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Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus One Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Previous Year Question Paper September 2021

Questions from 1 to 11, answer for 16 scores.(16)

Question 1.
Name the First Chief Election Commissioner of Free India. (1)
Answer:
SukumarSen

Question 2.
Fundamental Rights are included in part of the Constitution. (II, III, IV).
Answer:
III

Question 3.
Identify the process by which the President of India is removed. (1)
a. Impeachment,
b. Quorum,
c. Jerrymandering
Answer:
Impeachment

Question 4.
is an example of All India Service. (1)
(a) Indian Administrative Service
(b) Indian Foreign Service
(c) Indian Revenue Service
Answer:
Indian Administrative Service

Question 5.
Name the case in which the Judiciary advanced the
theory of basic structure. (1)
a) Golak Nath Case
b) Kesavananda Bharati Case
c) Minerva Mill Case
Answer:
Kesavananda Bharati case

Question 6.
Identify the Amendment related to Urban Local Government (Nagarapalikas)
Answer:
74th

Question 7.
Complete the chart showing the Civil Services in India.
Answer:
All India Serive, State Service

Question 8.
Certain subjects related to Union list, State List and Concurrent list are given below. Arrange them appropriately in the table. (War and Peace, Education, Agriculture, Police, Banking, Forest)

Union List	State List	Concurrent List

Answer:

Union List	State List	Concurrent List
War and peace	Agriculture	Education
Banking	Police	Forest

Question 9.
Identify the following rights and write them in the appropriate columns. (Right to life, Right to vote, Right to work, Right to get adequate wages, Right to property, Right to contest elections)

Political Right	Economic Right	Civil Right

Answer:

Political Right	Economic Right	Civil Right
Right to vote	Right to work	Right to life
Right to contest elections	Right to get adequate wages	Right to property

Question 10.
Some books and authors are given in the table. Match them properly.

Books	Authors
On Liberty	Nelson Mandela
Freedom from Fear	Mahatma Gandhi
Hind Swaral	J .S.MilI
Long Walk to Freedom	Auna San Suu Kyi

Answer:

Books	Authors
On Liberty	J .S.MilI
Freedom from Fear	Auna San Suu Kyi
Hind Swaral	Mahatma Gandhi
Long Walk to Freedom	Nelson Mandela

Answer any four questions from 12 to 21. Each carries 3 scores. (4 × 3 = 12)

Question 11.
Some borrowed provisions of Indian Constitution from other countries are given below. Arrange them properly in the table.
[(a) Fundamental Rights (b) Liberty, Equality and Fraternity (c) Law making procedure (d) Directive Principles of State Policy]

Country	Borrowed Provisions
Britain
USA (America)
France
Ireland

Answer:

Country	Borrowed Provisions
Britain	Law making procedure
USA (America)	Fundamental rights
France	Liberty, equity and paternity
Ireland	Directive principles of state policy

Answer any four questions from 12 to 21. Each carries 3 scores. (4 × 3 = 12)

Question 12.
What is the significance of studying Political theory?
Answer:

1. The study of Political Theory mould better citizens get aware of the rights and duties.
2. To develop basic knowledge about political ideals and institutions.
3. Make the citizens aware of the Political concepts helps students in various intellectual activities.

Question 13.
Our Constitution can be amended in three different methods. Write these methods.
Answer:

1. Simple majortiy
2. Special majority
3. Special majority with ratification of states

Question 14.
Identify the major criticisms levelled against Indian Constitution.
Answer:

1. Unwidely
2. Unrepresentative
3. Alien document

Question 15.
Explain the discretionary powers of the President of India.
Answer:

1. The president can send back the advices given by the council of ministers for reconsideration.
2. President can without or send back the bill for reconsideration.
3. Discretion in choosing the Prime Minister when there is a hung Parliment.

Question 16.
What do you mean by independence of judiciary?
Answer:

1. Independence of Judiciary means the judiciary must be able to discharge its duties and responsibilities without fear, freely and impartially.
2. The other organs of the govt must not restrain the functioning of the judiciary.
3. The other organs of the govt should not interfere with the decisions of the juciciary.

Question 17.
Write three measures for promoting equality.
Answer:

1. Establishing formal eqality
2. Equality through different treatment
3. Affirmative action

Question 18.
Mention three limitations of Indian Constitution.
Answer:

1. Indian Constitution has a centralised idea of national unity.
2. Constitution keeps silence regarding some important issues of gender justice, particularly within the family.
3. Certain basic socio-economic rights were relegated to the section on directive principles, rather than made an integral feature of fundamental rights.

Question 19.
Write any two merits and. two demerits of judicial activism.
Answer:

1. Merits
   • Expanded the idea of rights hence judiciary became more people friendly.
   • Democratized the judicial system
   • Involvement of judiciary in portection of rights of the poor environment etc.
2. Demerits
   • It has overburdened the courts
   • Create ‘issues in the relation between legislative, ‘ executive and judiciary.

Question 20.
Briefly explain the relationship between Rights and Duties.
Answer:
Rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. Firstly rights us to think not just of our own personal needs compel and interest but to defend somethings as being good for all of us. Secondly it compelled an individual to respect the rights of others. Thirdly, we must balance our rights when they come into conflict.

Question 21.
Indian Constitution is a living document-comment.
Answer:

1. Indian Constitution keeps responding to the situations and circumstances arising from time to time.
2. Indian Constitution responds to experiences
3. Constitution is dynamic open to interpretations evolving ober time to time.

Answer any 4 questions from 22 to 30. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 22.
Narrate the Harm principle of J.S. Mill.
Answer:
The concept of Harm principle was developed by John Stuart Mill. He explains the idea of harm principle in his book ‘on liberty’. J.S. Mill divided the human activity into self regarding activities and other regarding activities. Self regarding activities affect the individual concerned and other regarding actions affect others. If the other regarding actions may harm to others, it should be restricted. This is known as Harm Principle.

Question 23.
Explain the original and appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction
In the following cases the supreme court has original jurisdiction.

1. Conflicts between the centre and one or more states.
2. Conflicts between the centre and a state or states are on one side and a state or states on the opposite side.
3. Conflicts between states
4. Issues connected with the election of the president and vice president.

Applelate Jurisdiction
The supreme court is the highest Applleate court in India. Its applleate jurisdiction can be divided into three constitutional, civil and criminal cases.

Question 24.
Explain the role of Prime Minister in India.
Answer:

1. Prime Minister has a significant role in the cabinet Administrative system.
2. The Prime Minister is the first among equals, in Latin it means ‘Primus inter pares’.
3. The Prime Minister is the leader of his party in the parliament. By that he controls the members of his party.
4. Prime Minister is the leader of the Lok Sabha.
5. Prime Minister head of the cabinet.
6. Prime Minister is a link between the president and the cabinet.

Question 25.
Suggest any four measures for reforming Indian Electocal System.
Answer:

1. Flection system should be changed from first post past system to proportional representation system.
2. Ensure special provision for representation of women.
3. Candidates with criminal case should be barred from contesing election.
4. Complete ban on the use of caste and religious appeals in the campaign.
5. State funding of election expenses.

Question 26.
Prepare a note on social cost of development.
Answer:
The social costs of development are quite high. Because of the construction of huge dams, industrial works, mining and such other things many people had to sent away from their abodes and they had to be rehabilitated else where. Because of the loss of their homes and land the people lose their means of livelihood and poverty is the result. They lose their traditional jobs and cultural life too.

Question 27.
List out the special powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

1. Lok Sabha
   • Money Bills first introduced and it has the power to reject money bills.
   • No-confidence motion introduced in Lok Sabha.
2. Raiva Sabha
   • Approved of Rajya Sabha is necessary to shift a subject from state list to other.
   • Any resolution seeking the creation of All India Services can only be initiated in Rajya Sabha.

Question 28.
Briefly explain any two dimensions of equality.
Answer:
Political Equality. Political equality implies that all citizens have similar political right, an equal voice in the government and equal voice in the government and equal access to all offices of the government. Political equality involves right to vote, right to contest elections, right to hold public offices and right to criticise the government.

Economic Equality: Economic equality means all should enjoy the wealth of the state eqully. It also implies abolition of poverty. Right to work, right to adequate wages, equal pay for equal work, right to leisure, right to social security etc are examples of economic equality.

Question 29.
Write any four functions of a Legislature.
Answer:

1. Legislative functions: The major function of the legislative is to make laws. It involves first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage and third reading.
2. Control of executive: Through discussions and debates, approving of rejecting the laws, control through finances, and no-confidence motion etc are different ways to control of executive.
3. Financial functions: Presenting financial and non-financial bills and making laws passing resolutions on the budget and financial accounts are major financial functions.
4. Electoral functions: Elects the president and vice -president

Question 30.
Compare parliamentary executive and presidential executive.
Answer:

1. Parliamentary Executive
   • In a parliamentary executive the nominal executive is the head of the state and real executive is the head of the government.
   • The executive is responsible to the legislature.
   • Ministers have collective responsibility to the parliament.
2. Presidential Executive
   • In presidential executive, the head of the state and head of the government is the same person.
   • The pari iament has no control over the president.
   • The executive and legislative stand separately

Answer any 4 questions from 31 to 38. Each carries 5 scores. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 31.
Explain briefly five functions of a Constitution.
Answer:
Co-ordination and assurance

1. Specification of decision making power
2. Limitations on the power of the government
3. Aspirations and goals of a society
4. Fundamental identity of the people.

Question 32.
Prepare a note on Universal Citizenship and Global Citizenship.
Answer:

• Universal citizenship
  1. Although many states may support the idea of universal and indusive citizenship, each of them also fixes criteria for the grant of citizenship.
  2. These would generally be written into the constitution and laws of the country. The problem of stateless people is an important one confronting the world today.
• Global citizenship
  1. Global citizenship connects the people of different parts of the world through the means of communication.
  2. Global citizenship acquires sympathies to help the victims of flood, war, terrorism etc.
  3. Gloal citizenship, though does not exist it is a sense to be linked to each other across national boundaries.

Question 33.
The Constitution of India create a strong Central Government. Briefly explain five provisions that make Central Government more strong.
Answer:

1. Existence of a state including its territorial integarity is in the hands of the parliament.
2. Strong emergency powers
3. Effective financial powers and responsibilities of the control government.
4. Role of govemnors.
5. Powers of the central government to make legislation on matters from state list.
6. Integrated administrative system.

Question 34.
Compare Indian Secularism and Western Secularism.
Answer:
Indian Secularism

1. Religious reforms will be encouraged.
2. Equality among different seats of a religion is stressed.
3. Completely avoid the mutual interference of religion and government.
4. Equality among religious groups is very important.
5. Individual and his rights are the most crucial.

Question 35.
Briefly explain the law making procedure in India.
Answer:
Legislative Procedure in India: The procedure for passing the bills in the Parliament is explained in articles 107 to 122. According to that each bill has to pass through 5 phases including 3 readings in the Houses.

a) First Reading: This is the presentation of the bill. After getting the permission of the House, a member presents the bill with a statement. If the bill faces opposition, the one who presented the bill and the one objecting it is given opportunity to explain their stands. If the majority votes in favour of the Bill, it is published in the Government Gazette. If the bill is not very controversial,”there is a precedent that there is no discussion in the first reading.

b) Second Reading: This is the 2nd phase. At this stage, all the important points of the bill are discussed. The presenter will ask the House to consider it urgently. Or he may request the bill to be sent to a Select Committee or a Joint Committee of both the Houses for consideration. He may also ask the bill to be circulated for getting public opinion. Normally the bill is sent to a Select Committee.

c) The Committee Stage: This is the 3rd stage. The members to this Committee are appointed by the House. The Committee Chairman decides the time, date and venue of the meeting. The Select Committee will have members from the Opposition. The Members study the bill clause by clause and prepares a report to be presented in the House.

d) Report Stage: This is the 4th stage. The presenter asks the House to discuss the bill on the day it is scheduled for discussion. The Report may be unanimous or with differences in opinion. In the light of the Report, the House discusses each condition in the bill. This discussion may take quite sometime. Each item in the bill is discussed extensively and then it is put to vote. During this time serious changes may happen in the bill and therefore this is the most crucial stage.

e) Third Reading: This is the last stage. On the appointed day the bill is presented in the House for final approval. No serious change is brought at this stage. Changes may be orally presented and quickly resolved. At the end of the discussion the bill is put to vote. If the bill receives favourable vote from the majority of members present and voting, the bill is deemed to have passed. Then the bill is sent to the second House.

Question 36.
Briefly explain different forms of structural violence.
Answer:

1. Caste System: The traditional caste system treated certain groups of people as untouchable. This leads to social exclusion and inequality.
2. Patriarchy: Partiarchy entails a form of social organisation that results in the systematic subordination or discrimination against women. Colonalism: Colonalism is a prolonged and direct subjugation of people by an alien country.
3. Racism and communalism: These two are involved the stigmatisation and oppression of an entire racial group or community.

Question 37.
Explain the following political philosophies of Indian Constitution.
(a) Individual freedom
(b) Social justice
Answer:
Individual freedom: Freedom means providing an atmosphere where a person has opportunities to develop his individuality. It is when a person can take independent decisions and act independently we say there is freedom. A person should not be controlled by external forces also means when persons are able to increase their capabilities and qualities.

Social Justice: Social justice means that all the members of the society are equal. Social justice ensures that all the people in the nation are given equal opportunities and equal consideration. Social justice does not approve any discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, colour or gender.

Question 38.
Explain John Rawl’s theory of justice.
Answer:
John Rawls is an American philosopher. In his book The Theory of Justice’, he put forward 2 principles regarding the Theory of Justice. They are as follows:

1. In the broad framework of basic freedom, according to the freedom of all individuals, each person should have equal opportunity.
2. Social and economic inequalities should be tackled in two ways:

a) For the maximum benefit of those who are least favoured, there should be reservations.

b) We should be guided by our discretionary powers and not morality when it comes to the distribution of government jobs so that the underprivileged get extra consideration. Rawls does not give us predetermined moral criteria or goals., He give s us freedom to determine what is the best in the given circumstances. This is what makes Rawls’ theory very significant and an inevitable means of approaching the problem of law and justice.

Answer any 2 questions from 39 to 42. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 39.
Prepare an essay on Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India.
Answer:
The +1 Political Science students of Kasargod Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’. Prior to the seminar, the students were divided into 6 groups and they discussed the topic. The leaders of each group presented the ideas of their group.

Contents:
a) Right to Equality: This is the basic tenet of the Indian Constitution. It has been made clear in the Preamble itself. In the past, there was no equality in the Indian society. So the Right to Equality is very important. About the Right to Equality there are clear statements in the 3rd chapter, Articles between 14and 18. The Right to Equality include the following:

1. Equality before Law, Equal Protection of Laws
2. Protection from Discrimination
3. Equality of Opportunity in employment
4. Eradication of Untouchability
5. Non-award of Titles

b) Right to Freedom

1. Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
2. Right to call to attend meetings
3. Right to organize
4. Right to travel
5. Right to have shelter
6. Right to work, trade, commerce and industry
7. Protection from undue punishment
8. Individual freedom and freedom to live
9. Protection against illegal arrests and imprisonment

c) Right against Exploitation:

1. Articles 23 and 24 guarantees the Right against Exploitation.
2. Article 23 bans immoral acts, slavery and bonded labour.
3. Child labour is prohibited.

d) Right to Freedom of Religion:
a) The Indian Constitution envisages the nation to be secular and democratic. So it gives religious freedom.
b) The Right to Religion is described in Articles 25-28.

Article 25 – Theiright to accept any religion and propagate it.
Article 26 – To make religious institutions and to acquire property.
Article 27 – The money used for religious purposes is tax exempted. Article 28 – To conduct religious instructions in certain institutions.

e) Cultural and Educational Rights:

1. All minorities can establish educational institutions and run them.
2. Minorities are given protection in their language, script, & culture.

f) Right to Constitutional Remedies: It is not enough to list a number of rights in the Constitution. For citizens to practise them and protect them against their violations there should be provisions. Right to Constitutional Remedies helps citizens to enjoy their rights. Dr. Ambedkar called this Right as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution. This Right ensures that citizens are guaranteed of theirfundamental rights. This gives Constitutional protection to the fundamental rights.

WRITS (Court Orders):
a) Habeas Corpus
b) Mandamus
c) Writ of Prohibition
d) Certiorari
e) Quo Warranto

Question 40.
Briefly explain the features of 73rd Constitutional amendment.
Answer:
The 73rd Amendment Act made the Panchayat Raj a Constitutional system.

1. It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.
2. The block level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
3. The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment.
4. The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
5. The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.
6. The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government. Based on the  population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SCs and STs.

One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies. Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs.

One-third of the chairmen will be ladies.

1. Reservations are by rotation.
2. The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed.
3. The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission.
4. It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission.

The Act also makes provision for the appointment of a Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Question 41.
Indian Parliament controls the executive through’ various measures. Explain in detail, these measures by considering the following hints. Hints:
• Deliberation and Discussion
• Approval or refusal of laws
• Financial control
• No confidence motion
Answer:

1. Discussions and debates.
2. Approving of rejecting the laws.
3. Control through finances
4. Motion of No-Confidence

Question 42.
Discuss any four factors which help the formation of a nation.
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors of the political theory prevalent in the nation. The nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Indian nationalism is the feeling that we all are Indians. Without nationalism, no new nation can originate or survive. It is nationalism that supplies the basis for the building up of a nation. Loyalty to the nation, its strength, its power and its working and the legality etc. are emotions that are generated in the minds of people. In the background of nationalism, the com mon behaviour of a nation can be analysed. Nationalism includes national styles, national expectations, national goals, national conflicts, national anthem, national flower, national flag and national symbol. Toynbee has said that Nationalism is the religion of the modern nation.

Factors that nourish Nationalism:
a) Shared Beliefs: It is some beliefs that help the formation of a nation. Nation is not a concrete thing like a building, river or forest that we can that something like a common language or common heredity is necessary to have the drive to form a nation. A common language or a common religion might bring about a common cultural identity. When people celebrate the same feasts on the same day and actively take part in the festivities, they feel some kind of unity. But it is possible that in a democratic set up and democratic values, too much of religion may prove a threat.

see and touch. Nation is a concept built around certain beliefs of the people. When we say that a people are a nation, we do not mean their physical behaviour. Nation is a vision and a collective fellowship of people who wish to have their own separate identity. It is like a group of a team. They work for a common goal in a common fellowship. A natiftn can exist only as long as the people are deeply rooted in unity.

b) History: A people who consider themselves as a nation have a sense of a continuous historical existence. It is something that they can look back with pride and look forward to with hope. They have a common history based collective memories, legends and historical documents. Thus they acquire individuality as a nation. We can take our Indian nationalist leaders as examples. We point out our ancient civilization, cultural heritage and other past achievements, thus making a unique identify of our own.

c) Territory: Territory is another essential aspect of a nation. A nation has a separate area of land. There people will have lived together for long, shared their past, bringing a common identity to them. It helps them to think that they are one nation. That is why they can talk about their own country of birth.

d) Shared political ideals: Apart from the sense of a common history and some territory of their own, the people of a nation are persuaded to think of unity because of their common vision and goal for the future. They have some ideals quite peculiar to them and these also make a nation different from others.

e) Common Political Identity: Many people think that just because individuals have a common ‘political vision regarding the society and the government, they can’t form a nation. They feel that something like a common language or common heredity is necessary to have the drive to form a nation. A common language or a common religion might bring about a common cultural identity. When people celebrate the same feasts on the same day and actively take part in the festivities, they feel some kind of unity. But it is possible that in a democratic set up and democratic values, too much of religion may prove a threat.

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus One Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Previous Year Question Paper June 2022

From questions 1 to 11 answer for 16 Scores. (16)

Question 1.
Members of Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of years. (4, 5, 6)
Answer:
6

Question 2.
Identify the agency which conducts elections to local self-governments in India.
(a) Election Commission of India
(b) State Election Commission
(c) Local Self Government Department
Answer:
(b) State election commission

Question 3.
Which of the following is the book of Nelson Mandela?
(a) Freedom from fear
(b) Long walk to freedom
(c) The Satanic verses
Answer:
(b) Long walk to freedom

Question 4.
The concept ‘Veil of ignorance’ is presented by ______ .
(a) J.S. Mill
(b) Plato
(c) John Rawls (1)
Answer:
(c) John Rawls

Question 5.
The German Philosopher who glorified war
(Friedrich Nietzsche, Walter Benjamin, Immanuel Kant)
Answer:
Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 6.
Give the expansion of UNDP (1)
Answer:
United Nations Development Programme

Question 7.
Complete the flow chart: (2)

Answer:
Central services, State services

Question 8.
Complete the flow chart: (2)

Answer:
Appellate, Advisory/write

Question 9.
Arrange the following items in the appropriate columns:
(Agriculture, Defence, Education, Banking, Prison, Forest)

Union list	State list	Concurrent list

Answer:

Union list	State list	Concurrent list
Defence, Banking	Agriculture, Prison	Education, forest

Question 10.
Match the following:
First Past the Post – Britain Fundamental Rights – USA Quasi Federal Form – Canadian Directive Principles – Irish

A	B
First Past the Post	USA
Fundamental Rights	Britain
Quasi Federal Form	Irish
Directive Principles	Canadian

Answer:

A	B
First Past the Post	Britain
Fundamental Rights	USA
Quasi Federal Form	Canadian
Directive Principles	Irish

Question 11.
Fill in appropriate columns:
(Right to vote, Reasonable conditions of work, Right to adequate wage, Right to contest election.) (4)

Political Rights	Economic Rights

Answer:

Political Rights	Economic Rights
Right to vote	Reasonable condition of work
Right to contest election	Right to adequate wages

Answer any four questions from 12 to 18. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 12.
Explain any three functions of Constitution.
Answer:

1. Constitution allows co-ordination and assurance
2. Specification of decision making power
3. Limitations on the power of government
4. Aspirations and goals of a society
5. Fundamental identity of the people (Any three points may be considered)

Question 13.
Find out the three reasons behind the adoption of the First Past Post System in India.
Answer:

1. First Past Post System is a simple system of election without any complexities.
2. The voter had the right to elect any candidate for his choice.
3. The First Past Post System is suitable for a vast country like India.

