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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Development

Development Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term development? Would all sections of the society benefit from such a definition of development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. The word development is used in two senses:
1) Make economic grow that a high rate, achieve certain goals, complete various projects.
2) Development brings prosperity to people and their standard of life gets better.
Development aims at gains. Only if there are gains, there can be development.

Question 2.
Development has two meanings-narrow and broad. What is the difference between them?
Answer:
Development has meanings at two levels – narrow and broad. In its narrow sense, it means increasing the rate of economic growth or modernizing the society. In its broad sense, it means bringing progress, welfare, prosperity and the desire fora better life.

Question 3.
Explain the challenges of development.
Answer:
The more important challenges of development are poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of basic infrastructure. In India, there are Constitutional provisions and some other Agencies that work for the social and economic development of the country. The primary aims of the Constitution are justice, equality, freedom, and fraternity. Governments exist for the realizing the goals set by the Constitution and to bring progress in all spheres, especially social and economic development.

Question 4.
Point out the criticisms of development models.
Answer:
As developing nations take loans from the World Bank, they fall into the debt trap.

• The fruits of development reach only a small section of the people.
• People without resistance power are forcefully sent away from their habitat.
• Industrialization created environmental problems.
• Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poisons the soil.

Question 5.
What are the social costs of development? Give examples.
Answer:
The social costs of development are quite high. Because of the construction of huge dams, industrial works, mining and such other things many people had to be sent away from their abodes and they had to be rehabilitated elsewhere. Because of the loss of their homes and land, the people lose their means of livelihood and poverty is the result. They lose their traditional job skills. They also lose their cultural moorings. For example, for the development of the Kannur airport, many families had to be evacuated.

Question 6.
Discuss some of the ecological costs of development pursued in most countries.
Answer:
The ecological costs of development are beyond calculation. Still, environmental destruction goes on. Here are some of the ill-effects of development:
a. Air and water pollution.
b. Increase in global warming (increase in the warmth of the atmosphere because of the emission of green gases).
c. Depletion of the Ozone layer (CFCs – Chlorofluorocarbons – used in air-conditioners, etc. cover the atmosphere and this results in the depletion.)
d. Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poison the soil.
e. The ruin caused to the flora and fauna.
f. Overuse of non-renewable sources of energy and the resultant environmental damage.
g. Deforestation and its ill-effects.

Question 7.
Economic growth cannot be assessed by the number of cell-phones in the country. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I agree with this statement. Because of the globalization policy and the progress in technology cell-phones have become very common and cheap. Even very poor people can afford to have cell-phones now. Therefore looking at the number of cell-phones in the country, its development cannot be assessed.

Question 8.
Prepare a note on Human Development Index (HDI).
Answer:
The HDI is used to measure the welfare of a country. It is the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) that prepares this. Three things are taken into consideration for making HDI. They are:
a) Life Span,
b) Education and
c) Standard of Living.
According to the 2010 HDI, India’s rank is 119.

Question 9.
Identify the factors standing in the way of India’s development.
Answer:
Some of the factors standing in the way of India’s development are poverty, unemployment, feudalism, inequality, casteism, corruption, communalism, nepotism, lack of basic infrastructure, illiteracy, lack of capital, energy crisis, lack of latest technology and environmental challenges.

Question 10.
Joby: There are several limitations for the present development models.
Jornon : They can be overcome by a new development strategy.
On the basis on this conversation, prepare a note on the alternative concepts of development.
Answer:
There are certain shortcomings in the present development models. By solving those shortcomings and employing a new strategy we can bring progress in all spheres. Here are some suggestions:
a) Respect people’s rights: When development projects are implemented, it may be beneficial to some sections of the society but harmful to others. For example, when an airport’ is constructed it will help in increasing travel facilities but it will adversely affect many others who will have to be relocated to other places. Their rights for equality, freedom, justice, and democracy are also to be respected in the alternative concept of development.
b) Another problem that is stressed in the alternative concept of development is about the ownership of natural resources. Whose are they? Are they of the local people, of the nation or of the entire humanity? If the natural resources are owned by mankind, even the future generation has some claim on them. It is the duty of the government to solve all these problems.
c) Ensure people participation in the development models.
d) Development and environmental protection should go hand in hand.

Question 11.
Narrate how development and lifestyle are related to each other.
Answer:
Development and lifestyle should conform to the environmental well-being. People should try to protect natural resources and use renewable energy sources. Rainwater harvesting, solar and biogas plants, small scale hydroelectric projects, manufacturing organic fertilizers, etc. are related to lifestyle.

Question 12.
What can be the role of democracy in development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. Real development ensures the protection of the democratic rights of the society.

Question 13.
Name some of the organizations for environmental protection.
Answer:

• Narmada BachaoAndolan
• Chipko Movement
• Satra-Sahitya Parishad
• Go-Green

Question 14.
Match the following:

A	B
Green Peace	UNDP
Human Development Index	Quiet Spring
Global warming	Protection of the environment
Rachel Carson	Food, Education, Shelter
Basic Needs Approach	Environmental Cost

Answer:

A	B
Green Peace	Protection of the environment
Human Development Index	UNDP
Global Warming	Environmental Cost
Rachel Carson	Quiet Spring
Basic Needs Approach	FQod, Education, Shelter

Question 15.
What do you man Basic Needs Approach?
Answer:
Basic Needs Approach is a process that ensures man’s basic needs like food, education, health, shelter, etc. If the basic needs of a person are not satisfied, he can’t live a decent life or progress in life as he desires. According to this view starvation deaths and child labor are indicators of nondevelopment.

Question 16.
Prepare a note on world efforts to protect environment and sustainable development.
Answer:
It was in the 19th century that organizations for the protection of environment originated. They came as a protest against industrialization. But it was in the second half o the 20th century that environmental protection attracted world attention. This awakening was caused by the book “The Quiet Spring” written by the American scientist Rachel Carson. She warned the world against the overuse of fertilizers and insecticides which harm man and nature. It paved the away to establish a new discipline called Environmental Knowledge. Many environmental organizations are active now for the protection of the environment. There are Movements for the preservation of forests, against the construction of huge dams and for preserving rivers.

Green Peace, World Life Fund and Chipko Movement are famous environmental organizations. Chipko Movement was organized to protect the Himalayan forests. Environmentalists say that man must learn to co-exist with Nature in a mutually beneficial way. Man should not exploit nature for his greed and selfishness. Now people are overexploiting natural resources. If we go on like this we will be leaving only deserts, poisoned rivers and polluted atmosphere to the future generations. They ask the government to implement plans to make industries eco-friendly. The 1992 Rio (in Brazil) Earth Summit asked the government s to ensure that development is in conformity with the protection of nature and the environment. This development model is known as sustainable development.

Question 17.
It was …….. who developed the Human Development Index.
Answer:
Mehboob-UI-Haq

Question 18.
Who wrote the book ‘Silent Spring’?
Answer:
Rachel Carson

Question 19.
In which did the Earth Summit take place?
a) 1990
b) 1992
c) 1998
d) 2002
Answer:
1992

Question 20.
Development in which the environment is protected is called ……….
Answer:
Sustainable Development

You can Download Peace Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 9 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Peace

Peace Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Peace.
Answer:
Peace is the absence of war, revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks. The satyagraha and non-violence preached by our Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi was for peace.

Question 2.
“Peace is generally defined as the absence of war.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
I don’t agree with it fully. It is not merely the absence of war, but also the absence of violent acts like revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks.

Question 3.
There are several great personalities who tried to maintain world peace. Name some of them.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Mother Theresa, Martin Luther King (Jr), Abraham Lincoln.

Question 4.
Point out some events that destroyed world peace.
Answer:
Attack on the World Trade Centre
Terrorist attacks by Al-Qaida terrorists
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.

Question 5.
There are different kinds of structural violence arising from several sources. What does structural violence mean? What are its different forms?
Answer:
Structural violence is the violence that originates from social institutions and practices. Casteism, Class distinction, male domination, colonialism, tribalism, racism, communalism, etc. can produce structural violence.

Question 6.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 7.
Which day is observed as the International Peace Day?
Answer:
27

Question 8.
Observe the picture. In our patriarchal society, discrimination against women is ever increasing day by day. Identify them.

Answer:

• Dowry-related violence
• Domestic violence
• Not giving women proper representation
• Not giving equality in religious matters
• Rapes and molestations
• Female foeticide

Question 9.
There are three different approaches in pursuit of peace. Explain those approaches.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.
The UNO, which was formed to maintain world peace and to prevent wars, has all these 3 approaches.

Question 10.
Name the organizations working for maintaining world peace.
Answer:

• World Red Cross Society
• Gandhi Peace Foundation
• United Nations Organization
• Non-Aligned Movement

Question 11.
Do you think that violence can ever promote peace?
Answer:
No, it can’t. Violence is not a means of peace. Non-violence is the way to lasting peace.

Question 12.
Evaluate Gandhiji’s approach to non-violence.
Answer:
The greatest pers5n who argued for peace and non-violence in the 20th century was Gandhiji. He argued for non-violent resistance. Gandhiji used to say: “The goal does not justify the means. Just like the goal, the means also must be pure.” There are people who consider non-violence as helplessness and cowardice. Some people argue that non-violence is the means of protest of the weak. But Gandhiji put forward a new kind of non-violence. According to Gandhiji, non-violence isn’t merely not harming a person physically or mentally, but also keeping away from thoughts of harming him.

Gandhiji gave non-violence a creative meaning. To him, non-violence should be an active power to do things for the welfare of others. Non-violent resistance can take the form of protects. Civil Disobedience Movement was such a protest. Another form was satyagraha. The Civil Disobedience Movement and the satyagraha Gandhiji organized put the British in a dilemma. People like Martin Luther King (Jr) and Nelson Mandela were influenced by Gandhiji.

Question 13.
“Often the State creates obstacles to peace.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I do agree with it. There are countries in the world which encourage and support terrorism.

Question 14.
Prepare a note on the contemporary challenges to peace in the world.
Answer:
The UNO and World Peace: The primary objective of the UNO is international peace and security. Although the UNO has been able to prevent wars and establish peace in many parts of the world, it is controlled by Western Powers and this is a threat to world peace. Terrorism: The attack on the World Trade Centre on II September 2001 was a big shock to the endeavors to peace in the world. Terrorists have chemical, biological and atomic weapons in their possession and this is a great threat to world peace. Ethnic Cleansing: Secessionist Movements, Racism, etc. are great threats to peace. The non-cooperation of many countries in Disarmament is also a challenge to world peace.

Question 15.
Match the following

A	B
a) International World Peace Day	Movement for Citizen’s Rights
b) Communalism	International Peace
c) Martin Luther King (Jr)	September 21
d) Mahatma Gandhi	Structural violence
e) UNO	Non-violence

Answer:

A	B
a) International World Peace Day	September 21
b) Communalism	Structural violence
c) Martin Luther King (Jr)	Movement for Citizen’s Rights
d) Mahatma Gandhi	Non-violence
e) UNO	International Peace

Question 16.
Suggest 3 approaches to maintain peace.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.

