protein, calcium and Vitamin D

(a) P – ii, Q – iv, R – i, S – iii
(b) P – iv, Q – iii, R – ii, S – i
(c) P – i, Q – ii, R – iii, S – iv
(d) P – iii, Q – iv, R – i, S – ii
Answer:
(d) P – iii, Q – iv, R – i, S – ii

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 6.
Re-draw the diagram and answer the following questions.
(a) Identify the parts mentioned below and label them.
i) Fluid present between the bones
ii) The part seen at the tip of bones which reduces friction

(b) Identify the part labelled as ‘ X ‘ in the diagram and write its function.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 2
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 3

Extended Activities

Question 1.
Collect pictures and information related to the diversity of locomotion in the living world and display them in the class.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 4

Question 2.
Prepare posters indicating the importance of exercise using graphics software and display them in the notice board.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 5

Question 3.
Observe various organisms in your surroundings and record the diversity in their movements in your Science diary.
Answer:
Following examples illustrate the diverse ways in which organisms move, each adapted to their environment for survival:

  • Sparrow: A sparrow flies by flapping its wings rapidly and then gliding before landing on a branch. This movement helps it travel from tree to tree with ease.
  • Ants: Ants move in a line using their six legs, walking in a coordinated manner. They can often be seen carrying food back to their nest.
  • Dog: A dog moves smoothly on all four legs, walking or running in short bursts when excited or chasing something. This movement allows it to cover ground quickly.
  • Fish: Fish swim by moving their tails from side to side. This allows them to navigate smoothly through the water, adjusting speed and direction as needed.
  • Touch-me-not Plant (Mimosa pudica): When touched, the leaves of the Touch-me-not plant close rapidly. This movement is a response to touch, helping the plant protect itself.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Behind Movements Class 9 Notes Questions and Answers Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
What all types of movements can be observed in the organisms in the picture?
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 7
Answer:
Prey capturing by birds, Honey capturing and pollination by bees and butterflies, Snakes move by dragging their bodies along the ground, plant leaves move in response to the wind in a variety of ways, including bending, twisting, and vibrating, plant parts grow towards the light, roots grow towards water, etc.

Question 2.
Observe the illustration and note down the importance of movement in each organism.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 8
Answer:

  • Food acquisition in amoeba
  • Respiration in human beings (Both Expiration and inspiration)
  • Growth of plant stem towards light
  • The tiger, as a predator, captures its prey (deer) for its survival.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 3.
List out other kinds of movements that you are familiar with.
Answer:

  • Movement of an organism from one place to another. Examples include walking, running, swimming, flying, and crawling.
  • The movement of cells within an organism, such as during development or immune response.
  • The movement of an object around a fixed axis. Examples include the spinning of a top or the rotation of the Earth.

Question 4.
Analyse the illustration based on the indicators and note down the inferences regarding the diverse movements in the living world.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 9
Indicators:

  • Movements in plants
  • Movements in animals
  • Common movements
  • Microscopic and macroscopic movements

Answer:
a) Movements in plants:

  • Plants cannot move from place to place.
  • E.g., Seed germination, Change in parts of the plants according to stimuli

b) Movements in animals:

  • Animals can change in a part of the body or position of the body with respect to the surroundings.
  • E.g., The movement of sperm, Peristalsis during digestion, heartbeat, blood circulation, walking, running, jumping, etc.

c) Common movements:

  • Transport of substances through osmosis, diffusion, active transport, transport of gases and nutrients, expulsion of waste, etc.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

d) Microscopic and macroscopic movements:

  • Microorganisms also exhibit various kinds of movements.
  • E.g., Body movement in bacteria using flagella, Pseudopodia (false feet) in amoeba for locomotion and engulfing food particles, and movement in paramecium using cilia.

There is a great diversity in movements among organisms.

Question 5.
Identify the means of movement of the organisms shown in the illustration and complete it.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 10
Answer:
Organisms exhibit different kinds of movements for their survival. There are different means in organisms that support these movements.

Organisms Means of movements
Paramecium Move using cilia, which are short, hair-like structures that cover their entire cell body.
Euglena Move using a flagellum, a long, whip-like structure that acts as a motor.
Fishes Possess a streamlined body that helps them to swim in the water. They swim with the help of their fins and their tails.
Frogs Exhibit Toad movement. The hind limbs of frogs are muscular and strong and help in hopping long distances. And the webbed feet also help them in swimming.
Whale Whales use their flippers and tail fin to move in water.
Birds Birds use a variety of means of movement, including flight, walking, swimming, diving, jumping, etc.

Question 6.
Expand the given table by including more organisms as given above.

Organisms Means of movement
Bacteria
Amoeba
Hydra

Answer:

Organisms Means of movement
Bacteria Bacterial movement typically involves the use of flagella.
Amoeba Move by using pseudopodia, or false feet, in a process called amoeboid movement.
Hydra Somersaulting, Sliding, Amoeboid motion. Floating
Cockroach Flying and Crawling
Snake Slithering
Duck Swimming and walking
Snail Slithering

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 7.
Haven’t you understood the means of movement in different organisms? How does movement occur in humans? What are the means involved? Discuss, collect more information and complete the illustration.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 11
Answer:

  • Flagellar Movement: Sperm travels through the female reproductive tract to meet the ovum/egg by whipping its tail is an example of flagellar movement.
  • Ciliary movement: Fertilised egg travels through the fallopian tube and reaches the uterus for implantation as a result of wave-like movement exhibited by fine hair present in the fallopian tube (cilia).

Question 8.
The discovery of movements and locomotion in humans is caused by the functioning of muscles. Which characteristics of muscles help in movement? Write the answer based on the indicators given below:

  • Characteristics of muscle tissues
  • Proteins in muscle cells and their importance

Answer:
Different body movements and locomotion are made possible by specialised tissue called muscles. They are formed of muscle cells. Unlike other cells, muscle cells contain more microfilaments made of proteins, such as Actin and Myosin. These filaments act together in the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which enables body movements.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 12

There are different types of muscles in the body. They are:

Skeletal Muscles: Cylindrical-shaped cells with striations, and they do not show branching (Unbranched). More number of nuclei are present in a single cell (Multinucleated). Movements of the skeletal muscles can be controlled by one’s will (Voluntary muscles). These muscles are found attached to the bones.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 13
Smooth Muscles: Spindle-shaped cells with tapered ends present in internal organs like the stomach. They are non-striated, uni-nucleated (cells with a single nucleus) and involuntary muscles (movements that cannot be controlled by will).
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 14
Cardiac Muscles: Cardiac muscles are muscles of the heart. They are involuntary, multinucleated, striated, branched, cylindrical-shaped cells.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 15

Question 9.
How does Actin and Myosin help in the contraction of muscles? Find out.
Answer:
Actin is a thin protein filament that provides sites where myosin can attach during contraction. Myosin is a thicker protein filament with heads that stick out. These heads bind to actin during muscle contraction. When a muscle gets a signal to contract, calcium ions are released, exposing the binding sites on Actin.

The Myosin heads then attach to these sites, forming a cross-bridge. After attaching, the Myosin heads pull the Actin filaments inward, making the muscle shorter, which causes the muscle to contract. After the pulling action, the cross-bridge is broken, releasing actin from myosin, and muscle cells regain their original size; thus, muscle relaxation occurs. This repeated cycle of Myosin pulling on actin makes muscles move in a body.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 10.
Analyse the illustration, do the given activity and complete the table.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 16

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 18

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 19
Answer:

Muscles attached to the bones Muscles in the hollow internal organs Muscles in the walls of the heart
Name of the muscle Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Shape of the cell Cylindrical Spindle Cylindrical
Presence of striations Striated Non-striated Striated
Branches Unbranched Unbranched Branched
Control of the muscles according to one’s will. It can be controlled according to one’s will It cannot be controlled according to one’s will It cannot be controlled according to one’s will

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 11.
Some muscles in our body that can be controlled (voluntary muscles) and some others cannot be controlled (involuntary) according to our will. In which all parts of the body are each one of these found? Find out examples through discussion and note them down in the table provided.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 20
Answer:

Voluntary muscles Involuntary muscles
Muscles in the hands
Muscles in the legs
Muscles found in the neck and back
Muscles in the oesophagus
Muscles in the stomach
Muscles in the intestine

Question 12.
By folding and stretching your hands and analysing the illustration, understand the contraction and relaxation of muscles. Discuss on the basis of indicators and prepare notes.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 21

  • The part that connects muscles to bones.
  • Muscles involved in the movement of hands.
  • The importance of connecting the two tips of the muscles to two bones.
  • The change that should occur to the two muscles in order to fold the hands.
  • The changes that should occur to the two muscles in order to stretch the hands.