Question 14.
Write any three discretionary powers of President of India.
Answer:

1. Send back the advice given by the council of ministers for reconsideration.
2. Veto power – Withhold or refuse a bill
3. Appointment of the Prime Minister, when no party claims clear majority in Lok Sabha

Question 15.
Why do we need two houses of Parliament in India? Explain.
Answer:

1. Large size and diversity of the country
2. Representation of all geographical areas
3. Possible to have every decision reconsidered

Question 16.
Identify any three differences between Western Secularism and Indian Secularism.
Answer:

1. Indian Secularism
   • State supported religions reforms
   • Religious freedom to minorities
   • State gives financial aid to religion
2. Western secularism
   • Complete separation of state and religion
   • Absence of state intervention in religious matters
   • Less attention to community based rights.

Question 17.
Explain any three forms of Structural Violence.
Answer:

1. Untouchability: The traditional caste system treated certain groups of people as asprisya or untouchable. The practice of untouchability leads to social exclusion and deprivation of one section of society.
2. Patriarchal society: Patriarchy entails a form social organization that results in the systematic subordination and discrimination against women. Racism: Racism and communalism involve the stigmatization and oppression of an entire racial group or community.

Question 18.
Discuss the Social Cost of Development.
Answer:
The social costs of development are quite high. Because of the construction of huge dams, industrial works, mining and such other things many people had to be sent away from their abodes and they had to be rehabilitated elsewhere. Because of the loss of their homes and land, the people lose their means of livelihood and poverty is the result. They lose their traditional job skills. They also lose their cultural moorings. For example, for the development of the Kannur airport many families had to be evacuated.

Answer any four questions from 19 to 24. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 19.
Write the article in the Indian Constitution which deals with amendment procedure. Explain the three methods of amendment procedure of Indian Constitution.
Answer:

1. Article 368 of the constitution
2. Simple majority – eg: formation of new states and formation and dissolving of state legislative councils etc.
3. Special majority – eg: fundamental rights, directive principles.
4. Special majority + majority of not less than half of the state legislative assemblies eg. Selection of president, Executive powers of the center and states etc.

Question 20.
Identify the importance of studying Political Theory.
Answer:
We study the following in political theory:
a) Political theory handles ideas and principles that formulate the Constitution, government and social life.
b) It examines the importance of ideas like Rule of Law, Division of Authority and Judicial Review.
c) It explains the meaning of freedom, equality, democracy and secularism.
d) It also discusses the origin of government, development, formation, activities, the relations between people and the government and people’s rights and responsibilities.

Question 21.
Explain differences between negative liberty and positive liberty.
Answer:
Freedom means free from all kinds of control. If this is put into practice, there will be jungle law which is might is right. The strong will dominate the weak and the strongest man will have to be revered by all in the society. Since this negative concept of freedom is not acceptable, the nation has to control freedom. The positive concept of freedom is the removal of obstacles. Negative freedom will lead the nation to an undesirable state. Positive freedom will help in the progress of the nation and the protection of the rights of all individuals.

Question 22.
What is equality? Identify three dimensions of equality
Answer:
Equality is the situation where everybody gets the same rights. Equality wants all persons to be equal before the law and everybody should be given the same kind of legal protection.

a) Political Equality : To ensure political equality in a society, people should have the opportunities to take part in active politics. Only if they have the right – to play their role in the affairs the nation, there will be political equality there. They should have following rights:

1. To participate in the election of the government.
2. To contest in the elections.
3. The right to hold public office.
4. The right to creatively criticise the government through the print and electronic media and through speeches.
5. The right to criticise the government using any legal medium.
6. The right to form political parties.

b) Economic Equality: The meaning of Economic Equality is that all citizens must be able to enjoy the nation’s resources equally. This is important for the eradication of poverty. To achieve Economic Equality, the following should be ensured:

1. Make circumstances so that all citizens can earn their livelihood.
2. All citizens should have enough income to meet their needs.
3. There should be no gross inequality in wealth in the society.
4. There should be no economic exploitation of man by man.
5. The distribution of the means of production and wealth should be controlled, aiming at the welfare of all in the society.

c) Social Equality : This means that all in the society have equal social status. Nobody should have special rights. All should have opportunities to develop their personality. In short, nobody should be given any special consideration in name of caste, religion, race or riches. The Human Rights Declaration by the UN is good for ensuring social equality.

Question 23.
Explain the concept of Justice. Identify three Principles of Justice.
Answer:
Justice means equal consideration to all individuals in society. Justice implies that equal opportunity and equal treatment irrespective of caste, colour, creed, sex and place of birth. The three principle of justice are:
a) Equal treatment for Equals
b) Proportionate Justice
c) Recognition of special needs

Question 24.
All citizens may be granted equal rights, but all may not be able to equally exercise them. Explain this with conditions of slum dwellers and tribal people.
Answer:
The issuing conditions of Slum dwellers and tribal people are very pathetic, even all citizens may be granted equal rights.
Poor conditions of rooms, lack of toilets, water facility. Lack of proper sanitation and insecurity are the problem of slum dwellers. Absence of proper education and medical facilities, poor living conditions, social stigma, Alcoholism etc. are the problems of the tribal community.

Answer any four questions from 25 to 30. Each carries 5 scores. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 25.
Indian election system have many drawbacks. Give your suggestions to reform the electoral system in India.
Answer:
The major suggestions to reform the electoral system of India are:-
a) Change First Past Post System to Proportional Representation System
b) More women representation in elections
c) Control the use of money in elections
d) The role of caste, religion in elections may be restricted.
e) Ban the excessive involvement of criminals from politics

Question 26.
A bill has to pass through various stages before it becomes a law. Explain the law making procedure in Indian Parliament.
Answer:
Legislative Procedure in India: The procedure for passing the bills in the Parliament is explained in articles 107 to 122. According to that each bill has to pass through 5 phases including 3 readings in the Houses.

a) First Reading : This is the presentation of the bill. After getting the permission of the House, a member presents the bill with a statement. If the bill faces opposition, the one who presented the bill and the one objecting it is given opportunity to explain their stands. If the majority votes in favour of the Bill, it is published in the Government Gazette. If the bill is not very controversial, there is a precedent that there is no discussion in the first reading.

b) Second Reading : This is the 2nd phase. At this stage, all the important points of the bill are discussed. The presenter will ask the House to consider it urgently. Or he may request the bill to be sent to a Select Committee or a Joint Committee of both the Houses for consideration. He may also ask the bill to be circulated for getting public opinion. Normally the bill is sent to a Select Committee.

c) The Committee Stage : This is the 3rd stage. The members to this Committee are appointed by the House. The Committee Chairman decides the time, date and venue of the meeting. The Select Committee will have members from the Opposition. The Members study the bill clause by clause and prepares a report to be presented in the House.

d) Report Stage : This is the 4th stage. The presenter asks the House to discuss the bill on the day it is scheduled for discussion. The Report may be unanimous or with differences in opinion. In the light of the Report, the House discusses each condition in the bill. This discussion may, take quite some time. Each item in the bill is discussed extensively and then it is put to vote. During this time serious changes may happen in the bill and therefore this is the most crucial stage.

e) Third Reading : This is the last stage. On the appointed day the bill is presented in the House for final approval. No serious change is brought at this stage. Changes may be orally presented and quickly resolved. At the end of the discussion ‘ the bill is put to vote. If the bill receives favourable vote from the majority of members present and voting, the bill is deemed to have passed. Then the bill is sent to the second House.

Question 27.
Indian Judiciary is considered as independent and impartial. Discuss the provisions which ensures the Independence of Judiciary in India.
Answer:
The following are the major provisions to ensure the independence of judiciary in India.

1. Appointment of Judges
2. Fixed tenure
3. Absence of financial interdependence
4. Protection from criticism
5. Independence of judiciary from executive and legislature

Question 28.
Explain the major features of 73rd Constitutional Amendment.
Answer:
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment made Panchayati Raj Constitutional.

1. It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.
2. The block level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
3. The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment.
4. The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
5. The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the tjilock Panchayat.
6. The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government.
7. Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation forSCs and STs.

One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies. Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs.

1. One-third of the chairmen will be ladies.
2. Reservations are by rotation,
3. The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new. committees are to be formed.
4. The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission, o- It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission.

The Act also makes provision for the appointment of a Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Question 29.
Explain the factors wNch conffibute the development of nationalism.
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors of the political theory prevalent in the nation. The nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Factors that nourish Nationalism:

a) Shared Beliefs: It is some beliefs that help the ‘ formation of a nation. Nation is not a concrete thing like a building, river or forest that we can see and touch. Nation is a concept built around certain beliefs of the people. When we say that a people are a nation, we do not mean their physical behaviour. Nation is a vision and a collective fellowship of people who wish to have their own separate identity. It is like a group of a team. They work for a common goal in a common fellowship. A nation can exist only as long as the people are deeply rooted in unity.

b) History: A people who consider themselves as a nation have a sense of a continuous historical existence. It is something that they can look back with pride and look forward to with hope. They have a common history based collective memories, legends and historical documents. Thus they acquire individuality as a nation. We can take our Indian nationalist leaders as examples. We point out our ancient civilization, cultural heritage and other past achievements, thus making a unique identify of our own.

c) Territory: Territory is another essential aspect of a nation. A nation has a separate area of land. There people will have lived together for long, shared their past, bringing a common identity to them. It helps them to think that they are one nation. That is why they can talk about their own country of birth.

d) Shared political ideals: Apart from the sense of a common history and some territory of their own, the people of a nation are persuaded to think of unity because of their common vision and goal for the future. They have some ideals quite peculiar to them and these also make a nation different from others.

e) Common Political Identity: Many people think that just because individuals have a common political vision regarding the society and the government, they can’t form a nation. They feel that something like a common language or common heredity is necessary to have the drive to form a nation. A common language or a common religion might bring about a common cultural identity. When people celebrate the same feasts on the Same day and actively take part in the festivities, they feel some kind of unity. But it is possible that in a democratic set up and democratic values, too much of religion may prove a threat.

Question 30.
Explain the major criticisms levelled against Indian Secularism.
Answer:
“Criticism of Indian Secularism”.
a) Anti-Reliaious: Some people argue that secularism is anti-religious. The reason for this belief is the fact that secularism is against the dominance of established powerful religions. But this and anti-religion are quite different. Some people also argue that secularism is a threat to individual’s religion. This also is wrong. Secularism nourishes religious freedom. It is not a threat to a person’s religion or his beliefs. But secularism is against certain questionable practices like propagating violence, intolerance and fanaticism. Secularism encourages the good things in religion but opposes the bad things.

b) Western Import: Another criticism is that Indian secularism is related to Christianity. It means secularism is something Western and it is inappropriate with Indian circumstances. This s a strange argument. Don’t we see thousands of things around us which are not Indian?

If people say that when a country is secular it should have its own goal it is good and relevant. Western secularism came as a challenge to the religious leaders who tried to control the social and political matters of the nation. Then how can it be said that Western secularism is connected to Christianity? Moreover Western secularism asks religion and government to keep their hands off each other. For the idea of separating the state form religion, different societies give different interpretations. A secular government keeps a respectable distance from religion. It is done to maintain peace among different communities. At the same time the government will interfere for the protection of minority rights.

c) Minoritism: This is another criticism that is levelled against Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism stands for the rights of minorities. Let’s look at this example: 4 people are travelling in a train. One wants to smoke. Another person objects. The other two are smokers and so they keep quiet. So there is a problem. If a decision is to be taken democratically, and the matter put to vote, the person objecting to smoking will lose. It may look just. But is it just if we look from the angle of the person who objected to smoking? He may be allergic to smoke. Here the voting system does not work. Here the right of minority should be protected.

d) Vote Bank Politics: Another criticism is that Indian secularism encourages vote bank politics. From experience, this criticism is not fully unjustified. It has to be assessed correctly. It is natural that in a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes.

It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.

e) Inerventionist: Critics argue that Indian secularism has a controlling nature and it interferes in the religious freedom of various communities. This is a wrong interpretation of Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism does not deny the idea that government should not interfere in religious matters. But it does not approve over-interference in religious affairs. Indian secularism keeps a principled-distance from ‘ religion. This means government may or may not interfere in religious affairs. This interference is not by the use of force. t

f) Impossible Project: Critics say that it is difficult for people with so much of religious differences to live together in peace and therefore secularism is impractical and thus invalid. This is a wrong argument. The history of Indian civilization and that of the Ottoman Empire show that peaceful co-existence is possible even with different religions. Indian secularism has become a model for other countries to emulate. The effects of globalization have helped here. With increased globalization there has been an increased migration of people all over the world. From the ex-colonies people migrated into the Western world. This made religious diversities become strong in Europe, America and some parts of West Asia.

Answer any two questions from 31 to 33. Each carnes 8 scores.

Question 31.
Most of the democratic countries provide a list of rights in their constitution. Describe the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to Indian Citizens.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights
a) Right to Equality: This is the basic tenet of the Indian Constitution. It has been made dear in the Preamble itself. In the past, there was no equality in the Indian society. So the Right to Equality is j very important. About the Right to Equality there are clear statements in the 3rd chapter, Articles between 14 and 18. The Right to Equality include the following:

1. Equality before Law, Equal Protection of Laws
2. Protection from Discrimination
3. Equality of Opportunity in employment
4. Eradication of Untouchability
5. Non-award of Titles

b) Right to Freedom

1. Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
2. Right to caINto attend meetings
3. Right to organize
4. Right to travel
5. Right to have shelter
6. Right to work, trade, commerce and industry
7. Protection from undue punishment
8. Individual freedom and freedom to live
9. Protection against illegal arrests and imprisonment

c) Right against Exploitation:

1. Articles 23 and 24 guarantees the Right against Exploitation.
2. Article 23 batls immoral acts, slavery and bonded labour.
3. Child labour is prohibited.

d) Right to Freedom of Religion:
a) The Indian Constitution envisages the nation to be secular and democratic. So it gives religious freedom.
b) The Right to Religion is described in Articles 25-28.

Article 25 : The right to accept any religion and propagate it.
Article 26 : To make religious institutions and to acquire property.
Article 27: The money used for religious purposes is tax exempted.
Article 28 : To conduct religious instructions in certain institutions.

d) Cultural and Educational Rights:

1. All minorities can establish educational institutions and run them.
2. Minorities are given protection in their language, script, & culture.

1) Right to Constitutional Remedies: It is not enough to list a number of rights in the Constitution. For citizens to practise them and protect them against their violations there should be provisions. Right to Constitutional Remedies helps citizens to enjoy their rights. Dr. Ambedkar called this Right as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution. This Right ensures that citizens are guaranteed of their fundamental rights. This gives Constitutional protection to the fundamental rights.

WRITS (Court Orders):
a) Habeas Corpus
b) Mandamus
c) Writ of Prohibition
d)Certiorari
e) Quo Warranto

Question 32.
There are many conflicting areas in Federal System in India. Explain them based on the given points.
(a) Centre State relations
(b) Demand for autonomy
(c) Demand for new states
(d) Inter state conflicts
Answer:
The Constitution is merely framework of Federalism. It is the political processes that supply the flesh and blood to it. Therefore the changing political processes are the most important factor that influences Indian federalism. Demand for administrative autonomy: Many States of India are clamouring for greater autonomy. Often this causes rifts between the Centre and the states.

The role of Governors and President’s rule: The role of Governors has caused many rifts between the Centre and the states. Often the Governors have to work as yes-men to the Central Government. Presidential rule in case of Constitutional Emergency is also a matter of conflict. Demand for New States: This is another headache for the Federalism. For example, the demand for Telungana State. Inter-State Conflicts: Sometimes these conflicts grow to such levels that federalism itself is threatened.

Question 33.
The political philosophy is contained in Preamble. The most important and precious part of the Constitution is the Preamble. It is the key to the Constitution and the yard stick to measure it. The philosophical and fundamental features of the Constitution are uncovered in the Preamble. The social and economic goals are also seen here. The Indian Constitution is not a mere book of rules. It contains moral values and viewpoints. It has a political philosophy of its own. The ideas in the Constitution should be in the background of the discussions that took place in the Constitutional Assembly.

a) Individual freedom : Our Constitution is very much concerned with Individual freedom. For example we have the Fundamental Rights.

b) Social Justice : The mission of the nation is ensuring Social Justice. The different articles of the Constitution are the means for this. For example Article 16.

c) Respect for Diversity and Minority Rights: The Constitution guarantees the educational and cultural rights of the minorities in India.

d) Secularism: This is the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution. It treats all religions equally.

e) Universal Franchise: The Constitution ensures that all adults of 18 and above have their voting rights without any disfcrimination.

f) Federalism : India is a Federation. The Centre- State relations are defined clearly.

g) National Identity: Our Constitution nurtures both national identity as well as a regional identify simultaneously.

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus One Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

Time: 21/2 Hours
Total Score: 80 Marks

From questions 1 to 10, answer for 16 scores.

Question 1.
The Constitution of India came into force on
(1949 November 26,1950 January 26,1952 December 26)
Answer:
1950 January 26

Question 2.
The system of proportional representation is used for elections to _____ .
(Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly) (1)
Answer:
Rajya Sabha

Question 3.
Identify the state having bicameral legislature.
(Kerala, Assam, Maharashtra, Punjab)
Answer:
Maharashtra

Question 4.
Name the case in which the Judiciary advanced the theory of basic structure of the Constitution.
Answer:
Keshavanand Bharati case

Question 5.
The theory ‘Veil of ignorance’ is associated with whom ?
(Karl Marx, J.S. Mill, John Rawls, Plato)
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 6.
Complete the chart:

Answer:
Central service,State service

Question 7.
Complete the pyramid showing the structure of Indian Judiciary:

Answer:
a) Supreme Court
b) District Court
c) Subordinate Court

Question 8.
Match the following : (3)

Cauvery	Punjab and Haryana
Belgaum	Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
Chandigarh	Maharashtra and Karnataka

Answer:

Cauvery	Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
Belgaum	Maharashtra and Karnataka
Chandigarh	Punjab and Haryana

Question 9.
Match the following : (4)

Long walk to Freedom	Aung San Suu Kyi
Freedom from fear	Aubrey Menon
Water	Nelson Mandela
Ramayana Retold	Deepa Mehta

Answer:

Long walk to Freedom	Nelson Mandela
Freedom from fear	Aung San Suu Kyi
Water	Deepa Mehta
Ramayana Retold	Aubrey Menon

Question 10.
Fill in the column by using the items given below:
(Right to life, Right to vote, Right to work, Right to Leisure, Right to contest election, Right to property)
Answer:

• Political Rights
  1. Right to vote
  2. Right to contest election Economic Rights
  3. Right to work
  4. Right to Leisure
• Civil Rights
  1. Right to life
  2. Right to property

Answer any 4 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 11.
What are the main criticisms levelled against Indian Constitution?
Answer:

1. Unwieldy
2. Unrepresentative.
3. Western Import.
4. Not suitable for Indian conditions

Question 12.
Write a note on the significance of the study of Political Theory.
Answer:

1. To Know Political Concepts.
2. To know about State and Government.
3. To know the principles like justice, equality and liberty etc.
4. Systematic thinking.

Question 13.
Briefly explain three dimensions of equality.
Answer:

1. Political Equality
   Political equality implies that all citizens have similar political rights, equal voice in government equal access to all offices to govt. Right to vote, Contest Election, Criticise Govt., Hold public office, Petition.etc.
2. Economics Equality Economic equality means all should enjoy the wealth of the state equally Right to work, Equal pay, Leisure, Social Security, Form trade Union etc.
3. Social Equality
   Social equality means that all are equal units of society. There shall be no discrimination.

Question 14.
Explain three Principles of Justice,
Answer:

1. Equal treatment for equals:
   • Consider everyone in Society as Equal. This justifies equal treatment and equal rights.
2. Proportionate Justice:
   • Consider Equals Equally, Unequal Unequally. People are rewarded in proportion to the scale and quality of their efforts.
3. Recognition of special needs:
   • This principle of justice is the recognition of special needs of the people while distributing rewards. Physical disabilities, Old age, Lack of access to education, Backwardness etc. should be considered for Special Treatment

Question 15.
What are the different forms of structural violence ? Explain.
Answer:

1. Caste System – Exploitation and Untouchability.
2. Colonialism – Israel domination over Palestine.
3. Racism – Negro Slavery in USA, Apartheid in South Africa.
4. Communalism – Conflicts between different religious groups.

