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Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 24, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate items from Column ‘B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

A	B
(i) Australopithecus	Tool maker
(ii) Homo Sapiens	Upright man
(iii) Homo habilis	Southern ape
(iv) Homo erectus	Thinking man

Answer:

A	B
(i) Australopithecus	Southern ape
(ii) Homo Sapiens	Thinking man
(iii) Homo habilis	Tool maker
(iv) Homo erectus	Upright man

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer from the alternative given below: (8 × 1 = 8)
(a) The first Caliph was
(A) Umar
(B) Abu Bakr
(C) Uthman
(D) Ali
Answer:
(B) Abu Bakr

(b) Who founded the Umayyad dynasty?
(A) Abu Muslim
(B) Salah al-Din
(C) AlpArsalan
(D) Muawiya
Answer:
(D) Muawiya

(d) The capital of the Abbasids:
(A) Medina
(B) Baghdad
(C) Damascus
(D) Nishapur
Answer:
(B) Baghdad

(e) Lazaret cave is situated in
(A) England
(B) France
(C) Germany
(D) East Africa
Answer:
(B) France

(f) Which among the following is an Italian city?
(A) Paris
(B) London
(C) Venice
(D) Tokyo
Answer:
(C) Venice

(g) Who was the first to dissect the human body?
(A) Giotto
(B) Donatello
(C) Filippo Bruneleschi
(D) Andreas Vesalius
Answer:
(D) Andreas Vesalius

(h) Identify the leader of the communist party in China.
(A) Mao Zedong
(B) Confucius
(C) Liang Qichao
(D) Sun Yat-sen
Answer:
(A) Mao Zedong

Question 3.
Arrange the following,in chronological order: (4 × 1 = 4)
• Formation of the Peoples Republic of China.
• Sun Yat-sen established a republic in China.
• The Great leap forward movement.
• Long March
Answer:

Sun Yat Sen established a republic in China (1911).
Long March (1934)
Formation of the Peoples Republic of China. (1949)
The Great Leap Forward Movement (1958)

Question 4.
Mark any four among the following on the outline map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)
Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers - 1
• Rhine river
• Mediterranean Sea
• Sahara desert
• Constantinople
• Damascus
• Baghdad
Answer:

Rhine river
Mediterranean sea
Sahara desert
Constantinople
Damascus
Baghdad

Answer any 6 questions from 5 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (6 × 2 = 12)

Question 5.
Write any two features of Horninids.
Answer:
Large brain size – Bipedl locomotion – Effective utilization of hand

Question 6.
Name the two rivers associated with Mesopotamian Civilization.
Answer:
Euphrates, Tigris

Question 7.
Distinguish between Calligraphy and arabesque.
Answer:
Calligraphy – Art of beautiful writing Arabesque – Vegetal and geometric designs

Question 8.
What are the measures adopted by Abd al-Malik to retain the Arab Islamic identities?
Answer:
Dinar – Dirham – Dome of the Rock

Question 9.
Point out the features of the Courier system introduced by Genghis Khan.
Answer:
The greatest contribution of Genghis Khan was the courier system called Yam he introduced. This Yam system was a relay system that linked different administrative units of his vast empire. At fixed distances there were horsemen and messengers for carrying messages. To maintain this communication system, the nomadic Mongols had to give one-tenths of their animals (horses or other animals) to the authorities. This was known as Qubkar. After the death of Genghis Khan, the courier system became more efficient. Its speed and reliance had surprised visitors. The great Khans used this relay system to effectively control their far-flung regions.

Question 10.
What do you mean by ‘Yasa’?
Answer:
Yassa (Law) is a collection of the great traditions of the Mongolian tribes. This was seen as the laws of Genghis Khan by his posterity. In history they took this stance to increase the fame of Genghis Khan. But he looked at the people of Bukhara as sinners and condemned them. He asked them to hand over all their hidden wealth as a penance to him. The Yassa of Genghis Khan made things difficult for his successors. Those who kept the memories of Yassa did not have a very good opinion about the way Genghis Khan ruled the country.

Question 11.
Mention the features of the Italian citieis of Venice and Genoa.
Answer:
Vibrant cities – Clergy and feudal lords were not dominant – Rich merchants and bankers governed the city – Citizenship

Question 12.
Elucidate, what is Luddism?
Answer:
Luddism was a Movement that was started against industrialization. Workers who thought that machines were the cause of all their troubles started this movement with the plan of destroying them. This Movement was begun under General Nell Ladd. England suppressed this moment by using the army. Luddism was not a movement that merely wanted to destroy machines. The members of this group demanded minimum wages. They also wanted to stop the exploitation of women and children in the factories and other work places. They were interested in the formation of labour organizations.

Question 13.
Name the Spanish Conquerors who destroyed the Aztec and Inca Civilizations?
Answer:
Cortes and Pizzaro

Question 14.
Who were the Arawaks?
Answer:
In the Caribbean Sea there are hundreds of small islands. They are known as Bahamas, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. On these islands the community called Arawaks or Arawakian Lucayans lived. The violent tribe called Caribs drove away the Arawaks from the Lesser Antilles. Arawaks were peace-loving people. They preferred co-operation to competition. They were experts in making boats. They travelled in the open sea in small wooden boats. They lived by hunting, fishing and farming. They cultivated corn, sweet potatoes, some other root crops and tapioca.

The Arawaks practised joint farming. Thus they tried to feed everyone in the community. This was their highest cultural value. They organized themselves under the elders in the community. Polygamy was , common among them. They were animists. Animism (from Latin anima, “breath, spirit, life”) is the view that entities in nature such as animals, plants, and often even inanimate objects possess a spiritual essence. The ‘shaman’ (the priest) had a big role in theirlives. The shamans worked as healers and as intermediaries between this world and the supernatural world.

Arawaks used golden ornaments. But they were not aware of the value of gold. They would gladly exchange their golden ornaments with the cheap crystal chains of the Europeans. The shine and beauty of the crystal chain was more important to them! They were good weavers. The art of weaving had developed nicely among them. Their swing beds made of coir was a big attraction to the Europeans.

Question 15.
Write any two inventions in the field of railways during the Industrial revolution.
Answer:
The most surprising change in travel was definitely the development of the railway. George Stevenson started the railway age. In 1814 he built the steam engine called rocket. With this engine, a train could go as fast as 35 miles an hour and this was history. Soon railways became a new means of travel and transport. Rail travel was available throughout the year and it was cheap and fast. People and goods could be easily transported.

Railway travel connected two inventions – rails and steam engine. In the 1760s iron rails replaced wooden rails. In the beginning of the 19th century, steam engines began to be used in railways. In 1801 Richard Trevithick developed a machine called Puffing Devil. This machine was useful in dragging trucks around the mines.

In 1814 George Stevenson made a train with the name Blucher. It could climb hills carrying even goods weighing 30 tons. It was Stevenson that built the first rail connecting Stockton and Darlington. In 1830, Liverpool and Manchester were linked by rail. With the opening of this railway line, the railway age dawned.

Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 21. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 16.
Elucidate the contributions of Mesopotamians in the fields of time reckoning and Mathematics.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it.

The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics.
In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some day slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very si ightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Question 17.
Point out the third-century crisis of the Roman empire.
Answer:
The Third century brought the first major signs of internal strain in Rome. From the 230s, th empire found itself fighting on several fronts simultaneously. The Romans were forced to abandon much of the territery while the emperors of this period were constantly fighting against ‘barbarians’. The rapid succession of emperors in the third century is an obvious symptom of the strains faced by the empire in this period.

Question 18.
Write a note on Cathedral-towns.
Answer:
Big churches are called Cathedrals. Although the owners of these cathedrals were monasteries, many people took part in their construction. They helped the construction by giving money, labour or material. The Cathedrals were built with stones. It took years to complete the work. As the construction was in progress, the areas around it were occupied by more and more people who came to live there. Some of the cathedrals became pilgrimage centres. Around them townships came up.

Question 19.
How did Humanist ideas influence the universities in Europe?
Answer:

The growth of educational institutions.
The content was mainly humanities.
Legal studies got much importance.
Importance was given to religious and such other subjects.

Question 20.
What is Gold rush? How did it lead to the industrialization in America?
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed. All this led to the industrial progress of North America. Many industrial cities and towns came up and amenities were greatly increased.

Question 21.
Elucidate the three principles of Sun Yat-sen.
Answer:
Nationalism, Democracy, Socialism

Answer any four questions from 22 to 30. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 22.
Explain the differences between Australopithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much outward a little outward	Jaw projecting only
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers plains	Lived in the grassy

Question 23.
How did Mesopotamians write on clay tablets?
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand. The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that the clay slate is dried in the sun. This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates couldn’t be used again for writing other things. By 2600 BCE, the letters became cuneiform and the language was Sumerian. Writing was now used not only for keeping records but also for making dictionaries, giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, etc.

Question 24.
Examine the Social hierarchies in the Roman empire.
Answer:

Senators
Leading members of the equestrian class
Respectable section of the people.
Lower class
Slaves.

Question 25.
Prepare a short note on the Abbasid revolution.
Answer:
The Umayyads succeeded in decentralizing the Islamic political and administrative structure. But they had to pay a heavy price forthat. In 750, a group called Dawa ousted the Umayyads from power and installed the Abbasids on the throne. The Abbasid family was a rich one in Mecca. They pictured the Umayyad rule as misrule and assured the people that they would bring back the real Islam preached by the Prophet. The Abbasid revolt caused changes not only in the ruling dynasty, but also in the political structure and Islamic culture.

The Abbasid uprising broke out in the distant region of Khurasan. Khurasan had a mixed Arab-lranian Population which is mobilised for various reasons. The Arab soldiers were rriostly from Iraq and they resented the domiance of the Syrians. The Umayyad promises tax concessions and privilages to the civilian of Khurasan. But they never fullfilled it. So the civilians of Khurasan disliked them. The army of Abbasid led by an Iranian slave Abumuslim, who defeated the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan in a battle at the river Zab.

Under Abbasid, Arab influence declined, while the importance of Iranian culture increased. They established their capital at Baghdad. The army and bureaucracy were reorganised on a non-tribal basis to ensure greater participation by Iraq and Khurasan. The abbasid rulers strengthened the religious status and function of the caliphate and patronised Islamic institutions and scholars.

Question 26.
Briefly describe the military organization of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need they served as army. In short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the.army there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and the defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Genghis Khan organized his army on the decimal basis. The units were in multiples of 10. (10, 100, 1000,10000, etc.) •
Genghis Khan stopped the old tribal groupings inthe army and distributed thier members into new military units. An individual who tried to move from his allotted group without permission received harsh punishment. The largerst units of soldiers were 10,000. He altered the old steppe social order integrating different lineages and clans.

Question 27.
Write a short note on the Copernican revolution.
Answer:
It was Copernican, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revoiutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous’ book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a eircular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 28.
Illustrate the consequences of the European Colonisation in America.
Answer:
Geographical discoveries definitely had far-reaching impacts on Europe, the Americas and Africa. From the 15th century, some sea routes from Ocean to Ocean were known. But most of these routes were quite unknown to the Europeans. Not even a single ship had ever reached the Caribbean or the Americas. In the Southern Atlantic, nobody had done any exploration. No ship entered there or travelled toward the Pacific or Indian Ocean. But by the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th, all this became old stories. Adventurous navigators reached all these places.

The discovery of the Americas had big repercussions on Europe. The flow of silver and gold from the newly discovered regions helped internationaMrade and industrialization. Between 1500 and 1600, each year hundreds of ships loaded with silver from South American mines reached Spain. But neither Spain nor Portugal made use of it for their internal development or welfare of the common people. They used it to develop trade or to build their naval power.

But England, France, Belgium and Holland benefitted from the discoveries. Their merchants formed joint stock companies and started trade trips. They established colonies in the newly discovered regions and brought new-world products like tobacco, potato, sugar, coco, pepper and rubber into Europe. Soon the American produce became familiar to the Europeans. The Europeans then took them to places like India.

Geographical discoveries were ruinous to the indigenous people of the Americas. Many of the local people there were killed. Their culture and life-styles were destroyed. They had to work like slaves in mines, estates and mills.
Before the coming of the Europeans there were some 70 million indigenes in the Americas. After a century and a half, their number was reduced to 3.5 million. It was wars and diseases that destroyed them.

In the dupl between ancient American and European cultures the Aztec-lnca cultures were completely ruined. Europeans used awar strategy which terrified the local people psychologically and physically. This also showed the differences in their values. The local people did not realize the depth of the greed of the Spaniards for gold and silver.

Question 29.
Why did Industrial Revolution begin in England? Explain.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain. There are many factors that helped Britain to become the first industrial nation.
a) Political stability : As England, Wales and Scotland came together under a single king, there has been political stability in Britain since the 17th century. The country had common laws and a unified currency system. The market in the country had a national character. Since regional authorities did not impose taxes on goods, there was no price increase. This kind of political stability helped Britain.

b) Wide use of money : Since the 17th century, money had been used extensively as a means of transaction. With this, a lot of people began to get cash as wages and salaries instead of goods. By using this cash, people could buy any goods of their choice. This enlarged the market and it helped the Industrial Revolution.

c) The Influence of the Agricultural Revolution :
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, there was an agricultural revolution in Britain. Big landowners bought the small pieces around them and enclosed the fields with fences. Thus there were big estates which helped in the increased production of foodstuff. The people who earned their livelihood by grazing cattle in the open fields could not continue to do so and they became jobless. They went into the big cities seeking jobs. By providing raw materials and labour, the agricultural revolution helped the Industrial Revolution.

d) Cities, trade and wealth : The growth of cities and trade and the availability of wealth helped the Industrial Revolution. From the IS81 century, cities have been growing in Europe. Out of the 19 metropolises, 11 were in Britain. London was the biggest. London became a centre of all markets in the country.

Question 30.
List out the major inventions in the field of Cotton Spinning and Weaving.
Answer:
a) In 1773, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. Using this, the speed in weaving clothes was increased. One worker could now do the work of two. Since spinning (thread-making) was a slow process, enough thread was not available for weaving clothes. This problem was solved by Hargreaves.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the’ strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

e) In 1787 Edmund Cartwright invented power loom. This machine worked with mechanical energy and it drastically increased the speed of weaving. It was easy to work with it. If the thread broke, it would stop automatically. Anything could be woven in this loom. From the 1830s, importance was given by the cotton industry to increase the productivity of workers and not to inventions.

Answer any 2 questions from 31 to 36. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 31.
How did early humans obtain food? Explain.
Answer:
The early people got their food by gathering, hunting, taking the flesh from dead animals and fishing. They gathered vegetarian products like seeds, kernel of nuts, fruits and roots. Some people believe that they stored food but for this there is no clear proof. Although there are many fossils of bones, the fossils of vegetarian stuff have been rare. Remnants of plants and trees that have been burned down by sudden fire last for quite a long time, but archaeologists have not yet found such fossils.

It is natural that the early people collected the flesh of dead animals or the remnants of animals killed by carnivorous beasts. Early hominids ate mammals like rats and squirrels, birds and their eggs, crawling creatures and even insects like termites.

Question 32.
Explain the features of the royal Capital Mari.
Answer:
Mari was the royal capital. The Kings of Mari were Amorites. They dressed differently from the local people. They worshipped gods of Mesopotamia. At the same time in Mari they built a temple for Bhagan who is the god of the plains.
The kings of Mari had to be very alert. Although they allowed shepherds of different tribes to move about in their country, they were watched carefully. The correspondence between the kings and the officials frequently mentions the camps of these shepherds. One official wrote to the king about the fire signals in the nights by which the camps were exchanged. He doubted this might be a warning about some impending attacks.

Mari was situated on the bank of Euphrates between the South and mineral richTurkey-Syria-Lebanon. Mari was a trade centre. Things brought in boats through the Euphrates River were bought and sold here. They included timber, copper, white lead, oil and wine. Mari is an example of a city that progresses well because of trade.

Question 33.
Analyse the reforms introduced by Diocletian and Constantine in the Late Roman empire.
Answer:
Late antiquity means the final and fasinating period in the evolution and the breakup of the Roman empire and refers broadly to the fourth to seventh centuries. During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the people in the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7th century Islam came into being.

There were great changes in the structure of the nation. It was Diocletian (244-305) who brought changes here.
The large areas created administrative inconveniences and therefore Diocletian took steps to solve the problem. He reduced the size of his Empire by removing the strategically and economically unimportant regions. He protected the boundaries by building fortresses. He reorganized the provincial boundaries. He exempted citizens from military service. The Duces (army commanders) were given autonomy.

Constantine (306-334) was the successor of Diocletian. He brought great changes in the administrative set up. The most important among them were new currency system, new capital and economic reforms. He brought out new gold coins called Solidus which weighed 4V4 grams of gold. A lot of these coins were minted. Millions of such coins circulated in the empire. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire these coins remained valuable. Constantine made Constantinople (old Byzantium) his second capital. It was in the modern Istanbul in Turkey and it was covered on all the three sides by oceans. He also formed a new Senate for the new capital.

The emperor invested heavily in the oil mills and crystal factories in villages. Screw-making machines and water mills were introduced. He also re-established the trade relations with the East. The Romans were polytheists. They worshipped many gods and goddesses like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Mars. They built temples and other places of worship for their deities. Their faith did not have any special name or label. Judaism was another religion in Rome. It was also not monolithic as the different ancient Jewish communities followed different ways.

By the 4th and 5th century Christianity began to spread in Rome. Constantine was the first Emperor to become Christian. Later Christianity was made the State religion. In the 4th century AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two – the Eastern and the Western Empire. They were under two Emperors. In the Eastern Roman Empire there was general prosperity. It not only survived the great plague of the 540s which made the Mediterranean area a vast graveyard, but the population went on increasing. But, at the same time, the Western Roman Empire faced political crises. The attacks of the Germanic tribes were the reason for that.

Question 34.
Briefly describe the crisis of the fourteenth century in Europe.
Answer:
Because of reduced prices of agricultural products and increased wages, the income of the landlords was seriously reduced. The landlords then wanted to cancel their agreements with the peasants. The peasants then rose in revolt. There were revolts in Flanders (1323), France (1358) and England (1381).

The peasant revolts were cruelly suppressed. Still they have their importance. The peasants showed that they were not ready to give up the benefits they had. The use of money had increased so much that a going back was not possible. The biggest political change was the rise of despotic kingships. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the European kings increased their military and economic power. They built new powerful nations. Historians call these kings as “New Kings”. Louis XIV of France, Maximilian of Austria, Henry VII of England and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain were the most prominent among them. They were the pioneers in making strong armies, a stable bureaucracy and collection of national taxes. In Europe, Spain had a big role in the trade conducted via the Sea.

Question 35.
Examine the influence of Humanist ideas in the fields of art and architecture.
Answer:
Humanism is an important feature of Renaissance. The Italian cities and universities played a major role in the growth of humanism. The first universities of Europe were started in Italian cities. From 111h century onwards universities in Padua and Bologna there were centres of law studies. Since the main business in the cities was trade, there was a great need for pleaders and notaries. To enact laws and to interpret them and to make written agreements, their service was essential. So law became an important subject in the universities. Since law is an important discipline in Humanities, humanism became a major part of the curriculum.

Art and Literature
Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it.

To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor in the Padua University. This greatly helped the modern anatomical studies. Renaissance Artists wanted to present things as they were.

Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral. There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Question 36.
Explain the winds of change in Australia.
Answer:
W.E.H Stanner – The Great Austrialian Silence – Henry Reynolds – Why weren’t We Told – Multi culturalism – Human rights

Answer any 2 questions from 37 to 40. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 37.
Analyse the contributions of Islam to the learning and culture of the world.
• Literature
• Philosophy
• History
• Architecture
Answer:
Sufism
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali. Anybody, without any distinction of religion, status or gender could accept Sufism. Dhul nun al-Misri (his tomb can be seen near the Pyramid of Egypt even now) in 861, declared like this before the Abbasid Khalifa: “I learned true Islam from an old woman, real virtues from a water carrier.” This shows there were no class differences in Sufism. Sufism made religion a personal thing and it posed a serious challenge to Islam.

To translate books in Greek and Syriac-Aramaic into Arabic, the Umayyad-Abbasid Khalifas had employed Christian scholars. During the time of Al-Mamun, translation was an organized activity. The works of Aristotle, Euclid’s “Elements”, Ptolemy’s “Almagest” etc. had attracted the attention of Arab scholars. Indian books on astronomy, mathematics and medicines were translated into Arabic. These books reached Europe and kindled their interest in philosophy and science.

Although supporters of divine theology opposed his views, his medical books were widely read. The most important of his books was “Canon of Medicine”. It describes 760 types of medicines and the importance of diet. It also describes the influence of climate and environment in our health and also the contagious nature of some diseases. “Canon of Medicine” was used as a text in the medical schools of Europe. There Ibn Sina was known as Avicenna. His books were read by people like Omar Khayyam who was a great poet and scientist.

Literature
The Islamic societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural dominance of the Arabs. Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love.

At the start of the 11th century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies. In the catalogue of Ibn Nadum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalita wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous stories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night. This was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8th century. Later more stories were added to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people – generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories.

History
The tradition of historiography was very much in progress in literate Muslim societies. Scholars, students and ordinary people read history books. The study of history was important as far as the rulers and bureaucrats were concerned. They depicted a good picture of the ruler and his family and his achievements. Two important historians were: Ansab al-Ashraf of Baladhuri and Torikh al-Rusul wal Muluk ofTabri.

Geography
Geography and travel was an important aspect of culture. The knowledge from Greek, Iranian and Indian books and the observations of travellers and% merchants were collected together. Mathematical geography divided the inhabited earth into 7 regions. The position of each city was astronomically determined. The geographical book “The Best Divisions for the Knowledge of Regions” by Al Muqaddasi is a comparative study of the countries and peoples of the world. Al Masoodi’s “Golden Meadows” correlates history and geography. Al Biruni’s “History of India” is an attempt to look beyond , the Islamic world and to study the value of another culture.

Architecture
By the 10th century, an Islamic world came up. Religious buildings are the external symbols of this world. Mosques and mausoleums and tombs are the most important of them. These building which spread from Spain to Central Asia are built in the same pattern. Arcs, domes, minarets, open yards in the centre, etc. are features of this architectural style. Inns where caravans rested, hospitals and palaces were built in the same style as the mosques and mausoleums. The Umayyads had built ‘desert palaces’ in deserts. Examples are Khirbat al Mafjar of Palestine and Quseir Amra of Jordan.