Question 17.
Point out non-violent efforts to promote peace.
Answer:
Lovers of peace recommend protests like Civil Disobedience when struggling against exploitative governments. Satyagraha used by Gandhiji during our independence struggle is an example for this. Through Satyagraha Gandhiji tried to awaken the sense of justice and fair play in the British. When he failed there, he organized Civil Disobedience Movement. This Movement breached some harsh laws and put moral and political pressure on the British government. Although non-violent, these things shook the foundations of the British Raj. Getting inspired by Gandhiji, Martin Luther King (Jr) started a similar movement in the US. He led protests against the discrimination against Blacks in the 1960s.

Question 18.
What is usually defined as ‘the absence of war’?
Answer:
Peace

Question 19.
Who is the spokesperson of Non-Violence?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 20.
From the following, find out the form of structural violence:
a) Caste hierarchy
b) Class difference
c) Colonialism
d) all of these
Answer:
all of these

Question 21.
Causing physical injury is usually called
Answer:
Violence

You can Download Secularism Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 8 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Secularism

Secularism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by secularism?
Answer:
When a country has no official religion and its Constitution grants the individuals and society religious freedom, it will be called a secular nation. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies. India is a secular State whereas Pakistan is a theocracy.

Question 2.
Which among the following are compatible with the idea of secularism? Give reasons.
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) Government recognizes one religion as official.
iii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iv) Making prayers compulsory in schools.
v) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
vi) Government appointing managing committees for temples.
vii) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
Answer:
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iii) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
iv) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
All the above 4 things encourage secularism.

Question 3.
Explain the right to freedom of religion.
Answer:
Freedom of Religion is the basic tenet of secularism. Through the Fundamental Rights, the Indian Constitution has given the right to its citizens to believe in the religion of their choice, to establish places of worship and worship there and to propagate their religion. Articles 25 to 30 deal with secularism. In the Preamble also there is a declaration that India is a secular State.

Question 4.
Give the meaning of a secular state.
Answer:
India is a secular State. India has no official religion. The Constitution promises freedom of religion to individuals and the society. The Nation does not insist on people following any particular religion and it does not discriminate against any religion. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies.

In India, the Government is concerned with the social, economic and political wellbeing of the people. Spiritual matters are left to individuals. In its Preamble and the Fundamental Rights, the Constitution proves that India is a secular State. Indian citizens have the freedom to choose the religion of their liking. Article 25 of the Constitution grants religious freedom to people subject to peace and morality. People can follow any religion and also propagate it. The Nation has ensured the necessary conditions for secularism.

Question 5.
Suggest the ways in which communal harmony can be promoted.
Answer:
a) Encourage humanitarian ideas.
b) Limit religion to your personal life.
c) Encourage marriage between members of different religions.
d) Encourage religious tolerance.
e) Encourage the participation of the members of other religions in your religious celebrations.
f) Ostracise people who tend to spread religious animosity.
g) Include the basic ideas of secularism in the school curriculum.

Question 6.
Some of the characteristics of Western and Indian model of secularism have got mixed up in the following table. Separate them and make a new table.

Western Secularism	Indian secularism
Completely avoid the mutual interference of religion and government.	With the support of the government, religious reforms will be encouraged.
Equality among religious groups is very important.	Equality among different sects of a religion is stressed.
Care in the affairs of minority rights.	Rights-based on religious communities won’t be given any importance.
Individual and his rights are the most crucial.	Rights of individuals and also of religious groups will be protected.

Answer:

Western Secularism	Indian secularism
Religion and government strictly keep distance and do not mutually interfere.	Nation makes principle-based interferences in religious affairs.
Individual and his rights are given utmost .importance.	Rights of individuals and also of religious groups will be protected.
Equality among different religious groups is stressed.	Equality among different religious groups is stressed.
Care is not given to rights based on religious communities.	Care is given to minority rights.
Religious reforms are not supported by the government.	Nation supports religious reforms.
The Nation won’t help religious institutions.	Nation helps religious institutions.

Question 7.
Do you think a secular state is necessary to establish secularism?
Answer:
Yes, I do. To establish secularism a secular state is necessary. In Theocracy which is the opposite of secular state, the State has an official religion. The State gives special consideration to develop that religion. Therefore the rights of other religious groups will be ignored. In a secular state, all religions are treated equally and so for having secularism a secular state is essential.

Question 8.
Religious domination is of two types. Identify them.
Answer:
a) Inter-Religious Domination
b) Intra-Religious Domination

Question 9.
Point out the activities against secularism in our society.
Answer:
a) Compulsory religious conversion.
b) Persecution of minorities
c) Pleasing the minorities (Minoritism)
d) Casteism and religious chauvinism
e) Vote Bank Politics
f) Demand for Secession.

Question 10.
Is religious freedom a fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes, it is.

Question 11.
Complete the following chart.
Answer:

Answer:

Question 12.
Do you think that vote bank politics is against secularism in India?
Answer:
Yes, I do. If political parties make promises to religious groups, when they come to power they have to do something for those groups as a matter of showing gratitude. Such actions will be anti¬secular and will be against the common good of the nation.

Question 13.
Secularism does not allow us to have religious identity. Do you agree?
Answer:
No, I don’t. In a secular state one can believe in the religion of his choice, worship the god he likes and can propagate his religion if he wants. Therefore the concept of secularism is not anti-religious. Secularism ensures equal rights and equal consideration,to all religions. It does not also distinguish between theists and atheists.

Question 15.
“Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.” Give your opinion.
Answer:
I agree with the statement. The basic tenet of secularism is that all members of the same religious group must have equal rights. An example can be seen in the interference of the government against the social evils that were prevalent in Hinduism. There was the Temple Entry Declaration. Through that all Hindus were allowed entry into the temple. In the same way inequalities among different religious groups are not encouraged by the State.

Question 16.
Prepare a seminar paper on “Criticism of Indian Secularism”.
Answer:
The +1 students of HSS Irinjalakuda organized a seminar on the topic “Criticism of Indian Secularism”. The students were divided into 6 groups. Each group discussed the topic and,the group leaders presented the points in the class.
a) Anti-Religious: Some people argue that secularism is anti-religious. The reason for this belief is the fact that secularism is against the dominance of established powerful religions. But this and anti¬religion are quite different. Some people also argue that secularism is a threat to individual’s religion.
This also is wrong. Secularism nourishes religious freedom. It is not a threat to a person’s religion or his beliefs. But secularism is against certain questionable practices like propagating violence, intolerance and fanaticism. Secularism encourages the good things in religion but opposes the bad things.
b) Western Import: Another criticism is that Indian secularism is related to Christianity. It means secularism is something Western and it is inappropriate with Indian circumstances. This s a strange argument. Don’t we see thousands of things around us which are not Indian?
If people say that when a country is secular it should have its own goal it is good and relevant. Western secularism came as a challtenge to the religious leaders who tried to control the social and political matters of the nation. Then how can it be said that Western secularism is connected to Christianity? Moreover Western secularism asks religion and government to keep their hands off each other. For the idea of separating the state form religion, different societies give different interpretations. A secular government keeps a respectable distance from religion. It is done to maintain peace among different communities. At the same time the government will interfere for the protection of minority rights.
c) Minoritism: This is another criticism that is levelled against Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism stands for the rights of minorities. Let’s look at this example: 4 people are traveling in a train. One wants to smoke. Another person objects. The other two are smokers and so they keep quiet. So there is a problem. If a decision is to be taken democratically, and the matter put to vote, the person objecting to smoking will lose. It may look just. But is it just if we look from the angle of the person who objected to smoking? He may be allergic to smoke. Here the voting system does not work. Here the right of minority should be protected.
d) Vote Bank Politics: Another criticism is that Indian secularism encourages vote bank politics. From experience, this criticism is not fully unjustified. It has to be assessed correctly. It is natural that in a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.
e) Interventionist: Critics argue that Indian secularism has a controlling nature and it interferes in the religious freedom of various communities. This is a wrong interpretation of Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism does not deny the idea that government should not interfere in religious matters. But it does not approve over-interference in religious affairs. Indian secularism keeps a principled-distance from religion. This means government may or may not interfere in religious affairs. This interference is not by the use of force.
f) Impossible Project: Critics say that it is difficult for people with so much of religious differences to live together in peace and therefore secularism is impractical and thus invalid. This is a wrong argument. The history of Indian civilization and that of the Ottoman Empire show that peaceful co¬existence is possible even with different religions. Indian secularism has become a model for other countries to emulate. The effects of globalization have helped here. With increased globalization, there has been an increased migration of people all over the world. From the ex-colonies, people migrated into the Western world. This made religious diversities become strong in Europe, America and some parts of West Asia.

Question 16.
Who used the term secularism for the first time?
Answer:
George Holyoake, a British writer used the term secularism for the first time, in 1851.

Question 17.
Prepare a note on Vote Bank Politics.
Answer:
It is natural that in, a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.

It is true that if the interests of the majority are sacrificed for the interest of the minorities, there will be another kind of injustice. But in India, we have no proof that such a thing has ever happened. In short, there is nothing wrong in Vote Bank Politics. Only unjust vote bank politics should be criticized.

Question 18.
It was …………. who used the term ‘secularism’ for the first time.
Answer:
George Holyoake

Question 19.
Which among the following can be considered as criticisms against Indian secularism?
a) Anti-religious
b) Minoritism
c) Western import
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 20.
………… is opposed to any kind of religious dominance.
Answer:
Secularism

Question 21.
Two models of secularism are……….. and ……………
Answer:
Western and Indian

You can Download Changing Cultural Traditions Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 7 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Changing Cultural Traditions

Question 1.
Plenty of facts are available about the history of Europe from the 14^th century. Explain.
Answer:
Plenty of facts are available to us to understand the history of Europe from the 14^th century. They include documents, printed books, artworks, sculptures, buildings, and clothes. In Europe and America, they have been carefully preserved. The first person who taught people the importance of preserving historical evidences was Leopold von Ranke, the famous German historian. He said that the most important responsibility of a historian is writing about nations and their politics and to do that a historian must make use of different documents and files in the various government departments.

Question 2.
During the period of Renaissance, the Italian cities revived. Evaluate the validity of this statement.
Answer:
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many of the Italian cities which were the centres of political and cultural activities faced ruin. There was no unified government in Italy. Although the Pope was a sovereign in his own nation, he did not have any appearance of a ruler of strength. As Islam was building up a common culture outside Europe, Italy was a weak and scattered place. But the Renaissance slowly helped the revival of Italy.

When trade between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries increased, the Italian ports were re-energized. From the 12th century, when the Mongols began trade with China through the silk route, the trade between some Oriental countries and Europe increased. Some Italian cities had their role in this expansion of trade.

Question 3.
“Humanism is part of a curriculum.” Based on this statement, write about the features of humanism and its relation with the Universities.
Answer:
Humanism is an important feature of Renaissance. The Italian cities and universities played a major role in the growth of humanism. The first universities of Europe were started in Italian cities. From 11^th century onwards universities in Padua aid Bologna there were centres of law studies. Since the main business in the cities was trade, there was a great need for pleaders and notaries. To enact laws and to interpret them and to make written agreements, their service was essential. So law became an important subject in universities. Since law is an important discipline in Humanities, humanism became a major part of the curriculum.