Answer:
The contraction and relaxation of muscles in hand movements rely on tendons, which connect muscles to bones and allow the transfer of force to create movement. Muscles must be attached to two different bones so that when they contract, they can pull on the bones and create movement at the joint. This connection enables the hand to bend or stretch.

The main muscles involved are the biceps (Flexor muscle) and triceps (extensor muscle). To bend the arm, the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes, pulling the hand upwards. In contrast, to straighten the arm, the triceps contracts while the biceps relaxes, allowing the arm to extend. This coordinated action of muscles attached to two different bones ensures smooth hand movements.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 13.
Analysing the given illustration and developing an understanding of the two divisions in the human skeletal system. Label the parts and complete the illustration.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 22
Answer:
The human skeleton is divided into two divisions, namely, the Axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

In human beings, muscles are connected with the help of either bones or cartilage. Diversity of movements are made possible due to the combined action of muscles and bones. The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth and this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. It can be broadly divided into two types:

  • Axial skeleton ( 80 bones): It consists of the bones seen in the central axis of the body.
  • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones): It consists of the bones which are connected to the central axis.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 23

Structure Of Bone

About 18 % of the human body weight is constituted by bones. They provide structure, support and protection to the body. Each bone is covered by a membrane known as periosteum. Blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels are also found in bones. The components that provide hardness and strength to the bones include calcium, phosphate, collagen proteins and salts. Osteoblast cells deposit minerals in the bones which makes them strong and firm and also helps in the growth and repair of the bones.

Cartilage

It is the connective tissue which is softer and more flexible than bones. Cartilage is present in elbows, knees, ankles, at the tip of ribs, between the vertebrae of the vertebral column, pinna of the ear, tip of the nose and also in the trachea. Cartilages present at the tip of the bones reduce friction in the joints. Blood vessels and nerves are absent in them. The growth of cartilage cells is slower than the rest of the cells because of the absence of blood vessels.

Diversity In Structural Framework

All organisms do not have a skeletal framework (endoskeleton) like that of human beings; it varies from organism to organism. Hydroskeleton, exoskeleton and endoskeleton are some of the types of structural frameworks of the body present in different organisms.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 24

Structure Of Bone

About 18 % of the human body weight is constituted by bones. They provide structure, support and protection to the body. Each bone is covered by a membrane known as periosteum. Blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels are also found in bones. The components that provide hardness and strength to the bones include calcium, phosphate, collagen proteins and salts. Osteoblast cells deposit minerals in the bones which makes them strong and firm and also helps in the growth and repair of the bones.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Cartilage

It is the connective tissue which is softer and more flexible than bones. Cartilage is present in elbows, knees, ankles, at the tip of ribs, between the vertebrae of the vertebral column, pinna of the ear, tip of the nose and also in the trachea. Cartilages present at the tip of the bones reduce friction in the joints. Blood vessels and nerves are absent in them. The growth of cartilage cells is slower than the rest of the cells because of the absence of blood vessels.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 25

Diversity In Structural Framework

All organisms do not have a skeletal framework (endoskeleton) like that of human beings; it varies from organism to organism. Hydroskeleton, exoskeleton and endoskeleton are some of the types of structural frameworks of the body present in different organisms.

Hydroskeleton

  • Fluid filled chambers are present in the body of the earth worm.
  • Here, water is the means to maintain body structure and locomotion. This mechanism is commonly called hydroskeleton.
  • Hydroskeleton helps in the movements of hydra and snail.

Exoskeleton

  • They connect muscles in respective places and help in movement, locomotion and protection of the body.
  • Hard shells present in crabs, mussels and oysters made up of calcium carbonate, outer covering of grasshoppers and cockroaches made up of chitin are examples of exoskeleton.

Endoskeleton

  • It provides shape to the body, protects internal organs and helps in movement and locomotion.
  • It is seen in vertebrates including human beings which is made up of a framework of cartilages and bones.

Joints

Joints are the connection between two or more bones. Connecting the bones with the help of joints makes movement easier. They help to rotate our shoulders, bend our knees and elbows, swivel our neck and more. Joints differ according to their functions.

Structure of a typical joint

A typical joint consists of the following parts:

  • Ligaments – They are found connecting two bones.
  • Capsule – It is seen inside the ligament which helps in the smooth movement of the bones.
  • Cartilage – It is seen covering the tip of each bone, which reduces the friction between the bones.
  • Synovial fluid – The fluid present between the two bones of a joint which also reduces the friction between the bones.
  • Synovial cells – Synovial fluid is produced by these cells, which is present in the synovial membrane.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Different types of joints

Based on the functions, there are different types of joints:

  • Ball and socket joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Pivot joint
  • Gliding joint
Name Ball and Socket joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Gliding joint
Peculiarities The ball-shaped surface of one round bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement Allows movement only in one axis. Enables movement in different directions Allows movement only in two axes
Position Shoulder joint. Ankle joint Between the atlas and axis Wrist joint

Body growth and Bone Development

Growth during childhood and adolescence is associated with the development of the skeletal system. Childhood and adolescence is a critical period for bone development. It is essential that calcium should deposit in the bones to ensure their hardness and strength. Calcium-rich foods (dairy, fish, leafy greens) and vitamin D (sunlight, eggs, fish) are essential. Protein (meat, beans) also supports bone growth. As age advances, the density of bones decreases, making them weaker and more prone to fracture. A balanced diet throughout life helps maintain bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

Muscle And Exercise

The active functioning of muscle cells can be ensured only through movement. Exercise helps to strengthen muscles and increase their efficiency.

Part of the body The benefits of exercise
Lungs Vital capacity increases, gaseous exchange becomes efficient, strengthens respiratory muscles, improves oxygen utilization, reduces risk of respiratory diseases, promotes alveoli health.
Hands and legs Improved muscle strength. enhanced flexibility and range of motion, reduces the risk of sprains, strains, increases oxygen and nutrients, increases bone density improvement.
Muscles, bones Increased muscle strength, enhanced muscle coordination, increased bone density, enhanced joint function, improved posture and balance.
Heart and blood vessels Strengthening the heart muscles. lo ers blood pressure, improves blood vessel health, lowers cholesterol levels, reduces risk of blood clots, helps in weight management

Vital Capacity

The total volume of air exhaled forcefully after a deep inhalation is called vital capacity. It is the measurement of a person’s respiratory health. It’s typically 4.5 litres in men and 3 litres in women. A decrease in vital capacity may be an indication of pulmonary diseases.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 14.
Write the total number of bones in the human skeleton.
Answer:
206 bones

Question 15.
Mention the number of bones in the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton in the human skeleton.
Answer:
Axial skeleton – 80 bones, Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones.

Question 16.
Is the number of bones same in children and adults? What is the reason? Find out.
Answer:
No, the number of bones is not the same in children and adults. Babies are born with approximately 300 bones while adults have only 206. The reason behind this is that the babies are born with bone made of cartilage which is flexible. As children grow, this cartilage gradually hardens and fuses together, forming the stronger, more rigid bones of adulthood.

Question 17.
Which substances are responsible for the hardness of bones?
Answer:
The hardness of bones is due to the presence of calcium, phosphate, collagen proteins and salts.

Question 18.
What is the function of osteoblast cells of bones?
Answer:
It helps to deposit minerals in the bones which makes them strong and firm and helps in growth and repair.

Question 19.
Muscles are connected either to bones or to cartilages. What is the difference between bones and cartilage?
Answer:

Bones Cartilages
It is very strong and firm when compared to cartilage. It is softer and more flexible than bones.
Blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels are present. Blood vessels and nerves are absent.
They grow at a faster rate due to the presence of blood vessels. Their growth is slower than the rest of the cells due to the absence of blood vessels.