They were luxurious rest houses. The palaces which were built in Roman-Sassanian architectural style were adorned by statues, coloured stones, and portraits of people. The Abbasids built a new royal city in Samara. It was built amidst gardens and streams. It is described in many stories and in the various legends and myths about Harun al Rasheed. The palace of the Abbasid Khalifas in Baghdad and the palace of the Fatimids in Cairo are no more. We can only read about them in literary works.

Question 38.
Explain the three orders of the feudal society existed in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers.
The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches. To take part in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays.

The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families. The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

The Third Order was the farmers. Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers.. The independent farmers had land they got from the nobles. They had to do military services for the noble for at least 40 days a year. On some fixed days of the week, they had to work in the files of the nobles, without getting any payment for it. They also had to dig the land, collect firewood, make fences anpl repair the roads. The women and children also had to help in the field. They had to do additional work like spinning, weaving, making candles, making wine etc. The king collected a special tax called Tailed from the farmers. The priests and nobles were exempted from this tax.

Question 39.
Assess the impact of the Industrial revolution. Areas to be considered:
• Changed lives
• Workers
• Women and children
• Protest movements
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution brought many changes in the life of people. Though it brought ease and comfort to one section of the people, it brought misery and pain to some others. Rich persons invested money in different industries to reap profits. Their income increased dramatically because of proper use of goods, services, knowledge and productivity. But industrialization and urbanization adversely affected common people. Families were separated, cities became crowded and dirty, and the terrible work conditions in the factories made people suffer.

In 1750, in England there were only two cities that had more than 50,000 people. By 1850, this increased to 29. The speed of this growth did not reflect in the life of people. They did not have proper places to live and sanitation facilities. Not even enough drinking water was available. Persons newly coming to the cities were forced to live in the slums in, or close to, the cities. But the rich people built their second homes in villages which were free from pollution.

Workers: A survey done in 1842 revealed that the longevity of the workers (labourers) in the city was less than those of others. The average life expectancy of workers was 15years in Birmingham, 17 in Manchester and 21 in Derby. This was because in cities many children died at a very young age. Many died even before they reached 5. The increase in the city population was because of migration from the rural areas and not because of increased birth rates there.

Until the end of the 19th century, the municipal authorities ignored these dangerous circumstances. There was also no medical expertise to diagnose and treat these diseases.

Women. Children and Industrialization: One of the worst outcomes of industrialization was the exploitation of women and children. Children of poor parents had to work in the fields and also at home. They Worked under strict supervision from their parents or relatives. The village women had to work in the field. They grew cattle and gathered wood. They also made thread using looms.

In the factories of the city, women and children were made to work. The work here was quite different from the work in villages. They had to work in factories and mines for long periods without rest and under strict supervision. They were punished severely for any little mistakes they made. The income from the women and children were needed for meeting the expenses of the family as the men earned very little as they had low wages.

Even when the use of machines became widespread, employers preferred women and children to do the work because they had to be paid much mess than men. The women and childrerf would not protest against bad working conditions. In the cotton industries of Lancashire and Yorkshire, plenty of women and children were employed. In silk¬making, brocade making and sewing, women were the main workers. In the iron industry at Birmingham also they worked along with children.

Children were made to labour hard. Machines like the spinning jenny were made in such a way that children with small bodies and fast fingers could work them. Since children could move in between the many thickly laid machines in the factory, they were preferred in the cotton mills. Even on Sundays they had to work cleaning the machines. Thus they were denied rest and even clean air. Accidents were common in the factories. Some even died in factories as they fell on to the machines being tired and sleepy.

The work in the mines was also dangerous. Accidents were usual there. These were caused by the upper portions of the mines crumbling or because of the explosions carried out there. Mine owners employed children to draw the carts filled with coal along the underground rails. Since entrances were narrow and small, children were preferred by the cruel owners. The children carried loads of coal. Working in the mines was looked upon as training for working in the factories.

Evidences from the factory records show that there were children of even less than ten years working there. It is true that the self-confidence and economic situation of the working women were better. But the adverse circumstances in which they worked, the children they lost at birth or infancy, and the dirty’ slums in which they were forced to live spoiled the little satisfaction they got from the wages they earned.

Question 40.
Prepare an essay on the state systems of Central and South America.
Hints:
• The Aztecs
• The Incas
• The Mayas
Answer:
In Central and South America there were some famous civilizations. The most noteworthy of them were the Aztec and Mayan culture of Central America and the Inca culture of South America. They were highly organized nations. These urban civilizations were made possible because of the surplus production of corn. The huge architectural marvels built by the Aztec, Mayan and Inca cultures still make us stare at them in awe and wonder.

The Aztecs: Aztec culture is centred round Mexico. In the 12th century, the Aztecs from the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the various tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people they also collected tributes. The Aztec society was hierarchical. There were different classes in the society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other I high officials belonged to this class. Hereditary nobles were a small minority. They occupied the highest posts in the government, army I and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from I among themselves as their leader and he continued I to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to I be representative of the sun on earth.

Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions. Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the Aztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In between these fertile inlands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces and pyramids there. Since the Aztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

The Mayans : The Mayan culture of Mexico developed between 11 and 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the Mayans were politically less powerful than the Aztecs. The centre point of Mayan culture was corn cultivation. When corn was planted, when it was growing, and when harvested there were different religious rituals connected with it. The Mayans had surplus crops. The extra income they had helped the administrators, priests and chiefs to invest and develop architecture, astronomy and mathematics. The Mayans have given great contributions in writing, architecture, mathematics and astronomy They had formed a picture script. Scholars could read their picture-script writing only partially.

The Incas of Peru: Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who rules of the land. The capital of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12th century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles.
The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor. Newly defeated tribes were successfully integrated with the empire. Each subject was to speak the language of the royal court, Quechua. The tribal administration was done by a Council or Elders. The Tribes owed their loyalty to the rulers.

Regional rulers gave the emperor military help. For this cooperation they were adequately rewarded. The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than what they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes. Another important occupation of the Incasi was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 22, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate itemsfrom Column ‘B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

‘A’	‘B’
Samuel Crompton	The Puffing Devil
Edmund Cartwright	The Mule
George Stepheson	The Powerloom
Richard Trevithick	The Blutcher

Answer:

A	B
Samuel Crompton	The Mule Edmund
Edmund Cartwright	The Powerloom
George Stepheson	The Blutcher
Richard Trevithick	The Puffing Devil

Question 2.
Answer any four amoung the following.
(i) Identify the author of Almagest
A) Dante Alighieri
B) Franscesco Petrarch
C) Cicero
D) Ptolemy
Answer:
D) Ptolemy

(ii) Who was the first to dissert the human body?
A) Donatello
B) Andreas Vesalius
C) Ibn Sina
D) Ibn Rushd
Answer:
B) Andreas Vesalius

(iii) The Pieta’ is associated with
A) Michelangelo Buonarroti
B) Donatello
C) Filippo Brunelleschi
D) Francesco Barbaro
Answer:
A) Michelangelo Buonarroti

(iv) Martin Luther was a native of _____ .
A) Switzerland
B) England
C) Germany
D) Spain
Answer:
iv) Germany

(v) The term‘wise man’is related with „
A) Homo Habilis
B) Homo Erectus
C) Homo Sapiens
D) Australopithecus
Answer:
C) Homo Sapiens

(vi) The Altamira Cave is situated in
A) France
B) Kenya
C) Ethiopia
D) Spain
Answer:
D) Spain

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (4 × 1 = 4)
• Formation of Chinese Communist Party.
• Sun Yat-Sen established a Republic in China
• Formation of the Peoples Republic of China
• The Long March in China
Answer:

Sun Yatsen established a republic in China – 1911.
Formation of Chiese Communist Party -1921
The Long March in China – 1934
Formation of the Peoples Republic of China – 1949

Question 4.
Mark any four amoung the following on the outline map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)
A) Bagdad
B) Damascus
C) Mecca
D) Medina
E) Brazil
F) Peru
Kerala Plus One History Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers -1
Answer:

Baghdad
Damascus
Mecca
Medina
Brazil
Peru

Answer any 8 questions from 5 to 14. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 5.
Write any two features of Hominoids.
Answer:
• Emerged 24 mya
• Ape
• Quadrupeds
• Flexible forelimbs

Question 6.
List out any two administrative measures of Abd al- Malik
Answer:

Arabic as the language of administration.
Islamic coinage.
Introduction of gold dinar and silver dirham.
Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the courier system of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
Genghiskhan had fashioned a rapid courier system that connected the distant areas of his regime. Fresh mounts and despatch riders were placed in outposts at regularly spaced distances. For the maintenance of this courier system called ‘Yam’ the Mongol nomads contributed a tenth of their herd-either horses or livestock – as provisions. This was called thequbcurtax.

Question 8.
Prepare a short note on Yasa.
Answer:
Genghiskhan premulgaged the code of law called ‘Yasa’ at the Quriltai in 1206. It meant ‘law’, ‘decree’ or ‘order’. It was concerned with administrative regulations. The organisation of the hunt, the army and the postal system. The Yasa was a compilation of the customary traditions of the Mongol tribes.

Question 9.
Write a short note on Michelangelo Buonarroti.
Answer:
Michelangelo Buonarotti was skilled equally as painter, sculpter and architect. He was immortalised by the ceiling he painted in the sistine chapel, the sculpture called The Pieta’ and his design of the dome of St.Peter’s Church, all in Rome.

Question 10.
How did Venice and Genoa differ from the other parts of Europe?
Answer:
Venice and Genoa were vibrant Italian cities. The clergy and powerful feudal lords were not politically dominant here. Rich merchants and bankers actively participated in governing the city and this helped the idea of citizenship to strike roof.

Question 11.
Write a short note on the mutual perceptions among the natives of America and the Europeans.
Answer:
Europeans looked at the indigenes of America as uncivilized people. But the French philosopher Rousseau pointed out that such people should be respected, because they had not polluted their culture. Many people think that the term “noble savage” would be appropriate to them. But the world famous poet William Wordsworth came out with another view. He said that those who live in close proximity with nature will have less imaginative and emotional strength. In short, the indigenes were seen either as uncivilized or as noble savages or as people with less emotional and imaginative power.

The indigenes thought the things they exchanged with the Europeans as mere gifts. But for greedy Europeans the things they got – like fish and hides – were goods to be sold in the Western markets. The price of the things the Europeans sold to the indigenes depended on the supply. The indigenes did not have any idea about the markets in far-away Europe.

Sometime European gave a lot of things but sometimes only very little in exchange for the items they got from the indigenes. They used to wonder why this was so as they had no idea about the market prices. The greed of Europeans often made the indigenes sad. In their greed to get more and mor6 hides they killed a lot of otters. The indigenes were afraid that the animals would take revenge en them. The indigenes and Europeans had different concepts about forests. In the forests the indigenes imagined many invisible things. But the Europeans simply wanted to clear the forests and convert them into corn fields.

Jefferson wanted a country with Europeans and small fields. The indigenes cultivated the land fortheirown use. They did not do it for selling or profit. Therefore acquiring land in their view was a serious mistake. This is what made Jefferson think that they were uncivilized.

Question 12.
Write a short note on the winds of change in Australia.
Answer:
In 1968, people were electrified by a lecture by the anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner, entitled “The Great Australian Silence’ – the silence of historians about the aborigines. From the 1970s there was an eagerness to understand natives not as anthropological curiosities but as communities with distinct cultures. Underlying it all was the urgent question which it all was the urgent question which Henry Reynolds later articulated in a powerful book, ‘Why weren’t We Told?’ This condemned the practice of writing Australian history as though it had begun with Captain Cook’s ‘discovery’.

Question 13.
Name the two Japanese cities where nuclear bombs were dropped in 1945.
Answer:

Hiroshima
Nagasaki

Question 14.
Prepare a short note on the Cultural Revolution of 1965 in China.
Answer:
In 1965 Mao launched the Great Proletarin Cultural Revolution to counter his critics. The Red Guards, mainly students and the army was used for a campaign against old culture, old customs and old habits. Ideology was more important than having professional knowledge. Denuncitations and slogans replaced rational debate

Answer any two questions from 15 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 15.
Briefly explain the ways through whchi the early humans obtained food.
Answer:

♦ Food gathering
♦ Hunting
♦ Scavenging
♦ Fishing

Question 16.
Write a short note on the cuneiform writing system of the Mesopotamians.
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and put it into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With the sharp end of a red cut obliquely, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once the surface dried, signs could not be pressed on to a tablet: so each transaction, however, minor, required a separate written tablet. By 260Q B:CE or so, the letters became cuneiform, and the langage was Sumerian.

Question 17.
Prepare a short note on the Third Century crises in the Roman Empire.
Answer:
As far as the Roman Empire was concerned, the 1st and 2nd centuries were those of peace, development and economic growth. But in the 3rd century the Empire began to show signs trouble. It was foreign attacks that caused the problem.
In 225 AD the Sassanian Dynasty came to power in Iran and this was a great threat to the Roman Empire. When the Iranian Army marched forward with Euphrates in sight, it became a big crisis for the Roman Empire. In one of his famous stone inscriptions it is written that Shapur I, who was the ruler of Iran, destroyed a Roman army numbering 60,000 and captured Antioch, the Eastern capital of the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire faced attacks by Barbarians. The Romans scornfully called the Tribal people who lived in the northern border of the Roman Empire as Barbarians to mean that they were uncivilized. These Tribat Groups belonged to the Germanic race and included Alamannis, Franks and Goths. They started . infiltrating into the Rhine-Danube boundaries. Between 233 and 280, they attacked the Roman Provinces that lay between Black Sea and Alps in Southern Germany. The Romans were forced to quit from areas on the other side of River Danube. During this period Emperors had to spend a lot of time in the battle fronts. In 47 years, 25 emperors ascended the throne and this shows the extent of the crisis the Roman Empire faced.

Question 18.
What were the motives behind the voyage of discovery?
Answer:
♦ Economic
♦ Religious
♦ Political
The exploratory geographical voyages definitely had economic, religious and political goals.

Economic goals : The main inspiration behind geographical discoveries was economic. The European economy was facing a crisis. The Great Plague and wars reduced the population in Europe considerably. Trade was reduced. There wasn’t enough silver and gold for making coins. Distance trade also was in problems. In 1453, the Turk conquered Constantinople and this was a big shock. Although the Italians tried to trade with the Turks, they had to give higher taxes. With this, the land- route trade between Europeans and the Eastern countries became difficult. In short the goals of the European were making huge profits through trade and collecting valuable metals like silver and gold.

Religious : The desire to propagate Christianity to the world outside Europe also prompted the Europeans to embark upon voyages of discovery. Europeans were ready to undertake any adventure to spread Christianity to other lands. Along with the navigators there were also missionaries and priests , in their adventurous journeys.

Political: The Crusades had caused an increase in the trade between Europe and Asia. The products of Asia, especially spices, were in great demand in Europe. The rulers of Europe realized that through trade they could get political power. They thought that the newly discovered lands could be made their colonies and there they could establish their political power. They also wanted regions which were strategic so that it would help them in wars. Thus the European rulers encouraged voyages of discovery.

Answer any four questions from 19 to 24. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 19.
Assess the importance of Mari in Mesopotamian civilization.
Answer:
Mari was the royal capital. The Kings of Mari were Amorites. They dressed differently from the local people. They worshipped gods of Mesopotamia. At the same time in Mari they built a temple for Bhagan who is the god of the plains. The kings of Mari had to be very alert. Although they allowed shepherds of different tribes to move about in their country, they were watched carefully. The correspondence between the kings and the officials frequently mentions the camps of these shepherds. One official wrote to the king about the fire signals in the nights by which the camps were exchanged. He doubted this might be a warning about some impending attacks.

Mari was situated on the bank of Euphrates between the South and mineral rich Turkey-Syria-Lebanon. Mari was a trade centre. Things brought in boats through the Euphrates River were bought and sold here. They included timber, copper, white lead, oil and wine. Mari is an example of a city that progresses well because of trade.

Question 20.
Briefly explain the late antiquity in the Roman Empire.
Answer:
Late antiquity means the final and fasinating period in the evolution and thp breakup of the Roman empire and refers broadly to the fourth to seventh centuries. During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the people in the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7th century Islam came into being.

Constantine (306-334) was the successor of Diocletian. He brought great changes in the administrative set up. The most important among them were new currency system, new capital and economic reforms. He brought out new gold coins called Solidus which weighed 4!4 grams of gold. A lot of these coins were minted. Millions of such coins circulated in the empire. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire these coins remained valuable. Constantine made Constantinople (old Byzantium) his second capital. It was in the modern Istanbul in Turkey and it was covered on all the three sides by oceans. He also formed a new Senate for the new capital.

The emperor invested heavily in the oil mills and crystal factories in villages. Screw-making machines and water mills were introduced. He also reestablished the trade relations with the East.The Romans were polytheists. They worshipped many gods and goddesses like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Mars. They built temples and other places of worship for their deities. Their faith did not have any special name or label. Judaism was another religion in Rome. It was also not monolithic as the’ different ancient Jewish communities followed different ways.

By the 4th and 5th century Christianity began to spread in Rome. Constantine was the first Emperor to become Christian. Later Christianity was made the State religion. In the 4th century AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two – theEastern and the Western Empire. They were under two Emperors. In the Eastern Roman Empire there was general prosperity. It not only survived the great plague of the 540s which made the Mediterranean area a vast graveyard, but the population went on increasing. But, at the same time, the Western Roman Empire faced political crises. The attacks of the Germanic tribes were the reason for that.

Question 21.
Explain the military organisation of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
The military achievements of Genghiskhan were astounding and they were largely a result of his ability to innovate and transform different aspects of steppe – combat into extremely effective military strategies. The horse-riding skills of the mongols and the Turks provided speed and mobility to the army. Genghiskhan learnt the importance of siege engines and naphtha bombardment very quickly. Genghiskhan worked to systematically erase the old tribal identities of the different groups who joined his confederacy. His army was organised according to the old steppe system of decimal units in divisions of 10s, 100s, 1000s and 10000 soldiers. He divided the old tribal groupings and distributed their members into new military units. The new military contingents were required to serve under his four sons and specially chosen captains of his army units called noyan.

Question 22.
Analyse the causes of Fourteenth Century crisis in Europe.
Answer:
In the beginning 6f the 14th century, the economic growth of Europe was reduced drastically. There were three reasons for that.
a) Change in the climate.
b) Lack of trade.
c) Plague.
By the end of the 13th century, there were significant changes in the climate of Northern Europe. The warm climate disappeared and instead cold climate came. This climatic change adversely affected cultivation. It was difficult to cultivate on higher areas. Storms and disturbances in the sea affected shipping and trade. This reduced the income to the people and the government. Government was not getting enough taxes both from the peasants as well as traders. Then there was the plague or Black Death. It killed a lot of people and brought the economy to a standstil I. It took a long time for Europe to overcome this sorry state of affairs.

Question 23.
Briefly explain about the Copernican Revolution.
Answer:
lt was Copernicus, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. Hfe started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection. Johannes” Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 24.
What is Gold Rush? Analyse its impacts on North America.
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed.

Answer any two questions from 25 to 28. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 25.
Compare the features of Australopithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much	Jaw projecting only
outward a	little outward
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers	Lived in the grassy plains

Question 26.
Explain the contributions of Mesopotamian people in the fields of time recokoning and Mathematics.
Answer:

Question 27.
Analyse tthe social hierarchy existed in Ancient Rome.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics. In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Question 28.
Evaluate of the achievements of the Aztecs.
Answer:
The Aztecs : Aztec cuIture is centred round Mexico. In the 12th century, theAztecs from the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the vanous tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people they also collected tributes. The Aztec society was hierarchical.

There were different classes in the society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other high officials belonged to this class. Hereditary nobles were a small minority. Theyoccupied the highest posts in the government, army and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from among themselves as their leader and he continued to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to be representative of the sun on earth. Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions.

Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the ztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In etween these fertile mlands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces andpyramids there. Since theAztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

Answer any two questions from 29 to 31. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 29.
Explain the contributions of Islam in the fields of learning and culture.
Hints:
• Sufism
• Philosophy and medicine
• Literature
• Architecture
Answer:
Sufism
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of Ipxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

Pantheism is the belief in one God and his creations. It means man’s soul should ultimately reach the Creator. Deep love for God is the main means becoming one with God. It was a lady ascetic called Rabia in Basra who propagated this idea. She lived in the 9th century. She propagated the love of God through her poems. It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali.

Anybody, without any distinction of religion, status or gender could accept Sufism. Dhul nun al-Misri (his tomb can be seen near the Pyramid of Egypt even now) in 861, declared like this before the Abbasid Khalifa: “I learned true Islam from an old woman, real virtues from a water carrier.” This shows there were no class differences in Sufism. Sufism made religion a personal thing and it posed a serious challenge to Islam.

Philosophy
Islamic philosophers and scientist came out with a parallel view about God and the universe. This was caused because of the influence of Greek vision and science. Even in the 7th century, the influence of the Greek culture was visible in the Byzantine-Nasanian empires. In the schools in Alexandria, Syria and Mesopotamia along with other subjects Greek vision, mathematics and medicines were taught. To translate books in Greek and Syriac-Aramaic into Arabic, the Umayyad-Abbasid Khalifas had employed Christian scholars.

During the time of Al-Mamun, translation was an organized activity. The works of Aristotle, Euclid’s “Elements”, Ptolemy’s “Almagest” etc. had attracted the attention of Arab scholars. Indian books on astronomy, mathematics and medicines were translated into Arabic. These books reached Europe and kindled their interest in philosophy and science.

The most important of his books was “Canon of Medicine”. It describes 760 types of medicines and the importance of diet. It also describes the influence of climate and environment in our health and also the contagious nature of some diseases. “Canon of Medicine” was used as a text in the medical schools of Europe. There Ibn Sina was known as Avicenna. His books were read by people like Omar Khayyam who was a great poet and scientist.

Literature
The Islamic societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen’as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural
dominance of the Arabs. Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love.

At the start of the 11th century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies. In the catalogue of I bn Nadum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalila wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous stories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

Question 30.
Analyse the features of the three orders of Feudalism existed in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers. The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches. To take part in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays.

Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows. The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes.

The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the, word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The Second Order was the nobles. They had a big role in the society. It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became ‘ huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs. The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. The noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land.