Question 4.
Who is “Renaissance Man”? Explain.
Answer:
The term Renaissance Man is used to mean a person with different interests and capabilities. It was a common term used for showing that a person is an exceptional one. Since the famous people or the geniuses of those times came from different countries, this term was used to refer to anyone of them. The leaders of Renaissance were people that were simultaneously experts in scholarship, diplomacy, theology, and art.

Question 5.
“Humanists divided history into many eras.” This is an opinion Biju expressed in a classroom discussion. Do you agree with him? Can you approve of this division of history by the humanists? Explain.
Answer:
Humanists divided history into the following Ages:

1. 5^thcentury to the 14^thcentury – Middle Ages.
2. From the 15^thcentury onwards-Modern Age.

The Middle Ages Period was further subdivided like this:

1. 5^th to the 9^thcentury – Dark Age.
2. 10^th to 11^thcentury – Early Middle Age.
3. 11^th to 14^thcentury – Late Middle Age.

This division of history into various Ages by humanists was later approved by scholars. But recently some historians questioned this division. They disagreed with the idea of dividing centuries into Ages depending on the dynamics of culture. They felt that calling and depicting a period as Dark Age is not appropriate.

Question 6.
The Arabs have contributed greatly to the growth of Renaissance Science and philosophy. Discuss.
Answer:
The monks and priests of the Middle Ages were familiar with the writings of the Greeks and Romans. But they did not do anything to popularise these writings. In the 14^thcentury, many scholars started reading the translated works of Greek writers like Plato and Aristotle. For this they, the scholars, are indebted to the Arab translators. It was the Arabs that carefully preserved the old manuscripts and translated them.

The works of Greek writers were available to the European scholars in two ways. They were able to read them through Arabic translations. Moreover, the works of Arabic Persian scholars were translated by Greeks and thus they too became available to the Europeans.

All these books were about Nature Science, Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicine, and Chemistry. Four most important scholars that contributed greatly to the growth of Renaissance Science and philosophy
were: Ptolemy, Avicenna, al-Rasi and Ibh Rasheed.

Question 7.
Realism was The most important feature of Renaissance Art. What is realism? How did it reflect in the Renaissance Art? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it.

To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human. body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor at the Padua University. This greatly helped the modem anatomical studies. Renaissance artists wanted to present things as they were.

Question 8.
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting (drawing), sculpture and architecture. Explain with examples.
Answer:
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture: The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal.

Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral.

There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Question 9.
“It was not the Europeans that discovered printing, Sini.
“It was Gutenberg who discovered printing,” Shamir.
With whose opinion do you agree? Along with your views, write about the changes printing brought in society.
Answer:
The greatest discovery of the 16th century was the “printing press”. It is true that printing was not originally discovered by the Europeans. For printing, the Europeans must be indebted to the Chinese and the Mongolian rulers. When European traders and diplomats visited the royal courts of the Chinese and Mongol rulers, they learned some things about printing. This helped the Europeans to develop their own printing. Even gun powder, magnetic compass, and abacus were developed this way.

Before the advent of printing, books existed in the form of manuscripts. But the invention of the printing machine by Gutenberg started the printing revolution.

Question 10.
Humanists brought a new concept about human beings. Discuss.
Answer:
Humanists gave importance to ways of good conduct. They suggested how people should talk politely and dress decently. They also pointed out the characteristics a cultured person should have. Humanism taught that people have the capacity to make a good life even without power and wealth. It taught that human nature had different aspects and some of them were against the three special aspects which the feudal society thought essential for attaining a satisfactory life.

Question 11.
During the period of Renaissance, the role of women in public life was very limited. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
The dowry which women received at the time of marriage was invested in the business of their husbands, but they did not have the right to interfere in business affairs or have their say in any such matters. Very often marriage alliances were used to strengthen, businesses. It was usual for parents to send their daughters to convents to become nuns if they could not find the dowry necessary for their marriage. The role of women in public life was very limited. The society looked at them as keepers of the house, housewives.

Question 12.
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. Based on this statement, prepare a seminar paper.
Answer:
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. The leader of this movement was a young priest named Martin Luther (1433-1546). He started strong propaganda against the vices and evil practices that were rampant in the Catholic Church at that time. He argued that there was no need for an intermediary between an individual and God. He asked his followers to rely entirely on God. He taught that only good faith and would lead them to a good life and to heaven.

The religious reform movement caused a split in the Catholic Church. The Churches in Germany and Switzerland ended all their relations with the Catholic Church and the Pope. The people who went out of the Catholic Church were named “Protestants” as they protested against the Church.

The ideas of Luther were propagated in Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1534). Later John Calvin (1509-64) gave strong leadership to the Protestant Movement there.

The reformers had the support of merchants. Therefore they got great support in the.cities. But in the rural areas, the Catholic Church was able to maintain its supremacy. Among the German reformists, there were also the Anabaptists who wanted radical changes in Christianity. They considered the concept of heaven as freedom from all kinds of social persecutions. Anabaptists argued that since all people were created equal there was no need for anybody to pay taxes. They also taught that people should have the right to elect their own priests. The farmers who were suffering under the feudal lords were deeply impressed by these new ideas and they welcomed them.

The farmers of Germany who were inspired by the ideas of Luther and Anabaptists organised strong protests against their persecutors. But Luther was not in agreement with those who wanted radical changes. So he exhorted the German rulers to suppress the peasant revolts. In 1525, with the support of Luther, the protests were successfully suppressed.

But Radicalism survived all these oppositions. In France, the radicals joined with the Protestants. The Catholic authorities in France were cruelly persecuting the Protestants there. The Protestants argued that they have a right to remove the Persecutor and elect a new person according to the will of the people. Following this, France also, like other European countries, recognized the Protestant religion.

The Catholic Church allowed the Protestants to have their own way of worship. In England also there was a reform movement. The rulers of England ended ail their relations with the Pope. The King or Queen of England became the Head of the Church there.

To face the Protestant Revolt, the Catholic Church began to bring in reforms. These efforts of the Church to reform itself are collectively called Counter-Reformation. The priests of Spain and Italy stressed the importance of living simple lives and serving the poor.

In Spain St. Ignatius Loyola led the efforts to reform the Catholic Church. To face the Protestant threat, in 1540, he founded a Congregation called the “Society of Jesus”. The members of this Congregation are called Jesuits. Their goal was to serve the poor and enlarge their knowledge of other faiths.

Question 13
The Christian concept of the Universe was proved wrong by Copernicus. Based on this statement, examine the astronomical revolution brought by Copernicus.
Answer:
It was Copernicus, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

Question 14.
The Heliocentric Theory of Copernicus was taken forward by Johannes Kepler and Galilei Galileo. Do you agree with this view? Explain.
Answer:
The theory of Copernicus was approved by people Only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve around the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course.

Question 15.
What is Science Revolution? What are the contributions made by Science Groups towards the propagation of the ideas of the Science Revolution?
Answer:
The work of thinkers like Galileo showed that it was not belief but knowledge that is the basis of observations and tests. By moving through these paths shown by the scientists, physics, chemistry, and biology made fast growth. This new approach to man and nature is called the ‘Science Revolution’ by historians. Because of the science revolution, atheist and non-believers in any religion started looking at Nature, and not God, as the creator of things. Even those who retained their faith in God started thinking of God as a distant power who does not interfere in the day-to-day working of the world.

Question 16.
“The Renaissance era was completely different from the past,” Shibu.
“The Renaissance is a rebirth of the Greco-Roman traditions,” Babu.
“The period before the Renaissance was a Dark Period,” Razia.
Based on these paradoxical views, examine the concept of Renaissance.
Answer:
Peter Burke, a modem historian from England, says that by using, the term Renaissance Jakob Burckhardt exaggerated the difference between the periods before it and after it. Peter Burke added that it would mean that during the Renaissance period the Greco-Roman cultures revived and the scholars and artists accepted the Christian view of the world instead of the pre-Christian view.

Both these arguments are exaggerated in their own ways. The scholars before the Renaissance were familiar with the then cultures and therefore. It would be incorrect to say that the cultures had a rebirth. In the case of religion also there was no serious departure from the past. Religion continued to be an essential part of the life of people.

The Humanist historians pictured Renaissance as a period of energy and artistic creativity. At the same time, they considered the Middle Ages as a park Period with no development at all.

Many of the features of Renaissance could be seen in Italy in the 12^th and 13^th centuries. But some historians point out that even in the 9^th Century France there were literary and artistic development like those of the Renaissance period.

You can Download Writing and City Life Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 2 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Writing and City Life

Question 1.
For recreating Mesopotamian history the most important sources are archaeological evidences. How do you evaluate this statement?
Answer:
Archaeological excavations were started, in Mesopotamia in the 1840s. Excavations in sites like Uruk and Mari continued for decades. The hundreds of buildings, statues, tombs, tools and seals in Mesopotamia and the thousands of written documents are useful sources in recreating Mesopotamian history.

Question 2.
Iraq is a land with different physical features. Explain.
Answer:
Iraq is a land with widely different physical features. In its North-Eastern region, there are green plains, rivers with their banks full of trees and hills covered with all sorts of flowers. There is enough rain for cultivating different crops. Agriculture started here between BC 7000 and 6000. On the Northern side of Iraq there is a grassy plain. This place was suitable for grazing cattle. Naturally, the people here got a better life than those of mere agricultural farmers.

In the Eastern side there were the tributaries of River Tigris and they offered excellent travel facilities towards the hilly regions. The southern side is a desert. It is in Iraq that the first writings and urban life started. The fertile silt deposited by Euphrates and Tigris Rivers made this area very suitable for cultivation and therefore it could nurture urban life.

Question 3.
Agriculture was a main occupation of Mesopotamian people. What were their other occupations?
Answer:
Cattle herding and fishing.

Question 4.
Urban life is very important. Explain the importance of urban life in Mesopotamia.
Answer:

1. Mutual dependence (between cities & cities, between cities & villages).
2. Division of labour
3. Social organizations.

Question 5.
In Mesopotamia minerals were rare. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Mesopotamia was rich in food supplies. But minerals were rate there. In many parts of southern Mesopotamia, there weren’t enough stones to make work tools, seals and ornaments. The wood of the date palms and poplar trees of Iraq was not capable of being used in carts and wheels as it was too soft and brittle.

There weren’t minerals for making work tools, seals, pots, pans, and ornaments. Therefore the Mesopotamians got their clothes, timber, copper, lead, silver, gold, shells and different types of stones from Turkey and Iran.

Question 6.
Prepare a seminar paper on the Mesopotamian writing technique.
Answer:
Areas to be considered:

1. The development of writing
2. System of writing
3. Uses of writing

The development of writing: AH societies have languages. Certain sounds in the language give certain meanings. This is verbal exchange. When speech sounds are represented in visible forms, we have writing or script. Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand, The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that, the clay-slate is dried in the sun. This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates couldn’t be used again for writing other things.

System of Writing: A cuneiform symbol does not represent a mere consonant or vowel sound, but a number of letters. Therefore a Mesopotamian script writer had to leam hundreds of symbols. He should have had the competence to handle a wet clay-slate and write on it before it goes dry. Thus writing on the clay-slate was a highly skilled job. It was an intellectual exercise which translated the sound system of a language into a visible format.