Question 20.
Do all living organisms have a skeletal framework like that of humans?
Answer:
No

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 21.
Complete the given illustration regarding the diversity in the structural framework of organisms. (Fill the square boxes with their characteristics and pentagonal boxes with suitable examples).
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 26
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 27

Question 22.
Are there parts of exoskeleton in organisms with endoskeleton? Discuss and find out.
Answer:
Yes, some organisms have both an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton, including tortoises and crocodiles.

Question 23.
Some organisms having exoskeleton shed their outer covering. Why? Find out.
Answer:
Organisms with exoskeletohs, such as insects, prawns and spiders, shed their outer covering because if the exoskeleton becomes damaged or injured, it provides an opportunity for the organism to repair the damage and regenerate lost parts. In some insects, they shed their outer covering to remove the parasites or other harmful organisms that have attached themselves to their exoskeleton.

Question 24.
Analyse the figure of the joints and complete the table.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 28
Answer:
Based on the functions, there are different types of joints:

  • Ball and socket joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Pivot joint
  • Gliding joint
Name Ball and Socket joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Gliding joint
Peculiarities The ball-shaped surface of one round bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement Allows movement only in one axis. Enables movement in different directions Allows movement only in two axes
Position Shoulder joint. Ankle joint Between the atlas and axis Wrist joint

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 25.
Collect more information about joints in different parts of the body. Prepare a chart and exhibit it in the class.
Answer:

Types of joints Location Description
Immovable Skull, Pelvis, Sternum Bones are fused together and do not allow any movement
Slightly movable Vertebral column Bones are connected by cartilage and allow limited movement
Freely movable Shoulders, Hips, Knees,
Elbows, Wrists, Ankles
Bones are separated by a synovial cavity, allowing for a wide range of movements.

Question 26.
What are the other functions of bones? Discuss and expand the list.
Answer:
The following are the functions of bones:

  • Formation of blood cells
  • Enables body movement
  • Bones protect vital organs, such as the brain, heart, lungs, and spinal cord.
  • Bones help regulate the body’s pH balance by absorbing or releasing minerals.
  • Provides a structural framework for the body, supporting organs and tissues.
  • Bones can store heavy metals and other toxins, helping to remove them from the body.

Question 27.
How does the deficiency of vitamin D affect the body? Find out.
Answer:
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption which is vital for strong bones. A deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak, brittle bones that are susceptible to fractures. In children, vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets, a disease characterized by soft, weak bones that can lead to bowed legs and other deformities.

Vitamin D plays a role in regulating the immune system. A deficiency can impair the immune response, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of heart disease, including high blood pressure and stroke.

Question 28.
Complete the following table on disorders of bones and muscles.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 29
Answer:

Disease Causes Symptoms
Osteoporosis Deficiency of protein, calcium and vitamin D Back pain, frequent bone fractures, etc.
Rheumatoid arthritis The immune system destroys cartilage and synovial membrane. Severe pain and swelling of joints
Muscular dystrophy Changes in genes Weakening and degeneration of muscles.
Muscular dystrophy Injury caused by stretching or breaking of ligaments. Pain, swelling, bruises, difficulty in moving joints.

Question 29.
Why is rheumatoid arthritis more in women than men? Find out.
Answer:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is more common in women largely due to hormonal factors. The hormone estrogen, which is present in higher levels in women, is thought to affect the immune system. Estrogen can influence how the immune system responds, and fluctuations in this hormone, especially during pregnancy or menopause, can increase the risk of developing RA or make the symptoms worse.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

During pregnancy, estrogen levels rise, which may temporarily improve RA symptoms, but after childbirth, when estrogen levels drop, the symptoms can flare up. Similarly, during menopause, when estrogen levels decrease significantly, women are more likely to experience the onset or worsening of RA. These hormonal changes play a key role in why women are more affected by RA than men. Other than this, stronger immunity and genetic factors increase the risks of rheumatoid arthritis in women than in men.

Question 30.
Identify the situations in which the first aid measures shown in the pictures are used and complete the illustration.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 30
Answer:
First aid measures are crucial in stabilising injuries before professional medical treatment.

Sling: A sling is used to support and immobilise an injured arm or shoulder. It is typically used when someone has a fracture, dislocation, or severe sprain in the arm, wrist, or shoulder area. The sling helps to keep the injured part stable and prevents further movement, reducing pain and promoting healing.

Splint: A splint is used to keep an injured limb, such as a leg or arm, immobile. It is commonly used in cases of a fracture, severe sprain, or dislocation to prevent further injury. The splint provides support and protection to the injured area, ensuring that it remains in a fixed position until professional medical help is available.

Bandage: A bandage is used to cover wounds, support injured limbs, or secure dressings in place. It is commonly applied in cases of cuts, scrapes, bleeding, or sprains to protect the injury, stop bleeding, and provide support. Bandages are also used to prevent infection in open wounds and keep dressings clean.

Question 31.
Organise an awareness class by a health expert about first aid measures in coordination with the Health Club. Get hands-on training on the first-aid measures given

  • How to prepare a sling
  • How to use a splint
  • How to prevent blood loss when a wound occurs
  • The use of bandage and band-aid
  • First aid to be given when there is a spinal injury.

Answer:
First aid is the immediate help we can give to someone who is injured or sick before professional medical help arrives. Having basic first aid knowledge enables one to act quickly in emergencies and can make a big difference in someone’s life. Here are some general instructions to perform first aid in particular situations:

A sling is used to support an injured arm or shoulder. To make one, use a triangular cloth placed under the injured arm, with the ends tied around the neck. Ensure the elbow is well-supported and the arm is immobilised without cutting off circulation.

A splint is needed to stabilise a broken or injured limb. Place a firm object, like a stick, along the injured area and tie it in place with bandages or cloth strips. Ensure it immobilised the limb but isn’t too tight to affect circulation.

To stop bleeding, apply direct pressure on the wound with a clean cloth or bandage. If possible, elevate the injured area above heart level and continue applying pressure until the bleeding slows or stops.

Bandages and band-aids both protect wounds but differ in use. Bandages are larger cloth or gauze used to cover and support bigger injuries, like cuts or sprains, often with extra dressings. Bandaids are small adhesive strips for minor cuts or scrapes, covering the wound directly to prevent infection. Bandages provide more support, while band-aids are for quick use on smaller injuries.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

For suspected spinal injuries, avoid moving the person. Keep the head, neck, and spine aligned, and stabilise them with rolled towels if possible. Call for emergency help and move the person only if necessary.

Question 32.
Analyse the figure, discuss and find out the various plant movements and the stimuli that cause movements in plants.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 31
Answer:

Type of movement Stimuli Directional/Non-directional
Curling of tendrils around a support Touch Directional
Bending of stern in the presence of light Light Directional
Folding of leaves of touch-me-not plant Touch Non-directional
Drooping of leaves after sunset Light Non-directional

Question 33.
Are all the plant movements that you have listed related to the direction of stimulus? Discuss.
Answer:
No. All plant movements are not related to the direction of the stimulus. Based on the findings, plant movements can be classified into:

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 32

Question 34.
Analyse the illustration, identify how the movements of the shoot and root are related to the direction of stimulus and complete the table.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 33
Answer:

Plant movements Stimulus Direction of movement of the shoot Direction of movement of the root
Phototropism Light Towards light Away from light
Geotropism Gravity Away from gravity Towards gravity
Hydrotropism Water Away from water Towards water

Question 35.
Two other tropic movements found in plants are given in illustration. Find out the characteristics of these and record them in ‘our science diary.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 34
Answer:
Haptotropism: Directional movement of plant parts in response to stimulus touch or contact with a solid surface. E.g. Tendrils of climbers curl around the support they grow.

Chemotropism: Growth of plant parts towards or away from chemical stimulus. E.g. Germination and growth of pollen tube towards the egg/female gamete in flowering plants.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions Notes Solutions

Question 36.
Have you ever touched a Touch-me-not plant? How is the movement of the leaves of a Touch-me-not plant? Which type of movement is this? What is the peculiarity of such movements?
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 Behind Movements Notes Solutions 35
When we touch a touch-me-not plant, the leaves of the plant fold immediately in response to the stimulus touch. This type of plant movements are called nastic movements. They are non-directional. i.e., they do not depend on the direction of stimulus. It happens because of changes in water pressure inside the plant’s cells, helping the plant protect itself from possible harm, like being eaten by predators.