The Third Order was the farmers. Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers. The independent farmers had land they got from the nobles. They had to do military services for the noble for at least 40 days a year. On some fixed days of the week, they had to work in the files of the nobles without getting any payment for it. They also had to dig the land, collect firewood, make fences and repair the roads. The women and children also had to help in the field. They had to do additional work like spinning, weaving, making candles, making wine etc. The king collected a special tax called Tailed from the farmers. The priests and nobles were exempted from this tax.

Question 31.
Prepare an eassy on Industrial revolution. Areas to be considered:
• Coal and Iron
• Cotton spinning and weaving
Answer:
Coal and Iron
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18lh century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

The solution to this problem was found by the Darby family of Shropshire. In 50 years, three generations of this family (grandfather, father and son) brought a revolution in the refining of iron. In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717) developed the first blast furnace which could maintain very high degree of heat. In it coke could be used. Coke was made by removing the sulphur and other impurities from coal. With this there was no need for charcoal. The iron that was made from the blast furnace of Darby was strong and of a higher quality.

Darby II (1711-1768) made cast iron from iron. This would not break easily. Henry Cort (1740-1823) made two important discoveries – the puddling furnace to remove impurities from pig iron and the rolling mill to produce rails. These discoveries helped in producing many different kinds of iron products.

Cotton spinning and weaving
a) In 1773, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. Using this, the speed in weaving clothes was increased. One worker could now do the work of two. Since spinning (thread-making) was a slow process, enough thread was not available for weaving clothes. This problem was solved by Hargreaves.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

Kerala Plus One History Question Paper March 2020 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 22, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriates itmes from column’B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

A	B
a) W.E.H. Stanner	Why Weren’t We Told
b) Andreew Jackson	The problem of Indian Administration
c) Hendry Reynolds	The Great Austrialian Silence
d) Lewis Maeriam	Presidenetof U.S.A.

Answer:

A	B
a) W.E.H. Stanner	The Great Austrialian Silence
b) Andreew Jackson	Presidenetof U.S.A.
c) Hendry Reynolds	Why Weren’t We Told
d) Lewis Maeriam	The problem of Indian Administration

Question 2.
Choose the correct asnwer from the given altematices: (4 × 1 = 4)
i) The person wto propagated the protestant ideas in Switzerland:
Answer:
a) Martin Luther
b) Ignatius Loyola
c) Uinch Swingly
d) Erasmus
Answer:
c) Uinch Swingly

ii) The sculptor who made The Pieta
Answer:
a) Donatello
b) Michelangelo
c) Giotto
d) Francesco Barbaro
Answer:
b) Michelangelo

iii) Who was the first to dissect the human body?
a) Andreas Vesalius
b) IbnSina
c) Cicero
d) Filippo Brunelleschi
Answer:
a) Andreas Vesalius

iv) The author of ‘On Pleasure’:
a) Dante
b) Cassandra Fidle
c) Thomas More
d) LOrenzo valla
Answer:
d) LOrenzo valla

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological Oder:
• Cortes defeated the Aztees
• Cabral reached Brazil
• Eric Williams Published ‘Capitalism and Salvery’
• Columbus reached Bahamas.
Answer:
Columbus reached Bahamas – 1492
Cabral reached Brazil – 1500
Cortes defeated the Aztecs – 1521
Eric Williams published ’Capitalism and Slaveryl – 1940

Question 4.
Find out the relation between two parts of item ’a’ and fill in the blacks of item ‘b’ accordingly:
a) Chaghtai – Transoxiana
b) Jo Chi – ______
Answer:
Russian Steppes

ii) a) Quriltai – Assembly
b) Yasa – ______
Answer:
Code of Law

iii) a) Tama – Military contingent
b) Noyan – ______
Answer:
Army Captain

iv) a) Qubcur – Tax
b) Yam – ______
Answer:
Courier System

Question 5.
Mark the following places on the outline map of the world provided:
• Mecca
• Baghdad
• Damascus
• Cairo
Answer:

Mecca
Bagdad
Damascus
Cairo

Answer all questions from 6 to 9. Each carries 2 scores. (4 × 2 = 8)

Question 6.
Point out the differences between the Roman Empire and the Iranian Empire.
Answer:
The majority of the Iran people belonged to iranianrace. But in the Roman Empire, there were many regions and different cultures. In the Roman Empire many different kinds of people stayed together under one common government. In the Roman Empire, there was also much diversity in languages. The Iranians used Aramaic language. But in the Roman Empire there were different languages. Latin and Greek were the administrative languages. The upper classes in the Eastern part of the Empire used Greek wheas those in the Western part used Latin In their writing. Different from Iran, all the people who lived in the Roman Emeire were the subjects of a single Emperor.

Question 7.
Write any two reforms of Abd-al-Malik.
Answer:

The Arabic and Islamic identities were strongly emphasised during his regin.
The adoption of Arbic as the language of administration and the introduction of an Islamic coinage. The gold coin (dinar) and silver coin (dirham).
He built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

Question 8.
The Aztecs gave importance to education.’ Substantiate.
Answer:
Aztecs had given great importance to education. They made sure that all children attended schools. The schools where the children of the nobles were studying were called Calmecac. Here they got training to be army leaders and religious leaders. Other students studied at the schools called Telpochcalli. Here they studied things like history, myths, traditional and ritualistic songs. Boys were given military and agricultural training. They were also trained in other professions. Girls were given training to do household jobs.

Question 9.
Write a short note on Long March.
Answer:
In 1934, Mao and his followers left their camps to escape from the attacks by Kuomintang. Their destination was Yanan, 6000 miles away. This march became a historical event and is called the Long March. The Communists who reached Yanan formulated their plans. They gave importance to suppress the war lords, bring land reforms and fight against the foreign imperial powers. This helped them to make a strong social base.

Answer all questions from 10 to 11. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 10.
List out of the achievements made by the Mesopotamian people in the field of time reckoning.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics. In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one. Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Question 11.
Point out the three principles of Sun Yat-Sen.
Answer:
Sun Yat-sen was worried about China’s fate. For the reconstruction of the country, he prepared a scheme. This is called “Three Principles” or San-Min Doctrine orTridemism. The three principles are nationalism, democracy and socialism.
Nationalism meant driving away the Manchus and other imperialists. Democracy meant establishing a democratic government. Socialism meant controlling capital and bringing equality in land ownership.

Answer any 5 questions from 12 to 17. Each carries 3 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 12.
How did the early humans obtain their food?
Answer:
The early people got their food by gathering, hunting, taking the flesh from dead animals and fishing. They gathered vegetarian products like seeds, kernel of nuts, fruits and roots. Some people believe that they stored food but for this there is no clear proof. Although there are many fossils of bones, the fossils of vegetarian stuff have been rare. Remnants of plants and trees that have been burned down by sudden fire last for quite a long time, but archaeologists have not yet found such fossils. It is natural that the early people collected the flesh of dead animals or the remnants of animals killed by carnivorous beasts. Early hominids ate mammals like rats and squirrels, birds and their eggs, crawling creatures and even insects like termites.

Question 13.
Compare the features of Australo pithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus

Smaller brain
Larger back teeth
Heavierjaws

Homo

Larger brain
Samallerteeth
Jaws with a reduced outward protrusion.

Question 14.
Explain briefly about the Mesopotamian city life.
Answer:
Narrow winding streets indicate that wheeled carts could not have reached many homes. Narrow winding streets and the irregular shape of house plots indicate an absence of town planning in Ur. There were no street drains. Drains and clay pipes were instead, found in the inner courtyards of the ur houses. House roofs sloped inwards and rain water was channelled via the drainpipes into sumps in the inner courtyards. Lights came into the rooms not from windows but from doorways opening into the courtyards. This would also have given families their privacy. There were superstitions about houses. There was a town cemetery in Ur in which the graves of royalty and commoners have been found.

Question 15.
Examine the causes of Crusades.
Answer:
The main goal of the Crusades was recapturing Jerusalem which is the holy land of the Christians. Christians believe that the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus took place here. Thus Jerusalem is their most holy land. Jerusalem was once part of the Byzantine Empire. In 638, the Arabs captured it. But the Christians were given full protection by them. There was no ban on visiting places including Jerusalem by Christian merchants, pilgrims, diplomats, and travellers. But in 1076, Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and from then they started persecuting the Christians there. This increased the enmity of Christians towards Muslims.

Many Normans, Hungarians and Slavs became Christians around this time. Muslims were the only rivals of Christians. The Peace of God movement in Europe also made the circumstances rife for the Crusades. This Movement recognized and encouraged the fight against the enemies of the Christian God and non-believers in Christianity.

The Crusaders gradually lost their zeal. They gave themselves to a life of luxury. Moreover Christian rulers began to fight among themselves to get more territory. In the meantime Salah ad-din (Saladin) built an Egyptian-Syrian Empire and gave a call for Jihad (holy war) against Christians. In 1187 he defeated the Crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem. The harsher attitude of the muslim state towards its Christian subject. The greater influence of Italian mercantile communities i nthe trade between the east and the west.

Question 16.
Analyse the concept of a ’Fourth order’ in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
By the 11th century, the cities began to grow again. The reason for this was the surplus agricultural production. As the farmers began to produce enough grain to sustain the people in the cities, – the cities began to grow. The farmers who had surpluses needed centres where they could sell their surplus, and where they could buy their work tools and clothes. This caused the growth of small markets and centres for selling things. Slowly they began to show features of cities.

There was a square area, a church inside, roads alang which there were shops and homes of merchants and an office where the administrators of the area met. Some cities grew around forts, estates of bishops and big churches. The majority of the city people were independent farmers or escaped serfs. These serfs did most of the unskilled jobs. There were different kinds of shops, big and small, and traders in the city. Gradually the cities needed specialized people like bankers and solicitors. In big cities the population could be as many as 30,00ti. These cities were called the 4th order.

Question 17.
What was ’Gold Rush’? Analyse its impact in America.
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed.

Answer any 2 questions from 18 to 20.Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 18.
Analyse the role of nobility in the medieval European Society.
Answer:
The Nobles were the second order. They had a central role in social process. It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

The nobles enjoyed a privileged status and had absolute control over their property. They could raise droops. They were the lord of all the people settled on their land. They owned vast tracts of lands which contained their own dwellings, their private fields and pastures and the homes and fields of their tenant- peasants. Their home was called Manor. A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In asmall manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families.

The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

From the 9th century onwards, there used to be regional wars in Europe. The peasant soldiers were not competent enough to win these battles. There was a need for a good cavalry. This need resulted in the formation of a new group of people known as knights. The knights were soldiers or warriors. They were related to the nobles. The noble gave the knight an area of land called fief and the knight pledged to protect it. Fief could be transferred hereditarily. A fief could be anything between 1000 to 2000 acres.

It had a house in which the knight and family could live, a church, a watermill and a vinery. The land was used by the knight and he promised to fight for the noble. To maintain their physical fitness the knights engaged in different kinds of training and sports. A knight.could serve more than one noble. But his real loyalty was to his particular noble who had given him his fief.

Question 19.
Artists used art and architecture as a way to express humanism.’ Substantiate.
Answer:
Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it. To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor in the Padua University. This greatly helped the modern anatomical studies. Renaissance Artists wanted to present things as they were.

In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture. The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal. Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral. There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Question 20.
Explain the major reforms of the Meiji Government in the fields of education and economy.
Answer:
In 1868 there was an open revolt against the Shoguns. The revolutionaries drove away the Shogun from Edo and brought the emperor there. Edo was renamed Tokyo (Capital of the East) and was declared as the capital of the nation. The new emperor took the title Meiji or Enlightened and became the official ruler of the country. This revolution of 1868 was known as the Meiji Restoration. A slogan that summed up the ideals of the Meiji Era was Fukoku Kyohei, meaning enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army or Rich Country and Strong Army.

It became the principle that led to the modernization and transformation of Japan. Japan realized that a strong economy and a strong army were needed to resist the foreigners. The administrative system of Japan was reorganized. The new government tried to formulate a system called the Emperor System. It was a system that followed the European model. They sent officials to Europe to study about it thoroughly and then only they implemented it. In its education system it followed the European model. In the 1870s, stress was laid on the studies of Japanese history so that students could develop loyalty to their nation. The Educational Ministry strictly controlled the curriculum. It chose the text books and gave training to teachers.

Education also stressed developing a moral culture in the students. The children were asked to respect and show loyalty to their nation and become good citizens. To unify the country, the Meiji administration brought a new administrative system. The old boundaries of villages were changed. Each administrative unit had to run schools and give health facilities to its people.

It also worked as an agency for the recruitment of soldiers to the army. Everyone who had passed 20 years of age had to do compulsory military service for a fixed minimum period. Japan organized a strong army. The army started demanding a more aggressive foreign policy to conquer new regions. This led to wars with both Russia and China and in both the wars Japan came out victorious. The demand of people for greater democracy was against the aggressive policy of the government. Japan developed economically and built an empire, suppressing democracy at home.

Answer any 2 questions from 21 to 24. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 21.
Analyse the development of writing system in ancient Mesopotamia.
• Development of writing
• The system of writing
• Literacy
• The uses of writing
Answer:
a) The development of writing: All societies have languages. Certain sounds in the language give certain meanings. This is a verbal exchange. When speech sounds are represented in visible forms, we have writing or script. Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand. The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that the clay slate is dried in the sun. This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates bouldn’t be used again for writing other things.

b) System of Writing : A cuneiform symbol does not represent a mere consonant or vowel sound, but a number of letters. Therefore a Mesopotamian script writer had to learn hundreds of symbols. He should have had the competence to handle a wet clay slate and write on it before it goes dry. Thus writing on the clay slate was a highly skilled job. It was an intellectual exercise which translated the sound system of a language into a visible format.

c) Uses of Writing : Writing has given man invaluable contributions. There was a close tie between the writing of Mesopotamia and its urban life and trade. It was the kings that linked writing with trade. Writing was used to store information and to exchange messages.

Many saw Mesopotamian writing as a sign proclaiming the dominance of Mesopotamian urban culture. The writing helped in communicating with other regions culturally and economically and to do the buying and selling on the basis of written agreements. In short, writing made trading easier. Writing helped in maintaining accounts and in keeping laws recorded. It was also useful for literary creations.

Question 22.
Critically evaluate the economic and social condi-tions of ancient Roman Society:
Hints :
• Economic expansion
• Controlling workers
• Social hierarchies
Answer:
In the Roman Empire there were many ports, mines, quarries, brick-making kilns, factories producing olive oil etc. Things like wheat, wine, olive oil etc. were manufactured in large scale. But they also got more from outside. They imported them from Spain, the Gallic provinces, North Africa, Egypt and Italy. Wines and olive oil were brought in huge amphorae (tall jar or jug). Plenty of broken pieces of these jars and jugs have been found by archaeologists.

In the Roman Empire trade in Spanish olive oil had achieved great progress. In the 140-160 period the trade had reached its peak. During this period the Spanish olive oil was taken in jars called Dressel 20. From the Mediterranean sites plenty of such jars have been found. It shows that Spanish olive oil was much traded. Evidence shows that the Spanish producers of olive oil were able to capture the market from Italian competitors. They succeeded as they gave high quality olive oil at cheaper prices.

The success the Spanish producers of olive gained in the olive oil market was repeated by North African producers of olive oil. In the 3rd and 4th centuries the olive oil market was under the control of the olive estates of this region. But in the 5th and 6th centuries – the monopoly of the North African producers was lost. Oriental countries like Egypt, Southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine captured the olive oil and wine markets.

In the Roman Empire there were extraordinarily fertile places. Strabo and Pliny point out that Compania (Italy), Cicily, Faiyum (Egypt), Galilee, .Byzantia (Tunisia), Southern Gaul and Baetica (Southern Spain) were very rich and they had dense populations. The best wine came from Compania. Cicily and Byzantia exported wheat to Rome in large quantities. People cultivated every inch of land in Galilee. Spanish olive oil came mainly from the estates in southern Spain. Romans were much advanced in technology. They developed the technology to use water power to work mills. They also developed the water energy technique to mine gold and Silver in the mines of Spain.

Roman Empire also had an organized commercial banking chain. Cash was extensively used. All these are proofs of the strength of Roman economy. There were also problems like exploitation of workers and use of slaves. Slavery was a very deep rooted evil system that was prevalent in the ancient times. In the Mediterranean region and in the Near East, slavery had deep roots. Even Christianity did not challenge slavery. But it is wrong to assume that all the work in the Roman Economic System was carried out by slaves.

During the Republican times, in most of the areas of Italy, slaves were made to do all the work. Under Augustus there were 3 million slaves. In those days the Italian population was only 7.5 million. But slaves were not used in all areas of the Empire. In many places work was got done by giving wages to people. Slaves were considered an investment. The upper classes of the Roman society did not show any mercy to the slaves.

For managing labour, agricultural writers and owners gave much attention. They gave the greatest importance to supervision. The owners of land believed that unless the workers are supervised nothing would work out properly. Writer like Columella, wrote handbooks on farming practice. To make the supervision on the paid workers and slaves, they were divided into smaller teams called gangs. Columella recommended that workers should be divided into teams of 10. If you divided them into smaller teams, it would be easy to find out who are really working and who are not. It shows a lot of importance was given to the management of labour.

Pliny the elder, the author of Natural history condemned the use of slave gangs as the worst method of organising production, mainly because slaves who worked in gangs were usually chained together by their feet. He also described the condition of workers in the Frankin cense factories of Alexandria. In the Roman society there were different social groups. Historian Tacitus divides the main social groups into 5:

a) The Senators (Paters)
b) The top class cavalry men (Equites)
c) The Respectable Middle Class
d) The Lower Class people who were interested in circus and colourful shows (Plebs sordida or humiliores).
e) Slaves

During the late empire, the first two categories mentioned by Tacitus had merged into a unified and expanded aristocracy. The middle class now consisted of the considerable mass of persons connected with imperial service in the bureaucracy and army. But also the prosperous merchants and farmers in the eastern provinces. Below them the vast mass of lower classes known as humiliores. They were rural labourers, workers in industrial and mining establishments, migrant workers, self employed artisans, casual labourers and slaves.

Question 23.
Analyse the major discoveries and changes that brought by the Industrial Revolution in the following fields:
Answer:
Coal and Iron
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18th century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

The solution to this problem was found by the Darby family of Shropshire. In 50 years, three generations of this family (grandfather, father and son) brought a revolution in the refining of iron. In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717)developed the first blast furnace which could maintain very high degree of heat. In it coke could be used. Coke was made by removing the sulphur and other impurities from coal. With this there was no need for charcoal. The iron that was made from the blast furnace of Darby was strong and of a higher quality.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented”the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

Steam Power
In 1698, Thomas Savery invented a pump that worked on steam power. It was used to drain water from mines. It was called Miner’s Friend. It worked very slowly. Moreover when the pressure increased the boiler burst. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented another steam engine. This helped in draining water from the mines in a better way. But the steaming chamber became cold too soon and thus energy was lost and this was a defect of this machine.

In 1769, James Watt developed his steam engine. Until then all the steam machines were used only in the mines. From mere pumps, James Watt changed steam engines to a driving force. His steam engines were suitable for different industries. In 1775, with the help of his friend Mathew Bouton, James Watt established a factory in Birmingham for producing steam engines. This factory produced steam engines one after the other. By the end 18th century, stream energy of Watt replaced water power.

Canal and Railways
An important thing that took place during the Industrial Revolution was the changes in the modes of travel. These changes were first visible in the construction of canals and railways. Canals were first made to transport coal to the cities. Taking coal by road was expensive and slow. Since a lot of coal was needed, there was a great need for canals. The most famous of the early canals was Worsley Canal built by James Brindley (1716-72). Transporting coal to the city was its aim. When the canal was completed, the price of coal was reduced to half.

Question 24.
Explain the features of the Central and South American civilisations.
Areas to be considered :
• The Aztecs
• The Mayas
• The Incas
Answer:
In Central and South America there were some famous civilizations. The most noteworthy of them were the Aztec and Mayan culture of Central America and the Inca culture of South America. They were highly organized nations. These urban civilizations were made possible because of the surplus production of corn. The huge architectural marvels built by the Aztec, Mayan and Inca cultures still make us stare at them in awe and wonder.

Hereditary nobles were a small minority. They occupied the highest posts in the government, army and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from among themselves as their leader and he continued to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to be representative of the sun on earth.

Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions. Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the Aztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In between these fertile islands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces and pyramids there. Since the Aztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

The Mayans have given great contributions in writing, architecture, mathematics and astronomy. They had formed a picture script. Scholars could read their picture-script writing only partially. The Incas of Pern: Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who rules of the land. The capital, of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12th century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles.

The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor. Newly defeated tribes were successfully-integrated with the empire. Each subject was to speak the language of the royal court, Quechua. The tribal administration was done by a Council or Elders. The Tribes owed their loyalty to the rulers.

Regional rulers gave the emperor military help. For this cooperation they were adequately rewarded. The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than Vvhat they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes. Another important occupation of the Incas was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Kerala Plus One History Question Paper September 2021 with Answers

March 22, 2025March 22, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Previous Year Question Paper September 2021.

Time: 21/2 Hours
Maximum: 80 Sores

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate items from Column ‘B’. (4 × 1 = 4)

A	B
The Mule	Richard Arkwright
The Powerloom	James Hargreaves
The Waterframe	Samuel Crompton
The Spinning Jenny	Edmund Cartwright

Answer:

A	B
The Mule	Samuel Crompton
The Powerloom	Edmund Cartwright
The Waterframe	Richard Arkwright
The Spinning Jenny	James Hargreaves

Question 2.
Choose the correct answerfrom the alternative given below: (8 x 1 = 8)
(a) The founder of the Urnayyad dynasty:
(A) Hussain
(B) Muawiyya
(C) Abbas
(D) Ali
Answer:
(B) Muawiyya

(b) Who wrote ‘Shahnama’?
(A) Masudi
(B) Firdausi
(C) Tabari
(D) Baladhuri
Answer:
(B) Firdausi

(d) Who was the first to dissect the human body?
(A) Donatel lo
(B) Andreas Vesalius
(C) Cicero
(D) Petrarch
Answer:
(B) Andreas Vesalius

(e) Who designed the Duomo of Florence?
(A) Michelangelo
(B) Dante Alighieri
(C) Giotto
(D) Filippo Brunelleschi
Answer:
(D) Filippo Brunelleschi

(f) The Padua university is situated in:
(A) Haly
(B) Belgium
(C) China
(d) Greece
Answer:
(A) Haly

(g) Who devoped wrought iron from pg-iron?
(A) John Wilkinson
(B) Abraham Darby-II
(C) Henry Cort
(D) John Kay
Answer:
(B) Abraham Darby-II

(h) WhoisregardedasthefounderofModemChina?
(A) Chiang Kai-shek
(B) Deng Xiaoping
(C) Sun-Yat-Sen
(D) Kemal Ataturic
Answer:
(C) Sun-Yat-Sen

Choose the correct answer from the alternative given below: (8 × 1 = 8)

Question 3.
The founder of the Urnayyad dynasty:
(A) Hussain
(B) Muawiyya
(C) Abbas
(D) Ali
Answer:

Sun Yat Sen established a Republic in China (1911).
Formation of the Chinese Communist Party (1921).
The Long March (1934).
Formation of the Peoples Republic in China (1949).