Uses of Writing: Writing has given man invaluable contributions. There was a close tie between the writing of Mesopotamia and its urban life and trade. It was the kings that linked writing with trade.

Writing was used to store information and to exchange messages. Many saw Mesopotamian writing as a sign proclaiming the dominance of Mesopotamian urban culture.

The writing helped in communicating with other regions culturally and economically and to do the buying and selling on the basis of written agreements. In short, writing made trading easier. Writing helped in maintaining accounts and in keeping laws recorded. It was also useful for literary creations.

Question 7.
In South Mesopotamia, there were three kinds of cities. Which were they?
Answer:

1. Cities that grew around temples.
2. Cities that grew into commercial and trade centres.
3. Imperial Cities.

Question 8.
It was the control over the temples that helped kings to exercise their authority over people. Do you agree with this view? Justify.
Answer:
In due course, new institutions and traditions developed in the society. Powerful nobles began to work for their own welfare and also for the welfare of their community. The successful nobles attacked the weaker ones and looted precious things from them and gave them to the gods, beautifying the temples. They proclaimed themselves to be kings. They sent people around and got.stones and minerals for the prosperity of the community and also their gods. They also took steps to distribute the temple property efficiently. This helped the kings to get high status and authority over the people. In short, it was their control over the temples that helped them to have power over the people.

Question 9.
There used to be confrontations between the shepherds and farmers of Mari. Why?
Answer:
When the shepherds passed with their flocks through the sown fields, the plants got destroyed. This destruction of the crops caused conflicts between the shepherds and farmers. Sometimes the nomadic shepherds attacked agricultural villages and forcefully took away things which the villagers had stored. Farmers, on their side, often refused to let the shepherds and their flock move.to the river through their farms. They also refused to give water from their canals to the shepherds and their flocks causing friction.

Question 10.
For the Mesopotamians, urban life was very important. Examine the validity of this statement in the background of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Answer:
Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem that shows the love and pride the Mesopotamians felt for their cities. This poem has 12 parts and it is at the end of the poem that their pride for their cities has been shown. Gilgamesh was the king of the city of Uruk. He was a great warrior and he conquered even faraway places.

The death of his close friend was a turning point in the fife of Gilgamesh. f he shock inflicted on him by v the death of his friend persuaded him to embark on a journey seeking the mystery of immortality. He crossed mountains and seas, but his journey was a failure and he returned to his city Uruk. He tried to console and comfort himself by walking on the city wall this way and that way.

The wall was built with baked bricks and he looked at the base of the wall with admiration. He wrote the epic poem sitting on the wall. He was able to find consolation by unburdening his load of sorrow bn the wall which his people had built. The pride he felt helped him to overcome his sorrow. The epic of Gilgamesh makes it clear that the city was like life-giving oxygen to the Mesopotamians.

Question 11.
Describe the power of the Mesopotamian writing in the background of discoveries in the field of mathematics and astrology.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact, their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it. The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix the time of things and mathematics.

In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

You can Download Changing Traditions Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 6 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Changing Traditions

Question 1.
It was Marc Bloch who wrote the best historical book on Feudalism. Based on this statement, write about the contributions of Marc Bloch.
Answer:
Marc Bloch (1886-1944) was one of the people who believed that there are more important things in history than political events, international relations and the lives of great persons. Marc Bloch stressed the importance of geography in the making of human history. He also pointed out the importance of understanding the attitude and behaviour of social groups. His most important book is “Feudal Society”. It especially studies French society between 900 and 1300 AD. This deals with extensively with the social hierarchies, social relations, ownership and management of land and the popular culture of those days.

Question 2.
The region called Gaul later became France. On the basis of this statement, write about the early history of France.
Answer:
The early history of France-:
481 : Clovis-becomes the king of Franks.
486 : Clovis and the Franks attack north Gaul.
496 : Clovis and the Franks become Christians.
714 : Charles Martel becomes the’ Mayor of the Palace.
751 : Martel’s son Pepin overthrows the Frankish ruler and becomes the king, founding a new dynasty. Through conquests, he doubles the territory of his country.
768 : After Pepin, his son Charlemagne becomes the king.
800 : Pope Leo ill gives Charlemagne the title “Holy Roman Emperor”.
840 : From 840, there were attacks by the Vikings of Norway.

Question 3.
Priests were the first order. What were the other orders?
Answer:
The three orders were Priestly Class, Nobles, and Farmers.

Question 4.
Not everyone could become a priest. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge, estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows.

Question 5.
The Catholic Church and Feudalism shared many things. Do you agree with this viewpoint? Critically examine the.relations between the Church and Feudalism.
Answer:
The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers, the Church collected tithes. One-tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practiced in the Church. For example, the practice of praying to stand on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly, the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

Question 6.
Abbeys were different from churches. Explain how abbeys were different from churches in their structures.
Answer:
Devout Christians established abbeys that were different from churches. The monks who lived in the abbeys were not like the priests who lived among the people of cities and villages. The monies lived secluded lives. They stayed in small communities of religious people. The places where they stayed were called abbeys or monasteries. Monasteries were usually away from crowded centres. The persons who stayed in the abbeys were monks and their head was called Abbot.

There were many monasteries. But two of them became very famous. One was in Subiaco, Italy which was founded in 529 by St. Benedict. The other is the Cluny Abbey in Burgundy which was founded in 910.

The monks pledge to stay in the abbeys for the rest of their lives and spend their time in prayers, studies, farming, and other physical work. Women also could take religious vows and become Nuns. Nuns stayed in Convents. The nuns also could not marry.

Question 7.
The Abbeys have given great contributions to social and cultural spheres. Explain.
Answer:
The early abbeys were small communities with some 10 or 20 monks in each. But later they grew in size and some abbeys had hundreds of members. They . had big buildings and large estates. They also built schools, colleges, and hospitals around the abbeys. These abbeys have given great contributions in the spheres of Art and Knowledge. Abbot Hildegard was a gifted musician. The monks played a big role in the common collective prayers of the Congregations. They had kept copies of manuscripts of great books. This helped the growth of knowledge.

Question 8.
Writers have pointed out some drawbacks of the abbeys. Explain with examples.
Answer:
By the 14^th century, the abbeys started showing signs of unhealthy things. Some of them lost their values and forgot their goals. Then the writers started severely criticising and even mocking the monasteries. Langland’s ‘Pierce Plowman’ and Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” mock at the luxurious lives of some monks.

Question 9.
The Catholic Society welcomed the Holy Days. Why? Describe the reasons based on the relations between the Church and society.
Answer:
Christians started celebrating the 25th of December as the birthday of Christ (Christmas) and his resurrection after death as Easter. For the hardworking peasants, these were days free from work and they heartily welcomed them. Although these days were dedicated to prayers, people used most of the time for entertainment and feasting.

Question 10.
The economic base of feudalism is manorial estates. What are manorial estates? Explain their special features.
Answer:
A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate, there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates, there could be 50 or 60 families. The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the .herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

Question 11.
The social importance of the nobles came from their control over the land. Based on this statement explain the meaning of vassalage.
Answer:
It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king”. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land; to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

Question 12.
A manor was not fully self-sufficient. Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.
Answer:
It is true that a manor was not fully self-sufficient, It needed salt, grinding stone and metallic pots from outside. Similarly, the nobles got their luxury items like musical instruments, home appliances and ornaments from outside.

Question 13
Knights were warriors and related to the nobles. Find out how knighthood originated and the knights kept up their relations with the nobles.
Answer:
From the 9^th century onwards, there used to be regional wars in Europe. The peasant soldiers were not competent enough to win these battles. There was a need for a good cavalry. This need resulted in the formation of a new group of people known as knights. The knights were soldiers or warriors. They were related to the nobles. The noble gave the knight an area of land called fief and the knight pledged to protect it. Fief Gould be transferred hereditarily. A fief could be anything between 1000 to 2000 acres. It had a house in which the knight and family could live, a church, a watermill, and a vinery. The land was used by the knight and he promised to fight for the noble. To maintain their physical fitness the knights engaged in different kinds of training and sports. A knight could serve more than one noble. But his real loyalty was to his particular noble who had given him his fief.

Question 14.
Farmers were of two kinds. Explain.
Answer:
Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers.

Question 15.
Feudalism developed in England from the 11^th century. Based on this statement describe how feudalism grew in England.
Answer:
Feudalism developed in England from the 11^th century. The Angles and Saxons from Central Europe had started living in England in the 6^th century. The name England is a distortion of ‘Arigleland’.

In the 11^th century William, the Duke of Normandy crossed the English Channel with an army and defeated the Saxon king. From then onwards, England and France became bitter enemies. They often fought with each other for lands and trade. William, I made a map of the country and distributed it among the 180 Norman Nobles who had migrated to England with him. These Nobles became the king’s most important vassals. They had to give the king military service. They also had the obligation to give a fixed number of knights to the king. Soon the nobles started giving part of their land to the knights.

In return, the knights had to give similar services to, The lords as the lords were giving to the king. But the nobles could not use the knights for their private wars, as it was prohibited in England. Anglo-Saxon farmers became the serfs of the landowners. This is how feudalism grew in England.

Question 16.
Prepare a seminar paper showing the factors that affected the social and economic relations during the feudal age.
Answer:
During the feudal era, there were many processes that completely changed the prevailing social and economic relations. The factors that caused these changes were mainly the Environment, use of land and new agricultural technology.

From the 5^th century to the 10^th century, most parts of Europe were covered by dense forests. Naturally, these were very little agricultural land. Dissatisfied farmers ran away into the forests to escape from persecutions by their angry lords or knights. At this time Europe had a very cold climate. Extended winter periods adversely affected agriculture and crops. Production was drastically reduced.

But from the 11^th century, there were changes in the environment. The climate became warmer and the average warmth increased. This change in the climate was suitable for agriculture. Since there wasn’t much snow and ice, the farmers could plough and cultivate the land for longer periods.

Environmental historians show that in many parts of Europe forests receded. This helped in increasing agriculture. In the beginning, the agricultural technology was very primitive. They had only wooden ploughshares, pulled by bullocks. By using this plough, only the upper parts of the land could be ploughed. So they could not make use of the fertility of the deeper soil. Naturally, agriculture needed a lot ‘ of efforts. The lands were deepened by using hands. This was done once in four years and it needed a lot of physical efforts.

The biggest change in the economic sphere was the use of money. From the 11th century, money was used for transactions. Because of this personal relationship that was the basis of feudalism began to weaken. Nobles started demanding their taxes and shares in the form of money and not services.

Question 17
Describe the concept called the ‘The 4^th Order’ and prepare a note about the new cities and the city people.
Answer:
By the 11th century, the cities began to grow again. The reason for this was the surplus agricultural production. As the farmers began to produce enough grain to sustain the people in the cities, the cities began to grow. The farmers who had surpluses needed centres where they could sell their surplus, and where they could buy their work tools and clothes. This caused the growth of small markets and centres for selling things. Slowly they began to show the features of cities. There was a. square area, a church inside, roads along which there were shops and homes of merchants and an office where the administrators of the area met. Some cities grew around forts, estates of bishops . and big churches.