Answer any 4 questions from 16 to 20. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 16.
Briefly explain about the law making procedure in India.
Answer:

1. • First Reading.
   1. Introduction of the bill
   2. Second Reading
2. Basic Principles of the bill are discussed
   1. Committee Stage – Reporting stage
3. Bill referred to a Select Committee – Detailed examination of the Bill
   1. Third Reading
   2. Final Stage Only verbal amendments
4.  Approval of President.

Question 17.
What are the safeguards in the Indian Constitution to ensure independence of the judiciary?
Answer:

1. Mode of appointment
2. Fixed tenure
3. No financial dependency
4. Protection from individual criticism

Question 18.
Identify the Article in the Indian Constitution which deals with amendment procedure. Explain the three methods of amendment procedure of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Article 368 of the constitution.

1. Simple majority : Some sections of the constitution can be easily amended with a simple majority in the parliament. Eg. Adding new states, formation of new states etc.
2. Special majority : To amend some sections 2/3 majority is needed.
3. Special majority with ratification of states than half of the States are required for amending certain provisions.

Question 19.
Briefly explain any two political philosophies of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
a) Individual freedom : Our Constitution is very much concerned with individual freedom. For example we have the Fundamental Rights.

b) Social Justice: The mission of the nation is ensuring Social Justice. The different articles of the Constitution are the means for this. For example Article 16.

c) Respect for Diversity and Minority Rights: The Constitution guarantees the educational and cultural rights of the minorities in India.

d) Secularism : This is the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution. It treats all religions equally.

e) Universal Franchise : The Constitution ensures that all adults of 18 and above have their voting rights without any discrimination.

f) Federalism : India is a Federation. The Centre-State relations are defined clearly.

g) National Identity : Our Constitution nurtures both national identity as well as a regional identify simultaneously.

Question 20.
What are the ways to attain Indian Citizenship?
Answer:
According to the Indian Citizenship Act, there are 5 ways to acquire Indian Citizenship. They are:

1. By birth: Anybody born in India on 21 January 1950 or later will be an Indian citizen.
2. Citizenship by heredity: Anybody born outside India on 21 January 1950 or later will be given Indian citizenship if his father was an Indian citizen at the time of his birth.
3. Citizenship by Registration: The following can get Indian citizenship through registration:

a) People of Indian origin who have stayed in India continuously for 6 months before submitting the application for registration.
b) People of Indian origin who are staying outside undivided India.
c) Wives of the Indian citizens.
d) Minor children of Indian citizens.
e) Adult citizens of Commonwealth Countries or the Republic of Ireland.

iv) Citizenship through Long Stay: Aforeigner can get Indian citizenship through long stay here subject to certain conditions.
v) Citizenship through regions becoming part of India: If any region becomes part of India, the government has the authority to declare the people of that region as Indian citizens.

Answer any 4 questions from 21 to 25. Each carries 5 scores.

Question 21.
Explain the functions of a constitution,
Answer:

1. Constitution allows coordination and assurances: The first function of the constitution is to provide a set of basic rules that permit minimal co-ordination among the members of a society.
2. Specification of decision making powers: The second function of a constitution is to specify which institution has the power to frame and take decision.
3. Limitation on the powers of the government: The third function of the constitution is to limit the powers of the government. These limits are fundamental in the sense that the government may never trespass them.
4. Aspirations and goal of the society: The fourth function of a constitution is to enable the government to fulfil the aspirations of the society. It should try to create a just society.
5. Fundamental identity of the people: An important function of the constitution is to give a fundamental identity to the people.

Question 22.
What are the functions of the Election Commission of India?
Answer:
Conducting free and fair election. Preparing electoral roll. Conducting the election of the President, Vice-President, Lok Sabha and state assemblies.

Question 23.
Briefly explain the powers of Prime Minister of India.
Answer:

1. Head of the Government.
2. Chairman of the cabinet.
3. Prime minister forms ministry and decodes the size of portfolio of ministry.
4. Leader of the party.
5. Link between president and cabinet.

Question 24.
The Constitution of India creates a strong central government. Explain the provisions that make Central Government stronger.
Answer:

1. Power of the centre to create new states.
2. Change the name of the states.
3. Office of the Governor.
4. Emergency provisions.
5. Division of powers.

Question 25.
Explain the differences between Indian Secularism and Western Secularism.
Answer:

Western Secularism	Indian secularism
Completely avoid the mutual interference of religion and government.	With the support of the government, religious reforms will be encouraged.
Equality among religious groups is very important.	Equality among different sects of a religion is stressed.
Care in the affairs of minority rights.	Rights based on religious communities won’t be given any importance
Individual and his rights are the most crucial.	Rights of individual and also of religious groups will be protected.

Answer any 2 questions from 26 to 28. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 26.
Prepare an essay on Fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights
a) Right to Equality: This is the basic tenet of the Indian Constitution. It has been made clear in the Preamble itself. In the past, there was no equality in the Indian society. So the Right to Equality is very important. About the Right to Equality there are clear statements in the 3rd chapter, Articles between 14 and 18. The Right to Equality include the following:

1. Equality before Law, Equal Protection of Laws
2. Protection from Discrimination
3. Equality of Opportunity in employment
4. Eradication of Untouchability
5. Non-award of Titles

b) Right to Freedom

1. Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
2. Right to call to attend meetings
3. Right to organize
4. Right to travel Right to have shelter
5. Righttowork, trade, commerce and industry
6. Protection from undue punishment
7. Individual freedom and freedom to live
8. Protection against illegal arrests and imprisonment

c) Right against Exploitation:

1. Article 23 bans immoral acts, slavery and bonded labour.
2.  Child labour is prohibited.

d) Right to Freedom of Religion:
a) The Indian Constitutioh envisages the nation to be.secular and democratic. So it gives religious freedom.
b) The Right to Religion is described in Articles 25-28.

Article 25: The right to accept any religion and propagate it.
Article 26: To make religious institutions and to acquire property.
Article 27: The money used for religious purposes is tax exempted.
Article 28: To conduct religious istructions in certain institutions.

e) Cultural and Educational Rights:

1. All minorities can establish educational . institutions and run them.
2. Minorities are given protection in their language, script, and culture.

f) Right to Constitutional Remedies: It is not enough to list a number of rights in the Constitution. For citizens to practise them and protect them against their violations there should be provisions. Right to Constitutional Remedies helps citizens to enjoy their rights. Dr. Ambedkar called this Right as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution. This Right ensures that citizens are guaranteed of their fundamental rights. This gives Constitutional protection to the fundamental rights.

WRITS (Court Orders):
a) Habeas Corpus
b) Mandamus
c) Writ of Prohibition
d) Certiorari
e) Quo Warranto

Question 27.
Explain the changes brought by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.
Answer:
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment made Panchayati Raj Constitutional.

1. It brought a 3-tier system by having Village- Block-District level Panchayats in all the States.
2. The block level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
3. The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment.
4. The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zita Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
5. The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.
6. The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government.
7. Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SCs and STs.

One-third of the chairmen will be ladies.
Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs.

1. One-third of the chairmen will be ladies.
2. Reservations are by rotation.
3. The duration for ail Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed.
4. The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission.
5. It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission.

The Act also makes provision for the appointment of a Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Question 28.
What are the factors which help in the formation of Nationalism ? Explain.3
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors of the political theory prevalent in the nation. The nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Indian nationalism is the feeling that we all are Indians. Without nationalism, no new nation can originate or survive. It is nationalism that supplies the basis for the building up of a nation.

Loyalty to the nation, its strength, its power and its working and the legality etc. are emotions that are generated in the minds of people. In the background of nationalism, the common behaviour of a nation can be analysed. Nationalism includes national styles, national expectations, national goals, national conflicts, national anthem, national flower, national flag and national symbol. Toynbee has said that Nationalism is the religion of the modern nation.

Factors that nourish Nationalism:
a) Shared Beliefs: It is some beliefs that help the formation of a nation. Nation is not a concrete thing like a building, river or forest that we can see and touch. Nation is a concept built around certain beliefs of the people. When we say that a people are a nation, we do not mean their physical behaviour. Nation is a vision and a collective fellowship of people who wish to have their own separate identity. It is like a group of a team. They work for a common goal in a common fellowship. A nation can exist only as long as the people are deeply rooted in unity.

b) History : A people who consider themselves as a nation have a sense of a continuous historical existence. It is something that they can look back with pride and look forward to with hope. They have a common history based collective memories, legends and historical documents. Thus they acquire individuality as a nation. We can take our Indian nationalist leaders as examples. We point out our ancient civilization, cultural heritage and other past-achievements, thus making a unique identify of our own.

c) Territory: Territory is another essential aspect of a nation. A nation has a separate area of land. There people will have lived together for long, shared their past, bringing a common identity to them. It helps them to think that they are one nation. That is why they can talk about their own country of birth.

d) Shared political ideals: Apart from the sense of a common history and some territory of their own, the people of a nation are persuaded to think of unity because of their common vision and goal for the future. They have some ideals quite peculiar to them and these also make a nation different from others.

e) Common Political Identity: Many people think that just because individuals have a common political vision regarding the society and the government, they can’t form a nation. They feel that something like a common language or common heredity is necessary to have the drive to form a nation. A common language or a common religion might bring about a common cultural identity. When people celebrate the same feasts on the same day and actively take part in the festivities, they feel some kind of unity. But it is possible that in a democratic set up and democratic.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Sociology Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

I. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 8. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
_______ is a position of an individual in a society or in a group.
Answer:
Status

Question 2.
Bhopal tragedy is an example of disaster.
Answer:
Man-made environmental tragedies

Question 3.
_______ is the dynamic’behavioural aspects of a status.
Answer:
Role

Question 4.
Complete the chart:

Answer:
Informal

Question 5.
The groups whose life styles are emulated are known as _______.
Answer:
Reference Group

Question 6.
______ the application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behaviour and belief of people from other culture.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism

Question 7.
Identifying the cartoon of a politician is an example of _____.
Answer:
Cognitive ability

Question 8.
Give an example for revolutionary social change.
Answer:
The French Revolution

II. Answer any three questions from 9 to 14. Each carries scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 9.
What is Psychology?
Answer:

1. This is the science dealing with the behaviour of a person.
2. Psychology is the study related to a person.
3. The subject matters of psychology are a person’s study, intelligence, memory, inspirations, nervous system, reaction time, hopes, expectations, dreams and anxieties.

Question 10.
Explain the term kinship.
Answer:
Kinship is the relation one gets either through marriage or through blood relation. The basis of kinship is marriage or blood connection.

Question 11.
Write any two characteristics of culture.
Answer:

1. The style or methods of thoughts, attitudes, beliefs.
2. The total life style of a people

Question 12.
Give two limitations of interview method.
Answer:

1. The nature of interview might be disrupted because of the changes in the mental attitude of the respondent. Sometimes the concentration of the interviewer might be lost.
2. The structure of an interview is unstable and beyond prediction.
3. When the interview is recorded some important information could be lost.

Question 13.
What is ecology?
Answer:
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms, including human beings, to one another and to their physical surroundings. Mountains, rivers, plains, oceans, and all the flora & fauna are part of Ecology.
Scientific studies about these this is Environmental Science. Ecology is a branch of it.

Question 14.
Explain the term gentrification.
Answer:
Gentrification is the process by which members of a lower class become members of the middle class or the upper class. This is a phenomenon that happens in urban regions.

III. Answer any 3 questions from 15 to 20. Each carries 3 scores. (3 × 3 = 9)

Question 15.
a) Name the sociologist who coined the concept sociological imagination.
b) Explain sociological imagination.
Answer:
a) C. Wright Mills
b) It describes how individuals and the society are mutually related.

1. It is clear awareness about the relation between personal experience and the broader social and historical context.
2. It is the ability to view a thing socially.
3. A person with social imagination can take decisions as per the circumstances and thus he is able to move forward.
4. This helps in the observation of the society based on facts.

Question 16.
Select the appropriate terms from the bracket for the question below.
(Polygyny, Polyandry, Family of orientation, Family of procreation, Monogamy, Polygamy)
a) One man marries one woman at a time.
b) One woman marries more than one man at a time.
c) The family in which an individual is bom.
Answer:
a) Monogamy – One man marries one woman at a time.
b) Polyandry – A woman marries more than one man at a time.
c) Family of Orientation – the family in which an individual is bom.

Question 17.
Explain the three dimensions of culture.
Answer:
Culture has three dimensions-cognitive, normative and’material.

1. Cognitive: It is the process by which we give meanings to things after having become aware of them by seeing and hearing them.
2. Normative: This indicates rules of behaviour.
3. Material: Any activity using material things is included in this.

Question 18.
List out the basic form of advantages which privilage groups enjoy.
Answer:
a) Opportunities in life
b) Social status
c) Political influence

Question 19.
Why environmental problems are also social problems?
Answer:

1. Environmental problems often become social problems.
2. This is connected with social inequality. Therefore environmental problems affect different groups in different ways.
3. It is social status and power that help people to save themselves from Environmental problems.
4. But the solutions they find often increase social inequalities.
5. Some environmental problems are universal. They affect all.

Question 20.
What is the difference between achieved status and ascribed status?
Answer:
The social status one gets by birth and without his will is called ascribed status. Examples – Age, case, gender, race, kinship. All the status one gets through them is ascribed status. In simple and traditional societies, status is ascribed. Acquired status is what one willingly acquires through his capabilities, achievements, values and choices.

IV. Answer any 3 questions from 21 to 26. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 21.
Differentiate between Com monsense Knowledge and Sociological Knowledge.
Answer:

Sociological Knowledge	Common sense Knowledge
Makes use of scientificmethods.	No scientific frame or review of information.
Asks specific questions.	No possibility for self reflexivity.
Uses precise methods for studies and collecting data.	The findings of Common sense
Findings are subjected to scientific studies and analyses.	Knowledge are not questioned.
All knowledge can be questioned.	It is not compulsory to believe in Common sense Knowledge.
Tries to find out the truth about knowledge.	It can be right or wrong.

Question 22.
Classify the following items into appropriate columns: (Open system, Closed system, Ascribed status, Achieved status, Birth, Rigid, Income, Flexible)
Answer:

Caste	Class
Closed system	Open System
Ascribed status Acquired status Birth	Income
Rigid	Flexible

Question 23.
Distinguish between objectivity and subjectivity.
Answer:
Objectivity has no prejudices. It is impartial. Conclusions are based only on facts. When we make an objective approach we can’t give’any consideration to our personal feelings or emotions. Subjectivity is based on personal values and preferences. A person’s emotions and interests are reflected here. A person’s feelings, emotions and interests will be reflected there

Question 24.
Write any four challenges to social order in urban areas.
Answer:

1. Gated community
2. Gentrification
3. Homogenization of community
4. Density of population

Question 25.
Explai n the concept welfare state proposed by A. R. Desai.
Answer:

1. Welfare state is a creative (positive) state.
2. It s a democratic state.
3. It is a state in which there is mixed economy.

Question 26.
Match the following:

A	B
Karl Marx	Social fact
Emile Durkheim	Alienation
Max Weber	Rational thinking
Enlightment	Social action

Answer:

A	B
Karl Marx	Alienation
Emile Durkheim	Social Fact
Max Weber	Social action
Enlightment	Rational thinking

V. Answer any 3 questions from 27 to 32. Each carries 5 scores. (3× 5 = 15)

Question 27.
List out the similarities and differences between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:

Sociology	Anthropology
1. Studies about contemporary societies.	1. Studies primitive societies or simple societies.
2. It is the study of modern and complex societies. It teaches more about Bureaucracy, religion, caste, social dynamism, all of which are part of society.	2. Special studies were based regions where there are simple societies, e.g. Andaman Islands, Melanesia, etc.
3. It makes use of	3. The study method of social anthropologists is field work. They stay with the people about whom they want to study and make researches about their race and other important details.
research methods like survey, questionnaire, etc. to gather data for analysis and making conclusions. ,	4. Anthropology studies a society in its entirety. They study all aspects of the society and they study an make appropriate interpretations.
4. Sociologists make complete studies about social institutions like family, marriage, etc.	Anthropology

Question 28.
Match the following:

A	B
Primary Group	School
Secondary Group	Family
Peer Group Doctor	Doctor
Ascribed status	Same age group
Achieved status	Caste

Answer:

A	B
Primary Group	Family
Secondary Group	School
Peer Group Doctor	Same age Group
Ascribed status	Caste
Achieved status	Doctor

Question 29.
Distinguish between endogamy and exogamy as rules of marriage.
Answer:

• Endoaamv
  1. A method in which life partner is chosen from the same community.
  2. Marriage outside the community is not allowed. Example: Marriages of caste, race, tribe groups.
• Exoaamv
  1. A method in which a person marries from a different community.
  2. This is just opposite to endogamy. This is practised in groups based on caste, religion, race, or region.

Question 30.
Prepare a short note on cosmopolitanism.
Answer:

1. Cosmopolitanism recognises and respects the differences in other cultures.
2. A person with cosmopolitan attitude does not assess people who have other values and beliefs with the criteria of his own culture.
3. People with cosmopolitan attitude respect and imbibe some of the good things in other cultures and thus make their own culture richer.
4. It encourages cultural exchanges and borrowings.

Question 31.
Explain the basic features of bureaucracy.
Answer:
a) The working of the officials.
b) Hierarchical division of official positions.
c) Belief in the written documents.
d) Running the Office.
e) Behaviour in the office.

Question 32.
Write short note on:
a) Competition
b) Conflict
Answer:

• Competition
  1. It is a universal phenomenon.
  2. It is sociological process.
  3. The modern society and the capitalist economy are based on competition.
  4. Capitalists give greater importance to profit and efficiency.
• Conflict
  1. It is the shortage of resources in the society that leads to conflicts.
  2. The efforts to get resources and control them lead to conflicts.
  3. The fight among different interests is called conflict.

IV. Answer any 3 questions from 33 to 38. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 33.
Examine the scope of Sociology.
Answer:
The scope pf sociology is very big.

1. It studies different types of social relations – at the individual, social, and global level.
2. The study of sociology helps to have clear cut attitudes.
3. Sociology gives greater importance to factual knowledge.
4. It releases people from the narrow-mindedness created by race, class, region, religion, etc.
5. It discusses social problems like unemployment, caste conflicts, laws that deny the rights of forest dwellers, the entry of foreign universities in the country, etc. and suggests steps to solve them.
6. It discusses the need for social solidarity.
7. It discusses various and regional and international issues and things like social- cultural changes, relations, stratification, group, status, population, social organisations, etc.

Question 34.
Explain the role of any three agencies in Social Control.
Answer:
There are many agencies that ensure social control. Family, Peer groups, school and mass media are some of them.

Family:
Socialization starts from the family. Some children live with their parents and siblings in the nuclear family whereas other children live in extended families with many members. In a nuclear family, the parents are the main socializing agents. But in joint or extended families grandparents, uncles etc. also become socializing agents.

1. In traditional societies, the family into which a child is born decides its social status.
2. The area of the family into which a child is born and the social class there seriously affect its socialization models. Children imbibe their behaviour and manners from their parents and the people in the neighbourhood.
3. Some children accept the attitudes of their without questions. This is true especially in the contemporary times.

Peer Groups:
Peer groups are another agency for socialization. Children of the same age who are friendly with one another are the peer groups. Children of 4 or 5 years of age spend a lot of time with their peers.

1. Peer means equal. The friendliness among children will be based on equality.
2. Physically stronger children might try to dominate the weaker ones. Still there will be friendship among them and the consequent give and take.

Parents often use their authority to enforce discipline among their children. But in the peer groups they do mutual cooperation. Peer group influence plays a big role in a person’s life. In moulding his nature, life style, attitudes and behaviour, it plays a big role. Schools:
Study in school is a formal process. There is a fixed curriculum there. Even then schools are an important agency of socialization. The knowledge and values the teachers give the students help in their socialization process.

1. Sociologists point out that along with the curriculum, there is a hidden syllabus which helps their studies.
2. In India and South Africa, in some schools, the . girls there are expected to keep the classrooms swept and clean.
   In some schools there have been protests against this practice. They showed their protest by making the boys and girls do certain things which are not expected from them by the society.

Question 35.
Prepare a short note on survey method.
Answer:
In sociology survey is the most-used research method. Information is collected from a group of selected people and in this way a detailed view about the subject becomes available. The people selected for making the study are called respondents.

Question 36.
Explain that resource depletion is a major environ-mental problem.
Answer:

1. Overuse of natural resources which can’t be recreated or renewed brings about resource depletion.
2. The petroleum that is taken from underground depletes fast.
3. Overexploitation of water and earth and the lowering of the underground water cause serious resource depletion.
4. The topsoil has been formed as a result of the work of many, many years. Its loss causes soil erosion, stagnant water pools like marshy land and saltif ication of the surface.

Question 37.
Explain the six features of caste system emphasised by G.S. Ghurye.
Answer:
a) Segmental division of society.
b) Hierarchy or stratification
c) Civil & religious disabilities and privileges.
d) Lack of unrestricted choice of occupation.
e) Restriction on food, drinks & social contacts
I) Marriage restrictions.

Question 38.
Distinguish between Mechanical Solidarity and Or-ganic Solidarity.
Answer:

Mechanical Solidarity	Organic Solidarity
This is a feature of primitive societies.	It is a feature of complex industrial society.
Similarity is the reason for unity.	Dissimilarity (Diversity) is the reason for unity.
Exits in small communities.	Exists in larger communities.
Self-sufficient	Not self-sufficient
Differences between them will be less.	Division of labour is more.
Division of labour is less.	People live depending on others.
Believes, emotionality, sense of righteousness make them united.	Individual are given importance.
	Laws are subject to corrections and changes.