Question 37.
List out more examples of nastic movements
Answer:
Examples of nastic movements:

  • Leaves of certain plants (prayer plant, oxalis) fold during the night and spread out during the daytime.
  • Opening and closure of jasmine flowers during night and day, respectively.
  • Leaves of Venus fly trap shut when an insect sits on it.

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ

When preparing for exams, Kerala SCERT Class 9 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ can save valuable time.

Kerala SCERT Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ

Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus Malayalam Medium

Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Malayalam Medium Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
ഒരു ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ ഒരു വശം 8 സെ.മീ. ഉം അതിലെ രണ്ട് കോണുകൾ 60° യും 70° യും ആണ്. കോണുകൾ മാറാതെ വശങ്ങൾ ഇതിന്റെ ഒന്നരമടങ്ങായ ത്രികോണം വരയ്ക്കുക.
Answer:
8 ന്റെ ഒന്നരമടങ്ങ് = 8 × 1.5 = 12
ഒരു വശം 12 സെ.മീ. ഉം അതിലെ രണ്ട് കോണുകൾ 60° യും 70° യും ആയ ത്രികോണം വരച്ചാൽ നമ്മളോടു ചോദിച്ച ത്രികോണം കിട്ടും. അതിനായി,
12.സെ.മീ. നീളമുള്ള ഒരു വര വരയ്ക്കുക.
വരയുടെ ഒരറ്റത്തുനിന്ന് 60° യും മറ്റേ അറ്റത്തുനിന്ന് 70° യും അളന്നെടുക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 1

Question 2.
മട്ടത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ മട്ടമൂലയിൽനിന്ന് കർണ്ണത്തിലേക്കു വരയ്ക്കുന്ന കർണ്ണത്തിനെ 2 സെന്റിമീറ്ററും, 3 സെന്റിമീറ്ററും നീളമുള്ള ഭാഗങ്ങളാക്കുന്നു.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 2
i) ലംബം മുറിച്ചുണ്ടാകുന്ന രണ്ടു ചെറിയ മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങൾക്കും ഒരേ കോണുകളാണെന്ന് തെളിയിക്കുക.
ii) ലംബത്തിന്റെ ഉയരം h എന്നെടുത്താൽ \(\frac{h}{2}=\frac{3}{h}\) എന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക
iii) വലിയ മട്ടത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ ലംബവശങ്ങൾ കണക്കാക്കുക.
iv) ഒരു മട്ടത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ മട്ടമൂലയിൽ നിന്നു കർണ്ണത്തിലേക്കു വരയ്ക്കുന്ന ലംബത്തിന്റെ നീളം h എന്നും, അത് കർണ്ണത്തെ മുറിക്കുന്ന ഭാഗങ്ങളുടെ നീളം a, b എന്നുമെടുത്താൽ h² = ab എന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
i) തന്നിരിക്കുന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിനെ ABC എന്നും മട്ടമല്ലാത്ത ഒരു കോണിനെ x എന്നും എടുത്താൽ തന്നിരിക്കുന്ന ത്രികോണം താഴെ കാണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നുതു പോലെ ആകും.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 3
∆ADC പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠A = X
∠ADC = 90° (AD ലംബമായതുകൊണ്ട്)
∠A + ∠ADC + ∠ACD = 180°
∠ACD = 180° – ∠A – ∠ADC
= 180° – x – 90°
= 90° – x

∆BDC പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠BDC = 90° (AD ലംബമായതുകൊണ്ട്)
∠BCD + ∠ACD = 90° (∠ACB മട്ടമായതുകൊണ്ട്)
∠BCD = 90° – ∠ACD
= 90° – (90° – x)
= x

∠BDC + ∠BCD + ∠B = 180°
∠B = 180° – BDC – BCD
= 180°- 90° – x
= 90° – x
∴ ലംബം മുറിച്ചുണ്ടാകുന്ന രണ്ടു ചെറിയ മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങൾക്കും ഒരേ കോണുകളാണ്.

ii)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 4
x ന് എതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങൾ: h, 3.
\(\frac{∆ADC ലെ വശം}{∆BDC ലെ വശം}\) = \(\frac{h}{3}\)

90° – x ന് എതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങൾ: 2, h.
\(\frac{∆ADC ലെ വശം}{∆BDC ലെ വശം}\) = \(\frac{2}{h}\)
∴ \(\frac{h}{3}=\frac{2}{h}\)

iii) \(\frac{h}{3}=\frac{2}{h}\) ⇒ h² = 6
⇒ h = √66m.øl.
∆ADC പരിഗണിക്കുക.
AC² = AD² + DC²
= 2² + (√6)²
= 4 + 6
= 10
AC = √10 സെ.മീ.

∆BDC പരിഗണിക്കുക.
BC² = BD² + DC²
BC = 3² + (√6)²
= 9 + 6
= 15
= √15 സെ.മീ.

വലിയ ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ ലംബ വശങ്ങളുടെ നീളം = √10 സെ.മി, √15 സെ.മി.

iv)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 5
∆BDC യും ∆ADC യും പരിഗണിക്കുക.
ഒരേ കോണുകളുള്ള ത്രികോണങ്ങളിൽ, തുല്യമായ കോണുകൾക്കെതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങളുടെ നീളം മാറുന്നത് ഒരേ തോതിലാണ്. ആയതിനാൽ,
\(\frac{\mathrm{h}}{\mathrm{~b}}=\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{~h}}\)
h² = ab

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ

Question 3.
വിലങ്ങനെയുള്ള ഒരു വരയുടെ രണ്ടറ്റത്തും ഒരേ വലുപ്പമുള്ള കോണുകൾ മുകളിലും താഴെയുമായി വരച്ച്, ചരിഞ്ഞ വരകളിലെ രണ്ടു ബിന്ദുക്കൾ യോജിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 6
i) വിലങ്ങനെയുള്ള (നീല) വരയുടെ ഭാഗങ്ങളും, ചരിഞ്ഞ (ചുവന്ന) വരയുടെ ഭാഗങ്ങളും ഒരേ അംശബന്ധത്തിലാണെന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
ii) വിലങ്ങനെയുള്ള വരയുടെ രണ്ടറ്റത്തുമുള്ള ചരിഞ്ഞ പച്ച വരകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള അംശ ബന്ധവും ഇതുതന്നെയാണെന്ന് തെളിയിക്കുക.
iii) ഇതുപയോഗിച്ച്, 6 സെന്റിമീറ്റർ നീളമുള്ള വരയെ 3 : 4 എന്ന അംശബന്ധത്തിൽ എങ്ങനെ ഭാഗിക്കും?
Answer:
i)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 7
\(\frac{A M}{M B}=\frac{C M}{M D}\) എന്നാണ് നമുക്ക് തെളിയിക്കേണ്ടത്.

അതിനായി, ∆ACM ഉം ∆BDM ഉം പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠A = <B
∠AMC = ∠BMD (എതിർകോണുകൾ)
∠C = ∠D
∠A ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = CM
∠B ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = MD
∠C ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = AM
∠D ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = BM
ഒരേ കോണുകളുള്ള രണ്ടു ത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ തുല്യമായ കോണുകൾക്കെതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങൾ
ജോടികളായെടുത്താൽ, മൂന്നു ജോടികളിലും
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 8
ഒരേ
സംഖ്യയായിരിക്കും. ആയതിനാൽ, \(\frac{C M}{M D}=\frac{A M}{M B}\)
⇒ \(\frac{A M}{M B}=\frac{C M}{M D}\)
⇒ AM: MB = CM:MD

ii) \(\frac{A C}{B D}=\frac{A M}{M B}\) എന്നാണ് നമുക്ക് തെളിയിക്കേണ്ടത്.
അതിനായി, ∆ACM ഉം ∆BDM ഉം പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠A = ∠B
∠AMC = ∠BMD (എതിർകോണുകൾ)
∠C = ∠D
∠C ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = AM
∠D ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = MB
∠AMC ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = AC
∠BMD ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = BD
ഒരേ കോണുകളുള്ള രണ്ടു ത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ തുല്യമായ കോണുകൾക്കെതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങൾ
ജോടികളായെടുത്താൽ, മൂന്നു ജോടികളിലും
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 8
ഒരേ
സംഖ്യയായിരിക്കും. ആയതിനാൽ, \(\frac{A C}{B D}=\frac{A M}{M B}\)
⇒ AC : BD = AM : MB

iii) 6 സെ.മീ നീളമുള്ള ഒരു വര വിലങ്ങനെ വരയ്ക്കുക. വരയുടെ രണ്ടറ്റത്തും ഒരേ വലുപ്പമുള്ള കോണുകൾ മുകളിലും താഴെയുമായി വരയ്ക്കുക. മുകളിലെ ചെരിഞ്ഞ വരയിൽ 3 സെ.മീ അകലത്തിൽ ഒരു ബിന്ദു അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുക. താഴെയുള്ള ചെരിഞ്ഞ വരയിൽ 4 സെ.മീ അകലത്തിൽ ഒരു ബിന്ദു അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുക. ചരിഞ്ഞ വരകളിലെ രണ്ടു ബിന്ദുക്കൾ യോജിപ്പിക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 9
M എന്ന ബിന്ദു AB യെ 3:4 എന്ന അംശബന്ധത്തിൽ മുറിക്കുന്നു.

Question 4.
ചുവടെയുള്ള ചിത്രത്തിൽ ഒരു മട്ടത്രികോണത്തിലെ മട്ടമൂലയും, മൂന്നു വശങ്ങളിലെയും ഓരോ ബിന്ദുക്കളും മൂലകളായി ഒരു സമചതുരം വരച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 10
i) സമചതുരത്തിന്റെ ഒരു വശത്തിന്റെ നീളം കണക്കാക്കുക.
ii) വശങ്ങളുടെ നീളം 3, 4, 5 സെന്റിമീറ്ററായ മട്ടത്രികോണത്തിൽ ഇങ്ങനെ വരയ്ക്കുന്ന സമചതുരത്തിന്റെ ഒരു വശത്തിന്റെ നീളം എത്ര സെന്റിമീറ്ററാണ്?
Answer:
i)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 11
∆APQ ഉം ∆ABC ഉം പരിഗണിക്കുക.
P = B = 900
∠PQA = ∠BCA CPO ഉം BC ഉം സമാന്തരവരകൾ)
∴ ∠A = ∠A
∠A ക്ക് എതിരെ ∆APD ൽ ഉള്ള വശം = PQ
∠A ക്ക് എതിരെ ∆ABC ൽ ഉള്ള വശം = BC
∠PQA ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = AP
∠BCA ക്ക് എതിരെയുള്ള വശം = AB
ഒരേ കോണുകളുള്ള രണ്ടു ത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ തുല്യമായ കോണുകൾക്കെതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങൾ
ജോടികളായെടുത്താൽ, മൂന്നു ജോടികളിലും
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 8
ഒരേ
സംഖ്യയായിരിക്കും. ആയതിനാൽ, \(\frac{P Q}{B C}=\frac{A P}{A B}\)
സമചതുരം BRQP യുടെ ഒരു വശത്തിന്റെ നീളം x എന്ന് എടുത്താൽ
\(\frac{x}{x+1}=\frac{2}{x+2}\)
x(x + 2) = 2(x + 1)
x² + 2x = 2x + 2
x² = 2
x = √2
സമചതുരത്തിന്റെ ഒരു വശത്തിന്റെ നീളം = √2 സെ.മീ.

ii) AB = 4 സെ.മീ, BC = 3 സെ.മീ, AC = 5 സെ.മീ എന്ന് തന്നിരിക്കുന്നു. സമചതുരത്തിന്റെ ഒരു വശത്തിന്റെ നീളം x എന്നെടുത്താൽ,
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 12
\(\frac{P Q}{B C}=\frac{A P}{A B}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x}{3}=\frac{4-x}{4}\)
4x = 3(4 – x)
4x = 12 – 3x
7x = 12
x = \(\frac{12}{7}\)
സമചതുരത്തിന്റെ ഒരു വശത്തിന്റെ നീളം = \(\frac{12}{7}\) സെ.മീ.

Question 5.
ചിത്രത്തിലെ വലിയ മട്ടത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് കണക്കാക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 13
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 14
BM = h എന്നെടുക്കുക.
h² = AM × MC
= 9 × 4
= 36
h = √36 = 6 സെ.മീ.

∆ABC യുടെ പരപ്പളവ് = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AC × h
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 13 × 6
= 39 ചതു.സെ.മീ

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ

Question 6.
3 മീറ്ററും 2 മീറ്ററും ഉയരമുള്ള രണ്ടു കമ്പുകൾ കുത്തനെ നിലത്തു നാട്ടി, ഒരോ കമ്പിന്റെയും മുകളറ്റത്തുനിന്ന് മറ്റെ കമ്പിന്റെ ചുവട്ടിലേക്ക് കയർ വലിച്ചു കെട്ടിയിരിക്കുന്നു:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 15
i) കയറുകൾ പരസ്പരം മുറിച്ചുകടക്കുന്നത്, നിലത്തുനിന്ന് എത്ര ഉയരത്തിലാണ്?
ii) കമ്പുകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള അകലം എത്രയായാലും ഈ ഉയരം മാറുന്നില്ല എന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
iii) കമ്പുകളുടെ നീളം a, b എന്നും, കയറുകൾ മുറിച്ചുകടക്കുന്ന സ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ ഉയരം h എന്നുമെടുത്ത്, a, b, h ഇവ തമ്മിലുള്ള ബന്ധം കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക.
Answer:
i)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 16
∆ADB യും ∆FEB പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠DAB = ∠EFB (രണ്ടും 90°
∠ABD = ∠FBE (രണ്ടും ഒന്നാണ്)
അതിനാൽ < ADB = < FEB
ഒരേ കോണുകളുള്ള രണ്ടു ത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ തുല്യമായ കോണുകൾക്കെതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങൾ
ജോടികളായെടുത്താൽ, മൂന്നു ജോടികളിലും
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 8
ഒരേ
സംഖ്യയായിരിക്കും. ആയതിനാൽ, \(\frac{3}{h}=\frac{x+y}{y}\)
\(\frac{h}{3}=\frac{y}{x+y}\) ….(1)

ഇതുപോലെ AABC യും AFEA യും പരിഗണിച്ചാൽ,
\(\frac{2}{h}=\frac{x+y}{x}\)
\(\frac{\mathrm{h}}{2}=\frac{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{x}+\mathrm{y}}\) ……(2)

(1) + (2) → \(\frac{h}{3}+\frac{h}{2}=\frac{y}{x+y}+\frac{x}{x+y}\)
h[latex]\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{2}[/latex] = 1
h × \(\frac{5}{2}\) = 1
h = \(\frac{6}{5}\)
∴ കയറുകൾ പരസ്പരം മുറിച്ചുകടക്കുന്നത്, നിലത്തുനിന്ന് \(\frac{6}{5}\) ഉയരത്തിലാണ്.

ii) നിലത്തുനിന്നുള്ള ഉയരം കമ്പുകളുടെ ഉയരത്തെ മാത്രം ആശ്രയിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. അതിനാൽ, കമ്പുകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള അകലം എത്രയായാലും ഈ ഉയരം മാറുന്നില്ല.

iii)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 17
∆ADB യും ∆FEB യും പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠DAB = ∠EFB (രണ്ടും 909)
∠ADB = ∠FEB
∴ ∠ABD = ∠FBE
ഒരേ കോണുകളുള്ള രണ്ടു ത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ തുല്യമായ കോണുകൾക്കെതിരെയുള്ള വശങ്ങൾ
ജോടികളായെടുത്താൽ, മൂന്നു ജോടികളിലും
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 8
ഒരേ
സംഖ്യയായിരിക്കും. ആയതിനാൽ, \(\)
\(\frac{h}{a}=\frac{y}{x+y}\) ………. (1)

ഇതുപോലെ ∆ABC യും ∆FEA യും പരിഗണിച്ചാൽ,
\(\frac{b}{h}=\frac{x+y}{x}\)
\(\frac{b}{h}=\frac{x}{x+y}\) …….. (2)

(1) + (2) \(\frac{h}{a}+\frac{h}{b}=\frac{y}{x+y}+\frac{x}{x+y}\)
h\(\left[\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\right]\) = 1
\(\left[\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\right]=\frac{1}{h}\)

Question 7.
ചിത്രത്തിൽ ABC എന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിലെ ∠A യുടെ സമഭാജിയാണ് AP:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 18
i) ABP എന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിനും, CPO എന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിനും ഒരേ കോണുകളാണെന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
ii) \(\frac{B P}{P C}\) കണക്കാക്കുക.
iii) ഏതു ത്രികോണത്തിലും ഒരു കോണിന്റെ സമഭാജി എതിർവശത്തെ മുറിക്കുന്നത്, കോൺ ഉൾപ്പെടുന്ന വശങ്ങളുടെ അംശബന്ധത്തിലാണ് എന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
i) ∠BAP = ∠CAP (∠A യുടെ സമഭാജിയാണ് AP)
∠APB = ∠CPQ … (1)
∆ACQ സമഭുജ ത്രികോണമായതുകൊണ്ട്, ∠CAP = ∠AQC = x
∆APB യും ∆CPQ യും പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠BAP = ∠CQP
∠APB = ∠CPQ
∴ ∠ABP = ∠PCQ
∴ ABP എന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിനും, CPQ എന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിനും ഒരേ കോണുകളാണ്.

ii) ∆APB ലെയും ∆CPO ലെയും എല്ലാ കോണുകളും തുല്യമായതിനാൽ അവ സദൃശ
ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. അതിനാൽ, \(\frac{\mathrm{BP}}{\mathrm{PC}}=\frac{5}{3}\)

iii)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 19
∠A യുടെ സമഭാജിയാണ് AP.
P യിൽ നിന്ന് AB ലേക്കും AC ലേക്കും ഓരോ ലംബങ്ങൾ വരയ്ക്കുക.
∆AQP യും ∆ARP യും പരിഗണിക്കുക.
∠QAP = ∠RAP (∠A യുടെ സമഭാജിയാണ് AP)
∠AQP = ∠ARP = 90°
<QPA = ∠RPA (രണ്ടു ത്രികോണങ്ങളിലെ രണ്ടു കോണുകൾ തുല്യമാണെങ്കിൽ മൂന്നാമത്തെ കോണുകളും തുല്യമായിരിക്കും.) (പൊതുവായ വശം)
AP = AP
∴ ∆AQP = ∆ARP
PQ = PR = h എന്നെടുത്താൽ,
∆ABP യുടെ പരപ്പളവ് = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AB × h
∆ACP യുടെ പരപ്പളവ് = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AC × h

പരപ്പളവുകളുടെ അംശബന്ധം = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AB × h: \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AC × h
= AB: AC
BP: PC = ∆ABP യുടെ പരപ്പളവ് – ∆APC യുടെ പരപ്പളവ്
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB × h : \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AC × h
= AB: AC
∴ ഏതു ത്രികോണത്തിലും ഒരു കോണിന്റെ സമഭാജി എതിർവശത്തെ മുറിക്കുന്നത്, കോൺ ഉൾപ്പെടുന്ന വശങ്ങളുടെ അംശബന്ധത്തിലാണ്.

Question 8.
ചുവടെ വരച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ അതേ കോണുകളും, വശങ്ങളുടെ നീളം 1- മടങ്ങുമായ ത്രികോണം വരയ്ക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 20
Answer:
“കോണുകൾ മാറാതെ ഒരു ത്രികോണം ചെറുതോ വലുതോ ആക്കി മാറ്റാൻ, കോണുകൾ അളക്കണമെന്നില്ല; വശങ്ങൾ ഒരേ തോതിൽ മാറ്റിയാൽ മതി” എന്ന് നമുക്കറിയാം.
8 ന്റെ 1\(\frac{1}{4}\) മടങ്ങ് = 8 × 1\(\frac{1}{4}\) = 8 × \(\frac{5}{4}\) = 10 സെ.മീ
4 ന്റെ 1\(\frac{1}{4}\) മടങ്ങ് = 4 × 1\(\frac{1}{4}\) = 4 × \(\frac{5}{4}\) = 5 സെ.മീ

∆ABC വരയ്ക്കുക. ഇതിൽ AB = 8 സെ.മീ , BC = 6 സെ.മീ, AC = 4 സെ.മീ ആയിരിക്കും
AC യുടെ നീളം 1 സെ.മീ, AB യുടെ നീളം 2 സെ.മീ വീതം കൂട്ടി വരച്ച് D, E അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുക.
∆ADE വരയ്ക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 21

Question 9.
ഒരു ചതുർഭുജത്തിന്റെ ചിത്രം ചുവടെയുണ്ട്.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 22
i) ഇതേ കോണുകളും, വശങ്ങളുടെ നീളമെല്ലാം 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) മടങ്ങുമായ ചതുർഭുജം വരയ്ക്കുക.
ii) കോണുകൾ വ്യത്യസ്തവും, വശങ്ങളുടെയെല്ലാം നീളം ഇതിലെ വശങ്ങളുടെ 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) മടങ്ങുമായ ഒരു ചതുർഭുജം വരയ്ക്കുക.
Answer:
4 × 1\(\frac{1}{4}\) = 4 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 6 സെ.മീ
5 × 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) = 5 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 7\(\frac{1}{2}\) സെ.മീ
6 × 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) = 6 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 9 സെ.മീ
ചതുർഭുജം ABCD വരയ്ക്കുക. ഇതിൽ AB = 6 സെ.മീ, BC = 3 സെ.മീ, CD = 2 സെ.മീ, AD 4സെ.മീ ആയിരിക്കും
AD യുടെ നീളം 2 സെ.മീ, AC യുടെ നീളം 2.5 സെ.മീ, AB യുടെ നീളം 3 സെ.മീ വീതം കൂട്ടിവരച്ച് E, F, G അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുക.
ചതുർഭുജം ∆GFE വരയ്ക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 23

ii) “വശങ്ങളുടെ നീളം മാറാതെ കോണുകൾ വ്യത്യസ്തമായ ചതുർഭുജം വരക്കുന്നതിന് അതിന്റെ വികർണ്ണത്തിന്റെ നീളം മാറ്റിയാൽ മതി”.

4 ന്റെ 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) മടങ്ങ് = 4 × 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) = 4 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 6 സെ.മീ
2 ന്റെ 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) മടങ്ങ് = 2 × 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) = 2 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 3 സെ.മീ
3 ന്റെ 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) മടങ്ങ് = 3 × 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) = 3 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = \(\frac{9}{2}\) = 4.5 സെ.മീ
6 ന്റെ 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) മടങ്ങ് = 6 × 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) = 6 × 2\(\frac{3}{2}\) = 9 സെ.മീ
വികർണ്ണത്തിന്റെ നീളം = 8.5 സെ.മീ
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 24

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ

Question 10.
ഒരു ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് 6 ചതുരശ്രസെന്റിമീറ്റർ. ഈ ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ ഓരോ വശത്തിന്റെയും നാല് മടങ്ങ് വശമായിട്ടുള്ള ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ പരപ്പളവ് എത്രയാണ്? ഓരോ വശവും പകുതിയാണെങ്കിലോ?
Answer:
“ഒരു ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങളെല്ലാം ഒരേ തോതിൽ വലുതാക്കുകയോ ചെറുതാക്കുകയോ ചെയ്താൽ, പരപ്പളവ് മാറുന്ന തോത്, വശങ്ങൾ മാറുന്ന തോതിന്റെ വർഗമാണ്” എന്ന് നമുക്കറിയാം. വശങ്ങൾ 4 മടങ്ങാക്കിയാൽ:
വശങ്ങൾ മാറുന്ന തോത് = 4
പരപ്പളവ് മാറുന്ന തോത് = 4² = 16
ആദ്യത്തെ പരപ്പളവ് = 6 ച.സെ.മീ
രണ്ടാമത്തെ പരപ്പളവ് = 6 × 16 = 96 ച.സെ.മീ