The majority of the city people were independent farmers or escaped serfs. These serfs did most of the unskilled jobs. There were different kinds of shops, big and small, and traders in the city. Gradually the cities needed specialized people like bankers and solicitors. In big cities, the population could be as many as 30,000. These cities were called the 4^th order.

Question 18.
From the 12^th century onwards, Cathedrals were built in France. Explain.
Answer:
Big churches are called Cathedrals. Although the owners of these cathedrals were monasteries, many people took part in their construction. They helped the construction by giving money, labour or material. The Cathedrals were built with stones. It took years to complete the work. As the construction was in progress, the areas around it were occupied by more and more people who came to live there. Some of , the cathedrals became pilgrimage centres. Around them, townships came up.

Question 19.
In the 14^th century, Europe faced a big crisis. Based on this statement discuss the reasons for this crisis.
Answer:
At the beginning of the 14^th century, the economic growth of Europe was reduced drastically. There were three reasons for that.
a) Change in the climate.
b) Lack of trade.
c) Plague.
By the end of the 13^th century, there were significant changes in the climate of Northern Europe. The warm climate disappeared and instead of cold climate came. This climatic change adversely affected cultivation. It was difficult to cultivate in higher areas. Storms and disturbances in the sea affected shipping and trade. This reduced the income to the people and the government. The government was not getting enough taxes both from the peasants as well as traders.

Then there was the plague or Black Death. It killed a lot of people and brought the economy to a standstill. It took a long time for Europe to overcome this sorry state of affairs.

Question 20.
Find out the reasons for the rise of despotic rulers and contrast them with traditional monarchies.
Answer:
The new despotic oilers were different from traditional kings. In the feudal system, the king was on top. But now things changed. King became the centre of society. The king needed the support of those who had power and authority. The king got this support through patronage. Many gave the king money to get this patronage. Thus money became very important. Merchants who were not nobles and bankers etc. could get into the royal court by giving money to the king. The king used this money to pay his soldiers. Thus the king allowed anti-feudal elements to get into the administrative system.

Students can Download Chapter 7 Formation of a Company Notes, Plus One Business Studies Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 7 Formation of a Company

Contents

• Promotion- Functions and Legal position of promoter
• Incorporation-Steps
• Capital subscription-Steps
• Commencement of business- Steps
• Memorandum of Association and its clauses- Articles of Association and its clauses- Prospectus and its clauses
• Differences between Memorandum and Articles of Association

The steps involved in the formation of a company are:

• Promotion
• Incorporation
• Capital subscription
• Commencement of business

Promotion:
Promotion is the first stage in the formation of a company. The identification of business opportunities, analysis of its prospects and initiating steps to form a joint stock company is called promotion. The person who undertakes to form a company is called promoter.
Functions of a Promoter:
1. Identification of business opportunity:
The first and foremost activity of a promoter is to identify a business opportunity.

2. Feasibility studies:
After identifying a business opportunity, the promoters undertake some feasibility studies to determine the viability and profitability of the proposed activity.

• Technical feasibility: To determine whether the raw materials or technology is easily available
• Financial feasibility: To determine the total estimated cost of the project
• Economic feasibility: To determine the I profitability of the proposed project

3. Name approval:
After selecting the name of company the promoters submit an application to the Registrar of companies for its approval. The selected name is not the same or identical to an existing company.

4. Fixing up signatories to the Memorandum of Association:
Promoters have to decide about the members who will be signing the Memorandum of Association of the proposed company.

5. Appointment of professional:
Promoters appoint merchant bankers, auditors etc. to assist them in the preparation of necessary documents.

6. Preparation of necessary documents:
The promoters prepare certain legal documents which are to be submitted to the Registrar of companies. They are

• Memorandum of Association
• Articles of Association,
• Consent of proposed Directors
• Agreement, if any, with proposed managing or whole time director
• Statutory declaration

Position of Promoters
The promoter is neither an agent nor a trustee of the company. The promoter stands in the fiduciary relationship with the company. He should not make any secret profits out of the dealings. Any, such gains are to be disclosed.

The promoter must act honestly, in good faith and in the best interest of the company. The promoter is personally liable for all the preliminary contracts with the other parties before incorporation. The promoter is also liable for any omission of facts or false statements in the prospectus.

Incorporation:
A company comes into existence only when it is registered with the Registrar of Companies. For this purpose the promoter has to take the following steps.
Steps for Incorporation:
(a) Application for incorporation:
Promoters make an application for the incorporation of the company to the Registrar of companies.

(b) Filing of documents:
The following documents must be filed with the Registrar of Companies for incorporation.

1. The Memorandum of Association duly stamped, signed and witnessed
2. Articles of Association duly stamped, signed and witnessed
3. Written consent of the proposed directors
4. Agreement, if any, with proposed managing or whole time director
5. A copy of the Registrar’s letter approving the name of the company.
6. Statutory declaration
7. A notice about the exact address of the registered office.
8. Documentary evidence of payment of registration fees.

The Registrar verifies the entire document submitted. If he is satisfied then he enters the name of the company in his Register. After the registration, the Registrar issues a Certificate called Certificate of Incorporation.

This is called the birth certificate of the company. With effect from November 1, 2000, the Registrar of Companies allots a CIN (Corporate Identity Number) to the Company.

Effect of the Certificate of Incorporation Certificate of Incorporation is the conclusive evidence of the legal existence of the company. A private company can commence its business after receiving Certificate of Incorporation. The certificate of incorporation is the birth certificate of the company.

Capital Subscription:
A public company can raise funds from the public by issuing shares and Debentures. Forthis it has to issue prospectus. The following steps are required for raising funds from the public:

1. A.public company is required to take approval from SEBI. (Securities and Exchange Board of India)
2. File a copy of prospectus or a statement in lieu of prospectus with the Registrar of Companies.
3. Appointment of Bankers, Brokers, Underwriters:
4. Ensure that minimum subscription is received;
5. Application for listing of company’s securities;
6. Refund/adjust excess application money received;
7. Issue allotment letters to successful applicants;
8. File return of allotment with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Commencement of Business:
A public company can commence business only after getting certificate of commencement of business from the Registrar. The company must file the following documents to obtain the certificate of commencement of business.

1. Declaration that the minimum subscription has been received in cash to allot shares.
2. A declaration that all directors have taken up and paid for their qualification shares
3. A statutory declaration stating that necessary legal formalities have been complied with has to be filed.

The Registrar shall examine these documents. If these are found satisfactory, a ‘Certificate of Commencement of Business’ will be issued. This certificate is conclusive evidence that the company is entitled to do business.

With the grant of this certificate the formation of a public company is complete and the company can legally start doing business. Documents used in the formation of a company.

Memorandum of Association:
It is the charter or magnacarta of the company. It defines the objects of the company and provides the framework beyond which the company cannot operate. It lays down the relationship of the company with outside world.

Memorandum of Association must be printed, divided into paragraphs, numbered consecutively. The Memorandum of Association must be signed by at least seven persons in case of a public company and by two persons in case of a private company.

Contents of Memorandum of Association:

1. The name clause: Under this clause the name of the company is mentioned. A company can select any name subject to the following restrictions.

1. The proposed name should not be identical with the name of another company
2. A name which can mislead the public
3. In case of a public company the name should end with the word ‘Limited’ and in case of a private company the name should end with the word ‘Private Limited’
4. The name must not directly or indirectly imply any participation of the Central or State Govt.
5. The name must not suggest any connection or patronage of a national hero
6. It should not include the word co operative.

2. Registered office clause:
This clause contains the name of the state, in which the registered office of the company is proposed to be situated. It must be informed to the Registrar within thirty days of the incorporation of the company.

3. Objects clause:
This is the most important clause of the memorandum. It defines the purpose for which the company is formed. A company is not legally entitled to undertake an activity, which is beyond the objects stated in this clause.

4. Liability clause:
It states that the liability of members is limited to the face value of shares held by them or the amount guaranteed to be paid on winding up.

5. Capital clause:
This clause specifies the maximum capital which the company will be authorised to raise through, the issue of shares.

6. Association clause:
In this clause, the signatories to the Memorandum of Association state their intention to be associated with the company and also give their consent to purchase qualification shares.

Articles of Association:
The Articles of Association is the second important document of a company. The Articles define the rights, duties and powers of the officers and the Board of directors. It contains the rules regarding internal management of the company. It shows the relationship between the company and its members.
Contents of Articles of Association:

1. The share capital of the company and its division.
2. Rights of each class of shareholders.
3. Details of contracts made with different parties.
4. Procedure for making allotment of shares.
5. Procedure for issuing share certificate.
6. Procedure for transfer and transmission of shares.
7. Procedure for forfeiture and reissue of shares.
8. Procedure for conducting meetings, voting, proxy and poll
9. Procedure for appointing, removal and remuneration of directors.
10. Procedure for declaration of and payment of dividend.
11. Keeping books of account and audit of the company.
12. Procedure regarding alteration of share capital.
13. Procedure regarding winding up of the company.

Table A:
A public limited company may adopt Table A which is a model set of articles given in the Companies Act. Table A is a document containing rules and regulations for the internal management of a company. If a company adopts Table A, there is no need to prepare separate Articles of Association.

Difference between Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association:

Memorandum of Association	Articles of Association
It defines the object for which the company is formed	They are rules of internal management of the company. They indicate how the objectives of the company are to be achieved
It is the main document of the company	It is a subsidiary document of the Memorandum of Association
It defines the relationship of the company with outsiders	It defines the relationship of the company with members
Acts beyond the Memorandum of Association are invalid and cannot be ratified.	Acts beyond the Articles of Association can be ratified by the members. But they do not violate memorandum
Filing of Memorandum is compulsory	Filing of Articles is not compulsory for public company
Alteration of Memorandum is very difficult	It can be altered by passing a special resolution

Prospectus:
Prospectus is a document issued by the public companies inviting the public to subscribe for shares or debentures of the company. It contains all information regarding the company’s affairs and its future prospects.

A prospectus must be dated and signed by all the directors. A copy of the prospectus must be filed with Registrar before it is issued to public.
Contents of prospectus:

1. Name and address of the registered office of the company.
2. Main objects of the company.
3. Classes of shares and debentures.
4. Name, address and occupation of the signatories to the memorandum.
5. Details of the borrowing powers of the company.
6. Name, address and occupation of the directors and managing director.
7. Name and address of the promoters.
8. Minimum subscription.
9. Time of opening and closing of subscription.
10. The amount payable on application and allotment of each class of shares.
11. Name of underwriters.
12. Details of preliminary expenses.

Companies which do not want to issue a prospectus may submit a statement in lieu of prospectus to the Registrar of Companies. It is a copy of the prospectus but is not issued to the public.

Statement in lieu of prospectus:
Sometimes a company may not invite public subscription and hence may not issue a prospectus. In such a case the Companies Act provides that at least three days before the first allotment, a statement called Statement in lieu of prospectus must be filled with the Registrar for registration of a company. It is drafted according to the Part 1 of Schedule 3 of the Act.

Minimum Subscription:
Minimum subscription is the minimum amount of shares that must be subscribed by the public. A company can make allotment of shares only after receiving the minimum subscription. Otherwise, the application money received must be returned to the applicants. Minimum subscription is 90% of the total number of shares offered to the public.