VII. Answer any 2 questions from 39 to 42. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 39.
a) Explain the concept family (2)
b) Examine the different forms of family based on rule of residence, authority and tradition. (6)
Answer:
a) • Family is the basic unit of the society.
• The most important primary group in the society is family.
• Family is a universal institution and it is stable. Marriage, kinship etc. are important in all societies.

b) Different forms of families:
• Depending on the nature of dwelling, we divide families into two: Matrilocal families and Patrilocal families.
• In matrilocal families the couple stays with the parents of the bride.
• In patrilocal families the couple stays with the parents of the bridegroom.

• Depending on authority, families are divided into two:
  1. Patriarchal families, Matriarchal families.
  2. In patriarchal families man has the authority.
  3. In matriarchal families woman has the authority. Here the mother has all the authorities.
• Depending on the Line of Descent, families are divided into two:
  1. Matrilineal and Patrilineal
  2. In matrilineal families, the line of descent is through the mother.
  3. In patrilineal families, the line of descent is through the father.

Question 40.
Prepare an eassy on the role of different agencies of Socialisation.
Answer:

1. The most important process in a person’s life is socialization.
2. This is a process that lasts from birth to the death of a person.

Question 41.
Explain any four causes for social change.
Answer:
Social changes can be categorised on the basis of their sources/reasons. The reasons can be internal or external.
Reasons for Social Change

• Environmental
• Technical
• Economic
• Political
• Cultural

Question 42.
a) Explain participant observation.
b) Write three merits and demerits of participant observation.
Answer:
a) Participant observation is very common in sociology and social anthropology.

b) In this method, a social scientists or a researcher immerses himself in the daily activities of the participants in order to record the behaviour in as many scenarios as possible. The researchers can observe the daily life of the people: their exchanges with each other, their formal and informal conversations, habits, etc. Participant observation is quite different from the other methods of research. The field work here includes mutual contacts between the researcher and the participants for a very long time.

Sociologists or researchers spend a year or more with the group of people about whom they are making the studies or doing the research. The sociologists that are not part of the group about which they are studying fully immerse themselves in the culture and various activities of the group. They learn their language and become participants in their daily life. By this, they are able to collect information about their inborn abilities, knowledge and expertise.

The aim of participant observation is learning the entire life style of the group which the researcher is studying. The social scientist and the social anthropologist study the things as if they are in a new world. Participant observation is often called field work. Field work came from the natural sciences like botany, zoology and geology. The scientists in these fields do not confine themselves to the laboratories. They go to the fields and study everything about rocks, insects, plants and animals. That is who the name field work came.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

Answer all questions from 1 to 8. Each carries 1 score. (8 × 1 = 8)

Question 1.
Pick out a feature of primary group from the given list.
a) Large group
b) Formal relation
c) Face-to-face association
d) Goal oriented
Answer:
c) Face-to-face association

Question 2.
An effort to compromise and co-exist despite conflict is called :
a) Accommodation
b) Co-operation
c) Competition
d) Conflict
Answer:
a) Accommodation

Question 3.
Identify the concept relatd to Durkheim’s vision of Sociology.
a) Division of labour
b) Alienation
c) Social action
d) Social fact
Answer:
c) Social action

Question 4.
Identify the item that connot be considered as a feature of culture.
a) Culture is a common understanding
b) Culture does not change
c) Culture is a way of life
d) Culture is shared
Answer:
b) Culture does not change

Question 5.
The process of using more than one method in a particular study is called
a) Micro method
b) Macro method
c) Interview method
d) Triangulation
Answer:
d) Triangulation

Question 6.
In India communal violence have led to the conversion of mixed community neighbour hoods into single community ones. Identify the concept to refer this process.
a) Ghettoisation
b) Gentrification
c) Gated community
d) Risk society
Answer:
b) Gentrification

Question 7.
Complete the diagram reflecting Karl Marx’s idea about alienation.

Answer:
Alienetion from others/each other

Question 8.
Complete the chart showing the features of modern states.

Answer:
Citizenship

Answer any 4 questions from 9 to 13 in 2 or 3 sentences each. Each carries 2 scores.(4 × 2 = 8)

Question 9.
Point out any two features of caste put forward by G.S. Ghurye.
Answer:

1. Segmental division
2. Hierarchial division
3. Restriction on social interaction
4. Different right and duties
5. Restrictions on the choice of occupation
6. Restrictions on marriage

Question 10.
Differentiate between gentrification and gated community.
Answer:

1. Gentrification
   • Coversion of lower class neighbourhoods in to a middle and upper class one.
2. Gated community
   • Affluent neighbourhoods separated from surrounding by walls and gates controlled entry and exit.

Question 11.
Differentiate between achieved status and ascribed status with an example each.
Answer:

1. Achieved status
   • By personal efforts. Eg. Lower Class/Caste student’ becomes a doctor/engineer etc.
2. A scribed status
   • By birth. Eg- Assumes involuntarly caste, age, race etc.

Question 12.
Point out any two situations that hinder objectivity in sociological research.
Answer:

1. Bias
2. Many versions of truth.
3. Multiple point of view.
4. Prejudices.

Question 13.
List any two features of modern forms of work.
Answer:

1. Industrial work
2. Mechanisation of agriculture
3. Division of labour
4. Factory production- change in the location of work.

Answer any 3 questions from 14 to 17. Each carries 3 scores. (3× 3 = 9)

Question 14.
What defines the scope of Sociology is not just what it studies but how it studies a chosen field. Substantiate.
Answer:

1. Sociology can focus its analysis on the interaction between individuals.
2. Sociology can also focus on national issues such as unemployment or caste conflict or the effects of state policies on forest rights of the tribal population or rural indebtedness
3. Sociology is a discipline with emancipatory nature. It can liberate students from the narrow feelings of colour, class, region, caste and religion.
4. Sociology helps students to adopt an objective out look about one is own society.
5. Sociology helps student to understand and available the social factors in the surronding environment.
6. It provides a vision on history and on insight into human life on earth.

Question 15.
Complete the table with suitable items from the bracket.
[Performing rituals at death, Internet chatting, Recognising the cartoon of a politician]

Cognitive Culture	Nonnative Culture	Material Culture

Answer:

Cognitive Culture	Nonnative Culture	Material Culture
Recogning the carbon of a politician.	performing rituals at death.	Internet chatting

Question 16.
’Jus as nature shapes society, society also shapes nature.’ Substantiate with example.
Answer:
The interdtion between the environment and society is shaped by social organisation. The soical orgnaization play an important role in shaping the relationship between the different social group and the environment. The social values and norms are reflected in the different relationship between environment and society.

The countries which followed the socialist values of justice and equality seized lands from large landlords and distributed it to the landlessfarmers. The religious values inspired certain communities to protect the groves and.species.
The capitalist, socialist and religious values played an important role in shaping the relationship between the environment and the society. The capitalist values have commodities the nature and turned it into a product for sale. The socialist values led to the redistribution of land. Social conditions have influenced the theories about environment and society.

Question 17.
Point out the key ideas related Max Weber’s ‘interpretative Sociology’.
Answer:
According to Webber social action is the subject matter of sociology. He agrued that the overall objective of sociology was to develop an interpretative understanding of social action. He asked that sociology should identify and understand the social action. He called it interpretative sociology. The central concern of the sociology was to understand social action Webber suggests two methods of enquiry to understand social action and to recover its meaning empathetic understanding and ideal type.

Empathetic understanding is method of recovering the meaning of an action. According to this method the sociologists put themselves in the place of the actor. This understanding is not based in ‘feeling for’ but ‘feeling with’ the empathetic understanding enables the sociologists to realize. The subjective meaning and motivations of social actors.
The ‘empathtic understanding’ enables the sociologist to faithfully record the subjective meaning and motivations of social actors.

Besides empathetic understanding Weber also suggested another sociological method called ‘Ideal type’.

1. An ideal type is a model of a social phenomenon that highlights its most significant characteristics.
2. Weber designed it as a conceptual tool to understand and analisereality.
3. Ideal types may exaggerate some features of social phenomenon. It may ignore or downplay others.
4. Ideal type is to be judged not by the accuracy or detailed a description it provides but by how helpful it is for analysis and understanding.

Answer any 3 questions from 18 to 21, each in a paragraph. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 18.
Briefly explain D.P. Mukerji’s ideas regarding tradition and change.
Answer:
According to D.P. the study about tradition should not be confined to the past only but of the past. It should also include the study about changes. Society is the central focus in India so, the first duty of indian sociology is to study about the social traditions of India. D.P. argued that Indian culture and society are not individualistic as in the western countries. The desires of an average Indian is determined by his siocio – cultural group. He **** from it so the Indian’s v social system is basically oriented number group self and D.P. believed that there were ‘ three principles’ of change recognised by Indian traditions. They are shruti, smriti and anubhava.

The last one, anubhava or personal experience is revolutionary idea, but in indian context, personal experience  intocollective experience. Anubhava or the collective experience of groups became the most important principle of change in the Indian society. The high traditions were in Smnti and Sruti. But they re challenged from time to time by the collective experience of groups and Bhaktl Movement’ ¡s an éxample for this D.P. argued that this was in the case of both the hindu and Muslim cultures in India. The Sufis in India stressed on love and experience rather than ** texts. This was important in bringing above charges. In India, experience and love (Anubhav and prern) are the agents of charge rather than discussive (Budhi vichar).

Question 19.
Classify the following into appropriate columns.
[Achievement based, fixed hierarchy, open, flexible, rigid, social mobility, ascribed, purity – pollution]
Answer:

Caste	class
Fixed Hierarchy	Achievement based
Rigid	Open
Ascribed	Flexible
Purity Pollution	Social mobiIi

Question 20.
Compare and contrast the views of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx about ‘Social Structure’.
Answer:
1. Social structure refers to the regularities or patterns inour social environment.

2. Social structure can be comparedto the structure of a building. The floor, walls and roof of abuilding together give it a shape or .

3. Social structure is formed by human actions and relationships. The repetition of human actions and relationships time spaceleads to the formation of social structure.

4. Social reproduction and social structure are closely related.

5. Social structure controls or limits the actions of individulas. Emile Durkheim and many other sociologists believe that the societies exert societies exert social control over the actions of their members. Durkheim argued that society has domination over the individuals. It has more ‘Firmness’ or ’Solidity’ than other structures. Social thinkers like Karl Marx also emphasise the constraints of social structure. At the same time, Marx gave stress to the creativity of humans to reproduce and change social structure. Marx argued that human beings make history, but not as they wish or choose.

Question 21.
‘In India families are gendered.’ Substantiate the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:

1. Patriarchial nature of family
2. Male preferences
3. Roleallotement
4. Women-low states
5. More investment for make child.

Answer any 3 questions from 22 to 25. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 22.
Analyse the relationship between co-operation and division of labour.
Answer:
Cooperation is a basic social process. Cooperation human beings and society cannot survice.
Sociology does not accept the view that nature is and british. Sociologists like Emile Durkheim opposed the view that ‘hunger and thirst were the only passions of the primitive people”.

According to Durkheim the society exercises moderate influence over its members. It ‘ and eliminates their brutal actions for the struggle. Their cooperation does not emerge from their own united power, but from an external force.

The workers lose their content in world and control over the products of their labour. In other words, workers lose control over their own work. They lose control over the fruits of their labour marx used the term alienation to refer to this situation.

Question 23.
a) Pick out a social group from the following:
[Passengers waiting at a bus stop, people watching cinema in a theatre, friends playing football, people gathered in an accident area]
b) Point out any four criteria to differentiate a social group from others.
Answer:

1. A sense of belonging to the group.
2. Common interest
3. Common norms and values
4. Adefinitestructure.

Question 24.
Analyse the influence of religion on economic behaviour with the support of an example.
Answer:
1. Religion has a very close relationship with power and politics. For examble, religious movements for social change such as anti caste movements or movements against gender discrimination.

2. Religion is not just a matter of the Private belief of an individual. It also has a public character. It is this public character that connects religion with other social institutions.

3. Sociologists are interested in studying the relations between politics and religion.

4. Classical sociologists believed that religions would become less influential with the progress and modernization of society. It may also lead to the development of secular concepts. But the contemporary incidents show that strong influence of religion still exists at different levels of the society.

5. The approach of sociology towards the relationship between religion and socio-economic behaviour is demonstrated by Max Weber. Weber argues that Calvinism player an influential role in the emergence and growth of capitalism. The calvinsts belived that the world this created for the glory of God.

6. Religion is a major aspect of society. So religion cannot to studied as a separate entity. Social forces always influence religious institutons political denotes. Economic situations and gender norms will influence a political behaviour.

7. Women lastitute more than 50 percent of the world population. So these relationship religion is a major  of sociologies studies. Religion has inseparable relation with other aspects of society sociologists try to unravel these various interconnections.

Question 25.
Rearrange column ‘B’ and ‘C’ so as to match with column ‘A’.

A	B	C
G.S. Ghurve	Welfare State	Man in India
DP. Mukerji	Accidental Anthropologist	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism
A.R. Desai	Village Studies	Caste and Race in India
M.N. Srinivas	Tradition and Change	Argument with Louis Dumont
Sarat Chandra Rov	Caste and Race	Introduction to Indian Music

Answer:

A	B	C
G.S. Ghurve	Caste and Race	Caste and Race in India
DP. Mukerji	Tradition and Change	Introduction to Indian Music
A.R. Desai	Welfare State	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism
M.N. Srinivas	Village Studies	Argument with Louis Dumont
Sarat Chandra Rov	Accidental Anthropologist	Man in India

Answer any 2 questions from 26 to 28 each in 1 Vi pages. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 26.
Critically analyse Karl Marx’s theory of class and class struggle.
Answer:
According to marx, people should be classified into social groups on the basis of the production process. He opposed the method of classifying them on the basis of religion, language and nationality. He argued that people Occupying the same position in the production process will eentually from a class.

The formation of classes is a historial process. Different classes are formed relating with the mode of production in differentstages, conflits develop between different classes which result in struggles. Marx was an advocate of class struggle. He believed that class struggle was the major driving force of change in society. In the communist manifesto marx and Engels presented their views on class struggle in a clear and condde manner.

The class conflict between the two opposing classes they do not emerge automatically. The class for existence.
1. Karl Max also distinguishnes human life from animal life. Durkhlim pointed out altruism and solidarity as the basis feather of the human world.

2. This view of marx helps as understand how cooperation in human life is different from cooperation in animal life.

3. Humans adjust and accommodate to cooperate. They also charge society in hat process.

4. According to Marx, cooperation is not voluntary in a class society. He argued that the cooperation between different individuals is not voluntary in a productive system based on the division of labour conflicts occur only when they do not emerge automatically. The class conflicts occur only when they are subjectively conscious of their class interests and identities. They should also be conscious of their rivales interests and identifies.

5. The development of class consciousness is necessary for class conflict. Class consciousness is developed through political mobilization. It is only after the development of class consciousness that class conflicts occur.
According to Marx, economic process generally tend to generate class conflicts. It also depends on political and social conditions, class conflicts adminatein revolutions where conditionsbecome favourable.

Question 27.
Bring out the importance of Socialisation in the life of an individual and explain the role of any three agencies of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialisation is the most important process in the life of an individual. This is a process extending from the birth to the death of human beings. Socialisation can be defined as a process by which the helpless infant gradually become a self-aware, knowledgeable and skilled person in the ways of the culture into which she/he is born-socialisation makes human being a social being. Without socialisation an individual would not behave like a human being, socialisation is a learning process. It takes place step by step through the interaction with others. As the child grocess she/he learns the behaviour and values of the family and society.

Agencies of socialisation
A child is socialised by several agencies and institutions like family, school, peer group, neighbourhood, occupational group, social class, region and religion.

Family
The process of socialisation begins from family. While some children live in nuclear families with parents and siblings, some others live in extendedfamilies with several members. In nuclear families, parents my by the key socialising agents. But in extends families, major socialising agents are grandparents, uncles and cousins. The individual’s social position is determined by the family in to which he/ she is born.

Peergroups
Peer group is another socialising agency. Peer groups are friendships groups of children of a similar age. Usually children over four or five Spend a great time with friends of the same age.

1. The word ‘peer’ means ‘equal’. Friendly relations established between young children may be egalitarian.
2. Physically strong children of peer- groups may try to dominate others.
3. Yet there is a greater amount of friendship and give and take among the peers.
4. Parents often enforce codes of conduct upon their power. In contrast, children discover a different kind of interaction In peer groups.
5. Peer group relationships influence a person throughout his/her life.
6. It plays a major role in shaping individuals character,way of life, attitude and behaviour.

Mass Media
Mass media has become an integral part of our daily life. Today the electronic media like television is expanding, similary, the importance of print media is also increasing. The media can make the access to information move democratic. Electronic communication can reach a village which has no connective roads or literacy centres. Mass media like newspaper, magazines, radio, television etc. helps us to gather information. It influences over mentality and outlook.

Question 28.
Point out any three major environmental problems and prove that they are also social problems.
Answer:
The global society faces a large number of environmental problems which are raising serious threats to the very existence of the world. It importance and gravity varies from country to country and context to context. Resource depletion pollution global warming, genetically modified orgnisms, natural and man – made environmental disasters etc. are the major evironmental issues that are globally recognized.

Global warming
Global warming is caused by Green house gases.The emitted greenhouse gases such as Carbon dioxide methane etc. traps the sun’s heat. This leads to a small but significant rise in global temperatures.

1. Global warming affects the ecological balance. It creates uncertainties and fluctuations in climate across the world.
2. China and india are significant contributors to world carbon and green house gas emissions.

Genetically modified organisms
The technique of producing new characteries in species by importance the genes of one species in to another is called genti modification. 8 The long term effects of genetic modification on these who eat these foods. Agricultural companies can also use genetic modification of create sterile seeds. It wIll preventfa rmers from reusing then.

Natural and man – made environmental
1. In 1984, four thousand people died in Bhopal due to the leakage of a toxic gas from union carbide factory. This was a man-made environmental disaster.

2. The tsunami in 2004, which killed thousands of people, is an example for natural environmental disaster.

3. Many a time environmental problems change into social problems. In a sens, environmental problems are also social problems. Social status and power enable the people to protect themselves from the environmental crises most of the solutions they find to overcome these crises worsens the environmentes disparties. Some environmental problems are universal. It affects all social groups.

Question 29.
List out and analyse the role of different intellectual ideas and material issues in the making of Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology originated in western European by the middle of the 19th century. French Philosopher Auguste Comte is regarded as the father of sociology. He gave shape to a new science to study about society. This new science is initially called ‘Social physics’ and later ‘sociology’.

1. The Intellectual Ideas that went into the making of sociology. Intellectual ideas in Europe played a major role in the making of sociology. Major intellectual ideas that led to the origin of sociology.
2. Theories of evolution
3. French Revolution
4. Social surveys
5. Ideas of western thinkers
6. Englishment.

The theory ofevolution is one of major intellectual ideas that helped the making of sociology. Theories ofevolution existed even before Darwin.

1. Pre-moderp Societies such as hunting and gathering societies, pastrol and agrarian societies agrarian and non industrial socities.
2. Moden societies such as industrial societies.
3. Darwins theory of evolution greatly influenced the early sociologist thought. His ideas of organic evolution totally transformed sociology.
4. Based on Darwin’s ideas, society was often compard with living organisms. There are different stages in the life of a biological organism.
5. Thinks of the early modern era believed that progress in knowlege promised the solution for all social ills. For example, Auguste comte, the founder of sociology, believed that sociology would contribute to the welfare of humanity.
6. French Revolution of 1789 marked the beginning of many changes in the society. The Slogan ‘liberty, equality, Fraternity’ isa grat contribution of French Revolution to the human society, it altered the feudal social structure and introduces.

Question 30.
Critically analyse participant observation as a method of Sociological research.
Answer:
Participant observation is based on field work. Field work in values a long period of iteraction with the subjects of research.

1. Sociological field work does not necessarily involve living with thejnembers of the community. Socilogist spends most of his time the members of the community. Sociological field work is not confined to a fixed form.
2. In Indian sociology, field work methods are used in village studies. In the 1950s many Indian and foreign anthropologists and sociologits began working on village life and society. They considered villages as the equivalent of the tribal comunity studied by early anthropologists.
3. Village was a bounded community. It was small enough to be studied by a sigl person. Sociologist could know almost everyone in the village and observed their life.
4. In village studies, field work of the sociolgist received much importance.
5. Field work allows the correction of initial imperssions. oftens, initial impression may be mistaken or biased.
6. Field work permits the resarcher to understand changes in the subject of interest. It Is also helpful to see the impact of different situations or contexts.
7. Field work helps to avoid many of the errors or biases in surveys, questionnaires or short term observation.
   Limitations of social research participant
   observation
8. Field work involves a very long period of intensive research/moreover, a researcher has to do the whole work alone. Naturally field work can cover only a very small part of the world generally a single village or small community.
9. The researches has observed in a small village or community during field work may not to applicable to larger villages, areas or community.
10. Another workers of field work is that we are not sure whether the result of work is the voice of the people being studied or that of the researches.
11. Another disadvantage of field work is its one sided relationship. The former study observable behaviour and the Latter study non – observable meaings, values and interpretations.

Modern sociologists face entirely different problems when compared to anthropologies who conduct studies on primitve tribes. Sociologist deals with people who are literate. At least a few of them would definitely read his research reports.

Question 31.
Analyse the processes that help to ensure Social order and Social change in rural societies.
Answer:
The conditions in villages and different from cities and towns. The nature of social order and social change in village is also different. Village are smal in size. So there is more personal relationships. The members of a village know almost an other members. They recognise each other by sight.

1. The social structure of villages follows a traditional pattern. The traditional social institutions like caste and religion are stronger here. Theefore, Change is slower in villages tha in towns.

2. There are also other reasons for the slow change in villages. The subordinate sections of rural society have less chance for expressing their views and interests. It is difficult for people to express their because of the lack of anonymity and distnace in the village.

3. The dominant sections are very powerful in villages. They control most awareness of ’ employment and all kinds of resources. So the poor have to depend on the dominant sestions. They have no other sources of employment or support. As the village population is small, it is very difficult to gather large numbers

4. The charges in agriculture and agrarian social relations have made deep impact or rural societies.

5. Measures like land reform have an immediate impact on village societies. Land reforms are introduced in India soon after independence. It look away proprietary rights from absentee landlords and gave them to the groups who actually handled the land and its agriculture. Most of the groups belonged to intermediate castes. Some of than will not actually cultivates.

6. The changes in the technology of agriculture also have a large and immediate impact on rural society.

7. The introduction of new machineries for tiling the soil, sowing the seeds and harvesting reduced the demand for labour. It thus changed the bargaining power of different social groups like landlords and labourers.

8. The technological and economic changes do not directly affect labour demand. But it can change the economic power of different groups and thus initiate a chain of changes. Sudden fluctuations in agricultural prices, droughts and floods affect the rural society adversely.

Reviewing Kerala Syllabus Plus One Chemistry Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 helps in understanding answer patterns.

Kerala Plus One Chemistry Question Paper June 2022

Time : 2 Hours
Maximum : 60 Scores

Answer any 8 questions from 1 to 11. Each carries 2 scores: (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 1.
(i) Choose the correct set of quantum numbers from the following:
(A) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(B) n = 2, l = 2, m = -2, s = +\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(C) n = 3, l = 1, m = -2, s = 1
(D) n = 1, l = 1, m = -1, s = –\(\frac{1}{2}\) (1)
Answer:
(A) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +\(\frac{1}{2}\)

(ii) Sketch the shape of 2s orbital. (1)
Answer:

Question 2.
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. (mass of electron = 9.1×10 31 kg) 10 m/s
Answer:
For the de-broglie’s equation
λ = \(\frac{h}{mv}\)
Here m = 9.1 × 10^-31 kg and v = 10 m/s
So, λ = \(\frac{h}{mv}\) = \(\frac{h}{mv}\) = 7.281 × 10^-5 m

Question 3.
With the help of Fajans rules, explain why the ionic compound LiC/exhibit covalent character.
Answer:
Smaller the cation, larger the anion more the covalent character of an ionic bond. So LiCI shows covalent character.

Question 4.
Complete the following table:

Answer:

Question 5.
Consider the following redox reaction:
Zn_(s) + 2HCl_(aq) → ZnCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)
Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the above reaction.
Answer:

Oxidation occurs to redusing agent – Zn
Reduction occurs to redusing agent – HCl

Question 6.
What is Heavy water? Give any one use of it.
Answer:
Heavy water is Deuterium Oxide (D₂O).
• It is used as moderator in Nuclear reactors.

Question 7.
Match the compounds in Column A with their properties in Column B:

Answer:

Question 8.
Explain the difference in properties of diamond and graphite on the basis of their structures.
Answer:
Diamond

• sp³ hybridisation
• Hardest material due to three dimensional structure
• insulator
• tetra hedral structure

Graphite

• sp² hybridisation
• Slippery in nature
• Due to presence of free electron, it is a conductor of electricity
• hexagonal layers

Question 9.
Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Answer:
i) 2,5,6-Trimethyloctane
ii) hexa-5-one-1-oicacid or 5-Oxohexanoic acid

Question 10.
Distinguish electrophiles from nucleophiles. Give one example for each of them.
Answer:

Electrophile	Nucleophile
Electron loving species	Nucleus loving species
May be neutral or positive	May be neutral or negative
Eg.BF3, Carbonations	Eg. NH3, OH, Cl, Br

Question 11.
What is acid rain? Write any one of its adverse effect to the environment.
Answer:
If the pH of the rain water is less than 5.6. It is is called acid rain.
• Aquatic life is destroyed.
• Harmful for agriculture.

Answer any 8 questions from 12 to 23. Each carries 3 scores. (8 × 3 = 24)

Question 12.
(i) How many significant figures are present in 0.0025? (1)
Answer:
0.0025- 2 significant figure

(ii) State and illustrate the law of multiple proportions. (2)
Answer:
Law of multiple proportion: When two elements combine to form more than one compound the fixed mass of the element combined with the other bear a simple whole no. ratio.

Question 13.
Consider the reaction in which 3g of hydrogen re-acts with 30g of oxygen to form water under suitable conditions.
(i) Find the number of moles of H₂ and O₂ respectively. (1)
No. of moles of H₂ = \(\frac{3}{2}\) = 1.5 mol
ie, \(\frac{\text { given mass }}{\text { molar mass }}\) = no. of mols
No. of moles of O₂ = \(\frac{30}{32}\) = 0.9375 mol

(ii) Identify the limiting reagent and calculate the amount of water produced in the reaction. (2)
Answer:

Question 14.
Which of the following represents the general &uter electronic configuration of group 15 elements? (1)
(a) ns²
(b) ns²np³
(c) ns²np⁴
(d) ns²np⁶
Answer:
(b) ns²np³

(ii) Explain the variation of the atomic radii of elements as we move from top to bottom in a group in the periodic table. Give reason. (2)
Answer:
As we move down the group. Size increases as the no. of shell increases. The size also increases.

Question 15.
(i) Define electronegativity. (1)
Answer:
It is the tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electron.

(ii) Name any one scale to express the electronegativity of elements. (1)
Answer:
Mulliken Scale, Pauling scale.

(iii) Which is the most electronegative element in the periodic table? (1)
Answer:
Flourine

Question 16.
Derive ideal gas equation.
Answer:

Question 17.
(i) What is meant by critical temperature of a gas? (1)
Answer:
It is the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified whatever be the pressure applied.

(ii) Critical temperatures of two gases A & B are 5.3 K and 405.5 K respectively. Which one of this can be liquified easily? Give reason. (2)
Answer:
B can be easily liquified
Higher the critical temperature easier to liquify.

Question 18.
(i) Which of the following is not correct for the isothermal and free expansion of an ideal gas?
(A) W = 0
(B) q = 0
(C) P_ex = 0
(D) ∆U ≠ 0
Answer:
(D) ∆U ≠ 0

(ii) Calculate the amount of work done during the expansion of an ideal gas from 2 litre to 10 litre against a constant external pressure of 1 atm.
Answer:
Work done (W) = -p . ∆V
= -p (V₂ – V₁)
= -1(10-2)
= -8litre – atm
i.e. litre -atm work is done by the system

Question 19.
(i) For a chemical reaction, the reaction quotient (Q_c) is greater than the equilibrium constant (K_c). Predict the direction of reaction. (1)
Answer:
Backward reaction is favoured

(ii) Predict the effect of change in pressure and temperature in the following reaction at equilibrium:

Answer:
High pressure favours forward reaction as the no. of mole decreases in the forward reaction. Low temperature is favoured for forward reaction as the reaction is exothermic.

Question 20.
Balance the following redox reaction in acidic medium:

Answer:
Fe²⁺ + \(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) → F³ + Cr³⁺ acidic medium

Step I : Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ oxidation half
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) → Cr³⁺ Reduction half

Step II: Balancing atoms other than O & H
Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) → 2 Cr³⁺

Step III: Balancing O & H by adding H₂O & H⁺
Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

Step IV: Adding electrons to balance charges
Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ + \(\overline{\mathrm{e}}\)
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ + 6\(\overline{\mathrm{e}}\) → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

Step V: Equalising the no. of electrons in both
6Fe²⁺ → 6Fe³⁺ + 6\(\overline{\mathrm{e}}\)
\(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ + 6e → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

Step VI: Adding the two half reactions
6Fe²⁺ + \(\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_7^{2-}\) + 14 H⁺ + 6e → 2 Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O
Hence equation is balanced.

Question 21.
Explain the classification of hydrides by citing suit-able examples.
Answer:
Ionic hydrides are hydrides formed by alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, ie. group I and II or s block elements eg. NaH, CaH₂
Molecular Hydrides are hydrides formed by p block elements, eg BH₃, CH₄, NH₃ …
Metallic hydrides are hydrides formed by transition, elements, eg . WH

Question 22.
(i) Which of the following compound does not show cistrans isomerism?
(A) CHCl = CHCl
(B) CH₃CH = CHCH₃
(C) CH₃CCl = CClCH₃
(d) (CH₃)₂C = CHC₂H₅ (1)
Answer:
(d) (CH₃)₂C = CHC₂H₅

(ii) Draw the Newman projections of eclipsed and staggered conformations of ethane.
Answer:

Question 23.
(i) Excess concentration of which of the following in water causes the disease called ‘Blue baby syn-drome’?
(A) Fluoride
(B) Chloride
(C) Nitrate
(D) Sulphate (1)
Answer:
(C) Nitrate

(ii) What is smog? How is classical smog different from photochemical smog? (2)
Answer:
Smog is a mixture of smoke + fog

Photochemical smog	Classical smog
Occurs in the midday	Occurs in early morning
Due to the presence of oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde	Due to the presence of oxides of sulphur
They are oxidising in nature	They are reducing in nature.

Answer any 5 questions from 24 to 31. Each carries 4 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 24.
Write the postulates of Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom. Mention any two demerits of the model.
Answer:

• Electrons are revolving in circular path called orbit
• There are no energy change for an electron while revolving in an orbit.
• Energy is absorbed when an electron moves from lower energy level to higher energy level.
• Energy is released when an electron moves from higher energy level to lower energy level.
  ∆E = hυ
• Angular momentum of an electron revolving in the nh orbital are the integral multiples of \(\frac{nh}{2π}\).

Demerit

• 1. It couldn’t explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and de Broglie wavelength
• It could not explain the fine spectrum of hydrogen atom.

Question 25.
Write the molecular orbital configuration of N₂. Calculate its bond order and predict its magnetic behaviour.
Answer:
M.O configuration of N₂

Bond order (B.O) = 1/2 [Nb – Na]
= 1/2 [10 – 4] = 1/2 × 6 = 3
N₂ is diamagnetic, due to the presence of paired electron in the highest occupied orbital.

Question 26.
(i) Define entropy. (1)
Answer:
Entropy is the degree of disorderness or randomness of a system

(ii) Explain by giving reason whether entropy in-creases or decreases in the following processes:
(a) A liquid crystallieses into a solid. (1)
(b) Temperature of a crystalline solid is raised from OK to 115 K. (1)
Answer:
(a) Entropy decreases. Because in liquid state disorder is more than crystalline solid state hence entropy decreases.
(b) Entropy increases. This is because when temperature increases, disorderness increases and hence the entropy increases.

(iii) Write the equation showing the relationship between entropy and Gibb’s energy. (1)
Answer:
Relationship between Entropy and Gibb’s energy is: G = H – TS

Question 27.
(i) Which of the following is a Lewis acid?
(A) HO^–
(B) F^–
(C) NH₃
(D) BCl₃ (1)
Answer:
(D) BCl₃

(ii) What are buffer solutions? Give example. (2)
Answer:
Solutions which resist the change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small amount of acid or alkali are called Buffer solutions. E.g. An equimolar mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate

(iii) Which of the following is a salt of weak acid and strong base?
(A) CH₃COONa
(B) NH₄Cl
(C) CH₃COONH₄
(D) (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1)
Answer:
(A) CH₃COONa

Question 28.
(i) Write any two similarities between Lithium and Magnesium. (2)
Answer:
1. Li is Hard
2. Li forms monoxide

(ii) Describe the biological importance of sodium and calcium. (2)
Answer:
Sodium has an important role in nerve transmission of signals.
Ca is used for the strengthening of teeth and bone.

Question 29.
What happens when:
(i) Borax is heated. (2)
(ii) Boric acid is added to water. (1)
(iii) Diborane is treated with ammonia. (1)
Answer:

Question 30.
(i) Which of the following methods is used for the quantitative estimation of halogens in an organic compound?
(A) Dumas method
(B) Kjeldahl’s method
(C) Carius method
(D) Lassaigne’smethod (1)
Answer:
(C) Carius method

(ii) Briefly explain the principles of the following techniques used in the purification of organic compound:
(a) Sublimation (1)
(b) Crystallization (1)
(c) Distillation (1)
Answer:
(a) Sublimation: The compound in the solid form directly changes in to gaseous form, eg. Camphor can be purified by this method.
(b) Crystallisation: It is used for the solutions with difference in the solubilities of the compound and the impurities in a suitable solvent.
(c) Distillation: The liquids with different boiling point are boiled the vapours are collected and cooled to get pure solution.

Question 31.
(i) Propene reacts with HBr to form a mixture of two products. Identify and write the major and minor product in the mixture. (2)
Answer:

(ii) Complete the following equations:

Answer:

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One September Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One September Previous Year Question Paper September 2021

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer any 2 questions from 1 to 4. Each carries 1 score. (2 × 1 = 2)

Question 1.
Fill in the blank:
Answer:

Question 2.
Man excercises authority and dominance in type of family.
Answer:
Patriarchal

Question 3.
The application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behaviour and beliefs of people from other culture is known as ______.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism

Question 4.
Mores, customs are dimensions of culture.
Answer:
Normative

Answer any 4 questions from 5 to 12. Each carries 2 scores. (4 × 2 = 8)

Question 5.
What is psychology?
Answer:
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. Psychologists make research on perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, subjective experiences, motivation, brain functioning, and personality.

Question 6.
Define the term‘Role’.
Answer:
Role is the behavioural level of one’s position. For each position there are duties and responsibilities. The behaviour the society expects from a person holding a certain position is called role. Positions are to be held and role is to carry out their responsibilities.

Question 7.
Define Nudear family.
Answer:
A nuclear family consist of a father, mother and their unmarried children.

Question 8.
Give one definition for culture.
Answer:
As a member of the society, a person acquires knowledge about all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions and it is passed down from generation to generation. Culture is called “the way of life for an entire society.” As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, art, norms of behaviour, such as law and morality, and systems of belief.

Question 9.
What is structured interview?
Answer:
The structured interview is quite official or formal. This is like using a questionnaire in a survey. The questions and their order are prepared in advance by the researcher. The respondents are asked questions in a certain order. The information received through structured interview is supposed to be more reliable.

Question 10.
What is meant by ecology?
Answer:
All societies have an environmental basis. Ecology is the chain of the physical and biological systems and processes. It is the study of the selationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them.

Question 11.
What do you mean by social stratification?
Answer:
Social stratification is the structural inequality that is found among different social groups. Each society is divided into different levels. Social stratification is this division of the society into various compartments.

Question 12.
Define the term social order.
Answer:
Social order is the tendency to resist and control’ social changes. It prevents and controls social changes.

Answer any 3 questions from 13 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (3 × 3 = 9)

Question 13.
Who introduced the concept ‘Social Imagination’? Explain Social Imagination.
Answer:
C Wright Mills.

1. It describes how individuals and the society are mutually related.
2. It is clear awareness about the relation between personal experience and the broader social and historical context.
3. It is the ability to view a thing socially.
4. A person with social imagination can take decisions as per the circumstances and thus he is able to move forward.
5. This helps in the observation of the society based on facts.

Question 14.
What is meant by Reference group? Give one example.
Answer:
Some groups observe other groups and wish to become like them. So they imitate the life style of those groups. The groups whose life styles are being imitated are called Reference Groups. People tend to imitate film stars and famous sportsmen.

Question 15.
Give three common characteristics of Religion.
Answer:

1. Belief in supernatural powers.
2. There will be a set of symbols that awaken reverence, fear and piety in people.
3. There will be rituals, prayers, incantations, hymns, food restrictions, fasting, and a community of believers.
4. Awe, devotion, spiritual satisfaction, and modes of worship.

Question 16.
Give any three reasons for cultural change.
Answer:
Societies change their social order. These changes are called cultural changes. The inspiration for the changes can be internal or external. An example of the internal reason can be this: When new methods of cultivation are used the production increases. This allows the farming community to consume more and bring about changes in the quality of their lives. Interventions in the form of conquest and colonisation will bring deep changes in the culture of a society. The changes are examples for external reasons. Cultural changes can also happen through environmental changes and through contacts with other cultures. Environmental changes can alter the entire lifestyle of the people. If the forest dwellers are denied entry into the forest and the use of forest products by law, it will adversely affect them and their lifestyle.

Question 17.
Give the three basic advantages which privileged groupsenjoy.
Answer:
Privileged groups enjoy some of the following basic privileges:
a) Opportunities in Life: Material gains make their standard of life better. Factors like wealth, income, security, recreation, health, etc. increase the quality of their life.

b) Social status: I n the eyes of others, they enjoy high status and position.

c) Political influence: Privileged groups are able to establish their dominance over others and to play a decisive role in making crucial decisions. From such decisions they get advantages. Social stratification brings boundaries for social processes.

Question 18.
Why environmental problems are also social problems?
Answer:
Environmental problems are social problems. It has close relations with social inequality. So, environmental problems create different consequences. It is their social status and power that enable people to escape from, and survive, environmental crises. The solutions to the environmental crises the people of the higher or privileged classes find often increase the inequality in the society. Some environmental problems are universal. They affect all social groups alike. On such things all will be interested.

Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 24. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Distinguish between commonsense knowledge and sociological knowledge.
Answer:

1. Commonsense knowledge is personal opinions.
2. It does not have any scientific backing.
3. But sociological knowledge is scientific.
4. It is different from commonsense knowledge and philosophical ideas.
5. In the studies about society, sociology adopts scientific methods.

Question 20.
Give four differences between Caste system and Class system.
Answer:

Caste	Class
The basis is birth and the concept of purity and impurity.	The basis is wealth, education, life opportunities, or competences.
Gained by birth.	Acquired.
Traditional	Not traditional
Has approval from religion.	No approval of religion or law.
Special for India alone.	Universal

Question 21.
Give short note on the following:
a) Objectivity
b) Subjectivity
Answer:
a) Objectivity has no prejudices. It is impartial. Conclusions are based only on facts.
b) Subjectivity is based on personal values and preferences. A person’s emotions and interests are reflected here.

All sciences are expected to be objective. But it is impossible to bring complete objectivity in Sociology as in the other natural sciences.

Question 22.
Write short note on:
a) Ghettoisation
b) Gated communities
Answer:
a) Ghettoisation:
Ghettoisation refers to the process whereby people belonging to minority groups are made to live in particular areas of cities and towns due to factors relating to their religious, ethnic or racial background. The conflicts and discriminations among them create social changes.

b) Gated Communities:
Rich neighbourhoods build walls and gates and keep themselves separate from the people around them. Entry into the gated communities is restricted. Such communities are called gated communities. Gated communities may have their own water and electricity distribution system and security measures.

Question 23.

A	B
Karl Marx	Emergence of Sociology
Max Weber	Division of Labour
Emile Durkheim	Class struggle
French Revolution	Bureaucracy

Answer:

A	B
Karl Marx	Class struggle
Max Weber	Division of Labour
Emile Durkheim	Bureaucracy
French Revolution	Emergence of Sociology

Question 24.
Explain the concept of welfare state.
Answer:
Desai pointed out the shortcomings of the welfare state after explaining their salient features. He has suggested some criteria for measuring the performance of a welfare state. They are given below:

a) Does the welfare state ensure security and freedom from poverty and social discrimination to all its citizens?
b) Does the welfare state ensure that the wealth gets redistributed among the poor and prevents the concentration of wealth in some hands, and do away with the inequalities in incomes?
c) Has the welfare state changed the financial system and the profit motive of capitalism to submit to the real needs of the society?
d) Does the welfare state ensure freedom from the cycle of sudden economic rises and depressions and bring about stable development?
e) Does the welfare state give everyone jobs?

Answer any 3 questions from 25 to 30. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 25.
Define anthropology. Write its relations with sociology.
Answer:
Anthropology studies human races, their origin, development, customs and conventions.

1. Physical Anthropology – The biological origin of humankind.
2. Social Anthropology – Behaviour of people in social circumstances.

Anthropology studies simple societies. Social anthropology studies complex societies. Anthropologists use participant observations as the method of their studies. But sociology uses survey, questionnaire etc.

Question 26.

A	B
Quasi group	By birth
Primary group	Adolescence
Caste	Gender group
Peer group	Inequality
Social stratification	Family

Answer:

A	B
Quasi group	Gender group
Primary group	Family
Caste	By birth
Peer group	Adolescence
Social stratification	Inequality

Question 27.
Give brief note on the following:
a) Endogamy
b) Exogamy
Answer:

• Endogamy
  1. A method in which life partner is chosen from the same community.
  2. Marriage outside the community is not allowed. Example: Caste, race.
• Exogamy
  1. A method in which a person marries from a different community.
     Example: Marriage is prohibited between families related by blood.

Question 28.
Explain the following diemensions of culture:
a) Cognitive
b) Material
Answer:
a) It is difficult to recognise the cognitive dimension of culture. This is the ability to understand and recognise the meanings of things that we see and hear. Getting awareness or convictions from the information we get from the surroundings is called cognitive dimension of culture. We get awareness from oral things and written books.

b) Material dimension of culture includes all activities in which we use different material. It includes any material thing that man makes and uses. Tools, technologies, machines, buildings, means of transport and communication, productive instruments – all these are included here.

Question 29.
Give short note on:
Answer:
a) Cooperation is the basis of social life. Without
cooperation, social life is impossible. Even in the animal world, we can see cooperation happening in the most disciplined “manner. Among mammals, ants and bees we can see cooperation at a higher level, b) Cooperation and conflict are mutually linked.

1. When cooperation breaks down, there will be conflict.
2. Conflict is the fight between differing interests,
3. Lack of resources can cause conflict in the society.
4. Conflicts can also take place on the basis of class, caste, race, religion, sex, tribe and community.
5. Conflict is often not expressed openly.
6. Hidden conflicts and open cooperation are common in the society.

Question 30.
Distinguish between mechanical solidarity and or-ganic solidarity.
Answer:

Mechanical Solidarity	Organic Solidarity
This is a feature of primitive societies.	It is a feature of complex industrial society.
Similarity is the reason for unity.	Dissimilarity (Diversity) is the reason for unity.
Differences between them will be less.	Division of labour is more.
Division of labour is less.	People live depending on others.
Believes, emotionality, sense of righteousness make them united.	For fulfilling the basic needs of workers, they need the help of other workers.

Answer any 3 questions from 31 to 36. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 31.
Describe the scope of siology.
Answer:
The scope of sociology’s very big.

1. It studies different types of social relations – at the individual, social, and global level.
2. The study of sociology helps to have clear cut attitudes.
3. Sociology gives greater importance to factual knowledge.
4. It releases people from the narrow-mindedness created by race, class, region, religion, etc.
5. It discovers social problems and takes steps to solve them.
6. It dispusses the need for social solidarity.
7. It discusses things like social-cultural changes, relations, stratific’ation, group, status, population, social organisations, etc.

Question 32.
Write Six characteristics of social group.
Answer:
A social group is a fellowship of individuals who share the common interests, cultures, values, and conventions of a particular society and constantly engage in mutual activities.

1. Constant mutual activities.
2. A permanent model for the constant mutual activities.
3. Group sense.
4. Common interests
5. Common criteria and values.
6. A fixed structure.

Question 33.
Describe survey method.
Answer:
Survey

1. This is the most well known research method in sociology.
2. It gives a common view.
3. Through survey, a.comprehensive view about a subject is obtained on the basis of the information collected from a selected group of people. The people selected for the survey are called respondents.

Different Tools in Surveys

1. Normally questionnaires and checklist are used.
2. Questions are asked directly from the respondents.
3. Questions are sent to the respondents.
4. Questions are asked over the phone.
5. Electronic equipment is used.

Question 34.
Explain three environmental problems.
Answer:
Important Environmental Problems
Depletion of Resources
Pollution Global Warming
Animals and Plants which are changed genetically

Depletion of Resources
Natural resources are divided into two – re-creatable and non re-creatable.
Underground water, mineral wealth, petroleum etc, can’t be recreated. SAs we use them, their availability becomes less and less. Solar energy, wind, waves, plans etc. are re-creatable. The depletion of non-re-creatable resources is a major environmental problem.

Pollution
The main pollutions are air pollution, water pollution and sound pollution.
Air Pollution: This is a big environmental problem that affects the urban and rural areas alike. Air pollution causes lung diseases and other problems. Smoke and poisonous gases from factories and vehicles, and using firewood and coal for cooking at homes create air pollution.

Water Pollution: This adversely affects the surface water sources and also the underground water set up.

Sound Pollution: This is a problem that s more in the urban areas.

Global warming:
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane prevent the heat of the sun from radiating back into the space. These gases play a big role in increasing global warming. It causes the melting of ice in the polar region raising the sea levels. Global warming can bring drastic changes in the climate of countries.

Genetically altered animals and plants:
BT cotton, BT Brinjal, etc. are crops which have been altered through genetic engineering. In genetic engineering, there is deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. The genetic material of one species is put into another one to make a new species.

It is social inequality that brings about environmental problems. Some people use their and power and potion to escape from environmental problems. This kind of escape by one group increases the worsening of social inequality. The rich people in the Kutch area of Gujarat use groundwater for their agriculture by digging bore-wells. The wells of the poor people go dry and they run here and there to get water for their needs. Different interests and ideologies cause environmental conflicts. Many of the activities done in the name of protecting common interests are done for the benefit of politically and economically powerful groups. Many of the environmental problems are the results of social inequality.

Question 35.
Give four characteristics of bureaucratic authority. Define bureaucracy.
Answer:
Bureaucracy is a formal institution that exists in the public sector. As a public sector institution, it limits the authority of the officials according to their responsibilities. It does not give them the supreme power. Bureaucracy has 5 main features.

a) The working of the officials.
b) Hierarchical division of official positions.
c) Belief in the written documents.
d) Running the Office.
e) Behaviour in the office.

a) The working of the officials:
The officials have their fixed official area in the bureaucracy. That is based on some laws, regulations and administrative control. The ordinary works in a bureaucracy are divided and they are given as the responsibilities of particular officials. Moreover the orders of the higher authorities are to be implemented by the bureaucrats. To carry out the duties of the bureaucracy only people with certain minimum qualifications will be appointed. The official posts of the bureaucracy are permanent.

b) Hierarchical division of official positions There is hierarchy in the bureaucracy. This hierarchy is formed according to the positions and powers. According to this, the higher official supervise then lower ones. Because of this hierarchical arrangement, the public have the right to approach the higher officials, if the decisions of the lower officials are not satisfactory to them.

c) Belief in written documents
In bureaucracy, administration is done on the ‘ basis of certain written documents. These will be filed and kept as records.

d) Running the office
Running the office is a specialised modern activity. Therefore trained, expert personnel are needed for its smooth functioning.

e) Behaviour in the office To carry out the official duties, all the time, and attention, of the officers is needed. Therefore they may be required to do overtime work. There are some rules and regulations that control the behaviour of an official in the office. These rules and regulations separate his behaviour inside the office and outside in his private affairs. As these rules and regulations are legal for any breach, the official will be answerable.

Question 36.
GS. Ghurye emphasis six features of caste system, what are they?
Answer:

1. In traditional India, different castes had given shape to stratification.
2. In the caste system, the position of each individual is obtained by birth.
3. The basis of caste divisions was purity-impurity concept.
4. The highest place in the caste system belonged to the Brahmins.
5. There were people who were outside the caste system and they were called Panchamas; they were below all the castes.
6. In the caste system India drastic changes have taken place over the years.

Answer any 2 questions from 37 to 40. Each car-ries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 37.
a) Explain that marriage is a social institution,
b) Describe the fol lowi ng:
i) Monogamy and its types
ii) Different type of Polygamy
Answer:
a) Historically, in different societies, different kinds of marriages could be seen. They have their own functions. An important function of marriage is making a family. Marriage has many forms.

Their basis can be different: number of partners, laws specifying who can marry whom. Based on the number of partners there is monogamy and polygamy. In each society there are certain rules controlling and banning who can marry whom. In some societies these rules and controls may be soft. But in some societies there are strict rules regarding whom one can marry and whom one should not marry. Based on the suitability of the partners, there are two kinds of marriage: Endogamy
and Exogamy.

b)

1. Serial Monogamy
   • In some societies, one is allowed to marry after the death of the partner or after divorce. But one can have more than one partner. This kind of monogamy is serial monogamy.
2. Arranged Marriage
   • In this type of marriage a person’s partner is selected by his/her parents or relatives.

Question 38.
a) What is socialisation?
b) Explain three agencies of socialisation
Answer:
a) Socialization is the process through which the individual learns to become an accepted member of the society. This is a process that lasts from a person’s birth till his death. It is a process that happens step by step. It is acquired by mingling with others in the society. As a child grows, he imbibes the behaviour and values of the family and the society. He learns all these things with the help of others.

By learning the social manners, the child slowly becomes a social being. Socialization can be defined as the procesl of transformation from a bio-being to a social person. There are many agencies and organizations that socialise a child. They include family, school, peer groups, neighbourhood, professional groups, social classes, caste, region, religion.

Family:
Socialization starts from the family. Some children live with their parents and siblings in the nuclear family whereas other children live in extended families with many members. In a nuclear family, the parents are the main socializing agents. But in joint or extended families grandparents, uncles etc. also become socializing agents.

1. In traditional societies, the family into which a child is born decides its social status.
2. The area of the family into which a child is born and the social class there seriously affect its socialization models. Children imbibe their behaviour and manners from their parents and the people in the neighbourhood.
3. Some children accept the attitudes of their without questions. This is true especially in the contemporary times.

Peer Groups:
Peer groups are another agency for socialization. Children of the same age who are friendly with one another are the peer groups. Children of 4 or 5 years of age spend a lot of time with their peers.

1. Peer means equal. The friendliness among children will be based on equality.

2. Physically stronger children might try to dominate the weaker ones. Still there will be friendship among them and the consequent give and take. Parents often use their authority to enforce discipline among their children. But in the peer groups they do mutual cooperation. Peer group influence plays a big role in a person’s life. In moulding his nature, life style, attitudes and behaviour, it plays a big role.

Schools:
Study in school is a formal process. There is a fixed curriculum there. Even then schools are an important agency of socialization. The knowledge and values the teachers give the students help in their socialization process.

1. Sociologists point out that along with the curriculum, there is a hidden syllabus which helps their studies.
2. In India and South Africa, in some schools, the girls there are expected to keep the classrooms swept and clean.

In some schools there have been protests against this practice. They showed their protest by making the boys and girls do certain things which are not expected from them by the society.

Mass media: Mass media has become an integral part of our lives. Electronic media like the television have become very popular. The importance of the print media has also increased. In the 19th century “Conduct books” were printed in India. These books gave instructions to women showing them how to become good wives and housewives. They were popular in many languages.

1. Media make the means to get information very democratic.
2. Even in remote villages which have no roads or even a literacy centre, electronic media can get entry.

Question 39.
Describe merits and demerits of participant observa-tion.
Answer:
1. Participant observation is very common in sociology and social anthropology. In this method, a social scientists or a researcher immerses himself in the daily activities of the participants in order to record the behaviour in as many scenarios as possible. The researchers can observe the daily life of the people: their exchanges with each other, their formal and informal conversations, habits, etc.

2. Participant observation is quite different from the other methods of research. The field work here includes mutual contacts between the researcher and the participants for a very long time.

3. Sociologists or researchers spend a year or more with the group of people about whom they are making the studies or doing the research.

4. The sociologists that are not part of the group about which they are studying fully immerse themselves in the culture and various activities of the group. They leam their language and become participants in their daily life. By this, they are able to collect information about their inborn abilities, knowledge and expertise.

5. The aim of participant observation is learning the entire life style of the group which the researcher is studying. The social scientist and the social anthropologist study the things as if they are in a new world.

6. Participant observation is often called field work. Field work came from the natural sciences like botany, zoology and geology. The scientists in these fields do not confine themselves to the laboratories. They go to the fields and study everything about rocks, insects, plants and animals. That is who the name field work came.

Question 40.
Explain four causes of social change.
Answer:
These are changes that happen in social matters.

1. Geographical factors
2. Economic factors
3. Cultural factors
4. Political factors
5. Educational factors
6. Natural factors
7. Technical factors

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper June 2022

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer all the questions from 1 to 9. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
Technique of using more than one method for research is known as ____
a) Macro Method
b) Triangulation
c) Micro Method
Answer:
b) Triangulation

Question 2.
Write the example of man-made environmental disaster.
Answer:
Bhopal Tragedy

Question 3.
Who among the following suggested the sociological method “Ideal Type”?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
c) Emile Durkheim
Answer:
b) Max Weber

Question 4.
Who characterized Indian Tribes as backward Hindus?
a) G.S.Gurye
b) A.R. Desai
c) M.N.Srinivas
Answer:
a) G.S.Gurye

Question 5.
Name the sociologist who propounded the concept of Sociologist Imagination.
Answer:
C.W. Mills

Question 6.
Passengers waiting at the Railway Station is an example of _____
a) Primary group
b) Quasi group
c) Reference group
Answer:
b) Quasi group

Question 7.
Urban localities sealed off from its surroundings by fences walls and gates with controlled entry and exit is called _____.
a) Gentrification
b) Gated Communities
c) Urbanisation
Answer:
b) Gated Communities

Question 8.
Which group influences you greater during your teenages?
a) Family
b) Peer group
c) Reference group
Answer:
b) Peer group

Question 9.
Identifying the ringtone of a mobile phone is an example of culture.
a) Cognitive
b) Material
c) Normative
Answer:
a) Cognitive

Answer any 4 questions from 10 to 16. Each carries 2 scores. (4 × 2 = 8)

Question 10.
What is Common Sense Knowledge?
Answer:
Creating socialization through many social relations or through relations beyond any doubt is called Common Sense Knowledge. Such knowledge is unspoken and unwritten. We acquire it imperceptibly from the day we are born. For example, “animals don’t drive cars” or “my mother is older than me”.

Question 11.
Define Social Structure.
Answer:
Social structure is the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. Social structure shows the definite and repeated methods of relations among individuals or groups.

Question 12.
What is Ecology?
Answer:
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms, including human beings, to one another and to their physical surroundings.

Question 13.
Describe the term Alienation.
Answer:
The workers lose their satisfaction in their work and also the control over the products. That means they lose control over their work and the control over the results of their work. This state in which man feels estranged from his work and also colleagues is called alienation by Karl Marx.

Question 14.
List 2 rules of Marriage.
Answer:
Endogamy, Exogamy

Question 15.
Define Ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Trying to assess the faiths and behaviour of people from other cultures using our cultural values as the criteria is called ethnocentrism.

Question 16.
Define culture.
Answer:
Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviours, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. It gives meaning to truth based on facts.

Answer any 2 questions from 17 to 20. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 17.
List out the scope of Sociology.
Answer:
It studies individuals, professions, group organizations, laws of work, the problems of the youth, the contemporary world. The scope of sociology extends to all these things and more.

Question 18.
Briefly explain survey method in social research.
Answer:
18. In sociology the most well-known research method is survey. Today in the world in all parts and in all kinds of contexts survey is used. It is also used outside sociology. In India even for non-academic matters, plenty of surveys are used. To predict the election results, to make strategies for selling products, and bringing out public opinion on various issues, surveys are used.

1. Survey gives a common view. On the basis of the information received from a selected group of people, a survey gives a comprehensive view about a particular subject.
2. The people chosen to give their views in a survey are called respondents. They respond to the questions put forward by the researchers.

Now let us see what a sample survey is. In a sample survey researchers cbllect information only from selected individuals. The entire group which is the subject of study is called population. The persons chosen for the study represent the population. Thus the group that represents the population is called sample. By using the results of the sample survey, predictions are made about the population.

1. Compared to other research methods, survey has an advantage. By studying a small part of the population, we can reach conclusions applicable to the entire population.
2. Thus, survey enables us to make studies about the entire population in a short time, with less expense and less energy. That is why survey became the most favourite method of research in Sociology and other areas.

Although a survey can give a wide cover, it is not deep. It is not normally possible to get information that is very deep from the respondents. If the respondents are more, it will not be possible to spend adequate time with each one of them. Many researchers approach respondents with their questionnaires. So it is not easy to ask very complex questions which need elaborate sand precise answers from every respondent. The way questions are framed and the way they are answered might lead to misunderstanding when tabulating the results. So the questionnaires for surveys should be prepared with great care and accuracy. Since the questionnaires are handled by non-researchers, at the time of their use corrections or amendments might be difficult.

There is no long-lasting relation between the researcher and the respondents. There might be no familiarity or trust between them. The questions in the survey must be like those questions and answers asked and answered between strangers. Questions that are personal or provocative should not be asked. If you ask such questions the respondents will not give you honest answers. They will give only those answers that they feel are safe. Such problems are called non-sampling errors. These mistakes are not’the faults of the sampling process. The mistakes here are the faults and shortcomings in the concept of the research and the ways in which it is carried out.

Question 19.
List 3 basic forms of advantage which privileged group may enjoy.
Answer:
a) Life opportunities: Life opportunities are those material gains that increase the quality of life. Economic gains like wealth and income, and other things like health, job security and recreation etc. are included here.
b) Social status: People with special privileges will have greater status or position in the eyes of the other members of the society.
c) Political Influence: Political influence is the ability to dominate other groups, to influence decision making and to make gains from such decisions.

Question 20.
Write any 3 features of welfare state proposed by A.R. Desai.
Answer:
In the view of Desai, a welfare state has some salient features. They are listed below:

1) A welfare state is positive state. Unlike the ‘laissez faire’ theory, the welfares state does not seek to do ‘only the minimum necessary to maintain law and order’. The welfare state is an interventional state and actively uses its’ considerable powers to design and implement social policies for the betterment of soeiety.

2) The welfare state is a democratic state. Democracy was inevitable for the emergence of the welfare state. Formal democratic institutions, especially multiparty elections, were thought to e a defining feature of the welfare state. That is why liberal thinkers excluded socialist and communist states from this definition.

3) A welfare state involves a mixed economy. It means both private capitalist enterprises and state or public owned enterprises coexist. A welfare state does not seek to eliminate the capitalist market. It does not prevent public investment in industry and other fields. Mainly the state sector concentrates on basic goods and social infrastructure while private industry dominates the consumer goods sector.

Answer any 2 questions from 21 to 23. Each carries 4 scores. (2 × 4 = 8)

Question 21.
Complete the columns with suitable items from the bracket.

Cognitive Culture	Normative Culture	Material Culture

Answer:
(Performing rituals at death, Internet chatting, Rec ognizing the cartoon of a politician, Using rice flour paste to design kolam on floors)

Cognitive Culture	Normative Culture	Material Culture
Recognising the cartoon of a politician	Performing rituals of death	Internet chatting Using rice floor paste to Ko lamon floors.

Question 22.
Explain the merits and demerits of participant observation.
Answer:
Participant observation is a methodology in which the researcher studies a group not only through observation, but also by participating in its activities. A face to face talk between the researcher and the participant is an interview. In participant observation the researcher collects information directly and indirectly. In a literary sense, interview means a conversation between two people, but in a Jproader sense it can also mean a talk with a special aim or purpose. Interviews can be divided into two – Structured and Non-structured. In the structured interviews the questions and their order will be the same. There are some substitute questions also in this type of interview. Unstructured interviews are like ordinary talks. Here the researcher is free to ask questions the way he likes.

Participant observation is very common in sociology and social anthropology. In this method, a social scientists or a researcher immer’ses himself in the daily activities of the participants in order to Record the behaviour in as many scenarios as possible. The researchers can observe the daily life of the people: their exchanges with each other, their formal and informal conversations, habits, etc. Participant observation is quite different from the other methods of research. The field work here includes mutual contacts between the researcher and the participants for a very long time. Social scientists or researchers spend a year or more with the group of people about whom they are making the studies or doing the research.

Question 23.
Explain cooperation and competition as 2 ways of understanding social process in sociology.
Answer:
The social scientists that are not part of the group about which they are studying fully immerse themselves in the culture and various activities of the group. They learn their language and become participants in their daily life. By this they are able to collect information about their inborn abilities, knowledge and expertise. The aim of participant observation is learning the entire life style of the group which the researcher is studying. The social scientist and the social anthropologist study the things as if they are in a new world. Participant observation is often called field work. Field work came from the natural sciences like botany, zoology and geology. The scientists in these fields do not confine themselves to the laboratories. They go to the fields and study everything about rocks, insects, plants and animals. That is who the name field work came.

1) Field work needs a long time. The research has to do many things alone. Naturally, the field work has to be limited to a small area. Only a small village or only a small community can be covered by it.

2) The findings one made during his stay in a small village or with a small community might not be applicable for a vast village or regions or for large communities. This is a major drawback of field work.

3) One can’t say with certainty if the results of the field work are the views of the researcher or the people about whom he studied. Actually the researcher must give the view of the people about whom he made the study. But often this does not happen. It is the researcher who decides what to say to the readers and how to say it. Naturally mistakes can occur. The prejudices and leanings of the researcher may get into his findings. This risk is found in all kinds of research methods.

4) The basis of field work is one-sided relationship and this also is a major drawback in this method. It is because of this field work is generally criticised. In field work, the social scientists and social anthropologists ask the questions and present the answers and speak for the people. The people have nothing to do here.

Competition is generally discussed as a universal and natural phenomenon. But in sociology, the approach to competition is quite different. Competition as a social reality came up and because strong in the society in a particular age in history. In contemporary stage, competition is a strong concept. There is no, society now which does not have the power to compete.

Competition should be explained sociologically. It is not a natural phenomenon. Underscoring this fact, a teacher in a remote village in Africa explained it from her personal experience. She thought if she gave a chocolate to the winner in a running race, the children would be happy. But her suggestion did not instil any interest in the students. Instead it created anxiety and worry in them. When she tried to find out the reason, they showed their dislike for a play, in which there were winners and losers. For them a play is matter of recreation and fellowship. It was not something which brought rewards for some and other were left out.