വശങ്ങൾ പകുതിയാക്കിയാൽ:
വശങ്ങൾ മാറുന്ന തോത് = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
പരപ്പളവ് മാറുന്ന തോത് = (\(\frac{1}{2}\))² = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
ആദ്യത്തെ പരപ്പളവ് = 6 ച.സെ.മീ
രണ്ടാമത്തെ പരപ്പളവ് = 6 × \(\frac{1}{4}=\frac{3}{2}\) ച.സെ.മീ

പാഠപുസ്തകത്തിലെ ചോദ്യോത്തരങ്ങൾ

Question 11.
രണ്ടു മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ ലംബ വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലാണെങ്കിൽ, അവയുടെ കർണ്ണങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റവും ഇതേ തോതിലാണെന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
രണ്ടു മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ ലംബ വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലാണെന്ന് തന്നിരിക്കുന്നു. രണ്ടു മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങളിലും ലംബവശങ്ങൾക്കിടയിലുള്ള കോൺ തുല്യമാണ് (രണ്ടും 90).
“രണ്ടു വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലും, അവയുടെ ഇടയിലെ കോണുകൾ തുല്യവും ആയ ത്രികോണങ്ങളിൽ മൂന്നാം വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റവും ഇതേ തോതിലാണ്” എന്ന് നമുക്കറിയാം.
ഇവിടെ മൂന്നാമത്തെ വശം കർണ്ണമാണ്. ആയതിനാൽ, രണ്ടു മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ ലംബ വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലാണെങ്കിൽ, അവയുടെ കർണ്ണങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റവും ഇതേ തോതിലാണ്.

Question 12.
രണ്ടു മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ ഏതെങ്കിലും രണ്ടു വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലാണെങ്കിൽ, മൂന്നാമത്തെ വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റവും ഇതേ തോതിലാണെന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 25
AC, PR എന്നീ വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റവും BC, QR എന്നീ വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റവും ഒരേ തോതിലാണെന്ന് സങ്കൽപ്പിക്കുക.
⇒ \(\frac{A C}{P R}=\frac{B C}{Q R}\)
\(\frac{A C}{P R}\) = k എന്നും \(\frac{B C}{Q R}\) = k എന്നും എടുത്താൽ,
AC = kPR എന്നും BC = kQR എന്നും കിട്ടും.
പൈഥാഗറസ് സിദ്ധാന്തമനുസരിച്ച്,
AB² = AC² – BC²
AB = \(\sqrt{\mathrm{AC}^2-\mathrm{BC}^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{(k P R)^2-(k Q R)^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{k^2\left(P R^2-Q R^2\right)}\)
= k\(\sqrt{P R^2-Q R^2}\)
= k\(\sqrt{P Q^2}\)
= KPQ
⇒ \(\frac{A B}{P Q}\) = k
⇒ രണ്ടു മട്ടത്രികോണങ്ങളുടെ ഏതെങ്കിലും രണ്ടു വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലാണെങ്കിൽ, മൂന്നാമത്തെ വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റവും ഇതേ തോതിലാണ്.

Question 13.
ഒരു ത്രികോണം വരച്ച്, അതിനുള്ളിൽ ഒരു കുത്തിടുക. ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ മൂലകൾ ഈ കുത്തുമായി യോജിപ്പിച്ചു വരയ്ക്കുക. ഈ വരകളോരോന്നും അവയുടെ പകുതി കൂടി പുറത്തേക്ക് നീട്ടി, അറ്റങ്ങൾ യോജിപ്പിക്കുക:
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 26
ഇങ്ങനെ കിട്ടിയ വലിയ ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങളെല്ലാം, ആദ്യത്തെ ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങളുടെ ഒന്നര മടങ്ങാണെന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
ചോദ്യത്തിൽ തന്നിരിക്കുന്ന വിവരങ്ങൾ എല്ലാം സംയോജിപ്പിച്ചാൽ നമുക്ക് താഴെ കാണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന ചിത്രം ലഭിക്കും.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 27
∆BDC യും ∆QDR യും പരിഗണിക്കുക.
രണ്ടു ത്രികോണത്തിലും ∠D പൊതുവാണ്.
∆BDC ൽ ∠D ക്ക് ഇടത്തുള്ള വശം = BD = 2x
∆QDR ൽ ∠D ക്ക് ഇടത്തുള്ള വശം = QD = 3x
\(\frac{Q D}{B D}=\frac{2 x}{3 x}=\frac{3}{2}\)

∆BDC ൽ LD ക്ക് വലത്തുള്ള വശം = CD = 2y
∆QDR ൽ LD ക്ക് വലത്തുള്ള വശം = RD = 3y
\(\frac{R D}{C D}=\frac{2 y}{3 y}=\frac{3}{2}\)

രണ്ടു വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലാകുകയും, അവയുടെയിടയിൽ ഒരേ കോൺ ആയിരിക്കുകയും ചെയ്താൽ അവ സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണെന്ന് നമുക്കറിയാം. അതിനാൽ, ABDC യും AQDR യും സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. അതിനാൽ,
\(\frac{Q R}{B C}=\frac{3}{2}\) … (1)

ഇതുപോലെ, ACAD, ARPD സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണെന്ന് കാണിക്കാം. അതിനാൽ,
\(\frac{\mathrm{RP}}{\mathrm{CA}}=\frac{3}{2}\) … (2)

ഇതുപോലെ, AABD, APOD സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണെന്ന് കാണിക്കാം. അതിനാൽ,
\(\frac{P Q}{A B}=\frac{3}{2}\)… (3)
(1), (2), (3) = വലിയ ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങളെല്ലാം, ആദ്യത്തെ ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങളുടെ ഒന്നര മടങ്ങാണ്.

Question 14.
ഒരു ചതുർഭുജത്തിനകത്തെ ഒരു ബിന്ദുവും ചതുർഭുജത്തിന്റെ മൂലകളും യോജിപ്പിക്കുന്ന വരകൾ, ഒരേ തോതിൽ പുറത്തേക്കു നീട്ടുന്നു; ഈ വരകളുടെ അറ്റങ്ങൾ യോജിപ്പിച്ച് മറ്റൊരു ചതുർഭുജമുണ്ടാക്കുന്നു.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 28
(i) വലിയ ചതുർഭുജത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങൾ, ചെറിയ ചതുർഭുജത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങളെ ഒരേ തോതിൽ വലുതാക്കിയതാണെന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
(ii) രണ്ടു ചതുർഭുജങ്ങൾക്കും ഒരേ കോണുകളാണെന്നു തെളിയിക്കുക.
Answer:
(i)
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 29
\(\frac{D S}{O D}=\frac{C R}{O C}=\frac{B Q}{O B}=\frac{A P}{O A}\) = k
⇒ OS = (1 + k)OD
OP = (1 + k)OA
OQ = (1 + k)OB
OR = (1 + k)OC
∆OAB യും ∆OPQ യും പരിഗണിക്കുക.
രണ്ടു ത്രികോണത്തിലും 20 പൊതുവാണ്.
∆OAB ൽ 20 ക്ക് ഇടത്തുള്ള വശം = OA
∆OPQ ൽ 20 ക്ക് ഇടത്തുള്ള വശം = OP = (1 + k)OA
\(\frac{O P}{O A}=\frac{(1+k) O A}{O A}\) = 1 + k

∆OAB ൽ 20 ക്ക് വലത്തുള്ള വശം = OB
∆OPQ ൽ 20 ക്ക് വലത്തുള്ള വശം OQ = (1 + k)OB
\(\frac{O Q}{O B}=\frac{(1+k) O B}{O B}\) = 1 + k

രണ്ടു വശങ്ങളിലെ മാറ്റം ഒരേ തോതിലാകുകയും, അവയുടെയിടയിൽ ഒരേ ആയിരിക്കുകയും ചെയ്താൽ അവ സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണെന്ന് നമുക്കറിയാം. അതിനാൽ,

∆OAB യും ∆OPQ യും സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. … (1)
⇒ \(\frac{\mathrm{AB}}{\mathrm{PQ}}\) = 1 + k
ഇതുപോലെ,

∆OBC യും ∆OQR യും സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. … (2)
⇒ \(\frac{B C}{Q R}\) = 1 + k

∆OCD യും ∆ORS യും സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. … (3)
⇒ \(\frac{C D}{R S}\) = 1 + k

∆ODA യും ∆OSP യും സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. … (4)
⇒ \(\frac{\mathrm{DA}}{\mathrm{SP}}\) = 1 + k
∴ വലിയ ചതുർഭുജത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങൾ, ചെറിയ ചതുർഭുജത്തിന്റെ വശങ്ങളെ ഒരേ തോതിൽ വലുതാക്കിയതാണ്.