Preliminary contract:
During the promotion of the company, promoters enter into certain contracts with third parties on behalf of the company. These are called preliminary contracts. Promoters are personally liable to third parties for these contracts.

Qualification Shares:
According to the Articles of Association, a director must take a certain number of shares in a company to act as a director. These are called Qualification Shares. They have to pay for these shares before the company obtains Certificate of Commencement of Business.

Underwriting:
The process of appointing underwriters to ensure the minimum subscription of capital is known as underwriting. Underwriters undertake to buy the shares if these are not subscribed by the public. For this, they get underwriting commission.

Students can Download Chapter 5 Law of Motion Questions and Answers, Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Law of Motion

Plus One Physics Law of Motion One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which one of the following is not a force?
(a) Impulse
(b) Tension
(c) Thrust
(d) Weight
Answer:
(a) Impulse
Tension, thrust, weight are all common forces in mechanics whereas impulse is not a force.
Impulse = Force × Time duration.

Question 2.
A passenger getting down from a moving bus, falls in the direction of the motion of the bus. This is an example for
(a) Inertia of motion
(b) Second law of motion
(c) Third law of motion
(d) Inertia of rest
Answer:
(a) Inertia of motion
A passenger getting down from a moving bus, falls in the direction of the motion of the bus. This is because his feet come to rest on touching the ground and the remaining body continues to move due to inertia of motion.

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a contact force?
(a) Viscous force
(b) Magnetic force
(c) Friction
(d) Buoyant force
Answer:
(b) Magnetic force

Question 4.
A jet engine works on the principle of
(a) Conservation of linear momentum
(b) Conservation of mass
(c) Conservation of energy
(d) Conservation of angular momentum
Answer:
(a) Conservation of linear momentum
A jet engine works on the principle of linear momentum.

Question 5.
Newton’s second and third laws of motion lead to the conservation of
(a) linear momentum
(b) angular momentum
(c) potential energy
(d) kinetic energy
Answer:
(a) linear momentum
Newton’s second and third laws lead to the conservation of linear momentum.

Question 6.
A large force is acting on a body for a short time. The impulse imparted is equal to the change in
(a) acceleration
(b) momentum
(c) energy
(d) velocity
Answer:
(b) momentum
If a large force F acts for a short time dt, the impulse imparted is
I = F.dt, = \(\frac{d p}{d t}\).dt
I = dp = change in momentum.

Question 7.
When a shell explodes, the fragments fly apart though no external force is acting on it. Does this violate Newton’s first law of motion?
Answer:
No. The explosion takes place due to the internal force. The internal force does not change the position of centre of mass.

Question 8.
In taking a catch, a cricket player moves his hands backward on holding the ball. Why?
Answer:
We know F = \(\frac{\Delta P}{\Delta t}\)
When ∆t increases, the force acting on hand decreases.

Question 9.
Name the factor on which inertia depends.
Answer:
Mass

Question 10.
Why does a swimmer push the water backwards?
Answer:
A swimmer pushes the water backward in order to be pushed forward (Newton’s third law).

Question 11.
Rocket works on the principle of conservation of_______.
Answer:
Momentum

Question 12.
A man experience a backward jerk, while firing bullet from gun. Which law is applicable here? Answer:
Conservation of momentum.

Question 13.
If you jerk a piece of paper under a book quick enough, the book will not move. Why?
Answer:
This is due to inertia of rest.

Question 14.
Why it is difficult to walk on a slipper road?
Answer:
We will not get required reaction from slippery road.

Question 15.
A stone, when thrown on a glass window, smashes the window pan to pieces. But a bullet fired from the gun passes through it making a hole why?
Answer:
This is due to inertia of rest of glass window.

Question 16.
Why an athlete runs some distance before taking a jump?
Answer:
An athletic runs some distance before taking a jump to gain some initial momentum. It helps the athlete to jump more.

Question 17.
Why a horse can not pull a cart and run in empty space?
Answer:
The horse-cart system moves forward due to reaction of ground on the feet of horse. In free space, there is no reaction. So it can not pull cart.

Question 18.
Why parachute descends slowly?
Answer:
Parachute has large surface area. This increases fluid friction and slows down the motion of parachute.

Question 19.
Sand is thrown on tracks with snow. Why?
Answer:
The presence of snow on tracks reduces friction and driving is not safe. If sand is thrown, friction will be increased and driving becomes safe.

Question 20.
It is difficult to move a cycle along a road with its brakes on. Explain.
Answer:
When the cycle is moved with its brakes on, wheels can only skid. There will be sliding friction. The sliding friction is more compared to rolling friction. Hence it is difficult to move a cycle with its brakes on.

Plus One Physics Law of Motion Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Two masses are in the ratio 1:5

1. What is inertia.
2. What is the ratio of inertia of above case?

Answer:

1. The inability of a body to change it’s state of rest or uniform motion is called inertia.
2. Mass is a measure of inertia. Hence ratio of inertia is 1:5.

Question 2.
More force is required to push a body than pull to get same speed on a ground with some friction. Why?
Answer:
When we push, the action on the surface and normal reaction on the body increases. (Friction is directly proportional to normal reaction).

As a result more force is required to push the body. When we pull, normal reaction decreases. Hence friction decreases. Hence less force is required to pull the body.

Question 3.
A lift in a multistoried building is moving from ground floor to third floor. What will happen to weight of a person sitting in side of the lift.

1. A When starts to move up from ground floor.
2. When the lift moves with constant speed.

Answer:

1. A weight increases weight w = mg + ma
2. weight is constant ie. w = mg

Question 4.
Why it is advisable to hold a gun tight to one’s shoulder when it is being fired?
Answer:
The recoiling gun can hurt the shoulder. If gun is held tightly against the shoulder, the body and gun act a system. This will reduce recoil velocity as it is inversly proportional to mass of system.

Question 5.
Why shockers are used in vehicles?
Answer:
When there is a jerk or jump, the time for which force acts (∆t) increases. As the product of force and time for which force acts (F∆t) remains constant, increase in At will reduce the force. This provide smooth motion.

Plus One Physics Law of Motion Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the magnitude and direction of net force on

1. a drop of rain falling down with a constant velocity.
2. a stone of mass 0.1 kg just after it dropped from the window of a tram accelerating at 1 ms^-2.

Answer:
1. Net force is zero

2. When stone is dropped, gravitational force will act on the stone.
Gravitational force F = mg
= 0.1 × 10
= 1 N downward.

Question 2.
An external force is always required to break the inertia of a body which is either in the state of rest or state of uniform motion.

1. Which law governs this statement?
2. Can all forces produce acceleration? Why?
3. A boy holding a spring balance in his hand suspend a mass 2kg from it. If the balance slips from his hand and falls down, find the reading of the balance while it is in the air.

Answer:

1. Newtons first law of motion.
2. No. If resultant force acting on the body is zero, the body will move with constant velocity or remain at rest.
3. Zero

Question 3.
A man weighs 70 kg. He stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving.

1. upward with a uniform speed of 10 m/s.
2. downward with an uniform acceleration of 5 m/s².
3. upward with an uniform accelerate of 5 m/s². (Take g = 10m/s²). Find weight in each case.

Answer:
1. Weight W = mg
= 70 × 10 = 700 N.

2. W = mg – ma
= 70 × 10 – 70 × 5
= 700 – 350
= 350 N

3. W = mg + ma
= 70 × 10 + 70 × 5
= 700 + 350
= 1050N.

Question 4.
A body of mass ‘m’ is placed on a rough inclined plane having coefficient of friction µ_s. The inclination of plane is given as ‘θ’.

1. Which component of weight brings the body towards the bottom along the plane.
2. Find how much force is required to pull the body along the plane.

Answer:

1. mg Sinθ brings the body downwards
2. When the body moves upwards the frictional force (F_s) acts downwards
   Total pulling Force = mg Sinθ + Frictional force (F_s) (u, mgCosθ).

Question 5.
Four person sitting in the back seat of a car at rest, is pushing on the front seat.

1. Does the car move. Why?
2. State the law which help you to answer above question.
3. Long jumpers take a long run before the jump. Why?

Answer:

1. No. Action and reaction cancel each other.
2. Newtons third law of motion.
3. To get large inertia of motion.

Question 6.
A Cricket player lowers his hands while catching a Cricket ball to avoid injury.

1. What do you mean by impulsive force?
2. Prove impulse – momentum theorem.

Answer:
1. The forces which acton bodies for short time are called impulsive forces.
Example:

• In hitting a ball with a bat
• In firing a gun

2. F = \(\frac{d p}{d t}\)
F∆t = dp
impulse = change in momentum.

Plus One Physics Law of Motion Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A bead sliding on a wire A moves to C through B as shown in the figure. The bead at A has a speed of200cms

1. what is speed at B?
2. To what height will it rise before it returns?
3. Why the ball moves up even after reaching the bottom most point B?

Answer:
1. mgh = 1/2 mv²
m × 10 × 0.8 = 1/2 mv²
V² = 2 × 10 × 0.8
V = \(\sqrt{2 \times 10 \times 0.8}\)
V = 4 m/s.

2. 80 cm (if friction is neglected).

3. when the ball reaches at B, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Due to this kinetic energy the ball raises to the point c.

Question 2.
Figure shows a block (mass m₁) on a smooth horizontal surface, connected by a thin cord that passes over a pulley to a second block (m₂), which hangs vertically.

1. Obtain formula for the acceleration of the system and tension in the cord.
2. If m₁ and m₂ interchanges its position, will it affect the tension of the string?
3. What is the acceleration of the system if m₁ = 5 kg and m₂ = 2kg?

Answer:
1. When the body m₂ moves in down ward direction.
m₂g – T = m₁ a
T = m₂g – m₁a.

2. New tension can be found from the relation
m₁g – T = m₂a
T = m₁g – m₂ a.

3. Acceleration of system, a

Question 3.
The collision of two ice hockey players are shown in figure.

Analyse the data given in the figure and answer the following questions.

1. Which conservation law is applicable in this case.
2. In which direction and at what speed do they travel after they stick together.
   [Hint – towards right can be taken us +ve direc¬tion and vice versa]
3. If we assume the friction of playing ground is zero, predict the nature of motion and the point at which they come to rest.

Answer:
1. Conservation of linear momentum.

2. Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision.
110 × 4 + 90 × -6 = (110 + 90)v
v = 0.5 m/s
-ve direction, (in the direction of man mass 90 kg).

3. Uniform motion They will not stop.

Question 4.
A circular track of radius 300m is kept with outside of track raised to make 5 degree with the horizontal.

1. Name the process in which outside of the road is raised little above the inner.
2. Obtain an expression for the optimum speed to avoid skidding (considering to friction)

Answer:
1. Banking of roqd

2.