1. In the contemporary world competition is a strong phenomenon.
2. In the modern societies the growth of personal gain and competition has been pointed out by Durkheim and Marx. Both these ideas grew in relation to modern capitalist society.

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 16. Each carries 5 scores. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 24.
(a) What is Social Control?
(b) Explain different types of Social Control.
Answer:
Social control is one of the most common concepts used in Sociology. It refers to the different ways the society uses to bring stubborn and uncontrollable people to the right track. Functionalist sociologists saw the society as quite a friendly one. But Conflict theorists saw society full of inequality, injustice and exploitation. Some sociologists stressed individuals and the society. But others stressed communities like classes, races, castes etc.

According to the functionalists, social control shows the following:

1. It shows the use of force to control the behaviour of individuals and groups.
2. It-also shows maintaining law and order and the implementation of societal values and models.

The functionalists make it clear that the aims of social control are controlling the aberrations in the behaviour of individuals and groups, and ending the conflicts and fights among individuals and groups and preserving the social order and solidarity. They evaluate that for the stability of the society, social control is essential.

Conflict theorists look at social control as a strategy for the dominant classes to impose their will on the others. They saw stability as a kind of writ of one group over the others. Law was seen as the official document for maintaining the dominant classes and their interests. Social control indicates the social processes, methods and strategies for controlling the behaviour of individuals and groups. It also indicates the use of force and the values and models for maintaining the social order.

Question 25.
Explain the modem form of work and division of labour.
Answer:
The different kinds of work that are currently prevailing in our society can be listed a below:

1. Agriculture
2. Fishing
3. Mining
4. Carpentry
5. Teaching
6. Banking
7. Industry

Some of these work are done by workers themselves and some are with the help of machines.

1. One of the main features of the modem wealth system is the complex division of labour that exists today.
2. Various jobs are fragmented into minute areas and workers get specialized in just a small particular aspect of the job.
   In the traditional societies, to do tasks other than agricultural, there was a need for expertise in manual work. Workers earned this expertise through long training. The worker did all the jobs from the start to the finish of the products.
3. The modem society also witnessed the change in the location of work. Before industrialization, work as done at home by all the members of the family.
4. But with industrialization, factories that work with machines using coal and electricity were established. So the location of work moved into factories. Factories owned by capitalists became the centre point of industrial ‘ development.

Question 26.
Describe the different types of Interview.
Answer:
In sociology interview is widely used for collecting information. Basically an interview is a conversation between the researcher and the respondent. Although the structure of an interview is simple, to become a good interviewer one needs a lot of training and expertise. There are two kinds of interview – Structured and Unstructured.

The structured interview is quite official or formal. This is like using a questionnaire in a survey. The questions and their order are prepared in advance by the researcher. The respondents are asked questions in a certain order. The information received through structured interview is supposed to be more reliable. Unstructured interview is unofficial or informal. It is just like the mutual talk in a participant observation. The researcher conducts the interview keeping in his mind the subjects related to his research. In the interview, the interviewer and the interviewee will have good relations. The most important advantage of unstructured interview is its flexibility.

The researcher can ask the questions he likes. He can make changes in the questions. He can ask the same question in different ways. As the interview proceeds the researcher can change the questions, their order or even the topic. Provocative questions can be shortened, stoned or avoided altogether. All this can be done even as the interview is in progress. Interview has demerits also. The most important advantage is its flexibility. But this flexibility can wound the feelings of the respondent depending on his mental state. Or it can make the respondent lose his concentration. Iri short the structure of interview is unstable and beyond prediction.

Question 27.
(a) What is social order?
(b) How it is maintained?
Answer:
In well-established social systems there is a tendency to resist and control changes. This is known as social order. To maintain social order there are two possibilities:

1. When people willingly obey laws and conventions.
2. When people are forced to obey laws and conventions.

To maintain social order each society makes use of a combination of both these possibilities.

Question 28.
Match the following.

A	B
Karl Marx	Bureaucracy
Emile Durkheim	French Revolution
Max Weber	Class Struggle
Enlightenment	Slavery
Primitive Communism	Division of Labour in Society

Answer:

A	B
Karl Marx	1. Class Struggle
Emile Durkheim	2. Division of labour in Society
Max Weber	3. Bureaucracy
Enlightenment	4. French Revolution
Primitive Communism	5. Slavery

Question 29.
“Sociology and other Social Sciences are related to
Answer:
Sociology is the study of the contemporary society. It helps us to distinguish facts from complex realities, separate them and make generalizations. It shows the scope sociology is large indeed. Psychology is the science of behaviour. It’s a study of human behaviour, individuals’ attitudes, emotions, perceptions and values are examined, as well as their role in the formation of society’s personality. Social psychology is a ridge that links psychology and sociology.

Psychology ← Social Psychology ← Sociology Although the main interest of Social psychology is individuals, it also examines the methods of mutual relations among people. There are close connections between the styles and approaches of Sociology and Political Science. Traditional political science mainly concentrates on two-factors – political theory and government administration. Both these factors do not have any relation with political behaviour. Political theory concentrated on the ideas about the government from Plato to Marx. The studies about government administration gave greater importance to its formal structure and to its actual workings.

1. Sociology makes studies about all the levels of society. On the contrary, traditional political science confines itself to studies about authority.
2. Sociology stresses the relations among the various organizations including the government. But political science concentrates on the processes inside the government.

Even then, for ages sociology and political science have been sharing common research interests. Sociologists like Max Weber have worked in the subject known as political sociology. Political sociology concentrates on the real study of political behaviour. In the elections that were conducted in India, there were extensive studies regarding the political models of voting. Studies have also been made in the membership of political organizations, the process of decision making in the organizations, the social reasons for supporting political parties, the role of sex difference in politics, etc.

1. Sociology is the studies about the mutual relations of the society.
2. Sociology is the studies about man’s social life, groups, and communities. Its subject matter is our own behaviour as social creatures.

Sociology is not the first subject to observe the society. People have always observed and discussed the societies and groups in which they have lived. This is clear from the writings of the philosophers, lawmakers, and religious teachers of cultures and ages. The special quality to think about our lives and our society does not confine itself to philosophers alone. We all have ideas about our lives and the lives of others, and our society and the societies of others. This is our understanding and common sense. We live our life based on this.

But the observations and ideas about the society made by sociology are quite different from the philosophical ideas and common sense. Philosophers and religious teachers have made observations about’the moral and immoral things in human behaviour. They have also made observations about comfortable life style and good society. Sociology also gives importance to values and conventions. But Sociology does not view values and conventions as the aims people should follow. It gives = importance to the way it works in real societies. The studies about the experiences of the society constitute a main part in sociology. It does not mean that sociology does not give importance to values. It means when a sociologist makes studies about society, he is ready to observe and discover thing that he does not personally like.

Answer any 3 questions from 29 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 30.
Explain different types of family.
Answer:
There are different family forms like nuclear family and joint family. Nuclear family is a small family that consists of the father, mother and their one or two children. Joint family is a big family with parents, their siblings, their children and their children. Depending on the nature of the place of residence, there are 2 types – matrilocal families and patrilocal families.

1. In matrilocal families, the newly married couple stays in the home of the girl’s parents. (Stay in the house of the wife)
2. In patrilocal familfes, the newly married couple stays in the home of the boy’s parents. (Stay in the house of the husband).
   On the basis of authority families are divided into 2 forms – patriarchal and matriarchal.
3. In a family where man has the authority, it is patriarchal.
4. In a family where the woman has the authority, it is matriarchal. Here the mother has all the authorities.
5. There are matriarchal societies even now. But the. same cannot be said about matrilocal families.

Question 31.
Explain the causes for social change.
There are many reasons behind social changes. It is not possible to measure them with just one factor or theory. The reasons for social changes can be internal or external. They can be the result of deliberate actions or just accidental incidents. Moreover the reasons for social changes are often mutually linked. In economic-technical factors, there might a cultural factor. The environment might influence political reasons. It is very necessary to have some awareness about the different levels and forms of social changes. Change is an important subject. The speed of change in the modern age, especially the contemporary times, is faster than it was before.

Question 32.
Write six features of Caste.
Answer:
1. Segmental division: The caste system divides the whole society into various segments or sections which are mutually avoided and closed.. Each of these castes is a ‘compartment, a well developed social group. The membership to the caste is fixed by birth. Children born to the parents of a caste will automatically be there in the caste. So change from one caste to another caste is not possible.

2. Hierarchical division: The caste system is characterized by hierarchical order. There is no equality among castes. Each caste is either higher or lower than others. So there is always a division between the higher castes and the lower castes.

3. Restriction on Social interaction: In caste system there are seyeral restrictions which are related to food, drink and social interaction. The members of the upper caste cannot take food or water from the lower caste members. They do not interact with the members of the other castes. It is all based on the concept of purity and pollution..

4. Differential rights and duties: In caste system, there is an unequal distribution of privileges and restrictions among its members. Generally, the higher caste people enjoy all the privileges and the lower caste people are put to all kinds of restrictions. These discriminations are not only in religious matters but also kin non-religious affairs. There are rules regarding their rights and duties and they are strictly followed.

5. Restrictions of the choice of occupation: Under caste system, each caste has its own traditional occupation. Occupation is fixed at ‘ the time of birth and the members of a caste are forced to follow the occupation of that caste. People can’t choose the occupation they like.

6. Restriction on marriage: In caste system the principles of endogamy is strictly followed. That means, marriage within the own caste on sub¬caste is purely followed. Exogamy is prohibited. Al these laws help to maintain the caste system.

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
(a) Define Socialisation.
(b) Explain different agencies of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialization is the process through which the individual learns to become an accepted member of the society. This is a process that lasts from a person’s birth till his death. It is a process that happens step by step. It is acquired by mingling, with others in the society. As a child grows, he imbibes the behaviour and values of the family and the society. He learns all these things with the help of others. By learning the social manners, the child slowly becomes a social being. Socialization can be defined as the process of transformation from a bio-being to a social person.

There are many agencies and organizations that socialise a child. They include family, school, peer groups, neighbourhood, professional groups, social classes, caste, region, religion.

Family:
Socialization starts from the family. Some children live with their parents and siblings in the nuclear family whereas other children live in extended families with many members. In a nuclear family, the parents are the main socializing agents. But in joint or extended families grandparents, uncles etc. also become socializing agents.

1. In traditional societies, the family into which a child is born decides its social status.
2. The area of the family into which a child is born and the social class there seriously affect its socialization models. Children imbibe their behaviour and manners from their parents and the people in the neigh bourhood.
3. Some children accept the attitudes of their without questions. This is true especially in the contemporary times.

Peer Groups:
Peer groups are another agency for socialization. Children of the same age who are friendly with one another are the peer groups. Children of 4 or 5 years of age spend a lot of time with their peers.

1. Peer means equal. The friendliness among children will be based on equality.
2. Physically stronger children might try to dominate the weaker ones. Still there will be friendship among them and the consequent give and take.

Parents often use their authority to enforce discipline among their children. But in the peer groups they do mutual cooperation. Peer group influence plays a big role in a person’s life. In moulding his nature, life style, attitudes and behaviour, it plays a big role. Schools: Study in school is a formal process. There is a fixed curriculum there. Even then schools are an important agency of socialization. The knowledge and values the teachers give the students help in their socialization process.

1. Sociologists point out that along with the curriculum, there is a hidden syllabus which helps their studies.
2. In India and South Africa, in some schools, the girls there are expected to keep the classrooms swept and clean.

In some schools there have been protests against this practice. They showed their protest by making the boys and girls do certain things which are not expected from them by the society.

Mass media: Mass media has become an integral part of our lives. Electronic media like the television have become very popular. The importance of the print media has also increased. In the 19th century “Conduct books” were printed in India. These books gave instructions to women showing them how to become good wives and housewives. They were popular in many languages.

1. Media make the means to get information very democratic.
2. Even in remote villages which have no roads or even a literacy centre, electronic media can get entry.

Question 34.
Explain the major environmental problems and risks.
Answer:
A main environmental problem in urban and rural areas is air pollution. It causes diseases of the lungs, and other grave diseases and even death. The source of air pollution is the smoke and gasses that come out of factories and motor vehicles. The firewood and coal used in homes also cause air pollution. We are well aware of the pollution coming from factories and vehicles but we are not so aware of the pollution caused by homes.

It has been proved that the pollution that comes from the fuel used for cooking in homes is very dangerous. It is in the villages this problem is more acute. The un-dried twigs, unscientific hearths, kitchens that are not properly ventilated endanger the lives of village women as they do the cooking. The World health Organization; statistics shows that in India, because of pollution in the homes, some 600,000 people have died and of these 500,000 are from villages.

As dangerous as the air pollution is water pollution. This is a serious problem that affects surface water as well as the underground water. The dirty water that flows out of home and factories and the. water mixed with fertilizers and insecticides from the agricultural lands are the main sources for the water pollution. The pollution of rivers and lakes is a very serious matter. Polluted water adversely affects people’s health. A lot of people do not get clean water , because of this. More than 300,000 children die because of this problem. The pollution of water sources has also ba,dly affected food production. Another serious problem is sound pollution. This creates serious problems in the cities. In many cities there are court orders to prevent sound pollution.

The loudspeakers that are used for cultural and religious functions and for political propaganda, the din and noise by vehicles, the various sounds coming from construction activities are the main sources of sound pollution. This pollution creates different types of diseases in people.

Question 35.
(a)Define social group.
Answer:
a) A Social Group is a fellowship of people and it is engaged in continuous activities for sharing the common interests, values and conventions within a certain society.

b) Social groups are categorised into primary groups and secondary groups.

A Primary group is a small group of relatives, friends, acquaintances and people willing to cooperate with one another. The members of this group have close, sincere relations and they have the group sense. Family, village, groups of friends, etc. are examples of a primary group.

A Secondary Group is comparatively larger in size. The relation they maintain is formal and impersonal. Primary groups aim at individuals. But secondary groups are goal-oriented. Schools, government offices, hospitals, student organizations etc. are examples of Secondary Groups. For a social group, the following features should be there:

1. Constant mutual activities to give continuity.
2. A stable model for these mutual activities.
3. Group sense which means each member should be aware of the group, its laws, conventions, and symbols.
4. Common interest.
5. Acceptance of common conventions and values.
6. A structure that can defined.

Peer Groups:
Another socializing agent is the peer group. Friendship groups of children of the same age are called peer groups. Children above the age 4 or 5 spend a lot of time with their peers.

1. Peer means equal. The friendliness among children will be based on equality.
2. Physically stronger children might try to dominate the weaker ones. still there will be friendship among them and the consequent give and take.

Parents often use their authority to enforce discipline among their children. But in the peer groups they do , mutual cooperation. Peer group influence plays a big role in a person’s life. In moulding his nature, life style, attitudes and behaviour, it plays a big role.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer any 9 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (9 × 1 = 9)

Question 1.
Name the sociologist who propounded the concept of sociological imagination.
(a) Auguste Comte
(b) C.W. Mills
(c) M.N. Sreenivas
(d)Durkheim
Answer:
(b) C.W. Mills

Question 2.
Fill In the blank :
Social Control

Answer:
Informal

Question 3.
_____ is the position of an individual in society.
(a) Role
(b) Status
(c) Party
(d) Value
Answer:
Status

Question 4.
Fill in blank :

Answer:
Citizenship

Question 5.
_______ wrote the book ‘Street Corner Society’ about street ‘gang’ in Italian American Slum.
(a) A.R. Desai
(b) Karl Marx
(c) William Foote White
(d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer:
William Foote White

Question 6.
Which among the following is an example of associative social process?
(a) Conflict
(b) Co-operation
(c) Competition
(d) Contestation
Answer:
Co-operation

Question 7.
“The protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism” is the book by
(a) M.N. Sreenivas
(b) D.P. Mukerji
(c) Max Weber
(d) Auguste Comte
Answer:
Max Weber

Question 8.
From the given item, which is not an environ-mental problem?
(a) Resource depletion
(b) Pollution
(c) Global warming
(d) Afforestation
Answer:
Afforestation

Question 9.
The concept of class struggle is associated with ______
(a) Max Weber
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Durkheim
(d) D.P. Mukerji
Answer:
Karl Marx

Question 10.
_____ is considered as father of institutionalised sociology in India.
(a) D.P. Mukerji
(b) G. S. Ghurye
(c) Sarachandra Roy
(d) Karl Marx
Answer:
G.S Ghurye

Answer all questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scorers.

Question 11.
What is Role Conflict?
Answer:
Role conflict refers to a situation where an individual is required to fulfill multiple roles in life simultaneously, but these roles may have conflicting demands or expectations. This can create tension, stress, and difficulty in balancing the responsibilities and expectations associated with each role, leading to challenges in meeting the requirements of all roles effectively.

Question 12.
Define Triangulation.
Answer:
Triangulation in sociological research refers to the practice of utilizing multiple methods to investigate a particular phenomenon or research question. By employing various data collection techniques, such as interviews, observations, and surveys, researchers can enhance the validity and reliability of their findings. Triangulation allows for a more comprehensive understanding of social phenomena by considering multiple perspectives and sources of information.

Question 13.
What you meant by Social Stratification?
Answer:
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical division of individuals or groups within a society based on various factors such as wealth, power, occupation, and social status. This arrangement creates distinct strata or layers, with some individuals or groups enjoying more privileges and resources while others experience greater disadvantage and inequality.

Question 14.
Briefly Explain the concept ‘Risk Society’.
Answer:
The concept of ‘risk society’ refers to a contemporary societal condition in which technological advancements and the production of complex products create risks that are difficult to fully comprehend or control. Events such as nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and industrial accidents like Bhopal exemplify the potential consequences of these risks. Risk society theory highlights the need for increased awareness, precautionary measures, and societal responses to manage and reduce the uncertainties and hazards associated with modern technological developments.

Question 15.
Write a short note on ‘Division of labour’.
Answer:
Division of labor refers to the process in which work is divided into a wide range of specialized occupations, with individuals focusing on specific tasks or roles within a larger system of production. This division allows for increased efficiency and productivity as individuals develop expertise in their respective areas.

On the other hand, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity are concepts introduced by Emile Durkheim to describe different types of social cohesion. Mechanical solidarity refers to a state of social unity based on shared values, beliefs, and norms in traditional societies, while organic solidarity refers to a form of social cohesion based on interdependence and specialization in modern, complex societies.

Answer any 3 questions from 16 to 19. Each carries 4 scorers. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 16.
Write the difference between Commonsense Knowledge arid Sociological Imagination.
Answer:
Common sense knowledge refers to the everyday understanding and beliefs that individuals develop through their personal experiences, observations, and interactions. It is often based on intuition and personal opinions rather than systematic investigation or detailed analysis. Common sense knowledge tends to be influenced by cultural norms, personal biases, and subjective interpretations of the world.

In contrast, sociological knowledge is derived from the scientific study of society and social phenomena. It involves the use of various research methods, empirical evidence, and theoretical frameworks to systematically understand, explain, and predict social behavior and patterns. Sociological knowledge provides a deeper understanding of social” issues, inequalities, and dynamics, going beyond surface-level explanations. It offers insights into the complex interplay of social factors such as class, race, gender, and institutions that contribute to social phenomena.

Question 17.
Write a short note on the following:
(a) Normative Culture
(b) Cognitive Culture
Answer:
(a) Normative culture is associated with the norms and values that guide behavior and define what is considered acceptable and appropriate within a particular society or culture. In Indian culture, there are several examples of normative practices and values. For instance, the concept of “respect for elders” is deeply ingrained, where younger generations are expected to show respect and obedience to older family members.

(b) Cognitive culture refers to the ways in which individuals in a particular culture perceive, interpret, and make sense of the world around them. In Indian culture, there are several examples that highlight cognitive processes and cultural influences. For instance, the practice of namaste, where irydividuals greet each other by bringing their palms together and bowing slightly, reflects a cultural understanding of respect and acknowledgment. Additionally, the use of storytelling and myths in Indian culture serves as a cognitive tool for transmitting knowledge, moral values, and cultural heritage.

Question 18.
Illustrate the following concepts :
(a) Power
(b) Authority
Answer:
(a) Power can be understood as the capacity or ability of an individual or group to influence or control others, often against their will or without their consent. For example, power can be seen in the relationship between a manager and employees within a workplace setting. The manager possesses the authority and control to make decisions, assign tasks, and enforce rules, which can compel employees to work in ways that they may not necessarily prefer or agree with.

(b) Authority can be defined as the legitimate or legal right to exercise power and make decisions. For example, authority can be found in the role of a judge in a courtroom. The judge, as a representative of the judicial system, possesses the authority to interpret and apply the law, make rulings, and enforce legal consequences. Their authority is derived from their position within the legal system, which grants them the power to make binding decisions and maintain order in the courtroom.

Question 19.
Explain the unique features of Welfare state identified by A.R. Desai
Answer:
19. A.R. Desai, the famous Indian sociologist, provides, a detailed critique of the modern capitalist state in his essay, “The myth of the welfare state”. After taking into consideration the definitions available in sociological literature, he identified and critiqued three unique features of a welfare state from a Marxist perspective: the positive state, the democratic state, and the mixed economy. The positive state refers to the role of the government in actively promoting the well-being and social welfare of its citizens. In a welfare state, the government takes responsibility for ensuring access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and social security. It aims to provide a safety net and address social inequalities through redistributive policies and social programs.

The democratic state refers to the principle that a welfare state operates within a democratic framework. It means that the government’s actions and policies are determined through democratic processes, including free and fair elections, citizen participation, and respect for individual rights and freedoms. In a welfare state, the government’s decisions are expected to align with the will and interests of the people it represents.

A mixed economy is another key feature of a welfare state. It entails a combination of private and public ownership of resources and means of production. In a welfare state, the government plays a significant role in regulating and intervening in the economy to ensure social welfare objectives are met. This includes measures such as progressive taxation, income redistribution, and government provision of public goods and services.

Together, these features distinguish a welfare state from other forms of governance and economic systems, A.R Desai put forth criteria against which the performance of the welfare state can be measured, by raising a few questions.

1. Does the welfare state ensure freedom from poverty, social discrimination and security for all its citizens?
2. Does welfare state remove inequalities of income through measures of redistribute income from the rich to the poor, and by preventing the concentration of wealth?
3. Does welfare state transform the economy in such a way that the capitalist profit motive is made subservient to the real needs of the community?
4. Does the welfare state ensure stable development free from the cycle of economic booms and depressions?
5. Does it provide employment for all?

Answer any 3 questions from 20 to 23. Each carries 5 scorers. (3 × 5 = 15)

Question 20.
Illustrate the following rules of marriage :
(a) Exogamy
(b) Endogamy
Answer:
(A) Exogamy: Exogamy is a rule of marriage that requires individuals to marry someone outside their own social group or community. This practice encourages individuals to form marital bonds with individuals from different social, cultural, or ethnic backgrounds. The purpose of exogamy is to promote social integration, prevent inbreeding, and foster alliances between different groups. For example, in many cultures, exogamous marriage rules might dictate that a person cannot marry someone from the same clan (clan exogamy), or village (village exogamy), but must instead seek a partner from another group. This rule helps to maintain social diversity and intergroup relations. For example, in North India, certain villages follow village exogamy. They marry off the women of their village to other remote villages. This system helps the married women to adapt to their husband’s home and life without the interference of their parents.

(B) Endogamy: Endogamy, in contrast to exogamy, is a rule of marriage that requires individuals to marry within their own social group or community. This practice encourages individuals to form marital alliances with individuals who share similar social, cultural, or religious backgrounds. The purpose of endogamy is to preserve social cohesion, maintain traditions, and reinforce sociaj boundaries. For example, caste-based endogamy is prevalent in certain societies, where individuals are expected to marry within their own caste. This rule serves to perpetuate social stratification and preserve caste-based traditions and customs. Endogamy can also be found in religious or ethnic communities that prioritize maintaining their distinct identity through marriage within the group.

Question 21.
Write any two types of interview and explain.
Answer:
An interview is basically a guided conversation between the researcher and the respondent. It is a widely applied method for sociological research. There are different styles of interviews: Structured and Unstructured. Structured Interview: A structured interview is a formal and standardized type of interview where the interviewer asks a set of pre-planned questions to the interviewee. This interview format follows a specific format and has a clear agenda.

Structured interviews are commonly-, used in job interviews, research interviews, and other formal settings where consistency and reliability are crucial. The questions are designed to gather specific information and assess the candidate’s qualifications, skills, and experiences. Structured interviews provide consistency in the interview process as all candidates are asked the same questions in the same order. This allows for easy comparison of responses and ensures fairness and objectivity in the evaluation.

Unstructured Interview: An unstructured interview is an informal and flexible type of interview where the conversation flows more naturally and spontaneously. In an unstructured interview, there is no fixed set of questions or a specific agenda. The interviewer engages in a more open-ended discussion with the interviewee, allowing for exploration of various topics and probing deeper into responses. This type of interview aims to uncover insights, perspectives, and personal experiences of the interviewee. Unstructured interviews are often used in qualitative research, journalistic interviews, and situations where the interviewer seeks a better understanding of the interviewee’s thoughts, opinions, and subjective experiences. The relaxed and conversational nature of unstructured interviews allows for a deeper exploration of the interviewee’s perspective.

Question 22.
Briefly explain how capitalism works in our society.
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system based on market competition and the pursuit of profit, in which the means of production or capital are privately owned by individuals or corporations. It operates in our society based on several key principles:
Expansion of Trade: Capitalism thrives on the expansion of trade, both domestically and internationally. It encourages the exchange of goods and services between individuals and entities, allowing for the flow of capital and the creation of markets. Through trade, capitalism promotes competition, innovation, and the efficient allocation of resources.

Division of Labour: Capitalism relies on the division of labour, where work is divided into specialized tasks. This division enables individuals to focus on specific skills and areas of expertise, leading to increased productivity and efficiency. It allows for the production of goods and services on a larger scale and promotes interdependence among individuals and organizations.

Specialization: Capitalism encourages specialization, where individuals or businesses concentrate their efforts on producing a specific good or service. Specialization enables greater proficiency, as individuals can develop expertise in their chosen field. This specialization, in turn, leads to increased productivity, higher-quality products, and cost- effective production processes.

Profit Motive: In capitalism, the profit motive is a central driving force. Businesses and individuals aim to generate profits by producing goods or providing services that are in demand. It fosters competition, as businesses strive to offer better products and services at competitive prices.

In summary, capitalism operates through the expansion of trade, division of labour, specialization, rising productivity, and the profit motive. These elements work together to foster economic growth, innovation, and the efficient allocation of resources. While capitalism has its benefits, it also raises questions regarding inequality, market failures, and the distribution of wealth. Different societies and governments may implement regulations and policies to address these concerns and strike a balance between economic growth and social welfare.

Question 23.
Match the following

A	B
Sarat Chandra Roy	The Social background of Indian Nationalism
G.S. Ghurye	Religion and Society among Coorgs of South India
D.P Mukerji	Caste and Race in India
M.N. Srinivas	Living Tradition
A.R. Desai	Man in India

Answer:

A	B
Sarat Chandra Roy	Man in India
G.S. Ghurye	Caste and Race in India
D.P Mukerji	Living Tradition
M.N. Srinivas	Religion and Society among Coorgs of South India
A.R. Desai	The Social Background of Indian Nationalism

Answer any 3 questions from 24 to 27. Each carries 6 scorers. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 24.
Write the difference between the following:
(a) History and Sociology
(b) Economics and Sociology
Answer:
(a) As we know, sociology is the science of society, and history is the record of past social events. Both disciplines belong to the family of social sciences. Sociology is comparatively the younger social science. Though there are similarities between the two subjects, there are also significant differences. Let us examine them:-

1. Sociology is concerned with the present and in some extent with future, History studies the past.
2. Sociologist borrow from historical sources for sociological analysis and vice-versa. The sociologists use the same record of the past.
3. History studies concrete details while sociologists are more likely to study abstract details from concrete reality.
4. While history studies about kings, wars, revolutions’ etc, sociology looks at social patterns, gender relations, customs and important institutions other than the acts of rulers, wars and monarchy.

(b) Economics is the study of production, and distribution of goods and services. It deals almost exclusively with economic relations and transactions, while sociology deals with the social relationships and transactions. The main differences between economics and sociology can be summarized asfollows:

1. The classical economic approach dealt almost exclusively with the interrelations of pure economic variables: the relations of price, demand and supply; money flows; output and input ratios, and the like. The sociological approach looks at economic behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and interests.
2. Traditional economics has been on a narrow understanding of ‘economic activity’, namely the allocation of scarce goods and services within a society. The sociological approach looks at economic behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and interests.
3. Economics are precise in their terminology and exact in their measures. Sociology, however, uses generic concepts and terms.
4. Economics provides technical solutions. Sociology though, does not provide such solutions. Instead, it encourages questioning and critical perspective.

Question 25.
Compare functionalist and conflict view on family.
Answer:
Family is a vital social institution and sociology tires to analyse it from different perspectives. The functionalist and conflict perspectives provide contrasting views on the role and dynamics of the family: Functionalist theory views the family as a fundamental social institution that serves essential functions in society. According to functionalists, the family plays a crucial role in satisfying the basic needs of its members, such as providing food, shelter, and emotional support. Additionally, the family contributes to the maintenance of social order by socializing individuals and instilling societal values, norms, and expectations.

Functionalist perspective emphasizes the importance of stability and consensus within families and society as a whole, with a focus on the positive functions the family performs. It argues that modern industrial societies function best if women look after family and men earn the family livelihood. However, this argument is questionable because it is gender unjust, also because women are an important workforce in the modern industrial society.

The conflict perspective, in contrast, analyzes the family through the lens of power dynamics, inequality, and social conflicts. Conflict theorists argue that the family is a site of social inequality and power struggles, particularly concerning gender, age, and authority. They highlight how the family can perpetuate and reproduce social inequalities, such as gender roles and patriarchy, by assigning unequal power and privileges based on gender. Conflict theorists also highlight intergenerational conflicts within families, such as the tension between parents and children over authority and control.

While the functionalist perspective emphasizes the stability and positive functions of the family, the conflict perspective emphasizes the underlying power dynamics and inequalities within family structures. Functionalist theory sees the family as a harmonious unit that contributes to societal cohesion, while conflict theory emphasizes the potential for conflict and inequality within family relationships.

It is important to note that these perspectives offer different ways of understanding the family, and neither view captures the full complexity and diversity of family structures and dynamics. Sociological analysis often incorporates multiple perspectives to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities and variations within families and their relationship to broader societal dynamics.

Question 26.
Explain any three Urban Problems.
Answer:
Urban society is defined as the way of life among city and town inhabitants and how they all interact with each other. Urbanization involves the creation of social institutions and how they interact with their environment. Sociologists are very much concerned about the various aspects of urban social life including analysis of urban social problems.

Following are some of the urban social problems:-
Slums: Slums are areas within urban settings characterized by poor housing conditions, inadequate access to basic services, and a lack of infrastructure. Slums often arise due to rapid urbanization, migration, and poverty. They typically lack proper sanitation facilities, reliable electricity, clean water, and adequate housing. Slums can contribute to various social problems including health issues, crime, and limited access to education and employment opportunities.

Housing Problems: Housing problems in urban areas arise when there is a shortage of affordable and adequate housing options for the population. This can result from factors such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and limited urban planning. Housing problems include high housing costs, inadequate housing quality, homelessness, and informal settlements. These issues can lead to overcrowding, substandard living conditions, and housing insecurity for many individuals and families. More than 2 lakh people in urban India sleep without a shelter over their heads at night.

Water Scarcity: Water scarcity in urban areas refers to a situation where the demand for water exceeds the available supply. Urbanization, population growth, inadequate infrastructure, and inefficient water management contribute to water scarcity. Water scarcity can lead to water rationing, limited access to clean drinking water, and sanitation problems. It poses significant challenges to public health, hygiene, and overall quality of life in urban communities.

Environmental Pollution: Urban areas often face various forms of environmental pollution, including air pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution. Industrial activities, vehicular emissions, improper waste disposal, and lack of environmental regulations contribute to pollution in cities. Environmental pollution can have detrimental effects on public health, leading to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other health issues. It also impacts ecosystems, reduces the quality of living environments, and contributes to climate change.

Density of Population: The density of population in urban areas refers to the concentration of people within a given area. High population density is a characteristic of many cities and can lead to various challenges. These include strain on infrastructure and public services, increased competition for resources, traffic congestion, and limited open spaces. High population density can also affect the quality of life, as it may result in noise, lovercrowding, and a reduced sense of community.

Crime: Urban areas often experience higher crime rates compared to rural areas due to factors such as socioeconomic inequalities, poverty, unemployment, and social disorganization. Urban crime includes various types of offenses, such as theft, robbery, assault, and drug-related crimes. Factors such as limited economic opportunities, social alienation, and the presence of marginalized communities can contribute to the prevalence of crime in urban areas. Addressing urban crime requires comprehensive strategies that focus on improving socioeconomic conditions, enhancing community safety, and promoting social inclusion.

These urban problems highlight the complex challenges faced by cities and the need for effective urban planning, infrastructure development, social policies, and environmental management to create sustainable and livable urban environments.

Question 27.
Write any three features of Bureaucracy and explain it.
Answer:
Max Weber, a leading German sociologist, describes bureaucracy as a system of power where leaders exercise control over others. It is a system of discipline. As a public institution, bureaucracy restrict the power of the officials in regard to their responsibilities and did not provide absolute power to them. According to Max Weber”s theory Features of bureaucracy include:

1. Functioning of officials – Within bureaucracy officials have ‘official jurisdiction ‘governed by official rules, laws and administrative regulations. Only qualified hands may appoint as ‘officials’ and they should perform the assigned duties without fail.

2. Hierarchical Ordering of Positions: Bureaucracies are characterized by a hierarchical structure in which positions are arranged in a clear chain of command. Each position has a designated level of authority and responsibility. Higher-level positions have authority over lower-level positions, and decisions flow from top to bottom. This hierarchical ordering ensures a clear distribution of power and accountability within the organization.

3. Reliance on Written Documents: Bureaucracies heavily rely on written documents, rules, and procedures to ensure consistency, efficiency, and transparency in decision-making. Written documents serve as a means of communication, record-keeping, and establishing standard operating* procedures. They provide a foundation for uniformity in how tasks are performed, how information is shared, and how decisions are made within the organization.

4. Office Management: Bureaucracies emphasize the importance of structured office management. This includes

5. Conduct in Office: Bureaucratic organizations have established codes of conduct and professional behavior that govern how individuals interact within the office environment. These codes emphasize professionalism, adherence to rules and regulations, and the avoidance of personal biases or favoritism. Conduct in the office reflects the principles of neutrality, fairness, and impartiality that are important in bureaucratic settings. Employees are expected to maintain a certain level of decorum and professionalism while carrying out their duties.

These features of bureaucracy help to create a structured and organized work environment that promotes efficiency, consistency, and accountability. However, bureaucracies can also face challenges such as slow decision-making, rigid adherence to rules, and a potential for bureaucratic red tape. Striking a balance between maintaining the benefits of bureaucracy and addressing its limitations is crucial for effective organizational functioning.

Answer any 2 questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scorers. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 28.
Narrate different types of Social Group.
Answer:
A social group refers to two or more individuals who share a common social identification, and who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category. A social group will act on some shared interest and accept some common norms and will have a definable structure. According to the pattern of interaction among the members of the groups and the structure, the groups can be classified under different titles.
Types of social groups can be described as follows:

1. Quasi Group: A quasi group refers to a collection of individuals who share a common characteristic or interest but lack formal structure or organization. They may come together temporarily, such as a group of people waiting at a bus stop or attendees at a concert. Quasi groups have a minimal sense of group identity and usually do not have established roles, norms, or long-lasting relationships. A crowd in a bus stand or public place is an example for quasi group,

2. Primary Group: A primary group is a small, intimate, and enduring social group characterized by close personal relationships, frequent face-to-face interactions, and a strong sense of belonging. Examples include families, close friends, or tight-knit communities. Primary groups play a fundamental role in shaping individuals’ socialization, emotional support, and personal identity.

3. Secondary Group: A secondary group is a larger and more impersonal social group that is usually task-oriented and focused on achieving specific goals or objectives. Secondary groups are often characterized by formal roles and relationships, limited emotional intimacy, and a temporary nature. Examples include workplace teams, academic study groups, or professional associations.

4. In-Group: An in-group refers to a social group with which an individual identifies and feels a sense of belonging. It is often characterized by a shared identity, values, beliefs, and social norms. In-groups foster a sense of loyalty, solidarity, and social cohesion among their members. Examples include sports teams, religious communities, or cultural groups.

5. Out-Group: An out-group is a social group to which an individual does not belong or with which they do not identify. Out-groups are often seen as different or “other” in comparison to the in-group, and this distinction can lead to the development of stereotypes, prejudices, or even conflicts between groups.

6. Peer Group: A peer group refers to a social group composed of individuals who are similar in age, social status, and shared interests. Peer groups are crucial during adolescence and play a significant role in socialization, iderttity formation, and the development of social skills. Examples of peer groups include classmates, friends from extracurricular activities, or online communities.

7. Reference Group: A reference group is a social group that an individual uses as a standard for evaluating their own attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors. Reference groups provide individuals with a basis for comparison and may influence their aspirations, self-esteem, and decision¬making. They can be formal or informal and may include role models, celebrities, or professional associations.

8. Association: An association refers to a formal organization or group formed for a specific purpose, such as professional associations, clubs, or charitable organizations. Associations typically have defined structures, rules, and goals and provide opportunities for individuals to come together, collaborate, and pursue common interests or objectives.

In general, Society refers to a complex network of social relationships, institutions, and systems that form a broader social unit. Society involves various social groups, including families, communities, organizations, and institutions, and it functions through the establishment of norms, laws, and social structures that govern interactions and behavior within the society.

These different types of social groups highlight the diversity of human interactions, relationships, and social structures, each with its own unique characteristics, functions, and significance in shaping individuals and societies.

Question 29.
(a) Define Socialisation
(b) Explain different agencies of Socialisation .
Answer:
(a) Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of their society or culture. It is a lifelong process that begins at birth and continues throughout one’s life. Socialization occurs primarily through interactions with family, peers, educational institutions, media, and other socializing agents.

During socialization, individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to participate effectively in their social groups and society. It involves learning the cultural practices, language, social roles, and expectations that shape social behavior. Through socialization, individuals develop a sense of self-identity, personal values, and a shared, understanding of societal norms. It helps individuals understand social hierarchies, group dynamics, and the accepted ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving in their particular social context.

(b) Socialization is facilitated by various agencies, each playing a distinct role in shaping individuals’ attitudes, behaviors. and social identities. The key agencies of socialization include:

1. Family: The family is the primary agent of socialization. It is where children first learn social norms, values, and behaviors. Family members transmit cultural practices, language, and beliefs, providing emotional support and socializing children into their gender roles. Families shape individuals’ core values and provide a foundation for social interaction and identity development.

2. School: Schools are formal institutions specifically designed for education and socialization. They play a vital role in socializing children and adolescents beyond the family sphere. In schools, individuals learn academic knowledge, social skills, and ijultural expectations. Schools also foster the development of interpersonal relationships, teach discipline, and expose students to societal values and norms.

3. Peer Group: Peer groups consist of individuals of similar age, social status, and interests. Peers have a significant influence during adolescence and beyond. Peer groups provide opportunities for social interaction, acceptance, and identity exploration. They influence individuals’ fashion choices, language, attitudes, and behaviors, often challenging or reinforcing societal norms established by other socializing agents.

4. Mass Media: Mass media, including television, radio, internet, and print media, is a powerful socializing agent. It plays a crucial role in shaping individuals’ values, beliefs, and behaviors by disseminating information, promoting cultural norms, and providing entertainment. Mass media influences public opinion, social trends, and cultural practices, contributing to the formation of societal attitudes and individual identities.

5. Other Socializing Agencies: Religion, workplace, and other social institutions also contribute to socialization. Religion provides moral guidance, spiritual beliefs, and a sense of community. It helps individuals develop a moral compass and fosters cultural identity and social cohesion. The workplace introduces individuals to professional norms, work ethics, and organizational cultures. Other socializing agencies, such as community organizations, government institutions, and cultural groups, also shape individuals’ socialization experiences.

These agencies of socialization work in conjunction to shape individuals’ social identity, values, beliefs, and behaviors. They contribute to the transmission of societal norms, cultural heritage, and social cohesion. However, it’s important to note that socialization is a complex and dynamic process influenced by multiple factors, and individuals may experience different socializing agents to varying degrees throughout their lives.

Question 30.
Describe different reasons of Social Change.
Answer:
Social change is driven by various factors that interact and influence each other. Some of the key reasons for social change include:

1. Environment: Physical and climatic conditions can be catalysts for social change. Natural disasters, climate change, or ecological shifts can necessitate adjustments in human behavior, resource allocation, and societal structures. Environmental factors can lead to changes in agricultural practices, migration patterns, urbanization, and the development of new technologies to address environmental challenges.

2. Technology: Technological advancements have a profound impact on society and drive social change. Innovations in communication, transportation, iTianu- facturing, and information technology revolutionize the way people live, work, and interact. Technological progress can create new industries, transform labor markets, reshape social relationships, and redefine cultural practices.

3. Economy: Economic factors play a crucial role in shaping social change. Changes in economic systems, such as shifts from agricultural to industrial or from industrial to knowledge-based economies, have profound societal implications. Economic factors influence income distribution, | social class structure, labor practices, consumer behavior, and access to resources. Economic inequality, globalization, market forces, and
economic crises also contribute to social change.

4. Political: Political factors, including changes in governance, policies, and power dynamics, drive social change. Political revolutions, social movements, and shifts in political ideologies can reshape social structures and institutions. Changes in political systems, government policies, laws, and regulations can impact individual rights, social justice, and the distribution of power and resources.

5. Cultural: Cultural factors encompass beliefs, values, norms, traditions, and symbolic systems that guide human behavior and social interactions. Cultural change occurs through processes such as globalization, cultural diffusion, migration, intercultural exchange, and generational shifts. Changing cultural norms and values can influence social roles, family structures, gender relations, and societal attitudes toward issues like race, sexuality, and religion.

It is important to note that these factors often interact and influence each other. Social change is a complex and dynamic process shaped by multiple inter connected factors. Changes in one aspect of society often have ripple effects, triggering adaptations and transformations in other areas. Additionally, the pace and extent of social change can vary across societies and historical periods, leading to diverŠe outcomes and impacts on different social groups.