(ii) (1), (2), (3), (4) ⇒ രണ്ടു ചതുർഭുജങ്ങൾക്കും ഒരേ കോണുകളാണ്.

Similar Triangles Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers Malayalam Medium

Question 1.
ചിത്രത്തിൽ ∠Q = 90, QR = 5 സെ.മീ, SR = 3 സെ.മീ ആകുന്നു. QS ഉം PR ഉം പരസ്പരം ലംബമാണ്.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 30
a) QS ന്റെ നീളമെത്ര?
b) PS ന്റെ നീളമെത്ര?
Answer:
a) ∆SQR മട്ടത്രികോണമാണ്.
QS² = QR² – SR²
= 5² – 3²
= 25 – 9
= 16
∴ QS = √16 = 4 സെ.മീ

b) PS × SR = QS²
PS × 3 = 4²
PS = \(\frac{16}{3}\) സെ.മീ

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ

Question 2.
6 സെന്റീമീറ്റർ വശമുള്ള ഒരു സമപാർശ്വ ത്രികോണം വരയ്ക്കുക. ഇതിന്റെ ഒന്നരമടങ്ങ് വരുന്ന മറ്റൊരു ത്രികോണം വരയ്ക്കുക.
Answer:
6 ന്റെ ഒന്നരമടങ്ങ് = 6 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 9
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 31

Question 3.
ചിത്രത്തിൽ POR, QST മട്ട ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. അങ്ങനെയാണെങ്കിൽ QR × QS = QP × QT എന്ന് തെളിയിക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 32
Answer:
∆PQR യും ∆QST യും സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്.
⇒ \(\frac{\mathrm{QP}}{\mathrm{QS}}=\frac{\mathrm{QR}}{\mathrm{QT}}\)
QP × QT = QR × QS

Question 4.
90 സെ.മീ ഉയരമുള്ള ഒരു ആൺകുട്ടി ഒരു വിളക്കുതൂണിന്റെ അടിയിൽ നിന്ന് 1.2 മീറ്റർ/സെക്കന്റ് വേഗതയിൽ നടക്കുന്നു. വിളക്ക്, ഭൂമിയിൽ നിന്ന് 3.6 m ഉയരത്തിലാണെങ്കിൽ സെക്കൻഡുകൾക്ക് ശേഷം കുട്ടിയുടെ നിഴലിന്റെ നീളം കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക.
Answer:
ആൺകുട്ടിയുടെ ഉയരം = 90 സെ.മീ = 0.9 മീ
വിളക്കുതൂണിന്റെ ഉയരം = 3.6 മീ
ആൺകുട്ടിയുടെ വേഗം 1.2 മീറ്റർ/സെക്കന്റ്
4 സെക്കൻഡുകൾക്ക് ശേഷം വിളക്കുതൂണിൽ നിന്നും കുട്ടിയുടെ അകലം = 1.2 × 4 = 4.8 മീറ്റർ/സെക്കന്റ്
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 33
∆DAB ഉം ∆DEC ഉം സദൃശ ത്രികോണങ്ങളാണ്. അതിനാൽ
\(\frac{A B}{E C}=\frac{B D}{C D}\)
CD = x എന്നെടുത്താൽ,
\(\frac{3.6}{0.9}=\frac{4.8+x}{x}\)
4 = \(\frac{4.8+x}{x}\)
4x = 4.8 + x
3x = 4.8
x = \(\frac{4.8}{3}\) = 1.6 മീ

Question 5.
ചിത്രത്തിൽ ABCD ഒരു ചതുരമാണ്. BC = 24 സെ.മീ, DP = 10 സെ.മീ, CD = 15 സെ.മീ ആണെങ്കിൽ, AQ ഉം CQ ഉം കണ്ടെത്തുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 34
Answer:
BC = 24 സെ.മീ ⇒ AD = 24 സെ.മീ (ABCD ചതുരമായതുകൊണ്ട്)
∆APD ളം ∆CPQ ളം സദ്യശ ത്രിേകാണആദഉാണ്
⇒ \(\frac{A D}{C Q}=\frac{D P}{C P}=\frac{A P}{P Q}\) അതായത്, \(\frac{24}{C Q}=\frac{10}{5}=\frac{A P}{P Q}\)
\(\frac{24}{C Q}=\frac{10}{5}\) ⇒ CQ = \(\frac{24}{2}\) = 12 സെ.മീ
\(\frac{10}{5}=\frac{A P}{P Q}\) ⇒ AP = 2 × PQ

∆APD ഒരു മട്ടത്രികോണമാണ്.
AP² = DA² + DP²
= 24² + 10²
= 576 + 100
= 676
AP = \(\sqrt{676}\)
= 26 സെ.മീ
⇒ 2 × PQ = 26
PQ = \(\frac{26}{2}\) = 13
AQ = AP + PQ
= 26 + 13
= 39 സെ.മീ

Question 6.
ചിത്രത്തിൽ ∠A = ∠P, ∠B = <Q, AB = 5 സെ.മീ BC = 4 സെ.മീ, AC = 26 സെ.മീ, PR = 6 സെ.മീ.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 35
(a) PQ-ൻ്റെ ദൈർഘ്യം എന്താണ്?
(b) ∆ABC, ∆PQR എന്നിവയുടെ ചുറ്റളവുകളുടെ അനുപാതം എത്രയാണ്?
Answer:
(a) \(\frac{P R}{A C}=\frac{P Q}{A B} \Rightarrow \frac{6}{2}=\frac{P Q}{5} \Rightarrow 3=\frac{P Q}{5}\) ⇒ PQ = 15 സെ.മീ.
(b) ∆ABC യുടെ ചുറ്റളവ് = 5 + 4 + 2 = 11 സെ.മീ
∆POR ന്റെ ചുറ്റളവ് = 15 + 12 + 6 = 33 സെ.മീ
ചുറ്റളവുകളുടെ അനുപാതം 11:33 = 1: 3

Question 7.
ചിത്രത്തിൽ ∠B = ∠D = 90°, AB = 15 സെ.മീ, AD = 5.6 സെ.മീ ആണ്
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 36
a) ∠DAE = 40° ആണെങ്കിൽ, ∠AED, ∠BAC കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക.
b) ∠C കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക.
c) \(\frac{\mathrm{BC}}{\mathrm{DE}}\) = …………
Answer:
(a) ∠DAE = 90 – 40 = 50°
∠BAC = 40°

(b) ∠C = 50°

(c) ∆ADE and ∆ABC are similar
\(\frac{\mathrm{AD}}{\mathrm{AB}}=\frac{\mathrm{AB}}{\mathrm{AD}}=\frac{15}{5}=\frac{3}{1}\)
So,
\(\frac{\mathrm{BC}}{\mathrm{DE}}\) is also \(\frac{3}{1}\) = 3

Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ

Question 8.
താഴെ തന്നിരിക്കുന്ന ത്രികോണത്തിന്റെ അതെ കോണുകളും വശങ്ങൾ 1 മടങ്ങായതുമായ ത്രികോണം വരക്കുക.
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 37
Answer:
6 ന്റെ ഒന്നരമടങ്ങ് = 6 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 9
7 ന്റെ ഒന്നരമടങ്ങ് = 7 × \(\frac{3}{2}\) = \(\frac{21}{2}\) = 10.5
Kerala Syllabus Class 9 Maths Chapter 6 Solutions Malayalam Medium സദൃശത്രികോണങ്ങൾ 38