Consider a vehicle along a curved road with angle of banking θ. Then the normal reaction on the ground will be inclined at an angle θ with the vertical.
The vertical component can be divided into N Cosθ (vertical component) and N sinθ (horizontal component). The frictional force can be divided into two components. Fcosθ (horizontal component) and F sinθ (vertical component).
From the figure
N cos θ = F sinθ + mg
N cosθ – F sinθ = mg ______(1)
The component Nsin0 and Fsinθ provide centripetal force. Hence
N sinθ + F cos θ = \(\frac{\mathrm{mv}^{2}}{\mathrm{R}}\) ______(2)
eq (1) by eq (2)

Dividing both numerator and denominator of L.H.S by N cosθ. We get

This is the maximum speed at which vehicle can move over a banked curved road.
Optimum speed:
Optimum speed is the speed at which a vehicle can move over a curved banked road without using unnecessary friction. Putting µ = 0 in the above equation we get
v₀ = \(\sqrt{\mathrm{Rg} \tan \theta}\).

Question 5.
A circular track of radius 400m is kept with outer side of track raised to make 5° with the horizontal (coefficient of friction 0.2)
(a) Name such track?
(b) What is optimum speed to avoid wear and tear of type?
(c) What is the maximum permissible speed to avoid skidding?
Answer:
(a) Banking.

Plus One Physics Law of Motion Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A horse pulls a cart with constant force so that the cart moves with a constant speed.

1. Does it violate Newtons second law of motion?
2. If not, how will you account for the non acceleration of the cart?
3. Will the speed of the cart increase, decrease or remain the same if the horse applied more force?
4. A body of mass 5kg is acted upon by two perpendicular forces 8N and 6N. Give the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the body.

Answer:
1. No.

2. The force applied by the car is balanced by the frictional force. Hence the cart moves with constant velocity.

3. If the horse is applied more force, the speed of the cart increases.

4. The resultant force,

F = 10N
We know, F = ma
10 = 5 × a
acceleration, a = \(\frac{5}{10}\) = 2 m / sec²

The angle of resultant force,

θ = tan^-1 6/8
θ = 36°52¹
The angle of acceleration θ = 36°52¹.

Question 2.

1. Friction is the force which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact with each other. What is a limiting static friction? State the laws related to this.
2. Show that the coefficient of friction is equal to the tan of the angle between the resultant and normal reactions.
3. For a body of mass 5kg on a plane at a limiting static friction of 30 degrees. What is the force of friction?

Answer:
1. The maximum value of static friction is called limiting static friction.

• The magnitude of the limiting friction is independent of the area of contact between the surfaces.
• The limiting static friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction R.

ie f α R
f_s = µ_sR.

2. Angle of friction is the angle whose tangent gives the coefficient of friction.

Consider a body placed on a surface. Let N be the normal reaction and limit is the limiting friction. Let ‘θ’ be the angle between Resultant vector and normal reaction. From the triangle OBC,

∴ tanθ = µ.

3. Tangent of the angle cient of friction.
µ_s = tanθ
µ_s = tan 30
µ_s = \(1 / \sqrt{3}\)
Friction F = µ_smg
= \(1 / \sqrt{3}\) × 5 × 10
F = \(\frac{50}{\sqrt{3}}\)N.

Question 3.
The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the external force applied on it, and takes place always in the direction of force applied.

1. Name this law.
2. Using this law obtain the expression for force.
3. The motion of a particle of mass m is described by y = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt². Find the force acting on it.

Answer:
1. Newton’s Second Law.

2. Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a momentum \(\vec{p}\). Let \(\vec{F}\) be the force acting on it for time internal ∆t. Due to this force the momentum is changed from \(\vec{p}\) to p + ∆p. Then according to Newtons second law, we can write

Where K is a constant pf proportionality. When we take the limit ∆t → 0, we can write

3.

Hence force F = mg.

Question 4.
Recoil of gun is based on the principle of conservation of momentum.

1. State the principle of conservation of momentum.
2. Explain the reoil velocity of gun.
3. A bullet of mas 100g is fired from a rife of mass 200 kg with a spped of 50 m/s. Calculate the recoil velocity of the rife.

Answer:
1. According to law of conservation of linear momentum, if the external force acting on a body is zero, total linear momentum remains constant. According to Newton’s second law.
F = \(\frac{d p}{d t}\)
If F = 0, \(\frac{d p}{d t}\) = 0 i.e; P is constant.

2. Let M, m be the mass of gun and bullet respectively. Let V and ν be the velocities of gun and bullet after firing.
According to consevation of momentum
Total momentum before firing = Total momentum after firing
∴ O = MV + m ν
-MV = mν
The above equation shows that when bullet moves in forward direction, the gun moves in back direction. This motion of gun is called recoil of gun.

3. M = 200kg, m = 100g = 0.1kg
ν = 50 m/s, V = ?
MV = mν
200 × V = 0.1 × 50
V = \(\frac{0.1 \times 50}{200}\)m/s.

Question 5.
While firing a bullet, the gun must be held tight to the shoulder.

1. Which conservation law helps you to explain this
2. “In the firing process, the speed of the gun is very low compared to the speed of the bullet.” Substantiate the above statement using mathematical expressions.
3. A shell of 20kg moving at 50m/s bursts in to two parts of masses 15kg and 5kg. If the larger part continues to move in the same direction at 70 m/s. What is the velocity and direction of motion of the other piece.

Answer:
1. Conservation of momentum.

2. Total momentum is conserved
∴ mu + MV = 0
V = \(\frac{-m u}{M}\) M is very large. Hence v is small

3. MV = m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂
20 × 50 = 5u₁ + 15 × 70
5u₁ = ^–50
u₁ = ^–10m/s.

Question 6.
While firing a bullet, the gun must be held tight to the shoulder.

1. This is a consequence of______
2. Show that recoil velocity is opposite to the muzzle velocity of the bullet.
3. A gun of mass 5 kg fire a bullet of mass 5g, vertically upwards to a height of 100m. Calculate the recoil velocity of gun.

Answer:
1. Conservation of linear momentum.

2. Let M be the mass of gun and m be the mass of bullet. When gun fires, the gun and bullet acquire velocities V and v respectively.
According to conservation of momentum.
Total momentum before firing = Total momentum afterfiring
m × o + M × o = mu + MV
O = mv + MV
ie. – MV = mv
V = \(\frac{-m v}{M}\)

3. M = 5kg, m = 5 × 10^-3 kg, h = 100m
v² = u² + 2as
0 = u² + 2 × 10 × 100
Velocity of bullet,

Question 7.
A standing passenger falls backwards when the bus starts suddenly.

1. Explain why this happens?
2. Which Newtons law gives the above concept. State the law.
3. Obtain an expression for force using Newtons law.

Answer:
1. Due to inertia of rest, the body continues in the state of rest.

2. Newtons first law:
Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless it is compelled by an external unbalanced force to change that state:

3. Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a momentum \(\vec{p}\). Let \(\vec{F}\) be the force acting on it for time internal ∆t. Due to this force the momentum is changed from \(\vec{p}\) to p + ∆p. Then according to Newtons second law, we can write

Where K is a constant pf proportionality. When we take the limit ∆t → 0, we can write

Question 8.
According to Newton’s law of motion rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to applied force.
a. Impulse has the unit similarto that of

1. Momentum
2. force
3. time
4. Energy

b. A man falling from certain height receives more injuries when he falls on a marble floor than when he falls on a heap of sand. Explain. Why?
c.

Force – time graph for a body starting from rest is shown in the figure. What is the velocity of the body at the end of 12 second? (Mass of the body is 5 kg)
Answer:
a. 1. Momentum.

b. When a man falls on a marble floor, the momentum is reduced to zero in lesser time. Due to this, the rate of change of momentum is large. So greater force acts on a man falls on marble floor.

c. The area of force – time graph gives change in momentum.
ie. change in momentum,
mv = 1/2 × (12 – 4) × (20 -10)
mv = 40

Plus One Physics Law of Motion NCERT Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on
(a) a drop of rain falling down with a constant speed.
(b) a cork of mass 10g floating on water
(c) a kite skillfully held stationary in the sky
(d) a car moving with a constant velocity of 30km h^-1 on a rough road
(e) a high – speed electron in space far from all material objects, and free of electric and magnetic fields.
Answer:
Applying Newton’s first law of motion, we find that no net force acts in any of the situations, (a) to (d). Again, no force in situation (e). This is because electron is far away from all material agencies producing electromagnetic and gravitational forces.

Question 2.
A constant retarding force of 50 N is applied to a body of mass 20kg moving initially with a speed of 15ms^-1. How long does the body take to stop?
Answer:
Acceleration, a = –\(\frac{50 \mathrm{N}}{20 \mathrm{kg}}\) = -2.5ms^-2
[Negative sign indicates retardation]
u = 15ms^-1, v = 0, t = ?
v = u + at
0 = 15 – 2.5t or 2.5t = 15 or
t = \(\frac{15}{2.5}\)s = 6.0s.

Question 3.
A constant force acting on a body of mass 3.0kg changes its speed from 2.0ms^-1 to 3.5 ms^-1 in 25s. The direction of motion of the body remains unchanged. What is the magnitude and direction of the force?
Answer:
m = 3kg; u = 2ms^-1; v = 3.5 ms^-1;
t = 25s ; F = ?
v = u + at
3.5 = 2 + 25a or a = 0.06 ms^-2
F = ma = 3kg × 0.06 ms^-2 = 0.18N.
The direction of force is along the direction of motion.

Question 4.
A bob of mass 0.1 kg hung from the ceiling of a room by a string 2 m long is set into oscillation. The speed of the bob at its mean position is 1 ms^-1. What is the trajectory of the bob if the string is cut when the bob is

1. at one of its extreme positions.
2. at its mean position.

Answer:

1. At the extreme position, the speed of the bob is zero. If the string is cut, it will fall vertically down wards.
2. At the mean position, the bob has a horizontal velocity. If the string is cut, it will fall along a parabolic path.

Question 5.
A man of mass 70kg stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving

1. upwards with a uniform speed of 10ms^-1
2. downwards with a uniform acceleration of 5ms^-2
3. upwards with a uniform acceleration of 5ms^-2 What would be the readings on the scale in each case?
4. What would be the reading if the lift mechanism failed and it hurtled down freely under gravity?

Answer:

1. a = 0, R = mg = 70 × 10 N = 700N
2. mg – R = , ma ; R – mg – ma = (g – a)
   = 70(10 – 5) N = 350N
3. R – mg = ma or R = m(g + a)
   = 70(10 + 5)N = 1056 N
4. In the event of free fall, it is a condition of weight lessness.

Question 6.
A nucleus is at rest in the laboratory frame of reference. Show that if it dist integrates into two smaller nuclei, the products must move in opposite directions.
Answer:
Applying principle of conservation of momentum,

The negative sign indicates that the products move in opposite directions.

Question 7.
A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by a gun of mass 100kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is 80ms^-1, what is the recoil speed of the gun?
Answer:
m = 0.02kg, M = 100kg, v = 80ms^-1, V = ?

= -0.016ms^-1 = -1.6cm s^-1
Negative sign indicates that gun moves in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the bullet.

You can Download Philosophy of The Indian Constitution Document Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 10 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Philosophy of The Indian Constitution

Philosophy of The Indian Constitution Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the political philosophy of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The political philosophy is contained in Preamble. The most important and precious part of the Constitution is the Preamble. It is the key to the Constitution and the yardstick to measure it. The philosophical and fundamental features of the Constitution are uncovered in the Preamble. The social and economic goals are also seen here. The Indian Constitution is not a mere book of rules. It contains moral values and viewpoints. It has a political philosophy of its own. The ideas in the Constitution should be in the background of the discussions that took place in the Constitutional Assembly.