Question 4.
Mark any four among the following on the outline map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)
(a) Mediterranean Sea
(b) Sahara Desert
(c) Rome
(d) Spain
(e) Medina
Kerala Plus One History Question Paper September 2021 with Answers - 1
Answer:
a) Mediterranean sea
b) Sahara desert
c) Rome
d) Spain
e) Medina
f) Egypt

Answer any 6 questions from 5 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (6 × 2 = 12)

Question 5.
Mention the features of Hominoids.
Answer:
Smaller brains – quadrupeds – flexible forelimbs

Question 6.
Write any two features of Hominids.
Answer:
Bigger brain – Upright posture walking on two ledgs – specialisation in the use of hands.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Quiriltai.
Answer:
Assembly of chiefs – In 1206 Yasa was declared in Quiriltai.

Question 8.
Explain what is Yasa.
Answer:
The memories of Genghiskhan were cherished by his successors. It was his Yassa (Law) that helped him to be remembered by posterity. In the Assembly of Chiefs (Quriltai) in 1206 Genghis Khan declared his Yassa. It contained administrative controls and laws regarding the organization of hunting, army and postal system. By the middle of the 13th century the Mongols began to use the word Yassa to mean the “Laws of Genghis Khan”. Thus the Yassa of Genghis Khan helped him in keeping memory alive.

Question 9.
What is Humanism?
Answer:
Humanists gave importance to ways of good conduct. They suggested how people should talk politely and dress decently. They also pointed out the characteristics a cultured person should have. Humanism taught that people have the capacity to make a good life even without power and wealth. It taught that human nature had different aspects and some of them were against the three special aspects which the feudal society thought essential for attaining a satisfactory life.

Question 10.
Describe the term ‘Renaissance man’.
Answer:
The term Renaissance Man is used to mean a person with different interests and capabilities. It was a common term used for showing that a person is an exceptional one. Since the famous people or the geniuses of those times came from different countries, this term was used to refer to any one of them. The leaders of Renaissance were people that were simultaneously experts in scholarship, diplomacy, theology and art.

Question 11.
Write any two features of Renaissance architecture.
Answer:
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture. The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal. Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral. There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they ^ were known by their personal names.

Question 12.
What istheCopernican Revolution?
Answer:
It was Copernican, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory. The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 13.
What is Luddism?
Answer:
Luddism was a Movement that was started against industrialization. Workers who thought that machines were the cause of all their troubles started this movement with the plan of destroying them. This Movement was begun under General Nell Ladd. England suppressed this moment by using the army. Luddism was not a movement that merely wanted to destroy machines. The members of this group demanded minimum wages. They also wanted to stop the exploitation of women and children in the factories and other work places. They were interested in the formation of labour organizations.

Question 14.
Write any two consequences of Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
a) The Industrial Revolution brought many changes in the life of people. Though it brought ease and comfort to one section of the people, it brought misery and pain to some others. Rich persons invested money in different industries to reap profits. Their income increased dramatically because of proper use of goods, services, knowledge and productivity. But industrialization and urbanization adversely affected common people. Families were separated, cities became crowded and dirty, and the terrible work conditions in the factories made people suffer.

Workers: A survey done in 1842 revealed that the longevity of the workers (labourers) in the city was less than those of others. The average life expectancy of workers was 15 years in Birmingham, 17 in Manchester and 21 in Derby. This was because in cities many children died at a very young age. Many died even before they reached 5. The increase in the city population was because of migration from the rural areas and not because of increased birth rates there.

Workers died prematurely mainly because of contagious diseases. Cholera and typhoid that came as the result of water pollution and tuberculosis that spread through the atmosphere killed many. In a cholera epidemic in 1832, more than 31,000 workers died. Until the end of the 19th century, the municipal authorities ignored these dangerous circumstances. There was also no medical expertise to diagnose and treat these diseases.

Women, Children and Industrialization: One of the worst outcomes of industrialization was the exploitation of women and children. Children of poor parents had to work in the fields and also at home. They worked under strict supervision from their parents or relatives. The village women had to work in the field. They grew cattle and gathered wood. They also made thread using looms.

Even when the use of machines became widespread, employers preferred women and children to do the work because they had to be paid much mess than men. The women and children would not protest against bad working conditions. In the cotton industries of Lancashire and Yorkshire, plenty of women and children were employed. In silk- making, brocade making and sewing, women were the main workers. In the iron industry at Birminghm also they worked along with children.

The work in the mneswas also dangerous. Accidents were usual there. These were caused by the upper portions of the mines crumbling or because of the explosions camed out there. Mine owners employed children to draw the carts filled with coal along the underground rails. Since entrances were narrow and small, children were preferred by the cruel owners. The children carried loads of coal. Working in the mines was looked upon as training for working in the factories. Evidences from the factory records show that there were children of even less than ten years working there.

It is true that the self-confidence and economic situation of the working women were better. But the adverse circumstances in which they worked, the children they lost at birth or infancy, and the dirty slums in which they were forced to live spoiled the little satisfaction they got from the wages they earned.

Question 15.
Point out any two features of the life of the native peoples of North America.
Answer:
As each new European settlement developed in America, the indigenes were forced to withdraw from their land. They withdrew after signing agreements showing that they had sold their lands. They were given only petty sums for ttjeir land. The Europeans often offered bigger amounts to the indigenes but actually gave them only smaller sums when the signing was done and thus they cheated the indigenes. Even the people in authority did not feel anything wrong in getting the land from the indigenes by questionable methods. The indigenes did not give up their land without a fight. Between 1865 and 1890, the US army had to suppress a series of riots. Around this time the Metis in Canada made an armed conflict. Later they gave up their armqd struggle.

Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 21. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 16.
Write any three ways by which early humans obtained food.
Answer:
The early people got their food by gathering, hunting, taking the flesh from dead animals and fishing. They gathered vegetarian products like seeds, kernel of nuts, fruits and roots. Some people believe that they stored food but for this there is no clear proof. Although there are many fossils of bones, the fossils of vegetarian stuff have been rare. Remnants of plants and trees that have been burned down by sudden fire last for quite a long time, but archaeologists have not yet found such fossils.

Question 17.
Write a short note on the life of the Arawakian Lucayos.
Answer:
In the Caribbean Sea there are hundreds of small islands. They are known as Bahamas, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. On these islands the community called Arawaks or Arawakian Lucayans lived. The violent tribe called Caribs drove away the Arawaks from the Lesser Antilles. Arawaks were peace-loving people. They preferred co-operation to competition. They were experts in making boats. They travelled in the open sea in small wooden boats. They lived by hunting, fishing and farming. They cultivated corn, sweet potatoes, some other root crops and tapioca.

The Arawaks practised joint farming. Thus they tried to feed everyone in the community. This was their highest cultural value. They organized themselves under the elders in the community. Polygamy was common among them. They were animists. Animism (from Latin anima, “breath, spirit, life”1) is the view that entities in nature—such as animals, plants, and often even inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence. The ‘shaman’ (the priest) had a big role in their lives. The shamans worked as healers and as intermediaries between this world and the supernatural world.

Question 18.
Explain the reasons for the beginning of Industrial Revolution in Britain.
Answer:
Industrial Revolution started in Britain. There are many factors that helped Britain to become the first industrial nation.
a) Political stability : As England, Wales and Scotland came together under a single king, there has been political stability in Britain since the 17th century. The country had common laws and a unified currency system. The market in the country had a national character. Since regional authorities did not impose taxes on goods, there was no price increase. This kind of political stability helped Britain.

c) The Influence of the Agricultural Revolution : Prior to the Industrial Revolution, there was an agricultural revolution in Britain. Big landowners bought the small pieces around them and enclosed the fields with fences. Thus there were big estates which helped in the increased production of foodstuff. The people who earned their livelihood by grazing cattle in the open fields could not continue to do so and they became jobless. They went into the big cities seeking jobs. By providing raw materials and labour, the agricultural revolution helped the Industrial Revolution.

d) Cities, trade and wealth : The growth of cities and trade and the availability of wealth helped the Industrial Revolution. From the 1891 century, cities have been growing in Europe. Out of the 19 metropolises, 11 were in Britain. London was the biggest. London became a centre of all markets in the country.

Question 19.
How did the ‘Gold Rush’ lead to the growth of industries in America?
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed.

Question 20.
Evaluate the economic development of Australia under European Settlement?
Answer:
Sheep farms – Mines – Labourers – Canberra

Question 21.
What are the three principles of Sun-Yat-Sen?
Answer:
Nationalism – Democracy – Socialism

Answer any four questions from 22 to 30. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 22.
Point out the differences between Australopithecus and Homo.
Answer:

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much	Jaw projecting only
outward	a little outward
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers	Lived in the grassy plains

Question 23.
Examine the legacy of Mesopotamians in Time reckoning and Mathematics.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it.

The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics.
In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded havebeen discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was The Peace of God movement in Europe also made the circumstances rife for the Crusades. This Movement divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Question 24.
Elucidate the third century crisis in the Roman Empire.
Answer:
The Third century brought the first major signs of internal strain in Rome. From the 230s, th empire found itself fighting on several fronts simultaneously. The Romans were forced to abandon much of the territery while the emperors of this period were constantly fighting against ‘barbarians’. The rapid succession of emperors in the third century is an obvious symptom of the strains faced by the empire in this period.

Question 25.
Analyse the reasons and impact of the Crusades.
Answer:
The main goal of the Crusades was recapturing Jerusalem which is the holy land of the Christians. Christians believe that the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus took place here. Thus Jerusalem is their most holy land. Jerusalem was once part of the Byzantine Empire. In 638, the Arabs captured it. But the Christians were given full protection by them. There was no ban on visiting places including Jerusalem by Christian merchants, pilgrims, diplomats, and travellers. But in 1076, Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and from then they started persecuting the Christians there. This increased the enmity of Christians towards Muslims. Many Normans, Hungarians and Slavs became- Christians around this time. Muslims were the only rivals of Christians. recognized and encouraged the fight against the enemies of the Christian Gqpl and non¬believers in Christianity.

The Crusaders gradually lost their zeal. They gave themselves to a life of luxury. Moreover Christian rulers began to fight among themselves to get more territory. In the meantime Salah ad-din (Saladin) built an Egyptian-Syrian Empire and gave a call for Jihad (holy war) against Christians. In 1187 he defeated the Crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem. Thus one century after the first Crusade, Jerusalem again came under the Turks: Saladin treated the Christians quite humanely. They allowed them to keep the area of the sepulchre of Jesus. But, at the same time, he converted many Christian Churches into mosques. Once again Jerusalem became as Muslim city.

The 3rd Crusade took place in 1189. It was the loss of the city of Jerusalem that prompted the Pope to give a call for another battle. In this war, the Crusaders did not get much benefit. They were able to capture some cities along the shores of Palestine. Christian pilgrims were given the right to visit Jerusalem at will. But in 1291 the Mamluks of Egypt, the rulers there, drove away all the Crusaders from Palestine. Europe slowly lost its interest in the Crusades. European nations began to give emphasis to their internal political and cultural development.

Question 26.
Explain the Military organisation of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need they served as army, in short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the army there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and the defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Genghis Khan organized his army on the decimal basis. The units were in multiples of 10. (10, 100, 1000,10000, etc.)
Genghis Khan stopped the old tribal groupings inthe army and distributed thier members into new military units. An individual who tried to move from his allotted group without permission received harsh punishment. The largerst units of soldiers were 10,000. He altered the old steppe social order integrating different lineages and clans.

Question 27.
Illustrate the factors affecting social and economic relations during the feudal period.
Answer:
A) Agriculturists worked for their lords and in return got military protection. The nobles (lords) had extensive legal rights over the farmers. Thus feudalism was widespread not only in the economic field but also in the social and political field. From the 11th century there had been considerable growth in agriculture and people greater longevity than before. The population increased and the prosperity made cities grow richer. The farmers had surplus produce and they needed a market to sell their extra crops. Then people met and made arrangements for buying and selling things. There were provisions to buy the tools and the clothes they needed. There are evidences to show that there were changes in the technology by the 11th century.

Farmers began to use ploughs and flat boards made of iron. These ploughs could make the furrow deeper and the flat boards could level the field to suit the needs of cultivation. This helped in the better use of soil fertility.
There were changes in the manner in which the animals were connected the ploughs. Instead tying the plough to their necks, it was now connected to their shoulders. This helped the animals to use their strength in a better way.

1. The horseshoes prevented the horses from getting diseases of the hoof.

2. There was increase in the use of energy from wind and water. All over Europe there were mills that worked with water or wind power for grinding the grins and squeezing out the juice from grapes or apples.

3. There were revolutionary changes in the use of land. Instead cultivating the fields at two stages, farmers started cultivating at three stages.

4. Farmers divided their fields into 3. One field was used for cultivating wheat and such autumnal crops for their consumption. During spring the second field was used for cultivating oats and barley. The third field was left barren. Each year this field was used for cultivating the things they needed more. With these innovating methods there was increase in food production.

Rich farmers contributed a lot of money to the Church. From the 12th century huge churches known as cathedrals were built in France. They belonged to the ashrams or monasteries. Building cathedrals took many years. Even as the cathedral was being built the area around it became crowded and by the time the cathedrals were completed they became big pilgrimage spots. Small towns began to grow around them and they were known as cathedral towns.

Question 28.
Examine the crisis of the Fourteenth Century in Europe.
Answer:
Because of reduced prices of agricultural products and increased wages, the income of the landlords was seriously reduced. The landlords then wanted to cancel their agreertients with the peasants. The peasants then rose in revolt. There were revolts in Flanders (1323), France (1358) and England (1381). The peasant revolts were cruelly suppressed. Still they have their importance. The peasants showed that they were not ready to give up the benefits theyhad. The use of money had increased so much that a going back was not possible.

The biggest political change was the rise of despotic kingships. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the European kings increased their military and economic power. They built new powerful nations. Historians call these kings as “New Kings”. Louis XIV of France, Maximilian of Austria, Henry VII of England and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain were the most prominent among them. They were the pioneers in making strong armies, a stable bureaucracy and collection of national taxes. In Europe, Spain had a big role in the trade conducted via the Sea.

Question 29.
Write a note on the features of Aztec Society.
Answer:
The Aztecs: Aztec culture is centred round Mexico. In the 12th century, the Aztecsfrom the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the various tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people tljey also collected tributes.

The Aztec society was hierarchical. There were different classes in the society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other high officials belonged to this class. Hereditary nobles were a small minority. They occupied the highest posts in the government, army and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from among themselves as their leader and he continued to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to be representative of the sun on earth.

Warriors and priests were the most respected people in the society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions. Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the Aztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In between these fertile islands they built canals. In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces and pyramids there. Since the Aztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

Question 30.
Give an account of the Incas of Peru.
Answer:
The Incas of Peru : Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who rules of the land. The capital of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12th century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles. The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor.

Newly defeated tribes were successfully integrated with the empire. Each subject was to speak the language of the royal court, Quechua. The tribal administration was done by a Council or Elders. The Tribes owed their loyalty to the rulers. Regional rulers gave the emperor military help. For this cooperation they were adequately rewarded. The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than what they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes. Another important occupation of the Incas was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Answer any 2 questions from 31 to 36. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 31.
Explain the replacement and regional continuity models of human origin.
Answer:
Regional Continuity Model: This model says that modern people originated in different places. The early homo sapiens in many places slowly evolved as modem people and that is why the modern people in various parts of the world look different from one another at first sight. The regional differences in the features of people are the basis for such a view.

Replacement Model: This model says that modern man originated in Africa. The spokesmen of this model say that modem people appeared in place of the old species of people everywhere. As evidence to their claim, they put forward the hereditary and anatomical similarity of modern people. This model points out that modern people are qaite similar everywhere because they originated in the same place – Africa. The first fossils of modem people were discovered from Omo in Ethiopia. This evidence substantiates the Replacement Model.

Question 32.
Evaluate the chief features of the city of Mari in Mesopotamia.
Answer:
Mari was the royal capital. The Kings of Mari were Amorites. They dressed differently from the local people. They worshipped gods of Mesopotamia. At the same time in Mari they built a temple for Bhagan who is the god pf the plains.
The kings of Mari had to be very alert. Although they allowed shepherds of different tribes to move about in their country, they were watched carefully. The correspondence between the kings and the officials frequently mentions the camps of these shepherds.

One official wrote to the king about the fire signals in the nights by which the camps were exchanged. He doubted this might be a warning about some impending attacks. Mari was situated on the bank of Euphrates between the South and mineral rich Turkey-Syria-Lebanon. Mari was a trade centre. Things brought in boats through the Euphrates River were bought and sold here. They included timber, copper, white lead, oil and wine. Mari is an example of a city that progresses well because of trade.

Question 33.
Describe the system of writing developed by the Mesopotamians.
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand. The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that the clay slate is dried in the sunt This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates couldn’t be used again for writing other things. By 2600 BCE, the letters became cuneiform and the language was Sumerian. Writing was now used not only for keeping records but also for making dictionaries, giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, etc.

Question 34.
Write an account of the Abbasid Revolution.
Answer:
The Umayyads succeeded in decentralizing the Islamic political and administrative structure. But they had to pay a heavy price forthat. In 750, a group called Dawa oysted the Umayyads from power and installed the Abbasids on the throne. The Abbasid family was a rich one in Mecca. They pictured the Umayyad rule as misrule and assured the people that they would bring back the real Islam preached by the Prophet. The Abbasid revolt caused changes not only in the ruling dynasty, but also in the political structure and Islamic culture.

Question 35.
Bring out the features of the Protestant Reformation.
Answer:
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. The leader of this movement was a young priest named Martin Luther (1433-1546). He started strong propaganda against the vices and evil practices that were rampant in the Catholic Church at that time. He argued that there was no need for an intermediary between an individual and God. He asked his followers to rely entirely on God. He taught that only good faith and would lead them to a good life and to heaven.

The religious reform movement caused a split in the Catholic Church. The Churches in Germany and Switzerland ended all their relations with the Catholic Church and the Pope. The people who went out of the Catholic Church were named “Protestants” as they protested against the Church. The ideas of Luther were propagated in Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingl (1484-1534). Later John Calvin (1509-64) gave a Strong leadership to the Protestant Movement there.

The reformers had the support of merchants. Therefore they got great support in the cities. But in the rural areas, the Catholic Church was able to maintain its supremacy. Among the German reformists there were also the Anabaptists who wanted radical changes in Christianity. They considered the concept of heaven as freedom from all kinds of social persecutions. Anabaptists argued that since all people were created equal there was no need for anybody to pay taxes. They also taught that people should have the right to elect their own priests. The farmers who were suffering under the feudal lords were deeply impressed by these new ideas and they welcomed them.

The farmers of Germany who were inspired by the ideas of Luther and Anabaptists organised strong protests against their persecutors. But Luther was not in agreement with those who wanted radical changes. So he exhorted the German rulers to suppress the peasant revolts. In 1525, with the support of Luthe br, the protests were successfully suppressed.
But Radicalism survived all these oppositions. In France the radicals joined with the Protestants. The Catholic authorities in France were cruelly persecuting the Protestants there. The Protestants argued that they have a right to remove the Persecutor and elect a new person according to the will of the people. Following this, France also, like other European countries, recognized the Protestant religion.

The Catholic Church allowed the Protestants to have their own way of worship. In England also there was a reform movement. The rulers of England ended all their relations with the Pope. The King or Queen of England became the Head of the Church there. To face the Protestant Revolt, the Catholic Church began to bring in reforms. These efforts of the Church to reform itself are collectively called Counter Reformation. The priests of Spain and Italy stressed the importance of living simple lives and serving the poor. are called Jesuits. Their goal was to serve the poor and enlarge their knowledge of other faiths.

Question 36.
Point out the consequences of the Geographical explorations.
Answer:
Geographical discoveries definitely had far-reaching impacts on Europe, the Americas and Africa. From the 15th century, some sea routes from Ocean to Ocean were known. But most of these routes were quite unknown to the Europeans. Not even a single ship had ever reached the Caribbean or the Americas. In the Southern Atlantic, nobody had done any exploration. No ship entered there or travelled toward the Pacific or Indian Ocean. But by the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th, all this became old stories. Adventurous navigators reached all these places.

The discovery of the Amen cas had big repercussions on Europe. The flow of silver and gold from the newly discovered regions helped international trade and industrialization. Between 1500 and 1600, each year hundreds of ships loaded with silver from South American mines reached Spain. But neither Spain nor Portugal made use of it for their internal development or welfare of the common people. They used it to develop trade or to build their naval power.

But England, France, Belgium and Holl,d benefited from the discoveries. Their merchants formed joint stock companies and started trade trips. They established colonies in the newly discovered regions and brought new-world products like tobacco, potato. sugar, coco, pepper and rubber into Europe. Soon the American produce became familiar to theEuropeans. The Europeans then took them to places like India. Geographical discoveries were ruinous to the indigenous people of the Americas. Many of the local people there were killed. Their.culture and life-styles were destroyed. They had to work like slaves in mines, estates and mills.

Before the coming of the Europeans there were some 70 million indigenes in the Amencas. After a century and a half, their number was reduced to 3.5 million. It was wars and diseases that destroyed them. In the duel between ancient American and European cultures the Aztec-Inca cultures were completely wined. Europeans used a war strategy which terrified the local eople psychologically and physically. This also showed the differences in their values. The local eople did not realize the depth of the greed of the Spaniards for gold and silver.

Answer any 2 questions from 37 to 40. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 37.
Mention the important features of the Roman Empire: Areas to be considered:
(a) Social hierarchies
(b) Late antiquity
Answer:
In the Roman society there were different social groups. Historian Tacitus divides the main social groups into 5:
a) The Senatois(Paters)
b) The top dass cavalry men (Equites)
C) The Respectable Middle Class
e) The Lower Class people who were interested in circus and cdourful shows (Plebs sordida or humiores).
e) aves

Late antiquity means the final and fasinating period in the evolution and the breakup of the Roman emre and refers broadly to the fourth to seventh centuries. During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the peoe In the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7’ century Islam came Into being. There were great changes in the structure of the nation. It was Diodetian (244-305) who brought changes here.

The large aeas created admirstrattve inconveniences and therefore Diocletian took steps to solve the problem. He reduced the size of his Empire by removing the strategically and economically unimportant regions. He protected the boundaries by building fortresses. He reorganized the provincial boundaries. He exempted citizens from military service. The Duces (amy commanders) were given autonomy.

Question 38.
Summarise the contributions of Islam in the fields of learning and culture.
Hints:
(a) Sufism
(b) Literary works
(c) Architecture
Answer:
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali. Anybody, without any distinction of religion, status or gender could accept Sufism. Dhul nun al-Misri (his tomb can be seen near the Pyramid of Egypt even now) in 861, declared like this before the Abbasid.Khalifa: “I learned true Islam from an old woman, real virtues from a water carrier.” This shows there were no class differences in Sufism. Sufism made religion a personal thing and it posed a serious challenge to Islam.

Islamic philosophers and scientist came out with a parallel view about God and the universe. This was caused because of the influence of Greek vision and science. Even in the 7th century, the influence of the Greek culture was visible in the Byzantine-Nasanian empires. In the schools in Alexandria, Syria and Mesopotamia along with other subjects Greek vision, mathematics and medicines were taught. To translate books in Greek and Syriac-Aramaic into Arabic, the Umayyad-Abbasid Khalifas had employed Christian scholars. During the time of Al-Mamun, translation was an organized activity.

The works of Aristotle, Euclid’s “Elements”, Ptolemy’s “Almagest” etc. had attracted the attention of Arab scholars. Indian books on astronomy, mathematics and medicines were translated into Arabic. These books reached Europe and kindled their interest in philosophy and science.

The studies of new subjects encouraged critical research. It affected the intellectual life of the Islamic people. Scholars in groups like Mutazila used Greek rhetoric and logical reasoning to speak against some tenets of Islam. Ibn Sina who was a medical man and a philosopher did not believe in the resurrection of the body on the Day of Judgment. Although supporters of divine theology opposed his views, his medical books were widely read. The most important of his books was “Canon of Medicine”. It describes 760 types of medicines and the importance of diet. It also describes the influence of climate and environment in our health and also the contagious nature of some diseases. “Canon of Medicine” was used as a text in the medical schools of Europe. There Ibn Sina was known as Avicenna. His books were read by people like Omar Khayyam who was a great poet and scientist.

The Islamic Societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural dominance of the Arabs.

At the start of the 11,h century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies. In the catalogue of Ibn Nadum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalila wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous ptories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night. This was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8lh century. Later more stories were added to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories. From the 9th century the cultural dimensions began to increase.

Biographies, moral codes, books of politics, history and geography began to be included in the cultural expansion. The tradition of historiography was very much in progress in literate Muslim societies. Scholars, students and ordinary people read history books. The study of history was important as far as the rulers and bureaucrats were concerned. They depicted a good picture of the ruler and his family and his achievements.

Geography and travel was an important aspect of culture. The knowledge from Greek, Iranian and Indian books and the observations of travellers and merchants were collected together. Mathematical geography divided the inhabited earth into 7 regions. The position of each city was astronomically determined. The geographical book “The Best Divisions for the Knowledge of Regions” by Al Muqaddasi is a comparative study of the countries and peoples of the world. Al Masoodi’s “Golden Meadows” correlates history and geography. Al

Biruni’s “History of India” is an attempt to look beyond the Islamic world and to study the value of another culture. By the 10th century, an Islamic world came up. Religious buildings are the external symbols of this world. Mosques and mausoleums and tombs are the most important of them. These building which spread from Spain to Central Asia are built in the same pattern. Arcs, domes, minarets, open yards in the centre, etc. are features of this architectural style. Inns where caravans rested, hospitals and palaces were built in the same style as the mosques and mausoleums. The Umayyads had built ‘desert palaces’ in deserts. Examples are Khirbat al Mafjar of Palestine and Quseir Amra of Jordan.

In the history of the Islamic nations in the Middle Ages three levels of human culture converge. In the 7th century, we can see these three – religion, community and nation converging. In the next 5- centuries, these levels separate. As we enter the modern era, we can see the influence of Islam lessening in nation and government. We can see that many subjects handled by politics are pot religiously sanctioned. The Muslim Community is one in followingthe Sharia laws in personal matters and conventions. Efforts are being made everywhere to modernise the Muslim communities. Some thinkers and the Sufism were trying to do that.

Question 39.
Analyse the features of the three orders of feudalism.
(a) The Clergy
(b) The Nobility
(c) The Peasants
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers. The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect . taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches.

To take part in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays. Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows.

The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the word ‘Lord’ denoting Go is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. The noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land. A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families.

Question 40.
Explain the role of Industrial Revolution in the development of Britain:
Areas to be considered:
(a) Coal and Iron
(b) Cotton spinning and Weaving
Answer:
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18th century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

a) In 1773, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. Using this, the speed in weaving clothes was increased. One worker could now do the work of two. Since spinning (thread-making) was a slow process, enough thread was not available for weaving clothes. This problem was solved by Hargreaves.

b) In 1765 James Hargreaves had invented the spinning jenny. This jenny could produce many strands of threads at the same time. But the strands were not sufficiently strong.

c) In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a new spinning machine called water frame. This machine could produce strong threads. The production capacity of the spinners increased 7 times.

d) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called mule. With this a spinner could make 250 strands of thread simultaneously.

e) In 1787 Edmund Cartwright invented power loom. This machine worked with mechanical energy and it drastically indreased the speed of weaving. It was easy to work with it. If the thread broke, it would stop automatically. Anything could be woven in this loom. From the 1830s, importance was given by the cotton industry to increase the productivity of workers and not to inventions.

Kerala Plus One History Question Paper June 2022 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 22, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Previous Year Question Paper june 2022.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match column ‘A’ with appropriate items from Column ‘B’ (4 × 1 = 4)

‘A’	‘B’
Flying Shuttle	James Hargreaves
Powerloom	James Watt
Spinning Jenny	John Kay
Steam Engine	Edmund Cartwright

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
Flying Shuttle	John kay Power loom
Powerloom	Edmund Cartwright
Spinning Jenny	James Hargreaves
Steam Engine	James Watt

Question 2.
Answer any 4 of the following questions:
(i) The author of the book ‘Geography
(A) Columbas
(B) Prince Henry
(C) Prierre d’Ailly
(D) Ptolemy
Answer:
(D) Ptolemy

(ii) The school of the children of the Aztec nobility:
(A) Calmecac
(B) Quechua
(C) Quriltai
(D) Chinampas
Answer:
(A) Calmecac

(iii) Montezuma was the king of
(A) Inca
(B) Aztec
(C) Mayan
(D) Roman
Answer:
(B) Aztec

(vi) The pieta’ sculpture is associated with
(A) Lorenzo Valla
(C) Copernicus
(B) Thornas More
(D) Johannes Gutenberg
Answer:
(D) Johannes Gutenberg

(v) The author of imago Mundi’
(A) Pierre d’Ailly
(B) Vasco da Gama
(C) Americo Vespucci
(D) Pizaro
Answer:
(A) Pierre d’Ailly

(vi) ‘The pieta sculpture is assodated with
(A) Leonardo da Vinci
(B) Brunellesehi
(C) Michelangelo
(D) Avicenna
Answer:
(C) Michelangelo

Question 3.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (4 × 1 = 4)
• Establishment of the Peoples Republic of China
• First Opium War
• Long March in China
• Mathew Perry’s arrival in Japan
Answer:

First Opium War (1839-42)
Mathew Perry’s arrived in Japan (1853)
Long March in China (1934)
Exstablishment of the Peoples Republic of China (1949)

Question 4.
Mark any four of the following map of the World provided: (4 × 1 = 4)
a) Rome
b) Egypt
c) Mecca
d) Palestine
e) Mediteranian Sea 1) Red Sea
Answer:
(a) Rome
(b) Egypt
(c) Mecca
(d) Palestine
(e) Mediterranean sea
(f) Red sea

Answer any 8 questions from 5 to 14. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 5.
Write any two features of the Cuniform script.
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and put if into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With the sharp end of a red cut obliquely, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once the surface dried, signs could not be pressed on to a tablet: so each transaction, however, minor, required a separate written tablet.

Question 6.
Name any two Mesopotamian cities.
Answer:

ur
Mari
Uruk
Babylon

Question 7.
Write a note on the reforms made by The emperor Constiantine in Rome.
Answer:

Introduced the gold coin ‘Solidus’.
Second capital constantinople was established.
Christianity was dedared as the official religion.
Oil mills, glass factories, screw press and water mills were established.

Question 8.
Define Sufism.
Answer:
The rise of Sufisrn was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism.

They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a rId placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer. Pantheism is the belief in one God and his creations.

It means man’s soul should ultimately reach the Creator. Deep love for God is the main means of becoming one with God. It was a lady ascetic called Rabia in Basra who propagated this idea. She lived in the 9th century. She propagated the love of God through her poems.

It was an Iranian Sfi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united th God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali.

Question 9.
Write a note on ‘Quriltai’.
Answer:
Quiriltai was the assembly of Mongol Chieftains. It is connected with warbooty, pastoral land, hunting, postal system, law, family and nation.

Question 10.
Prepare a note on the courier system of the Mongols.
Answer:
Genghiskhan had fashioned a rapid courier system that connected the distant areas of his regime. Fresh mounts and despatch riders were placed in outposts at regularly spaced distances. For the maintenance of this courier system called ‘Yam’ the Mongol nomads contributed a tenth of their herd-either horses or livestock – as provisions. This was called the qubcur tax.

Question 11.
Define the term‘Feudalism’.
Answer:
The term ‘feudalism’ has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed ini medieval Europe. Derived from the German word ‘feud’ which means ‘a piece of land’.

Question 12.
Write any two features of Cathedral Towns.
Answer:
Big churches are called Cathedrals. Although the owners of these cathedrals were monasteries, many people took part in their construction. They helped the construction by giving money, labour or material. The Cathedrals were built with stones. It took years to complete the work. As the construction was in progress, the areas around it were occupied by more and more people who came to live there. Some of the cathedrals became pilgrimage centres. Around them townships came up.

Question 13.
Write a note on protestant – reformatioOn in Germany.
Answer:
Martin Luther gave leadership to the Protestant Reformation in Germeny. He started campaign against the activies of catholic church. He argued that a person did not need priests to establish contect with god. As a result the churches in Germany ard Switzerland broke all the connections with the Catholic church.

Question 14.
Write a note on Arawakiyan – Lucayos.
Answer:
The Arawakian Lucayos lived on a cluster of small islands in the Carribean sea, today known as the Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles. Skilled boat- builders, they sailed the open sea in dugout canoes. They lived by hunting, fishing and agriculture, growing corn, sweat potatoes, tubers and cassava.

Answer any 2 questions from 15 to 18. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 15.
Write a note on the geographical features of Mesopotamia.
Answer:
Iraq is a land of diverse environments. In the north-east lie green, undulating plains, gradually rising to tree covered mountain ranges with clear streams and wild flowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops. In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe. To the east, tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication into the mountains of Iran. The South is a desert. The rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern mountains, carry loads of silt and the desert could support the cities.

Question 16.
What is Crusades? Write any two results of it.
Answer:
The crusades are wars between the European Christians and Muslims over the question of Jerusalem. There were three important crusades. The harsher attitude of muslim states towards Christian subjects and greater influence of Italian mercantile communities in the trade between east and west are the impact of crusades.

Question 17.
What do you mean by Copernican Revolution?
Answer:
It was Copernicus, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

The theory of Copernicus was approved by people only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection. Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve round the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course. This revolution in science reached its climax with Issac Newton’s theory of gravitation.

Question 18.
How did the native people of America loose their land?
Answer:
As each new European settlement developed in America, the indigenes were forced to withdraw from their land. They withdrew after signing agreements showing that they had sold their lands. They were given only petty sums for their land. The Europeans often offered bigger amounts to the indigenes but actually gave them only smaller sums when the signing was done and thus they cheated the indigenes. Even the people in authority did not feel anything wrong in getting the land from the indigenes by questionable methods.

The indigenes did not give up their land without a fight. Between 1865 and 1890, the US army had to suppress a series of riots. Around this time the Metis in Canada made an armed conflict. Later they gave up their armed struggle.

Answer any 4 questions from 19 to 24. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 19.
Explain Replacement model and Regional Continuity model.
Answer:
The place of origin of the modern man has been a much discussed topic. Scholars have put forward two contradictory views on this issue. They are Regional Continuity Model and Replacement Model. Regional Continuity Model: This model says that modern people originated in different places. The early homo sapiens in many places slowly evolved as modem people and that is why the modern people in various parts of the world look different from one another at first sight. The regional differences in the features of people are the basis for such a view.

Replacement Model: This model says that modern man originated in Africa. The spokesmen of this model say that modern people appeared in place of the old species of people everywhere. As evidence to their claim, they put forward the hereditary and anatomical similarity of modern people. This model points out that modern people are quite similar everywhere because they originated in the same place – Africa. The first fossils of modem people were discovered from Omo in Ethiopia. This evidence substantiates the Replacement Model.

Question 20.
What are the social groups in Roman society decribed by Tacitus?
Answer:

Senators
Leading member of the equestrian class
Respectable section of the people
Lower class
Slaves

Question 21.
Write a short note about the first four Caliphs.
Answer:

First Caliph-Abu Bakr
Second Caliph – Umar
Third Caliph-Uthman
Fourth Caliph-AN

Question 22.
How did Genghis Khan organise his army?
Answer:
All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need they served as army. In short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the army there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and the defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Question 23.
Write a note on Mayan culture.
Answer:
The Mayan Culture of Mexico developed remarkably between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, but in the-sixteenth century they had less political power than the Aztecs. Com cultivation was central to their culture, and many religious ceremonies were centered on the planting, growing and harvesting of corn. Efficient agricultural production generated surplus, which helped the ruling classes, priests and chiefs to invest in architecture and in the development of astronomy and mathematics. The Mayas devised a pictographic form of writing that has only been partially deciphered.

Question 24.
Evaluate the role played by Sun-Yat Sen in establishing a republic in China.
Answer:
The Manchu empire was overthrown and a republic established in 1911 underr Sun Yat-Sen who is unanimously regarded as the founder of modern China. His programme was called the Three principles. These were nationalism, democracy and socialism. His ideas became the basis of the political philosophy of the Guomindang.

Answer any 2 questions from 25 to -28. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 25.
Explain the legacy of Mesopotamians to time recokning and mathematics.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it.

Question 26.
Analyse the contributions made by Islam in the field of literature.
Answer:
Literature
The Islamic societies of the Middle Ages have given great contributions to the growth of language and literature. Language and creative imagination of a person were seen as the highest qualities in him. These qualities raise him to cultural sanctity. Creative s writings were often a mix of prose and poetry. The epics the poets of the Abbasid period wrote eulogizing the rulers and their achievements are famous. Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural dominance of the Arabs.

Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love. At the start of the 11th century, Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Naturally, poets were attracted to royal court there. The rulers knew the importance of encouraging art and knowledge for increasing their prestige. Around Mahmud Ghazni there was a group of poets. They wrote many epics and published anthologies.

In the catalogue of Ibn Na’dum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalila wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous stories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night, this was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8th century. Later more stories were added to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people – generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories.

Question 27.
Write a note on the influence of humanism on architecture.
Answer:
The city of Rome revived in a spectacular way in the fifteenth century. This inspired a new style in architecture, which was actually a revival of the imperial Roman style – now called ‘classical’. Artists and sculptors were alsoto decorate building with paintings, sculptures and reliefs.

Michelangelo Buonarroti immortalised by the ceiling he painted for the Pope in the sistine chapel, the sculpture called The Pieta’, and his design of the dome of St.Peter’s church, all in Rome. Filippo Brunelleschi, the architect who designed the spectacular Duomo of Florence, had started his career as a sculptor.

Question 28.
Explain ‘Gold Ruch’ and its impact on North America.
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using I thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway I network in Canada was also completed.

Answer any 2 questions from 29 to 31. Each carries 8 scores.

Question 29.
Explain the features of different stages of human evolution:
Areas to be considered:
• Primates
• Hominoids
• Hominids
• Australopithecus
• Homo
Answer:
Primates, a category of mammals, emerged in Asia and Africa, during 36 million years ago. They include monkeys, apes and humans. They have body hair, a relatively long gestation period following birth, mammary glands, different types of teeth, and the ability to maintain a content body temperature.

Hominoids
a) Smaller brains
b) quadrupeds-walking on all fours.
c) flexible forelimbs

Hominids
a) Bigger brain
b) Upright posture
c) Walking on two legs
d) Special ability in the use of hands.

Australopithecus	Homo
Southern Ape	Human being
Small brain	Big brain
Jaw projecting much	Jaw projecting only
outward	a little outward
Huge teeth	Small teeth
Forest dwellers	Lived in the grassy plains

There are different categories in the Homo Genus. They are the following.
Homo habilis – Tool maker
Homo erectus – Uprightman
Homo sapiens – Thinking man/ wiseman

Question 30.
Explain the features of three orders of feudal society in medieval Europe.
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Class, Nobles and Farmers. The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and ‘ land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches. To take Rprt in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays.

The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers-the Church collected tithes. One- tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees,
with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. Ttys noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land. A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families.

The Third Order was the farmers. Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers. The independent farmers had land they got from the nobles. They had to do military services for the noble for at least 40 days a year. On some fixed days of the week, they had to work in the files of the nobles without getting any payment for it. They also had to dig the land, collect firewood, make fences and repair the roads. The women and children also had to help in the field. They had to do additional work like spinping, weaving, making candles, making wine etc. The king collected a special tax called Tailed from the farmers. The priests and nobles were exempted from this tax.

Question 31.
Prepare an eassy on Industrial revolution based on the following hints:
• Coal and Iron
• Canals and Railways
Answer:
Coal and Iron
Coal and iron ore which were essential for the manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18th century there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

Darby II (1711-1768) made cast iron from iron. This would not break easily. Henry Cort (1740-1823) made- two important discoveries – the puddling furnace to remove impurities from pig iron and the rolling mill to produce rails. These discoveries helped in producing many different kinds of iron products.

Kerala Plus One History Question Paper March 2023 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 21, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One History Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One History Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Question 1.
Match Column ‘A’ with appropriate items from Column ‘B’: (4 × 1 = 4)

A	B
Augustus	The First Caliph
Constantine	The Umayyad Dynasty
Abu Bakr	Solidus
Muawiya	Principate

Answer:

A	B
Augustus	Principate
Constantine	Solidus
Abu Bakr	The First Caliph
Muawiya	The Umayyad Dynasty

Question 2.
Who invented steam engine?
(a) James Watt
(b) George Stephenson
(c) Richard Trevithick
(d) James Brindley
Answer:
(a) James Watt

Question 3.
Industrial revolution began in :
Answer:
(d) Britain

Question 4.
Identify the artificial island of the Aztecs.
(a) Quipu
(b) Quechuas
(c) Chinampas
(d) Shamans
Answer:
(c) Chinampas

Question 5.
Which among the following was a largest indigenous civilisation in South America?
(a) The Aztecs
(b) The Mayas
(c) The Incas
(d) The Mesopotamia
Answer:
(c) The Incas

Question 6.
Name the author of the book The Motion’.
(a) Copernicus
(b) Johannes Kepler
(c) Issac Newton
(d) Galileo Galilei
Answer:
(d) Galileo Galilei

Question 7.
Who was the first to dissect the human body?
(a) Andreas Vesalius
(b) Dante Alighieri
(c) Giotto
(d) Francesco Petrarch
Answer:
(a) Andreas Vesalius

Question 8.
Arrange the following in chronological order (4 × 1 = 4)
• Russo-Japanese War
• Tokyo Olympics
• Arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan
• Formation of the Peoples Republic of China.
Answer:

Arrival of Commodore Mathew Perry in
Russo-Japanese War -1905
Formation of the Peoples Republic of China -1949
Tokyo Olympics -1964

Question 9.
Mark the following places on the outline map of the world provided : (4 × 1 = 4)
• Spain
• Mediterranean Sea
• Medina
• Baghdad
Answer:

Spain
Mediterranean sea
Medina
Baghdad

Answer any 8 questions from 10 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 10.
Point out the features of the Hominoids.
Answer:

Small brain
Quedrupeds
Flexible forelimbs

Question 11.
Write a note on Cuneiform.
Answer:
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and put it into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With the sharp end of a reed cut obliquely, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once the surface dried, signs could not be pressed on to a tablet: so each transaction, however, minor, required a separate written tablet. By 2600 B.CE or so, the letters became cuneiform, and the langage was Sumerian.

Question 12.
Mention any two measures adopted by Abd al-Malik.
Answer:

Arabic as the language of administration
Islamic coineage-Dinar
Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem

Question 13.
List out any two factors led to the crisis of the fourteenth century in Europe.
Answer:
In the beginning of the 14th century, the economic growth of Europe was reduced drastically. There were three reasons for that.
a) Change in the climate.
b) Lack of trade.
c) Plague.

By the end of the 13th century, there were significant changes in the climate of Northern Europe. The warm climate disappeared and instead cold climate came. This climatic ‘ change adversely affected cultivation. It was difficult to cultivate on higher areas.

Storms and disturbances in the sea affected shipping and trade. This reduced the income to the people and the government. Government was not getting enough taxes both from the peasants as well as traders. Then there was the plague or Black Death. It killed a lot of people and brought the economy to a standstill. It took a long time for Europe to overcome this sorry state of affairs.

Question 14.
What is Guild?
Answer:
An association that controlled the quality of the product, its price and sale.

Question 15.
Who were the leaders of the protestant reformation in Switzerland?
Answer:
Ulrich Zwingly, Jean Celwin

Question 16.
Elucidate what is Luddism.
Answer:
Luddism was a Movement that was started against industrialization. Workers who thought that machines were the cause of all their troubles started this movement with the plan of destroying them. This Movement was begun” under General Ned Ludd. England suppressed this moment by using the army. Luddism was not a movement that merely wanted to destroy machines. The members of this group demanded minimum wages. They also wanted to stop the exploitation of women and children in the factories and other work places. They were interested in the formation of labour organizations.

Question 17.
Distinguish between Calmecac and Tepochcalli.
Answer:
Celmecac – place where the children of nobility studied and trained to become military and religious leaders.
Tepochcalli – place where others went to study.

Question 18.
Prepare a note on Long march in China.
Answer:
In 1934 Mao Zedong and his followers left their camps to escape from the attackes by Guomintang. Their destination was Yemen, 6000 miles away. This march became a historical event and is called the Long March.

Answer any 2 questions from 19 to 21. Each carries 3 scores. (2 × 3 = 6)

Question 19.
Distinguish between the regional continuity model and the replacement model.
Answer:
The place of origin of the modern’man has been a much discussed topic. Scholars have put forward two contradictory views on this issue. They are Regional Continuity Model and Replacement Model.

Regional Continuity Model : This model says that modern people originated in different places. The early homo sapiens in many places slowly evolved as’modern people and that is why the modern people in various parts of the world look different from one another at first sight. The regional differences in the features of people are the basis for such a view.

This model points out that modern people are quite similar everywhere because they originated in the same place – Africa. The first fossils of modern people were discovered from Omo in Ethiopia. This evidence substantiates the Replacement Model.

Question 20.
Write any three inventions made in the fields of cotton spinning and weaving.
Answer:
Flying Shuttle loom – Spinning Jenny – Water Frame – Mule – Powerloom

Question 21.
Point out the three principles of Sun Yat-Sen.
Answer:
Nationalism, Democracy, Socialism

Answer any 4 questions from 22 to 26. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 22.
How did early human obtain food? Explain.
Answer:
Food gathering, Hunting, Scavenging, Fishing

Question 23.
List out the administrative reforms introduced by Diocletian in the late Roman empire.
Answer:
During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the people in the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7th century Islam came into being.

There were great changes in the structure of the nation. It was Diocletian (244-305) who brought changes here. The large areas created administrative inconveniences and therefore Diocletian took steps to solve the problem. He reduced the size of his Empire by removing the strategically and economically unimportant regions. He protected the boundaries by building fortresses. He reorganized the provincial boundaries. He exempted citizens from military service. The Duces (army commanders) were given autonomy.

Question 24.
Elucidate the contributions of Mesopotamians in the fields of time reckoning and mathematics.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fafct their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, „ understand it and improve it.

The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix time of things, and mathematics. In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Question 25.
Who invented printing press? Mention the achievements of printing.
Answer:
The greatest discovery of the 16th century was the “printing press”. It is true that printing was not originally discovered by the Europeans. For printing, the Europeans must be indebted to the Chinese and the Mongolian rulers. When European traders and diplomats visited the royal courts of the«Chinese and Mongol rulers, they learned some things about printing. This helped the Europeans to develop their own printing. Even gun powder, magnetic compass and abacus were developed this way. Before the advent of printing, books existed in the form of manuscripts. But the invention of the printing machine by Gutenberg started the printing revolution.

Question 26.
How did Industrialisation affect the life of women and children?
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution brought many changes in the life of people. Though it brought ease and comfort to one section of the people, it brought misery and pain to some others. It affected women and children very adversely as they were greatly exploited.

Children of poor parents had to work in the fields and also at home. They worked under strict supervision from their parents or relatives. The village women had to work in the field. They grew cattle and gathered wood. They also made thread using looms.

Even when the use of machines became widespread, employers preferred women and children to do the work because they had to be paid much mess than men. The women and children would not protest against bad working conditions. In the cotton industries of Lancashire and Yorkshire, plenty of women and children were employed. In silk-making, brocade making and sewing, women were the main workers. In the iron industry at Birmingham also they worked along with children.

Answer any 2 questions from 27 to 29. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 27.
Explain the features of the royal capital in Mesopotamia.
Answer:
Mari was the royal capital. The Kings of Mari wereAmorites. They dressed differently from the local people. They worshipped gods of Mesopotamia. At the same time in Mari they built a temple for Bhagan who is the god of the plains.
The kings of Mari had to be very alert. Although they allowed shepherds of different tribes to move about in their country, they were watched carefully. The correspondence between the kings and the officials frequently mentions the camps of these shepherds. One official wrote to the king about the fire signals in the nights by which the camps were exchanged. He doubted this might be a warning about some impending attacks.

Mari was situated on the bank of Euphrates between the South and mineral rich Turkey- Syria-Lebanon. Mari was a trade centre. Things brought in boats through the Euphrates River were bought and sold here. They included timber, copper, white lead, oil and wine. Mari is an example of a city that progresses well because of trade.

Question 28.
How did art and architecture transmit humanist ideas? Elucidate.
Answer:
Realism : Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it. To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor in the Padua University. This greatly helped the modern anatomical studies. Renaissance Artists wanted to present things as they were.

Architecture : In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture. The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal.
Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral. There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Question 29.
Briefly explain the features of the Inca civilization.
Answer:
The Incas of Peru : Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who rules of the land. The capital of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12lh century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles.
The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor.

The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than what they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes. Another important occupation of the Incas was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 30.
Analyse the Roman empire, based on the following hints:
• Economic expansion
• Social Hierarchies
Answer:
Slavery was a very deep rooted evil system that was prevalent in the ancient times. In the Mediterranean region pnd in the Near East, slavery had deep roots. Even Christianity did not challenge slavery. But it is wrong to assume that all the work in the Roman Economic System was carried out by slaves.

In the first 3 centuries the currencies used were based on silver. But this system failed completely in the later period of the Empire. The reason was the lack of silver in the Spanish mines. Because of the shortage of silver, the government could not maintain a stable silver currency. Emperor Constantine started a new currency system based on gold. During the Late Roman Empire, a lot of gold coins were in circulation throughout the Empire.

Corruption was rampant in the empire. This was especially-so in the judiciary and in the army administration. The greed of higher officials in the army and the governors of the provinces was notorious. The government had to frequently interfere to stop such corruption.

Legislation against corruption and the criticisms against corruption made by historians and intellectuals help us in knowing more about the corruption prevalent in the empire. Criticism is an important aspect of the classical world.
Roman Administration was a despotic one. Government never tolerated any criticism or opposition against it. Such criticisms or oppositions were brutally suppressed by the government.

Question 31.
Explain the contributions of Islam in the field of learning and culture.
Hints :
• Sufism
• Philosophy
• Literature
• Medicine
Answer:
Sufism
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali. Anybody, without any distinction of religion, status or gender could accept Sufism. Dhul nun al-Misri (his tomb can be seen near the Pyramid of Egypt even now) in 861, declared like this before the Abbasid Khalifa: “I learned true Islam from an old woman, real virtues from a water carrier.” This shows there were no class differences in ^Sufism. Sufism made religion a personal thing and it posed a serious challenge to Islam.

It describes 760 types of medicines and the importance of diet. It also describes the influence of climate and environment in our health and also the contagious nature of some diseases. “Canon of Medicine” was used as a text in the medical schools of Europe. There Ibn Sina was known as Avicenna. His books were read by people like Omar Khayyam who was a great poet and scientist.

Poets of Persian origin often challenged the cultural dominance of the Arabs. Abu Nawas, a poet of Persian origin, composed some classic poems praising wine and homosexuality, which are prohibited by Islam, opening up new realms of poetic enjoyment. Poets that came after Abu Nawas continued in the tradition of praising masculinity. Sufis followed the tradition by writing poems praising mystic love.

In the catalogue of Ibn Nadum, a book seller, there are the names of many books for moral education and also for entertaining people. The oldest of these is ‘Kalila wa Dimna’. This is an Arabic version of our Panchtantra in which animals are the characters. There are famous stories in which Alexander and Sinbad are the heroes.

“One Thousand Nights” is another famous book. This is a collection of stories that Scheherazade told her husband each night. This was written in Indo-Persian and it was translated into Arabic in the 8th century. Later more stories were add4d to this volume. The stories here depict different kinds of people – generous, stupid, cheated, cunning – and they are good for reading and teaching many good things. In “Book of Misers”, Al Jahiz, an author from Basra, writes about misers and their interesting stories.

Question 32.
Define Feudalism. Explain the three orders of feudalism existed in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
The Three Orders were: Priestly Glass, Nobles and Farmers.
The First Order or social class was the Priestly class. The Catholic Church had its own rules and land given by the rulers. It had the authority to collect taxes. It was an institution that did not need to depend on the king. The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope. He stayed in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and priests. Most villages had their own churches. To take part in the services and to listen to the sermons, and to pray together people went to the church on Sundays.

The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers the Church collected tithes. One-tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practised in the Church. For example, the practice of praying standing on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

The land was transferred to the nobles with a lot of rituals and pledges. The noble had to take a pledge in the Church keeping the Bible as the witness. During this ritual the king would give the noble a written document, a „ staff or a clump of earth as the symbol of the land. A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate there would be 12 families.

But in big manorial estates there could be 50 or 60 families. The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

Kerala Plus One Geography Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 21, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Geography Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One September Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers.

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer all questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 1.
The branch of physical geography which is devoted to the study of landforms.
a) Geomorphology
b) Climatology
c) Hydrology
d) Soil Geography
Answer:
c) Eratosthenes

Question 2.
The branch of physical geography which is devoted to the study of larioforms.
a) Geoniorphology
b) Chmatology
c) Hydrology
d) Soil Geography
Answer:
a) Geomorphology

Question 3.
A major plate
a) Cocos plate
c) Nazca plate
b) Pacific plate
d) Arabian plate
Answer:
b) Pacific Plate

Question 4.
The highest peak of peninsular plateau
a) Nanga Parbat
b) Mt. Everest
C) Kanchenjunga
d) Anaimudi
Answer:
d) Anaimudi

Question 5.
Loktak lake is situated in
a) Rajasthan
C) Uttarakhand
b) Manipur
d) Kerala
Answer:
b) Manipur

Question 6.
The outer most wild part of the earth
a) Crust
b) Mantle
c) Core
d) Nife
Answer:
a) Crust

Answer any 5 questions from 7 to 16. Each carries 2 scores. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 7.
Categorize the planets in the solar system as inner planets and outer planets.
Answer:
Inner Planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Outer Planets-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Question 8.
Distinguish between volcanic earthquake and explo-sion earthquake.
Answer:
In the regions where there are active volcanoes, the earthquakes that happen as the result of volcanic explosions are volcanic earthquakes. Explosion earthquakes are those created by nuclear tests, and chemical explosions.

Question 9.
Define lithospheric plates with example.
Answer:
Lithospheric plates are lithospheric parts which are very broad and with different shapes that include continents and oceans, either completely or partly.

Question 10.
How dust particles help in the formation of clouds?
Answer:
Clouds are formed by the water vapour in the atmosphere solidifying around the tiny particles ofdust that hang around in the atmosphere.

Question 11.
List any two effects of ocean currents.
Answer:
The meeting place of warm and cold ocean currents are full of floating bodies which are favourable for the growth of fish and so they become fishing grounds.

They control the global climate.
They influence the weather.
They are helpful for ocean travels and transport.

Question 12.
Distinguish between absolute humidity and relative humidity.
Answer:
The actual measure of atmospheric water contained in the air at a particular time is called absolute humidity. The amount of water vapour present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature is called relative humidity.

Question 13.
Write about the concept of sea floor spreading.
Answer:
In 1961, Harry H. Hess waster person that came up with the idea of sea floor spreading. Hess said that molten material from Earth’s mantle continuously wells up along the crests of the mid ocean ridges. As the magma cools, it is pushed away from the flanks of the ridges. This spreading creates a successively younger ocean floor.

Question 14.
Write any four elements influencing weather and climate.
Answer:
Temperature, Pressure, Wind, Humidity, Clouds (any 4)

Question 15.
Defi ne salnity of ocean water.
Answer:
Ocean Salinity means the total content of dissolved salts in a fixed volume of ocean water. Salinity s calculated as the amount of salt dissolved in 1 ,000 gms of seawater.

Question 16.
Write any two forces affecting the velocity and direction of wind.
Answer:
Physiography, Coriolis Force, Friction, Pressure

Answer any 4 questions from 17 to 26. Each carries 3 scores. (4 × 3 = 12)

Question 17.
Write a short note on the systematic approach in Geograghy.
Answer:
Alexander Von Humbolt, a German geographer, was the person who came up with this approach. This is the style of geographic study in which a phenomenon is studied globally and then its various kinds and local or regional distributions are looked into.

In the established geographical approaches, physical geography, human geography, Biogeography, Geographical thoughts, Geographical Studies like Urban, Economic, Political Geography, etc. are included.

Question 18.
Write any three indirect sources of information about the interior of the earth.
Answer:

The direction of earthquake waves
Structure of meteors
Assumptions regarding Temperature, Pressure,Density, etc.
Local changes in the earth’s gravity
Magnetic studies

Question 19.
What is a biome? Give an example.
Answer:
Biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major region. The boundaries of a biome are determined by the climate. Forests, grasslands, deserts etc. are examples of biome.

Question 20.
What are ocean currents? Write any two primary forces that influence the qcean currents.
Answer:
Ocean currents are channels of water moving in a particular direction in the oceans. Two kinds of forces influence Ocean currents.

a) The primary forces that start the first movement of water.

b) Secondary forces that help the flow. Examples of primary forces are temperature caused by solar energy, winds, gravity and Coriolis force.

Question 21.
What are intrusive forms of igneous rocks? Write short notes on any two of them.
Answer:s
I gneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed inside the earth when molten rock, rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure, cools to a solid state.

batholith
laccolith,
lopolith
phacolith
Sills/Sheet
dykes

Batholith: A batholith is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock that forms from cooled magma deep in Earth’s crust.

Laccolith: A laccolith is a body of intrusive rock with a dome-shaped upper surface and a level base.

Phacolith: A phacolith is a form of igneous rock that is shaped live waves.

SilllSheet: Sill, also called sheet, flat intrusion of igneous rock that forms between pre-existing layers of rock.

Question 22.
Write briefly about the types of tides based on their frequency.
Answer:
Based on their frequency, tides are divided into three.

Semi-Diurnal ides: The most common tidal pattern featuring two high tides and two low tides each day.
Diurnal Tides: There is only one high tide and one low tide during each day.
Mixed Tides: Tides having variation in heights.

Question 23.
Write the latitudinal extension of India. How is the latitudinal spread of India advantages to her?
Answer:
8°4’N and 37°6’N
The latitudinal extension divides India into two temperature zones. So there are different climatic conditions here.
The basic reason for the physical and cultural diversities in India is the diversified climate.

Question 24.
Write any three advantages of tides.
Answer:
Travellers in the sea and fishermen can decide in advance about their activities.

Travel in the sea is made easy.
Tidal Ports become ready for work.
Removes the silt and dirt in the river mouths.
Electricity (Tidal energy) can be produced.

Question 25.
Write any three characteristic features of Himalayan Rivers.
Answer:
They are formed by the melting of Himalayan snow and ice.

Plenty of water throughout the year.
When they reach the plains, they are useful for transport.
Very vast catchment area.
They make deep V-shaped valley called a deep gorge.
They make large drainage basins.
They deposit large amounts of silt and form the large delta at the mouth of the river.

Question 26.
Write any three effects of earthquake.
Answer:
Ground-shaking, changes on the earth’s surface, landslides, soil erosion, ground rupture, destruction of dams and reservoirs, floods, fire, destruction of various constructions, falling of things, tsunami.

Answer any 5 questions from 27 to 36. Each carries 4 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 27.
Explain spring tides.
Answer:
Spring tides are those tides that occur at that time when the sun and moon are aligned with the earth. And after the seven days of spring tide, the moon and sun are at right angles to each other. These tides are higher than the normal tides.

Question 28.
Write short notes on the P and S earthquake waves.
Answer:

P. Waves (Primary Waves!
1. The fastest waves.
2. They are the first to reach the surface of the earth.
3. They are similar to sound waves.
4. They can move through solid, liquid and e|as.
5. The quakes are parallel to the direction of the waves.
S. Waves/Secondarv Waves
1. They are slower than P. Waves.
2. They take time to reach the surface of the earth
3. They travel only through solids.
4. The quakes are vertical to the direction of the waves.

Question 29.
Distinguish between Divergent boundaries and Con-vergent boundaries.
Answer:

Divergent Boundaries
1. Plates move away from each other.
2. Through the flow of magma (lava) new crust is created.
3. Also called constructive boundaries or extensional boundaries.
4. Active volcanoes.
5. Mountain ranges are formed on the ocean floor.
Convergent Boundaries
1. Plates move towards each other.
2. The plates with the greater density slip under and melt into magma. The edges are called subduction zones.
3. Because of the convergence the edges get folded and Fold mountains are formed.

Question 30.
Briefly explain the characteristic features of the crust of the earth.
Answer:
The Features of the Crust of the Earth

The outermost solid part of the earth.
Strong, made of stones.
Two kinds of crust: Continental Crust, and Ocean Crust.
Ocean crust is very thin.
Ocean crust is mainly made of basalt rocks.

Question 31.
Prepare a note on rock cycle.
Answer:
Rock Cycle
Rock cycle is a series of processes by which old rocks transform themselves into new types of rocks in Earth’s crust. Igneous rocks are the primary rocks and from them metamorphic and sedimentary rocks rock are formed. Igneous rocks become metamorphic rocks. The fragments of the igneous and metamorphic rocks solidify and become strong to make sedimentary rocks. Even the sedimentary rocks decay and become sediments. All these different kinds of rocks get deep down into the earth through subduction and become magma and then later through volcanic activity again become igneous rocks.

Question 32.
Define weathering. Write about any three chemical weathering processes.
Answer:
Weathering: Weathering means the process of wearing, breaking up, and fragmentation of the rock that creates the surface of the ground and that remains exposed to the weather. It results from weather changes and variations in temperature in the atmosphere. The main chemical wearing processes are:

solution (things becoming liquid).
carbonation
hydration
oxidation
reduction.

Solution is the process in which substances are dissolved into acid or water. In Carbonation, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water work on the rocks and the rocks decay. Hydration is the process in which water chemically reacts on some minerals making them expand and contract repeatedly causing the decay of rocks.

Oxidation is the process in which the minerals like iron, manganese, sulphur, etc, in the rocks react with oxygen forming oxides causing the fragmentation of rocks. Reduction is the opposite process of oxidation. When oxidised mineras are positioned in a situation where oxygen is absent, the reduction occurs.

Question 33.
List the major soil types of India. Explain about the characteristics of any one of them.
Answer:
Major soil types in India:

Alluvial Soil.
Black Cotton Soil.
Red & Yellow Soil.
LateriteSoil.
Mountainous or Forest Soil.
Arid or Desert Soil.
Saline and Alkaline Soil.
Peaty and Marshy Soil.

Alluvial soil:
This is the soil that is formed in the river basin as the rivers deposit silt. In India around 40% of the land has this soil. As a continuation of the Northern Plain, through a narrow gateway in Rajasthan up to Gujarat we can see this soil. In Peninsular India, in the river basins and the river deltas alluvial soil is found.

Alluvial soil is mixed with sand and mud. It is potash rich with no phosphorous. In the Ganges Plain there are two kinds of alluvial soil – Khadar and Bhangar.

Khadar: This is the new alluvium soil deposited by the annual floods.

Bhangar: This is the old alluvial soil which is less fertile, and which is a little away from the new alluvial soil.

Question 34.
Differentiate between the western and eastern coastal plains of India.
Answer:

Eastern Coastal Plains	Western Coastal Plains
Examp’e for elevated shore.	Example for lowered shore.
Very wide.	Not wide.
Deltas are formed.	Deltas are not formed.
Not deep enougl for ports.	Conducive circumstances for ports.

Question 35.
Write a note on the characteristic features of the Andaman and Nicobar island groups.
Answer:

Andaman Nicobar Islands
Located in the Bay of Bengal.
A total of 572 islands.
Separated into North Andaman Islands and
South Andaman Islands by the 10° channel.
They are the upper crests of the mountains in the sea.
Indias active volcano Barren Island is in the
Nicobar Group of Islands.

Question 36.
Write any four human activities that play an important role in increasing the intensity of floods.
Answer:

Mindless deforestation.
Unscientific agricultural methods.
Preventing the natural flow of water.
Migration into flood plains.

Answer any 1 question from 37 to 39. Carries 6 scores. (1 × 6 = 6)

Question 37.
Explain briefly the Continental drift theory.
Answer:
Continental Drift Theory: This theory about the distribution of continents and oceans was put forward by Alfred Wagener in 1912. Wagener theorises that all the continents were together as one continent and around it there was just one ocean. He called this huge landmass Pangea and the vast oceafi Panthalassa. Some 200 million years ago this huge landmass was broken and started moving away from each other.

Initially there were only two landmasses:

North side was Laurasia.
South side was Gondwanaland.

Later Laurasia was again broken into North America and Eurasia. Gondwanaland was broken into South America, Africa, Indian Sub Continent and Australia. Although Alfred Wagener came out with some evidences to support his theory, the scientific world refused to accept it.

Question 38.
Explain briefly the Continental drift theory.
Answer:
Layered Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere: Based on the variations in temperature, the atmosphere can be divided into the
following layers.

a) The troposphere
b) The stratosphere
c) The mesosphere
d) The thermosphere
e) The exosphere

a) The troposphere

The lowest layer
Average height up to 8-18 km
It is the layer in which all climatic phenomena like rain, snow, wind, etc. form.
Normal lapse of temperature
All organic and bio activities take place here.
The boundary at which the troposphere ends is Tropopause, Temperature -80°C at the Equator and -45°C at the Poles.

b) The stratosphere

Second layer
Extendsupto5Okm
Ozone gas – Important
Ozonosphere
Stratopause

c) The mesosphere

Above the Stratosphere
Extends up to 80 km
Temperature -100 °C (80 km)
Mesopause

d) The thermosphere

Thermosphere has two parts – Ionosphere
Extends from 80 km to 400 km
Ionatoms with electrical charges
Radio broadcasts

e) The exosphere

The topmost layer
We have only limited knowledge about this layer.
Slowiy dissolves into space

Question 39.
Explain briefly the characteristic features of the Northern Plains of India.
Answer:
Characteristic features of the Northern Plains in India
The Northern plains were formed by the alluvial soil brought and deposited by the Sindhu, Ganges and Brahmaputra Rives. North-West diameter 3200 km. Average width 150 to 300 km. Divided into four sectors:
a) Bhabhar,
b) Terai,
c) Khadar,
d) Bhangar.

a) Bhabhar: At the bottom of the Shiv alik Hills. this is a narrow part with a lot of rocks and round stones.

b) Terai: This is the sector where the rivers suace again after flowing under the deposits of the Bhabhar Sector. This area is full of stagnant pools and marshes. A lot of plant species and wild animals can be seen here.

c) Khadar: This is the new alluvial deposits found at the top layer.
d) Bhangan The dd alluvial deposits at the bottom.

Question 40.
Identify and mark the following geo-information on the given Outline Map of India.
a) The Capital of Tamil Nadu.
b) The desert in the north western part of India
c) The Section of the West coastal plain in Maharashtra
d) The island group located in the Arabian Sea
e) The Strait that separates India from Sri Lanka
f) The meeting place of Western and Eastern Ghats
Answer:
a) Chennai
b) Thar/Rajasthan Désert
C) Konkan Coast
d) Lakshaðweep
e) Palk Strait
t) Nilgiri
Kerala Plus One Geography Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers - 1

Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper March 2020 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 21, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Geography Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One September Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

Time : 2 Hours
Total Scores : 60

Section – A

Answer any 5 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 1.
The locations where the tectonic plates move away from each other.
a) Spreading sites
b) Subduction zones
c) Mid oceanic ridges
d) Ocean deeps
Answer:
a) Spreading sites

Question 2.
The tendency of a mineral to allow light to pass through it.
a) Powder
b) Hardness
c) Transparency
D) Details
Answer:
c) Transparency

Question 3.
The temperature at which water starts evaporating
a) Latent heat of condensation
b) Latent heat of vapourisation
c) Absolute humidity
d) Relative humidity
Answer:
a) Latent heat of condensation

Question 4.
The strait that separates India from Sri Lanka,
a) Malacca Strait
b) Sunda Strait
c) Gibraltar Strait
d) Palk Strait a
Answer:
d) Palk Strait

Question 5.
The most common type of earthquakes.
a) Volcanic earthquakes
b) Tectonic earthquakes
c) Collapse earthquakes
d) Explosion earthquakes
Answer:
b) Tectonic earthquakes

Question 6.
The tides formed when the sun, the moon and the earth comes in straght line.
a) Springtide
b) Neap tide
c) Surge
d) Diurnal tide
Answer:
a) Springtide

Section – B

Answer any 6 questions from 7 to 14. Each carries 2 scores. (6 × 2 = 12)

Question 7.
Distinguish between focus and epicentre.
Answer:
Focus: Actual point of origin of the eqrthquake

Epicentre : The Point on the surface of the earth closest to the focus of the earthquake
Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper March 2021 with Answers - 2

Question 8.
What is normal lapse rate b In which atmospheric layer does it exist?
Answer:
Temperature decreases with height -1 degree/165m.
Troposphere/First layer/lower most layer (Any 2)

Question 9.
Identify the type of rainfall depicted in the following diagram and write about its formation.
Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper March 2021 with Answers - 1
Answer:

Moister laden winds rises along the slopes of mountains.
It condenses on ascent, cloud formation occurs
Eg: Monsoon rainfall

Question 10.
Prepare a note on lithification.
Answer:

The sediments transported by exogenic agencies (wind, sea wave, water, glacier etc) get deposited in due course
These deposits turn into rock through comaction.’
These process is termed as lithification.

Question 11.
Give a brief account of the atmospheric layer just above the stratosphere.
Answer:

Mesophere – It extends up to a height of 80km.
Temperature again starts decreasing with increasing height.
Temperature reaches minus 100 degree Celsius at the height of 80 km.
Upper limit of Mesosphere is known as Mesopause (Any 2 points)

Question 12.
The approach in Geography in which the phenomena of a region are studied in a holistic manner. Mention any two branches of Geography as per this approach.
Answer:
Systematic Geography

Branches: physical Geography
Human Geography
Bio Geography (Any Two)

Question 13.
Suggest measures for the mitigation of landslides in Kerala.
Answer:

Terrace farming
Construction of bunds
Afforestation

Question 14.
Mention the concept of ‘food chain’
Answer:
Food Chain : The sequence of eating and being eaten and the resultant transfer of energy from one level to another level is known as the food chain.

Section – C

Question 15.
Identify the most widespread natural vegetation type in India and explain its characteristics.
Answer:

Tropical Deciduous Forest
Also known as Monsoon Forest
Spread over regions with annual rainfall 70-200cm.
Further divided into Moist Deciduous and Dry Deciduous.

Question 16.
Prepare a brief note on any two factors controlling soil formation.
Answer:
To identify any of the two factors

Parent material
Topography
Climate
Biological Activity
Time
To prepare notes dn each

Question 17.
Point out the portions below the earth’s crust and list any two of their characteristics.
Answer:

To identify the layers as Mantle and Core
To list the characteristic of each (Two Points)

Question 18.
Identify and prepare an explanatory note on any two supporting evidences of the Continental drift hypothesis.
Answer:
To list any of the supporting evidences of

Matching of continents.
Rocks of same age across the oceans.
Tillite
Placer deposits
Distribution of fossils identify (any 2 points)

Question 19.
What are Sun-Spots b How does it influence the weather over the earth?
Answer:

Sun spots are dark and cooler patches of the sun .which increases and decreases in a cyclic manner.
To explain the influence of sunspots on the weather over the earth…
When the number of sun spots increase cooler and wetter weather and greater storminess occur.
Decrease in sunspot number is associated warm and drier condition.

Question 20.
List the three stages in the evolution of earth’s atmosphere.
Answer:
Loss of primordial atmosphere (due to solar flares).

Degassig – water vapour, Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane etc.
Photosynthesis found cut in hard rocks)

Question 21.
‘Black soil is unique in many respects’ – Justify. (Hints: thickness, characteristics)
Answer:

Very deep (thin soil layer).
Generally clayey and impermeable
Can retain moisture for long
Self ploughing effect exists etc. (Any 3)

Section – D

Answer any 4 questions from 22 to 27. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 22.
Write short notes on :
a) incised meander
b) alluvianfan
Answer:

Incised meanders: Erosional landforms
Formed in the upper coure where there isactive upliftment.
(incised or entrenched meanders are those which are very deep and wide meanders can also be found cut in hard rocks)
Alluvial fan: Depositional landform in the form of a fan.
Forn when streams flowing from higher levels break into foot stopes with low gradient.
Formed on the foot hill of mountains.

Question 23.
List the various factors affecting ocean salinity.
Answer:

Evaporaton
Precipitation
Freshwater:
Inflowfrom River
Freezing&thawingofice
Wind
Ocean currents etc

Question 24.
Classify ocean currents based on temperature and explain each.
Answer:
Ocean currents can also be classified based on temperature: as cold current and warm currents:

cold currents bring cold water in to warm water areas. These currents are usually found on the west coast of the continents in the low and middle latitudes and on the eash coast in the higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere;
warm currents bring warm water to cold water areas and are usually observed in the east coast of continents in the low and middle latitudes. In the northern hemisphere they are found on the west coasts of continents in high latitudes.

Question 25.
Mention terrestrial radiation. Discuss any two processes of heat transfer in the atmosphere
Answer:
1. Conduction:
The earth after being heated by insolation transmits the heat to the almospheric layers near to the earth in long wave form. The air in contact with the land gets heated slowly and the upper layers in contact with the lower layers also get heated. This process is called conduction. Condction takes place when two bodies of unequal temperature are in contact with one another, there is a flow of energy from the warmer to cooler body.
Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper March 2021 with Answers - 4

2. Convection
The air in contact with theearth rises vertically on heating in the form of currents and further transmits the heat of the atm osphere. This process of vertical heating of the atmosphere is known as convection.

3. Terrestrial Radiation
The insolation received by the earth is in short waves forms and heats up its surface. The earth after being heated itself becomes a radiating body and it radiates energy to teatmosphere in long wave form. This energy heats up the atmosphere from below. This process is known as terrestrial radiation.

Question 26.
Prepare a note on the Indus drainage system
Hints:
• Origin
• Length
• Tributaries
Answer:
It is one of the largest liver basins of the world, covering an area of 1165,000sq.k (in India, it is 32,289km and total length of 2880km (In India, 1,114km. the Indus also known as Sindhu. It originate, from a glacier near Bokhiarchu in the Tibetan region at an altitude of 4,164m in the Kailash mountain range. The main tributaries of Sindhu river are Satlaji the Beas, the Ravi, the Chinab and the Ihelun.

Question 27.
Identify the physiographic diviion sandwhiched between the northern mountains and the penisular plateau. Explan its salient features.
Answer:
TheNortern Plains The northern plainsare formed by the alluvial deposits broutht by the rivers – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These plains extend approximately 3,200km from the east to the west. The average width of these plains varies between 150-300km. From the north to the south, these pan be further divided into the Khadarand the Bhangar.

Section – E

Answer any 1 question from 28 and 29. carries 6 score. Answer any six. (1 × 6 = 6)

Question 28.
Describe the general circulation of the atmosphere with the help of a diagram. Hints: Pressure belts Planetary winds
Answer:
General circulation of the atmosphere
The pattern of planetary winds largely depends on:

Latitudinal variation of atmospheric heating;
emergence of pressure belts;
the migration of belts following apparent path of the sun;
the distribution of continents and oceans;
the rotation of earth.

The pattern of the movement of he planetary winds is called the general circulation of the atmosphere. The general circulation of the atmosphere also sets in motion the ocean water circulation which influences the earth’s climate. A schematic description of the general circulation.
Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper March 2021 with Answers - 5
The air at the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) rises because of convection caused by high insolation and a low pressure is created. The winds from the tropics converge at this low pressure zone.

Local Winds
Differences in the heating and cooling of earth surfaces and the cycles those develop daily or annually can create several common, local or regional winds.

Land and Sea Breezes
The Land and sea absorb and transfer heat differently. During the say the land heats up faster and becomes warmer than the sea. Therefore, over the land the air rises giving risetoa low pressure area, whereas the sea ¡s relatively cool and the pressure over sea is relatively high. Thus, pressure gradient form sea to land is created and the wind blows from the sea to the land as the sea breeze. In the right the reversal of condition takes palce. The land loses heat faster and is cooler than the sea. The pressure gradient is from the land to the sea and hence land breeze results.

In mountainous regions, during the day the slopes get heated up and ¡r moves upslope and to fill the resulting gap the air from the valley blows up the valley. This wind is known as the valley breeze. During the night the sipes get cooled and the dense air descends into the valley as the mountain wind.

Fronts
When two different air masses meet, the boundary zone between them is called a front. The process of formation of the fronts is known as frontogenesis.

Question 29.
Explain the various factors related to location and relief that determine the climate of India.
Answer:
The factors related to location and relief are:

The Latitude
The Himalayan mountains
Distribution of land and water
Altitude
Relief

Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper September 2021 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 21, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Geography Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One September Previous Year Question Paper September 2021

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer all questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 1.
The shadow zone for ‘P’ waves
a) Beyond 105°
b) Between 105°-145°
c) Beyond 140°
d) Between 110°-130°
Answer:
b) Between 105°-145°

Question 2.
Tides formed when the position of the earth, the moon and the sun are in straight line
a) Neap tide
b) Low tide
c) Spring tide
d) Mixed tide
Answer:
c) Spring tide

Question 3.
The most explosive of the earth’s volcanoes
a) Shield volcano
b) Composite
c) Caldera
d) Flood basalt
Answer:
c) Caldera

Question 4.
The periodic rise and fall in the sea level is called
a) Tide
b) Wave
c) Drift
d) Current
Answer:
a) Tide

Question 5.
The layer of the earth known as ‘NIFE’
a) Crust
b) Mantle
c) Aesthenosphere
d) Core
Answer:
d) Core

Question 6.
A cold current
a) Kuroshio
c) Labrador
b) Gulf stream
d) Aghulhas
Answer:
c) Labrador

Answer any five questions from 7 to 16. Each carries 2 scores. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 7.
Identify the four branches of Physical geography
Answer:

Geomorphology
Climatology
Hydrology
Soil Geography

Question 8.
List the factors affecting ocean temperature distribution.
Answer:
Latitudes, Unequal distribution of land and water, Prevailing wind, Ocean currents.

Question 9.
Name the forces suggested by Alfred Wegener for the movement of continents.
Answer:
Pole Fleeing Force, Tidal Force

Question 10.
‘Carbon dioxide is meteorologically an important gas’. Comment on the statement.
Answer:
It is the green house gas that lets solar rays fall onto the earth. Its presence in the atmosphere keeps some of the radiant energy received by Earth from being returned to space.

Question 11.
Distinguish between dew and frost.
Answer:
On the cold surface of solid things small water temperature falls below 0°C, the water drops get frozen and this is frost.

Question 12.
Name any two minor plates.
Answer:
Cocos, Nazca, Philippine, Arabian, and Caribbean.

Question 13.
What do you mean by inversion of temperature?
Answer:
Inversion of temperature: Normally in the troposphere, the higher you go, the less is the temperature. But when the sky is clear, as the earth radiation is more, the atmosphere gets cooled fast. Then, the situation changes. The higher it goes, the temperature also gets higher. This phenomenon is called Inversion of temperature.

Question 14.
List the basic factors that control the formation of soils.
Answer:
Parent material, topography, climate, biota (organisms) and time.

Question 15.
Write the importance of water vapour in the atmo-sphere.
Answer:
Water vapour also, like the greenhouse gases, absorbs earth’s radiation and controls the temperature of the atmosphere.

Question 16.
Suggest any two differences between terrestrial and jovian planets.
Answer:
Terrestrial Planets: The terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus and Earth. One of the main differences between terrestrial and Jovian planets, is their surfaces. The terrestrial planets are made of solid surfaces. Density is more. Solar energy plays a big role here. They are small planets.

Jovian Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the Jovian planets. They are made of gaseous surfaces. They are less dense when compared to the terrestrial planets, because they are mainly composed of hydrogen gas. They are huge. Less influenced by solar energy. Atmosphere is thicker.

Answer any four questions from 17 to 26. Each carries 3 scores. (4 × 3 = 12)

Question 17.
Write a short note on I ndian desert.
Answer:
Situated north-west of the Aravali Hills.

Annual rainfall less than 150 mm.
During the rainy season, one can find the streams here but they do not reach the seas , as they do not have sufficient water to carry them to the sea.
During daytime it is very hot.

Question 18.
List the branches of geography based on regional approach.
Answer:

Regional Studies
Regional Planning
Regional development
Regional analysis and interpretation

Question 19.
Mention the indirect sources of information about the interior of the earth.
Answer:

As we go deeper into the surface of the earth, the temperature, pressure and density gradually increase.
We can conclude that the structure of the earth is very similar to the structure of meteors.
The difference in the actual gravity and the expected gravity in a region gives some idea about what the things are deep down the surface.
The difference in the magnetic power of the earth gives some indication about the distribution of magnetic materials.
The movements of earthquake waves and the magma give us strong ideas about the core of the earth.

Question 20.
What are the significances of weathering?
Answer:

Through weathering, rocks get fragmented and it paves the way for the formation of soil.
Weathering helps in creating landforms such as mountains, valleys, canyons, and plateaus.
It is because of weathering and the consequent readjustment that iron, manganese, aluminium and copper ores get concentrated in certain places.

Question 21.
Differentiate betwefen east coastal and west coastal plains of India.
Answer:

Eastern Coastal Plains	Western CoastalPlains
Example for elevated shore.	Example for lowered shore.
Very wide.	Not wide.
Deltas are formed.	Deltas are not formed.
Not deep enough for ports.	Conducive circumstances for ports.

Question 22.
Distinguish between Himalayan rivers and peninsular rivers.
Answer:

Himalayan Rivers
1. Originate from the Himalayas.
2. Water throughout the year.
3. Flows as per the slope and acquires the model of a tree.
4. Long rivers.
5. Very big river basin.
6. Rivers comparatively young.
Peninsular Rivers
1. Originate from the Peninsular Plateau.
2. They are seasonal. In the summerthey become dry.
3. Since the flow stops and restarts, the course of these rivers is normally fixed and without meanders.
4. Comparatively short rivers.
5. Comparatively smaller river basins.
6. They are in their old stage.

Question 23.
Ecosystem are of two major types. Comment on it.
Answer:
Terrestrial ecosystem can be divided into different biomes. Aquatic ecosystem can be divided into marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems.

Question 24.
Describe diastrophism.
Answer:
Diastrophism: Diastrophism, also called tectonism, is the large-scale deformation of Earth’s crust by natural processes.

Vertical movements that can raise or lower the parts of the earth’s crest.
Earthquakes
Plate Movements

Question 25.
Write the characteristic features of two major island groups in India.
Answer:

Lakshadweep
1. Located in the Arabian Sea, 280 to 480 km away from the Kerala shore.
2. There are 36 islands here. There is human habitation in 11 of them.
3. 11°Channel divides these islands into Amini Islands and Cannanore Islands.
4. They are coral islands.
Andaman Nicobar
1. located in the Bay of Bengal, this s group of 572 islands.
2. 10° Channel divides these islands into Andaman and Nicobar.
3. These islands are the upper crests of sea- mountains.
4. Barren island, an active volcano, is Nicobar.

Question 26.
Explain the concept of Sea floor spreading.
Answer:
Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. The magma flowing out from the volcanic activity pushes away the existing crusts’ and spreads making new sea floors.

Answer any five questions from 27 to 36. Each carries 4 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 27.
Describe the classification of tides based on fre-quency.
Answer:
Based on their frequency, tides are divided into three.

Semi-Diurnal Tides: The most common tidal pattern featuring two high tides and two fow tides each day.
Diurnal Tides: There is only one hi§h tide and one low tide during each day.
Mixed Tides: Tides having variation in heights.

Question 28.
Discuss any two evidences that support continental drift theory.
Answer:
Evidences that support Continental Drift Theory

The Matching of Continents: The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.
Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans: The belt of ancient rocks of 2,000 million years from Brazil coasf matches with those from western Africa.
Tillite: The Gondwana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. Counterparts of this succession are found in Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia besides India.
Deposits of gold in the Ghana coast in Africa and the gold-bearing rocks in Brazil indicate that the gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.
Distribution of Fossils: Identical species of plants and animals found in different continents

Question 29.
List out any four immediate hazardous effects of earthquakes.
Answer:
Hazardous effects of earthquakes

Himalayan Deer Project
Landslides
Tsunamis
Destructions of buildings and other structures
Ground shaking and rupture
Liquefaction
Fire
Change of directioft of Rivers and the floods created by dams

Question 30.
What are the basic requirements for the formation of a tropical cyclone?
Answer:

High sea temperatures of at least 27°C.
Influence of the Coriolis force.
Converging winds near the ocean surface forcing air to rise and form storm clouds.
Winds that do not vary greatly with height – known as low wind shear.
Places with low pressure.
Warm air rising quickly.

Question 31.
Write a short note on the northen plains of India.
Answer:
Northern Plains of India
The Northern plains were formed by the alluvial soil brought and deposited by the Sindhu, Ganges and Brahmaputra Rives. North-West diameter 3200 km. Average width 150 to 300 km. Divided into four sectors:
a) Bhabhar,
b) Terai,
c) Khadar,
d) Bhangar.

a) Bhabhar: At the bottom of the Shivalik Hills, this is a narrow part with a lot of rocks and round stones.

b) Terai: This is the sector where the rivers surface again after flowing under the deposits of the Bhabhar Sector. This area is full of stagnant pools and marshes. A lot of plant species and wild animals can be seen here.

c) Khadar: This is the new alluvial deposits found at the top layer.

d) Bhangar: The old alluvial deposits at the bottom.

Question 32.
Write the characteristics of ocean currents, miasipseel
Answer:
The speed of the ocean currents is more on the surface of the ocean (Up to 5 knots). As they go down, the speed becomes less and reaches up to 0.5 knot. The speed of the flow is the same as the force of the flow. Therefore on the surface the flow is strong and at the bottom it is weak.

Question 33.
Suggest some measures to protect wildlife.
Answer:

In 1973 Project Tiger was implemented.
In 1992, Project Elephant was helpful to the
States in which the number of wild elephants was getting reduced.
Crocodile Conservation Project
Himalayan Deer Project
In collaboration with the UNESCO, the Indian Government took steps in the preservations of its flora and fauna.

Question 34.
Briefly explain the volvanic intrusive forms.
Answer:
Volcanic Intrusive Forms
Batholith : A batholith is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock that forms from cooled magma deep in Earth’s crust.\

Laccolith : A laccolith is a body of intrusive rock with a dome-shaped upper surface and a level base.

Lapolith : A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region, like a saucer.

Phacolith : A phacolith is a form of igneous rock that is shaped live waves.

Sill : Flat horizontal shape.

Dyke : Vertical formation like a wall.

Sheet : Very thin Sills.

Question 35.
Define the term ‘Plate tectonics’
Answer:
Plate Tectonics: Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements. In plate tectonics, Earth’s outermost layer, or lithosphere – made up of the crust and upper mantle – is broken into large rocky plates. These plates lie on top of a partially molten layer of rock called the asthenosphere. Due to the convection of the asthenosphere and lithosphere, the plates move relative to each other at different rates, from two to 15 centimetres (one to six inches) per year. This movement is called Plate Tectonics.

Question 36.
Identify the primary forces that influence the ocean currents.
Answer:

Heating by solar energy
Wind
Gravity
Coriolis force

Answer any one question from 37 to 39. Carries 6 scores. (1 × 6 = 6)

Question 37.
Prepare a note on the three different layers of the interior of the earth.
Answer:
Three different layers of the interior of the earth
Crust: This is the outer layer of the Earth. This includes the continents and the sea floor. At the continents the thickness is more, between of 5 to
30 km. But in the mountain regions it can be up to 70 km. It is made up of mainly basalt rocks. Average density is 2.7 gm/cubic cm.

Mantle: The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle. It extends to about 2,900 km. In the upper part of the mantle called asthenosphere the top rock remains solid, whereas in the lower part the rocks are in molten form. It goes deep up to 400 km. Volcanoes get their lava from asthenosphere. Density is 3.4 g/cm3 The crust and the upper part of the asthenosphere together are called Lithosphere.

The core: This is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth which lies below the mantle. This extends from 2900 km to the centre of the earth. It is divided into outer core and inner core. The outer core is in liquid state and the inner core is in solid state. When the centre is reached the density is 13 g/cm³. The core composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe) and so it is called NIFE.

Question 38.
Explain the northern most physiographical division of India, with its sub-divisions.
Answer:
North and North Eastern Mountains
This includes the Himalayas and the North-Eastern Hills. In the Himalayas, the main parallel ranges are Greater Himalaya and Shivalik. Their average length is 2500 km and width 260 to 400 km.
The Himalayas are not only the natural boundary of India but play a major role in the climate, water flow and culture.
As per the topography, the Himalayas can be divided into 5 divisions.

Kashmir/North-Western Himalayas
Himachal/Uttaranchal Himalayas
Darjeeling/Sikkim Himalayas
Arunachal Himalayas Eastern Hills
Eastern Hills

Question 39.
Mention the characteristics features of the different layers of the atmosphere.
Answer:
Based on the temperature, the atmosphere can be divided into the following layers:
a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Thermosphere
e) Exosphere

a) Troposphere:

The lowest layer
Average height 8 -18 km
The layer where all kinds climatic phenomena – rain, snow, wind – are formed.
Normal temperature lapse rate
The layer in which all bio and organic activities take place.
The limit of the troposphere is tropopause. Temperature -80°C at the equator and -45°C at the Poles.

b) Stratosphere

Second layer
Extends to nearly 50 km
Ozone layer -1 important
Ozonosphere
Stratopause

c) The Mesosphere

Above the Stratosphere
Extends up to 80 km
Temperature-100°C(80km)
Mesopause

d) The Thermosphere

Thermosphere has two parts – Ionosphere
Extends from 80 km to 400 km
Ion atoms with electrical charges
Radio broadcasts

e) The Exosphere

The topmost layer
We have only limited knowledge about this layer.
Slowly dissolves into space

Question 40.
Identify and mark the following on the given outline map of India.
a) An island group in the Arabian Sea
b) The strait separating India and Sri Lanka
c) The largest state in India
d) The eastern most state in India
e) The capital of Tamil Nadu
f) The Highest peak of South India
Answer:
a) Lakshadweep
b) Palk Strait
c) Rajasthan
d) Arunachal Pradesh
e) Chennai
Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper September 2021 with Answers - 1

Kerala Plus One Geography Question Paper June 2022 with Answers

March 25, 2025March 19, 2025 by Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Geography Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf June 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2022

Time : 2 Hours
Total Scores : 60

Section – A

Answer any eight questions from 1 to 11. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 1.
Identify the four branches of biogeography.
Answer:
a. Cultural Geography
b. Biogeography
c. Economic Geography
d. Zoogeography

Question 2.
Name any two countries in the Indian Sub-continent other than India.
Answer:
a. Pakistan
b. Nepal
c. Bhutan
d. Bangladesh

Question 3.
List the primary forces that influence the Ocean Currents.
Answer:
a. Unequal distribution of land and water.
b. Wind
c. Ocean Currents
d. Influence of the Land

Question 4.

Pressure System	Pressure condition at the centre	Wind direction in Northern Hemisphere	Wind direction in Southern Hemisphere
Cyclone	(a)	Anti-clockwise	(b)
(c)	High	Clockwise	(d)

Answer:

Pressure System	Pressure condition at the centre	Wind direction in Northern Hemisphere	Wind direction in Southern Hemisphere
Cyclone	less	Anti-clockwise	clockwise
anti cyclones	High	Clockwise	anticlockwise

Question 5.
Find a single term for the following :
(a) Species which are in danger of extinction.
(b) Species with very small population.
Answer:
a. Endangered
b. Rare

Question 6.
Find out any two reasons for declining wild life in India.
Answer:
a. Overexploitation of natural resources.
b. Hunting
c. Climate changes

Question 7.
How does a V-shaped valley differ from a U-shaped valley?
Answer:
V-shaped valleys are formed because of the flow of the river.
U-shaped valleys are formed because of the working of glaciers.

Question 8.
What is ozone hole ? How is it formed?
Answer:
Ozone hole is the large scale reduction in the ozone in the stratosphere because of changes in the seasons. This happens more in Antarctica in the Spring Season. This was first discovered towards the end of the 1970s. It is because of the complex chemical reactions of the CFC gases that the ozone hole is formed.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Biotic Factors and Abiotic Factors.
Answer:
Biotic factors:
These are living beings. They include producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Abiotic Factors:
They are non-living things. These include rain, temperature, solar energy, etc.

Question 10.
Tamil Nadu coast remains dry during SW monsoon season. List the two factors responsible for it.
Answer:

Western monsoon stays comes parallel to the southern branch of the Bay of Bengal.
The south-western monsoon stays under the rain shadow area of the branch of the Arabian Sea.

Question 11.
Identify the plate margins where the plates move away from each other. Write an example for the margin.
Answer:
Mid-Ocean ridges

Section – B

Answer any eight questions from 12 to 23. Each carries 3 scores. (8 × 3 = 24)

Question 12.
Examine the given diagram and identify the wind. How is it formed?
Answer:
During day time, the land becomes hot faster than the sea. As the sea has less temperature it has high pressure. But the land is warm and so the pressure is less. As a result wind blows from the sea with the higher pressure to the land with the lower pressure. This is called the sea breeze.

Question 13.
Prepare a note on the type of tides based on frequency.
Answer:

Semi-Diurnal Tides: The most common tidal pattern featuring two high tides and two low tides each day. These are the most common tides. These happen one after the other and their heights are almost the same.
Diurnal Tides: There is only one high tide and one low tide during each day. These tides that happen continuously have almost the same height.
Mixed Tides: These are tides having variation in heights. These tides are common on the western coat of America, and in many Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

Question 14.
Compare the Eastern and Western coastal plains of India.
Answer:
Western Coastal Plains:
Western Coastal Plains extend from Gujarat in the north to Kerala in the south. They are parallel to the , Arabian Sea. They are examples for submerged plains. It is believed that Dwarakapuri, which was situated in the western coast, was submerged in the Sea.

As the plains were submerged the circumstances there were conducive to open natural ports. It also helped in developing the ports.
The main ports on the western coast are Kandla, v Mazaaon, Jawharlal Nehru, Nhava sheva, Mormugao, Mangaluru, and Kochi.
The Western coast can be divided into 4 sub sections:
- Kutch-Kathiavar coast in Gujarat
- Konkan coast in Maharashtra
- Goan coast in Karnataka
- Malabar Coast in Kerala
Western Coastal Plains are comparatively narrow in the middle part. But when move towards the north and south they become wider. No Deltas are formed in Western Coastal plains, by small rivers. The large backwaters on the Malabar Coast are very useful for fishing, inland water transport and tourism. The world famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race is conducted in the Punnamada Kayal in Kerala every year.

Eastern Coastal Plains:
Compared to Western Coastal Plains, Eastern Coastal Plains are winder. Eastern Coastal Plains extend from the Sundarban regions of West Bengal to Kanyakumari. Eastern Coastal Plains are examples for raised coasts.

The Rivers that flow through the Eastern Coastal Plains into the Bay of Bengal form deltas on the eastern coast.
The deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri include in these deltas.
Since they are raised coasts, ports and harbours are less here.

Question 15.
List any six immediate hazardous effects of earthquake.
Answer:
Tsunami, landslides, floods, fires, droughts, volcanic explosions.

Question 16.
Write a short note on the depositional landforms developed within the limestone caves.
Answer:
Through the processes of getting heated up, liquefied and crystallized, the salts in the ricks expand. Salts like calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and barium expand this way. Their expansion is relative to the amount of temperature and the reaction of the salts to it. For example the high difference in temperature (between ,30°C and 50°C) felt in the deserts is helpful in the expansion of salts.

The salt crystals located in the small holes close to the surface of the rocks make the grains of the rocks to get separated. This causes the fragmentation of the rocks.
The process by which rocks get fragmented into small grains is called Granular Foliation.

In the salt decaying process the most effective is the crystallization of salt. In some regions changes in climate – wet at times and dry at times – are frequent. Because of this the salt crystals in the rocks expand pushing the grains around them to the sides. In the deserts, the crystals of sodium chloride and gypsum raise the layer above them. Because of this many multiple angled cracks are created. They later cause the fragmentation of rocks. The salty crystals become big. First, the limestone is-fragmented. Then sandstone, shale, gneiss, granite, etc. also get fragmented.

Question 17.
Suggest any three mitigation measures to reduce the impact of land slides.
Prepare short notes on the following :
(a) Asthenosphere
(b) Lithosphere
(c) Nife
Answer:

Encourage large-scale afforestation schemes.
Terrace cultivation should be encouraged.
Limit agriculture to valleys and flat places.
Exercise control over constructions & other developmental activities.

Question 18.
Prepare short notes on the following:
(a) Asthenosphere
(b) Lithosphere
(c) Nife
Answer:
a. Asthenosphere is the upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere. Astheno is a prefix meaning “weak”. Asthenosphere is supposed to be 400 km thick.

b. Lithosphere is the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. Its thickness is about 10 200 km.

c. The Core is made of very heavy things like nickel and iron. This is called NIFE Layer. Ni is the chemical symbol for Nickel and Fe is the chemical symbol for Iron and that is why it is called NIFE.

Question 19.
Identify the types of rock based on formation. Describe the features of any one of them.
Answer:
Rocks
Rocks are natural substances composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused ‘ together into solid lumps. The crust of the earth is made up of rocks. Rocks can be very hard or not very hard and they are seen in different colours. Black rock is very hard but soap stone is less hard. Gabbro rocks are black in colour. Quartzite is white colour.

Rocks don’t have a fixed mineral structure. Feldspar and quartz are the minerals that are usually seen in rocks.
The scientific study of rocks is called petrology. It is the science of rocks.
Petrology comes from the Latin word “Petrus”. Petrus means rock.
A petrologist studies about rocks, and their various aspects. Their mineral structure, crystal order, colour, form, origin, transformation, the places where they are seen, relations with other rocks – all these are the subject matters of the petrologist’s studies.
There is inalienable relation between rocks and the parts of the earth and rocks and soil. On the basis of their formation, rocks are divided into three – igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidifying of the lava and magmainside the earth. They are called igneous because they are formed because of heat. As they are formed from lava and magma, they are also called primary rocks. The word igneous comes from the Latin word “ignis” which means fire.

The magma from the inner part of the earth flows out and then it is cooled and solidified. This is how igneous rock is formed.
Magma gets cooled, either after coming to the surface of the earth or when it is below the earth’s crust. Depending of the internal structure of the igneous rocks, they are divided into two types:
- Intrusive rocks
- Extrusive rock
If the magma gets cooled and solidified deep down the earth’s surface, they are called intrusive igneous rocks. They are also called plutons.
Through volcanoes and the cracks on the earth’s crust, lava comes to the surface and then its gets solidified. Then it is called extrusive igneous rocks.

If the melted magma gets solidified very deep inside in the earth the grains of the minerals will be very large. If the magma cools quickly on the surface of the earth, the grains of the minerals will be small and soft. If the magma gets cooled between the above two places the grains will be moderate in size.

All other rocks are formed from igneous rocks. Therefore they are mother rocks or primary rocks.
Granite, gabbro, pegmatite,basalt, volcanic breccia, tuff etc. are examples for igneous rocks.

Question 20.
Analyse the importance of the Himalayan mountains as a factor determining the climate of India.
Answer:

As the northern boundary, the Himalayas stand tall, the Himalayas and its continuous ranges play a big role in th climate.
The Himalayas prevent the cold winds coming from the north and protecting the country from extreme cold.
The Himalayas stop the monsoon winds and make rain in the Indian subcontinent.

Question 21.
(a) Define the term ‘Condensation’.
(b) Identify the different forms of Condensation.
Answer:
a. Condensation is the process of water vapour becoming liquid. The reason for that is the loss of temperature.
b.

dew
frost
fog
mist
clouds.

Question 22.
Write any three evidences in support of the continental drift.
Answer:

Fit of the continents
The age of the rocks found on both sides of the ocean is the same.
Tillite deposits
Deposits of mineral sand
The distribution of fossils

Question 23.
Write the features of the following :
Answer:
a) Bhabar: Bhabar is a narrow belt which lies parallel to the Shiwalik range. It is 8 to 10 km wide. The rivers that come from the mountain region deposit huge round stones and pebbles in this belt.

b) Terai: It is seen on the south of Bhabar. This is 20 to 20 km wide. We find a lot of water clogged areas and marshes here. These marshy lands are also known as Terai. Here different species of plants grow luxuriantly. There are also many animal species in this area.

c) Alluvial Plains: Bhangar and Khadar are regions that are found on the southern part of the Terai sector. They are formed by the old and new sediments deposited by the rivers. The areas formed by the old deposits are Bhangar. Khadar is formed from the new deposits. Sand banks, meandering water flows, oxbow lakes and twisted channels are the special features of these plains.

The Brahmaputra Plain is famous for its river islands, sand banks and meandering water flows. Here there are frequent floods and the rivers change their course. This causes rivers to get entangled. On the mouths of some of these rivers we find the largest deltas in the world. Sundarban Delta is an example.

Between the Sindhu and Ganga Rivers we see Haryana and Delhi States separating them.
Contrary to this, the Brahmaputra turns 90°south at Dhubri, and from northeast direction it changes course and flows southeast. On these river banks there is plenty of fertile alluvial soil. Different crops are cultivated here and many people make their living through agriculture

Section – C

Answer any five questions from 24 to 31. Each carries 4 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 24.
Describe the features of the following layers of the atmosphere.
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
Answer:
a) Troposphere:

This is the lowest layer of the atmospherq, From the earth’s surface it is 13 km high on an average. At the poles its height is 8 km and at the equator it is 18 km. It has maximum height at the equator. Because of strong vertical winds, the temperature radiates into higher areas and that is why the height is more here.
Troposphere contains the highest amount of dust and water vapour.
This layer has all kinds of climatic phenomena rain, snow and wind.
The layer in which all bio and organic activities take place.

Here as we go higher for every 165 meter height, at the rate of 1°C temperature becomes less. Tropopause separates troposphere from stratosphere. The temperature is -80°Catthe equator and -45°C at the Poles. The temperature at the tropopause is nearly the same.

b) Stratosphere:
The stratosphere the layer just above the troposphere. It extends to nearly 50 km from the surface of the earth. Here there is no dust, cloud, or water vapour. The Ozone layer is here. That is the greatest Importance of this layer because it absorbs the dangerous ultraviolet rays from the sun and thus makes a protective cover above the earth.

Question 25.
How do the inner planets differfrom the outer planets?
Answer:
Inner Planets

Also known as terrestrial planets.
Mercury, Venus and Earth are terrestrial planets

Question 26.
Make a comparison between Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers.
Answer:

Features	Himalayan Rivers	Peninsular Rivers
Place of origin	The Himalayas	Peninsular Plateau & Central Highland
Water flow	Throughout the year	Seasonal, based on the monsoon rains
Way of flowing	In the plain centric model	Kallos, radial, square model
Nature of the river	In mountains, lengthy, but in plains direction changes.	Short, fixed way
Catchment area	Very small	Small
Age of the rivers	young, active	Old

Question 27.
Mention the factors affecting Ocean Salinity.
Answer:
a. Evaporation
b. Rain
c. Ice solidifying and melting
d. Wind
e. Ocean currents
f. Temperature
g. Density

Question 28.
Suggest some measures for soil conservation.
Answer:
Soil Conservation
Man is the main cause for soil erosion and it is the same man that is doing things to conserve the soil. Soil conservation contains a set of methods for maintaining the fertility of the soil, for preventing soil erosion and bringing back the fertility the soil has lost. There are many ways to conserve soils. Some of them are the following:

1. It is unscientific methods of cultivation that increases soil erosion. So such methods should be discontinued. For example cultivating on the open slopes of hills should be stopped. Where the slope is 15 to 20% or more, cultivation must be fully stopped. If cultivation is essential in these areas, then it should be terraced and then it can be cultivated.

2. Overgrazing, and overuse of the land make the land lose its natural cover and soil erosion results. So villagers must be made aware of these problems.

3. Encourage contour terracing.

4. Encourage contour bunding.

5. Implement regulated forestry.

6. Control grazing of cattle.

7. Grow cover cropping.

8. Encourage mixed farming.

9. Encourage crop rotation.

10 .Make efforts to reduce and prevent gully erosion. Terrace farming, making bunds, gully plugging, making tree cpver, will prevent gully erosion.

11. In the arid and semi arid regions, soil should be protected from the spread of sand dunes. Planting rows of trees, afforestation in the cultivating lands, etc. will help. To prevent the spread of sand dunes in Rajasthan, the CAZRI (Central Arid Zone Research institute) is making different experiments.

Unified land use programmes are the best for soil conservation. Land should be categorised according to its quality. Land use maps should be made. The land should be properly used for fulfilling the needs, the final responsibility of soil conservation should be with the people who use it and enjoy the benefits derived from it.

Question 29.
Identify the factors controlling the temperature of air at any place over the surface of earth. Explain any one among them.
Answer:
Forces that influence the temperature of Ocean water The following are the forces that influence the temperature of Ocean water:
1. Latitude: As we move from Equator to the Poles, the temperature of the surface water gets less. The reason for this is as we move towards the Poles, the effect of the solar energy becomes less and less,

2. Unequal Distributidn of Land and Water: The oceans in the northern hemisphere get more solar energy than the oceans in the southern hemisphere. Since they are close to large land masses they get more solar energy.

3. Prevailing Winds: When the winds blow from the land to the sea, the warm water on the surface of the ocean is pushed away from the shore towards the middle of the ocean interiors. Because of this the cold water from below comes up. This causes vertical temperature chang,e in ocean water. Bit when the wind blows from the ocean to the land the warm water reaches the shore which increases the temperature of the land.

4. Ocean Currents: The warm and cold currents in the ocean cause changes in the temperature of the ocean water. Warm currents increase the temperature in the cold zones of the ocean. The cold currents lessen the temperature in the hot zones. For example the Gulf Stream, a warm current, increases the warmth in the ocean water close to the eastern coast of North America and the western shores of Europe. At the same time the cold current, Labrador Current, causes the reduction of temperature in the ocean waters close to the north-eastern shores of North America.

All the above factors cause regional changes in the temperature of ocean water. In the lower latitudes, the seas, surrounded by land, are warmer than the open oceans. On the contrary, in the higher latitudes, the seas, surrounded by land, will be less warm than open oceans.

Question 30.
Identify and mark the following geo information on the given outline map of India.
(a) The marine biosphere reserve located in the South of Tamilnadu.
(b) The river rises from the Brahmagiri hills in Karnataka.
(c) The Western most state in India.
(d) The biosphere reserve located in the delta of Ganga river.
Answer:
a) Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
b) Kaveri
c) Gujarat
d) Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

Question 31.
Identify any four soil forming factors. Explain any one of them.
Answer:
Soil Forming Factors: The major factors affecting the formation and control of soil are five:

Parent material
Topography
Climate
Vegetation and other life-forms
Time.

Besides these, human activities also influence it to a large extent.
1. Parent Material: The parent materials are the most important factor in the formation of soil. This is an indirect factor. Soil inherits many properties from the parent material from which it forms. Soil can also be brought from other places by rivers.

Soil formation takes places according to the size of rock material or deposits, the minerals in them and their chemical structure.
It is also affected by the method of decay, rate, and the thickness of decayed material.

It is possible that above similar parent material, different kinds of soil are seen. Similarly over different parent material the same type of soil can be seen. If the soil kinds are not too old, they will show the nature of parent material. The soils in some limestone regions show the features of the parent material.

2. Topography (Relief, Altitude and Slope):
Topography is often considered another passive factor modifying the effects of soil formation. In sol formation the influence of Topography depends on two factors.

The amount of sunlight falling on the surface having the parent material.
The flow of water on the source on the surface and the flow of water through the parent rocks.

The thickness of the soil depends of the relief of the place. In slopes, the thickness will be less but in the plains it will be more. In the plains organic material also get mixed producing thick clay. This gives the soil dark colour.

Very slight slopes, Where the water goes down slowly, are good for soil formation. In the southern slopes of mid altitude as the sunlight falls very strongly, different kinds of soils and plants can be seen. But in the northern slopes, the soil and plants are different from those of the southern slopes. It is because here the coldness and hum idity are more.

3. Climate: The role of climate is very crucial in soil formation. The inputs of heat and moisture affect the rate of weathering of the parent rock and the soil gets its energy from it. It makes the chemical and organic functions of the soil possible.

I n areas that experience a lot of rai nfal I, water percolating down through soil tends carry down the nutrients and organic matter out of the upper layers. This process is called eluviations. These nutrients are stored at the bottom layer of the soil. It is known as illuviation.
Where there is heavy rain, minerals like calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium etc. are removed from the soil. A good amount silica is also removed. T|he process of removing silica from the soil is called desilication.

In dry climates evaporation will be more. As a result through capillary action, the underground water reaches the surface. When this water is evaporated, all the salts in it will be deposited in the soil. This salt deposit becomes like a covering to the soil. These coverings are known as hardpans. Temperature influences soil formation in two ways. Temperature increases or decreases the chemical and organic activities of the soil.

In high temperature, chemical activity increases. In low temperature it decreases. It is because of the heat, in warm areas soil is seen in different layers as it goes deep.
In very cold climates chemical activities do not happen. That is why in cold areas like the Tundra regions, in the soil mechanically broken rock pieces are found.

4. Biological activities (Vegetation and other life-forms): Biological activities help in the formation of soil. In the areas where there is parent material, the flora and fauna, from the very beginning, help the soil to maintain moisture and help in adding nitrogen and other nutrients to the soil.

Dead plants and the remnants of other organic things give humus to the soil. Some organic acids that are formed from the decaying organic matter help in fragmenting the minerals in the parent material.
Depending on the temperature, the working of bacteria also changes. In warm areas the intensity of bacteria is more. But in cold areas the growth of bacteria is less. This influences the nature of the soil.

Since the activities of bacteria are much less in the sub-arctic regions and Tundra region the organic matter do not decay and get accumulated in the soil. As a result layers of peat are formed. In the warm regions and in the equatorial regions the activities of bacteria are more and so the measure of organic matter is less. Moreover bacteria and other minute organisms draw nitrogen from the atmosphere and make it a useful chemical for the plants. This process is called nitrogen fixation. The bacteria called Rhizobium found on the roots of plants belonging to the pulses help in the process of nitrogen fixation.

Ant, earthworm, termites, burrowing rats etc. help in the physical changes of the soil. They also help in the formation of the soil as they turn it upside down.
Earthworms survive eating soil. The soil that comes of the earthworms changes in its chemical structure and texture.

5. Time: Time is an active factor in the formation of soil. It is time that determines the maturity and form of soil. Only if the soil formation factors work for long, mature soil will be formed. Soil that comes from recently deposited silt or the soil brought by glaciers is young soil. It may not have sufficiently matured layers. It is through the activities of a long time the new soil become mature. It is not possible to determine how long it would take for the new soil to develop and acquire maturity.

Soil forming factors
Active Factors	Passive Factors
Climate	Parent material
Biological activities	Topography
Time