Question 2.
The following chart shows the aspects related to the political philosophy of the Indian Constitution. Observe the chart and prepare a seminar paper.

Answer:
The +1 students of Ernakulam HSS organized a seminar on the topic “The Political philosophy of the Indian Constitution.” The class was divided into 7 groups and the points were discussed. After that, the leaders presented the views of each group.
a) Individual freedom: Our Constitution is very much concerned with Individual freedom. For example, we have the Fundamental Rights.
b) Social Justice: The mission of the nation is ensuring Social Justice. The different articles of the Constitution are the means for this. For example Article 16.
c) Respect for Diversity and Minority Rights: The Constitution guarantees the educational and cultural rights of the minorities in India.
d) Secularism: This is the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution. It treats all religions equally.
e) Universal Franchise: The Constitution ensures that all adults of 18 and above have their voting rights without any discrimination.
f) federalism : India is a Federation. The Centre-State relations are defined clearly.
g) National Identity: Our Constitution nurtures both national identity as well as a regional identify simultaneously.

Question 3.
India adopted a secularist pattern as different from the western model. Give the reasons.
Answer:
The political and social conditions in India are quite different from those of the West. Here we see unity in diversity. The Western Secularist view is that to ensure individual freedom and rights of the citizens, the nation and religion should be kept separate. In India, we treat all religions equally.

Question 4.
Elaborate on the political philosophy of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. In different countries of the world, there are different types of constitutions.

The most important and precious part of the Constitution is the Preamble. It is the key to the Constitution and the yardstick to measure it. The philosophical and fundamental features of the Constitution are uncovered in the Preamble. The social and economic goals are also seen here. The Indian Constitution is not a mere book of rules. It contains moral values and viewpoints. It has a political philosophy of its own. The ideas in the Constitution should be in the background of the discussions that took place in the Constitutional Assembly. The main points of the philosophy of the Indian Constitution are Individual freedom, Social Justice, Respect for Diversity and Minority Rights, Secularism, Universal Franchise, Federalism and National Identity.

Question 5.
Which among the following principles did India adopt for its secularism?
a) The nation has nothing to do with religion.
b) The nation has close ties with religion.
c) The Nation can use its discretionary powers in religion.
d) To abolish certain evil practices in the religion, the nation takes initiatives.
e) The nation recognizes the rights of different religious groups.
f) The nation has only limited powers in interfering in religious matters.
Answer:
c) The Nation can use its discretionary powers in religion.
d) To abolish certain evil practices in the religion, the nation takes initiatives.
e) The nation recognizes the rights of different religious groups.

Question 6.
The Indian Constitution has made some procedural achievements. Explain.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has made some procedural achievements. There are 5 features which can be considered quite basic. They are:

• Rights of the religious minorities
• The right of the nation to intervene
• Universal adult franchise
• Federalism
• National identity.

Apart from these, the Constitution has achieved some practical gains.
They are mainly two;

1. The faith in discussions and consideration,
2. the attitude for reconciliation and inclusion.

Question 7.
Match the following:

A	B
Secularism	Justifiable gain
Universal adult franchise	National identity
RowlattAct	Mutual exclusion
Single society	Personal freedom

Answer:

A	B
Secularism	Mutual exclusion
Universal adult franchise	Justifiable gain
RowlattAct	Personal freedom
Single society	National identity

Question 8.
Prepare a short description on the criticisms against the Constitution of India.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is not beyond criticism. There have been many criticisms, but the most important of them are the following 3.
a) Unwieldy: The basis of this criticism is the feeling a constitution must be brief and precise. But since the Indian circumstances are quite different from others, this criticism does not have any validity.
b) It is not representative enough: The members of the Constituent Assembly were chosen with limited franchise. Universal franchise could not be used there. The Indian Constitutional Assembly was formed according to the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission and therefore we could not make it completely democratically representational. It was because in the Assembly there were representations from the Princely States and Territories directly under British control.
c) A Document with a foreign citizenship or Not Fully Indian: Figuratively it means the ideas and provisions of the Constitution were borrowed extensively from different constitutes of the world.

Question 9.
Who wrote the book “In Defence of Liberation’?
Answer:
K.M. Panicker

Question 10.
Nations that consider religion as a private or personal subject are called
Answer:
Secular Nations (States)

Question 11.
The Indian Constitutional Bill of ……….. was an important step in the history of universal adult franchise.
Answer:
1895

You can Download Constitution as a Living Document Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 9 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Constitution as a Living Document

Constitution as a Living Document Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Are Constitutions static?
Answer:
No, they aren’t. Constitutions develop through amendments. The Constitution is the basic document of any nation. There is a need to bring in timely changes in it because of the social, political, economic and cultural changes that take place with the passage of time. The architects of the Constitution have made provisions to make amendments in the Constitution.

Question 2.
Explain the procedure for the amendment of the Constitution.
Answer:
Amendments to the Constitution:
Article 368 describes the right of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure for the amendment. Some sections of the Constitution can be easily amended but some sections are not o easy to amend. On the basis of amendment, the sections of the Constitution can be divided into 3. Some sections of the Constitution can be easily amended with a simple majority in the Parliament. But to amend some sections, 2/3 majority is needed.

To amend fundamental rights and Directive principles, 2/3 majority is needed. For amending some very important sections, the majority of the total number of the Parliamentarians and 2/3 majority of those present and voting is needed. Apart from this, recognition of the States is also necessary. At least half of the State Assemblies must favor the amendment. Subjects like election of the President, the executive rights of the Union and the States, Supreme Court, High Courts, relations between the Union and the States, the lists in the 7th schedule, the representation of the States in the Parliament, etc. come in the third group.

The Amendment Bills should be submitted to the President for his approval. Only when he signs them, they come into effect. A Bill for amendment can originate in any House. The Assemblies in the States can’t bring Bills of Amendments.

Question 3.
“At the same time, the Constitution must be flexible and rigid.” Do you agree?
Answer:
Yes, I do. If changes are to be brought in according to the social, political, economic and cultural changes that take place with the passage of time, the Constitution has to be flexible. But at the same time, it should be rigid so as to protect the rights of citizens, the basic structure of the nation, division of powers between the Centre and State, etc. It is not easy to amend a rigid Constitution.

Question 4.
“The Indian Constitution is a living document.” Comment.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is a living document. Since it has both flexible and rigid features, timely changes can be brought into it because of the changing social, political, economic and cultural circumstances. Through the various interpretations of the Constitution by the Supreme Court also the Constitution grows. So far some 100 amendments have been made and this clearly shows that the Constitution is living and growing.

Question 5.
There are three types of Constitutional amendments. Explain them.
Answer:
Amendments to the Indian Constitution can be made in three ways:
a) Some sections of the Constitution can be easily amended with a simple majority in the Parliament. Adding new States, formation of new States, formation of State Legislative Councils, Dissolution of the Councils, etc. come in this category.
b) To amend some sections, 2/3 majority is needed.
c) To amend fundamental rights and Directive principles, 2/3 majority is needed. For amending some very important sections, the majority of the total number of the Parliamentarians and 2/3 majority of those present and voting is needed. Apart from this, recognition of the States is also necessary. At least half of the State Assemblies must favor the amendment.
d) To prepare amendments, the Constitution has not made any special condition.
e) The procedure for amendment is included in article 368.

Question 6.
Clarify the concept of “Special Majority” and “Simple Majority”.
Answer:
Some amendments can be made by a simple majority in the Parliament. Adding new States, formation of new States, formation of State Legislative Councils, Dissolution of the Councils, etc. come in this category.

To amend some sections, 2/3 majority is needed.
To amend fundamental rights and Directive principles, 2/3 majority is needed. For amending some very important sections, the majority of the total number of the Parliamentarians and 2/3 majority of those present and voting is needed. Apart from this, recognition of the States is also necessary.

Question 7.
State whether the following are true or false.
Answer:
a) The President can’t return an Amendment Bill for the reconsideration of the Parliament.
b) Only elected members have the right to amend the Constitution.
c) The Judiciary can only interpret the Constitution in a different way and bring some changes, but it can’t take the initiative to amend it.
d) The Parliament can amend any section of the Constitution.
e) The Indian Constitution is a living document.
f) Secularism does not come in the basic structure of the Constitution.
Answer:
a) True
b) True
c) True
d) True
e) False
f) False

Question 8.
The Indian Constitution was amended 94 times during the last 60 years. Why have been there so many amendments?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is flexible enough to adapt to changes. During the period 1970-1990, Congress had the upper hand. The actions plans of the Congress were presented as Constitutional Changes. The later period was that of Coalition Governments. Even then many amendments were made. All this shows that our Constitution is a living one.

Question 9.
Prepare a note on the contents of Constitutional amendments made so far.
Answer:
We can classify the Constitutional amendments made so far into 3:

1. Technical or Administrative amendments.
2. Different interpretations.
3. Amendments through political adjustment and cooperation.

Apart from these, there have also been amendments of controversial nature.

Question 10.
The 42^nd Amendment was of the most controversial amendments so far. Explain.
Answer:
The 42^nd amendment passed by the Indian Parliament in 1976 is called ‘the little Constitution’. Many articles of the Constitution were amended. These changes were brought to overcome the Supreme Court order in the Kesavananda case. Some controls were brought in the powers of the Judiciary. Fundamental duties were added. In the Preamble, the words Secularism and Socialism were added. The life of the Parliament was raised from 6 years from 5 years. In short 42^nd amendment was made for the Emergency declared in 1975.

Question 11.
Who or what among the following are included in the constitutional amendment of India? In what way they are included?
a) Voters
b) State Assemblies
c) President
d) Governors
e) Parliament
f) Judiciary
Answer:
State Assemblies, President, Parliament

Question 12.
Which among the following were the controversial subjects of the 42^nd constitutional amendment?
a) It was done at the time of the declaration of Emergency. The declaration of Emergency itself was controversial
b) It did not have the special majority required.
c) It did not get the approval from the State Assemblies.
d) It contained many controversial issues.
e) It did not have the approval of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
a) It was done at the time of the declaration of Emergency. The declaration of Emergency itself was controversial.
c) It did not get the approval from the State Assemblies.
d) It contained many controversial issues.

Question 13.
Point out the main subjects included in the basic structure of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Basic structure of the Indian Constitution: These are the important subjects included in the Indian Constitution:

• Supremacy of the Constitution
• Federal system
• Secularism
• Democratic Republic nature
• Rule of Law, Judicial Review
• Fundamental Rights
• Social-Economic justice
• Parliamentary Government
• Independent Judiciary

The Supreme Court made a verdict that the Parliament has no authority to change the basic structure of the Constitution.

Question 14.
Open Constitutions which welcome changes are called …………
Answer:
Flexible constitutions

Question 15.
When was the Indian Constitution approved?
Answer:
26 November 1949

Question 16.
It was the …………. Amendment that included Fundamental Duties in the Constitution.
Answer:
42^nd

Question 17.
Who was the Chairman of the Commission appointed for the review of the Constitution?
Answer:
Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah