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You can Download Development Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 10 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Development

Development Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term development? Would all sections of the society benefit from such a definition of development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. The word development is used in two senses:
1) Make economic grow that a high rate, achieve certain goals, complete various projects.
2) Development brings prosperity to people and their standard of life gets better.
Development aims at gains. Only if there are gains, there can be development.

Question 2.
Development has two meanings-narrow and broad. What is the difference between them?
Answer:
Development has meanings at two levels – narrow and broad. In its narrow sense, it means increasing the rate of economic growth or modernizing the society. In its broad sense, it means bringing progress, welfare, prosperity and the desire fora better life.

Question 3.
Explain the challenges of development.
Answer:
The more important challenges of development are poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of basic infrastructure. In India, there are Constitutional provisions and some other Agencies that work for the social and economic development of the country. The primary aims of the Constitution are justice, equality, freedom, and fraternity. Governments exist for the realizing the goals set by the Constitution and to bring progress in all spheres, especially social and economic development.

Question 4.
Point out the criticisms of development models.
Answer:
As developing nations take loans from the World Bank, they fall into the debt trap.

• The fruits of development reach only a small section of the people.
• People without resistance power are forcefully sent away from their habitat.
• Industrialization created environmental problems.
• Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poisons the soil.

Question 5.
What are the social costs of development? Give examples.
Answer:
The social costs of development are quite high. Because of the construction of huge dams, industrial works, mining and such other things many people had to be sent away from their abodes and they had to be rehabilitated elsewhere. Because of the loss of their homes and land, the people lose their means of livelihood and poverty is the result. They lose their traditional job skills. They also lose their cultural moorings. For example, for the development of the Kannur airport, many families had to be evacuated.

Question 6.
Discuss some of the ecological costs of development pursued in most countries.
Answer:
The ecological costs of development are beyond calculation. Still, environmental destruction goes on. Here are some of the ill-effects of development:
a. Air and water pollution.
b. Increase in global warming (increase in the warmth of the atmosphere because of the emission of green gases).
c. Depletion of the Ozone layer (CFCs – Chlorofluorocarbons – used in air-conditioners, etc. cover the atmosphere and this results in the depletion.)
d. Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poison the soil.
e. The ruin caused to the flora and fauna.
f. Overuse of non-renewable sources of energy and the resultant environmental damage.
g. Deforestation and its ill-effects.

Question 7.
Economic growth cannot be assessed by the number of cell-phones in the country. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I agree with this statement. Because of the globalization policy and the progress in technology cell-phones have become very common and cheap. Even very poor people can afford to have cell-phones now. Therefore looking at the number of cell-phones in the country, its development cannot be assessed.

Question 8.
Prepare a note on Human Development Index (HDI).
Answer:
The HDI is used to measure the welfare of a country. It is the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) that prepares this. Three things are taken into consideration for making HDI. They are:
a) Life Span,
b) Education and
c) Standard of Living.
According to the 2010 HDI, India’s rank is 119.

Question 9.
Identify the factors standing in the way of India’s development.
Answer:
Some of the factors standing in the way of India’s development are poverty, unemployment, feudalism, inequality, casteism, corruption, communalism, nepotism, lack of basic infrastructure, illiteracy, lack of capital, energy crisis, lack of latest technology and environmental challenges.

Question 10.
Joby: There are several limitations for the present development models.
Jornon : They can be overcome by a new development strategy.
On the basis on this conversation, prepare a note on the alternative concepts of development.
Answer:
There are certain shortcomings in the present development models. By solving those shortcomings and employing a new strategy we can bring progress in all spheres. Here are some suggestions:
a) Respect people’s rights: When development projects are implemented, it may be beneficial to some sections of the society but harmful to others. For example, when an airport’ is constructed it will help in increasing travel facilities but it will adversely affect many others who will have to be relocated to other places. Their rights for equality, freedom, justice, and democracy are also to be respected in the alternative concept of development.
b) Another problem that is stressed in the alternative concept of development is about the ownership of natural resources. Whose are they? Are they of the local people, of the nation or of the entire humanity? If the natural resources are owned by mankind, even the future generation has some claim on them. It is the duty of the government to solve all these problems.
c) Ensure people participation in the development models.
d) Development and environmental protection should go hand in hand.

Question 11.
Narrate how development and lifestyle are related to each other.
Answer:
Development and lifestyle should conform to the environmental well-being. People should try to protect natural resources and use renewable energy sources. Rainwater harvesting, solar and biogas plants, small scale hydroelectric projects, manufacturing organic fertilizers, etc. are related to lifestyle.

Question 12.
What can be the role of democracy in development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. Real development ensures the protection of the democratic rights of the society.

Question 13.
Name some of the organizations for environmental protection.
Answer:

• Narmada BachaoAndolan
• Chipko Movement
• Satra-Sahitya Parishad
• Go-Green

Question 14.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 15.
What do you man Basic Needs Approach?
Answer:
Basic Needs Approach is a process that ensures man’s basic needs like food, education, health, shelter, etc. If the basic needs of a person are not satisfied, he can’t live a decent life or progress in life as he desires. According to this view starvation deaths and child labor are indicators of nondevelopment.

Question 16.
Prepare a note on world efforts to protect environment and sustainable development.
Answer:
It was in the 19th century that organizations for the protection of environment originated. They came as a protest against industrialization. But it was in the second half o the 20th century that environmental protection attracted world attention. This awakening was caused by the book “The Quiet Spring” written by the American scientist Rachel Carson. She warned the world against the overuse of fertilizers and insecticides which harm man and nature. It paved the away to establish a new discipline called Environmental Knowledge. Many environmental organizations are active now for the protection of the environment. There are Movements for the preservation of forests, against the construction of huge dams and for preserving rivers.

Green Peace, World Life Fund and Chipko Movement are famous environmental organizations. Chipko Movement was organized to protect the Himalayan forests. Environmentalists say that man must learn to co-exist with Nature in a mutually beneficial way. Man should not exploit nature for his greed and selfishness. Now people are overexploiting natural resources. If we go on like this we will be leaving only deserts, poisoned rivers and polluted atmosphere to the future generations. They ask the government to implement plans to make industries eco-friendly. The 1992 Rio (in Brazil) Earth Summit asked the government s to ensure that development is in conformity with the protection of nature and the environment. This development model is known as sustainable development.

Question 17.
It was …….. who developed the Human Development Index.
Answer:
Mehboob-UI-Haq

Question 18.
Who wrote the book ‘Silent Spring’?
Answer:
Rachel Carson

Question 19.
In which did the Earth Summit take place?
a) 1990
b) 1992
c) 1998
d) 2002
Answer:
1992

Question 20.
Development in which the environment is protected is called ……….
Answer:
Sustainable Development

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Peace

Peace Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Peace.
Answer:
Peace is the absence of war, revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks. The satyagraha and non-violence preached by our Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi was for peace.

Question 2.
“Peace is generally defined as the absence of war.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
I don’t agree with it fully. It is not merely the absence of war, but also the absence of violent acts like revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks.

Question 3.
There are several great personalities who tried to maintain world peace. Name some of them.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Mother Theresa, Martin Luther King (Jr), Abraham Lincoln.

Question 4.
Point out some events that destroyed world peace.
Answer:
Attack on the World Trade Centre
Terrorist attacks by Al-Qaida terrorists
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.

Question 5.
There are different kinds of structural violence arising from several sources. What does structural violence mean? What are its different forms?
Answer:
Structural violence is the violence that originates from social institutions and practices. Casteism, Class distinction, male domination, colonialism, tribalism, racism, communalism, etc. can produce structural violence.

Question 6.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 7.
Which day is observed as the International Peace Day?
Answer:
27

Question 8.
Observe the picture. In our patriarchal society, discrimination against women is ever increasing day by day. Identify them.

Answer:

• Dowry-related violence
• Domestic violence
• Not giving women proper representation
• Not giving equality in religious matters
• Rapes and molestations
• Female foeticide

Question 9.
There are three different approaches in pursuit of peace. Explain those approaches.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.
The UNO, which was formed to maintain world peace and to prevent wars, has all these 3 approaches.

Question 10.
Name the organizations working for maintaining world peace.
Answer:

• World Red Cross Society
• Gandhi Peace Foundation
• United Nations Organization
• Non-Aligned Movement

Question 11.
Do you think that violence can ever promote peace?
Answer:
No, it can’t. Violence is not a means of peace. Non-violence is the way to lasting peace.

Question 12.
Evaluate Gandhiji’s approach to non-violence.
Answer:
The greatest pers5n who argued for peace and non-violence in the 20th century was Gandhiji. He argued for non-violent resistance. Gandhiji used to say: “The goal does not justify the means. Just like the goal, the means also must be pure.” There are people who consider non-violence as helplessness and cowardice. Some people argue that non-violence is the means of protest of the weak. But Gandhiji put forward a new kind of non-violence. According to Gandhiji, non-violence isn’t merely not harming a person physically or mentally, but also keeping away from thoughts of harming him.

Gandhiji gave non-violence a creative meaning. To him, non-violence should be an active power to do things for the welfare of others. Non-violent resistance can take the form of protects. Civil Disobedience Movement was such a protest. Another form was satyagraha. The Civil Disobedience Movement and the satyagraha Gandhiji organized put the British in a dilemma. People like Martin Luther King (Jr) and Nelson Mandela were influenced by Gandhiji.

Question 13.
“Often the State creates obstacles to peace.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I do agree with it. There are countries in the world which encourage and support terrorism.

Question 14.
Prepare a note on the contemporary challenges to peace in the world.
Answer:
The UNO and World Peace: The primary objective of the UNO is international peace and security. Although the UNO has been able to prevent wars and establish peace in many parts of the world, it is controlled by Western Powers and this is a threat to world peace. Terrorism: The attack on the World Trade Centre on II September 2001 was a big shock to the endeavors to peace in the world. Terrorists have chemical, biological and atomic weapons in their possession and this is a great threat to world peace. Ethnic Cleansing: Secessionist Movements, Racism, etc. are great threats to peace. The non-cooperation of many countries in Disarmament is also a challenge to world peace.

Question 15.
Match the following

Answer:

Question 16.
Suggest 3 approaches to maintain peace.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.

Question 17.
Point out non-violent efforts to promote peace.
Answer:
Lovers of peace recommend protests like Civil Disobedience when struggling against exploitative governments. Satyagraha used by Gandhiji during our independence struggle is an example for this. Through Satyagraha Gandhiji tried to awaken the sense of justice and fair play in the British. When he failed there, he organized Civil Disobedience Movement. This Movement breached some harsh laws and put moral and political pressure on the British government. Although non-violent, these things shook the foundations of the British Raj. Getting inspired by Gandhiji, Martin Luther King (Jr) started a similar movement in the US. He led protests against the discrimination against Blacks in the 1960s.

Question 18.
What is usually defined as ‘the absence of war’?
Answer:
Peace

Question 19.
Who is the spokesperson of Non-Violence?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 20.
From the following, find out the form of structural violence:
a) Caste hierarchy
b) Class difference
c) Colonialism
d) all of these
Answer:
all of these

Question 21.
Causing physical injury is usually called
Answer:
Violence

You can Download Secularism Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 8 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Secularism

Secularism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by secularism?
Answer:
When a country has no official religion and its Constitution grants the individuals and society religious freedom, it will be called a secular nation. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies. India is a secular State whereas Pakistan is a theocracy.

Question 2.
Which among the following are compatible with the idea of secularism? Give reasons.
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) Government recognizes one religion as official.
iii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iv) Making prayers compulsory in schools.
v) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
vi) Government appointing managing committees for temples.
vii) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
Answer:
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iii) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
iv) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
All the above 4 things encourage secularism.

Question 3.
Explain the right to freedom of religion.
Answer:
Freedom of Religion is the basic tenet of secularism. Through the Fundamental Rights, the Indian Constitution has given the right to its citizens to believe in the religion of their choice, to establish places of worship and worship there and to propagate their religion. Articles 25 to 30 deal with secularism. In the Preamble also there is a declaration that India is a secular State.

Question 4.
Give the meaning of a secular state.
Answer:
India is a secular State. India has no official religion. The Constitution promises freedom of religion to individuals and the society. The Nation does not insist on people following any particular religion and it does not discriminate against any religion. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies.

In India, the Government is concerned with the social, economic and political wellbeing of the people. Spiritual matters are left to individuals. In its Preamble and the Fundamental Rights, the Constitution proves that India is a secular State. Indian citizens have the freedom to choose the religion of their liking. Article 25 of the Constitution grants religious freedom to people subject to peace and morality. People can follow any religion and also propagate it. The Nation has ensured the necessary conditions for secularism.

Question 5.
Suggest the ways in which communal harmony can be promoted.
Answer:
a) Encourage humanitarian ideas.
b) Limit religion to your personal life.
c) Encourage marriage between members of different religions.
d) Encourage religious tolerance.
e) Encourage the participation of the members of other religions in your religious celebrations.
f) Ostracise people who tend to spread religious animosity.
g) Include the basic ideas of secularism in the school curriculum.

Question 6.
Some of the characteristics of Western and Indian model of secularism have got mixed up in the following table. Separate them and make a new table.

Answer:

Question 7.
Do you think a secular state is necessary to establish secularism?
Answer:
Yes, I do. To establish secularism a secular state is necessary. In Theocracy which is the opposite of secular state, the State has an official religion. The State gives special consideration to develop that religion. Therefore the rights of other religious groups will be ignored. In a secular state, all religions are treated equally and so for having secularism a secular state is essential.

Question 8.
Religious domination is of two types. Identify them.
Answer:
a) Inter-Religious Domination
b) Intra-Religious Domination

Question 9.
Point out the activities against secularism in our society.
Answer:
a) Compulsory religious conversion.
b) Persecution of minorities
c) Pleasing the minorities (Minoritism)
d) Casteism and religious chauvinism
e) Vote Bank Politics
f) Demand for Secession.

Question 10.
Is religious freedom a fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes, it is.

Question 11.
Complete the following chart.
Answer:

Answer:

Question 12.
Do you think that vote bank politics is against secularism in India?
Answer:
Yes, I do. If political parties make promises to religious groups, when they come to power they have to do something for those groups as a matter of showing gratitude. Such actions will be anti¬secular and will be against the common good of the nation.

Question 13.
Secularism does not allow us to have religious identity. Do you agree?
Answer:
No, I don’t. In a secular state one can believe in the religion of his choice, worship the god he likes and can propagate his religion if he wants. Therefore the concept of secularism is not anti-religious. Secularism ensures equal rights and equal consideration,to all religions. It does not also distinguish between theists and atheists.

Question 15.
“Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.” Give your opinion.
Answer:
I agree with the statement. The basic tenet of secularism is that all members of the same religious group must have equal rights. An example can be seen in the interference of the government against the social evils that were prevalent in Hinduism. There was the Temple Entry Declaration. Through that all Hindus were allowed entry into the temple. In the same way inequalities among different religious groups are not encouraged by the State.

Question 16.
Prepare a seminar paper on “Criticism of Indian Secularism”.
Answer:
The +1 students of HSS Irinjalakuda organized a seminar on the topic “Criticism of Indian Secularism”. The students were divided into 6 groups. Each group discussed the topic and,the group leaders presented the points in the class.
a) Anti-Religious: Some people argue that secularism is anti-religious. The reason for this belief is the fact that secularism is against the dominance of established powerful religions. But this and anti¬religion are quite different. Some people also argue that secularism is a threat to individual’s religion.
This also is wrong. Secularism nourishes religious freedom. It is not a threat to a person’s religion or his beliefs. But secularism is against certain questionable practices like propagating violence, intolerance and fanaticism. Secularism encourages the good things in religion but opposes the bad things.
b) Western Import: Another criticism is that Indian secularism is related to Christianity. It means secularism is something Western and it is inappropriate with Indian circumstances. This s a strange argument. Don’t we see thousands of things around us which are not Indian?
If people say that when a country is secular it should have its own goal it is good and relevant. Western secularism came as a challtenge to the religious leaders who tried to control the social and political matters of the nation. Then how can it be said that Western secularism is connected to Christianity? Moreover Western secularism asks religion and government to keep their hands off each other. For the idea of separating the state form religion, different societies give different interpretations. A secular government keeps a respectable distance from religion. It is done to maintain peace among different communities. At the same time the government will interfere for the protection of minority rights.
c) Minoritism: This is another criticism that is levelled against Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism stands for the rights of minorities. Let’s look at this example: 4 people are traveling in a train. One wants to smoke. Another person objects. The other two are smokers and so they keep quiet. So there is a problem. If a decision is to be taken democratically, and the matter put to vote, the person objecting to smoking will lose. It may look just. But is it just if we look from the angle of the person who objected to smoking? He may be allergic to smoke. Here the voting system does not work. Here the right of minority should be protected.
d) Vote Bank Politics: Another criticism is that Indian secularism encourages vote bank politics. From experience, this criticism is not fully unjustified. It has to be assessed correctly. It is natural that in a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.
e) Interventionist: Critics argue that Indian secularism has a controlling nature and it interferes in the religious freedom of various communities. This is a wrong interpretation of Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism does not deny the idea that government should not interfere in religious matters. But it does not approve over-interference in religious affairs. Indian secularism keeps a principled-distance from religion. This means government may or may not interfere in religious affairs. This interference is not by the use of force.
f) Impossible Project: Critics say that it is difficult for people with so much of religious differences to live together in peace and therefore secularism is impractical and thus invalid. This is a wrong argument. The history of Indian civilization and that of the Ottoman Empire show that peaceful co¬existence is possible even with different religions. Indian secularism has become a model for other countries to emulate. The effects of globalization have helped here. With increased globalization, there has been an increased migration of people all over the world. From the ex-colonies, people migrated into the Western world. This made religious diversities become strong in Europe, America and some parts of West Asia.

Question 16.
Who used the term secularism for the first time?
Answer:
George Holyoake, a British writer used the term secularism for the first time, in 1851.

Question 17.
Prepare a note on Vote Bank Politics.
Answer:
It is natural that in, a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.

It is true that if the interests of the majority are sacrificed for the interest of the minorities, there will be another kind of injustice. But in India, we have no proof that such a thing has ever happened. In short, there is nothing wrong in Vote Bank Politics. Only unjust vote bank politics should be criticized.

Question 18.
It was …………. who used the term ‘secularism’ for the first time.
Answer:
George Holyoake

Question 19.
Which among the following can be considered as criticisms against Indian secularism?
a) Anti-religious
b) Minoritism
c) Western import
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 20.
………… is opposed to any kind of religious dominance.
Answer:
Secularism

Question 21.
Two models of secularism are……….. and ……………
Answer:
Western and Indian

You can Download Changing Cultural Traditions Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 7 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Changing Cultural Traditions

Question 1.
Plenty of facts are available about the history of Europe from the 14^th century. Explain.
Answer:
Plenty of facts are available to us to understand the history of Europe from the 14^th century. They include documents, printed books, artworks, sculptures, buildings, and clothes. In Europe and America, they have been carefully preserved. The first person who taught people the importance of preserving historical evidences was Leopold von Ranke, the famous German historian. He said that the most important responsibility of a historian is writing about nations and their politics and to do that a historian must make use of different documents and files in the various government departments.

Question 2.
During the period of Renaissance, the Italian cities revived. Evaluate the validity of this statement.
Answer:
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many of the Italian cities which were the centres of political and cultural activities faced ruin. There was no unified government in Italy. Although the Pope was a sovereign in his own nation, he did not have any appearance of a ruler of strength. As Islam was building up a common culture outside Europe, Italy was a weak and scattered place. But the Renaissance slowly helped the revival of Italy.

When trade between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries increased, the Italian ports were re-energized. From the 12th century, when the Mongols began trade with China through the silk route, the trade between some Oriental countries and Europe increased. Some Italian cities had their role in this expansion of trade.

Question 3.
“Humanism is part of a curriculum.” Based on this statement, write about the features of humanism and its relation with the Universities.
Answer:
Humanism is an important feature of Renaissance. The Italian cities and universities played a major role in the growth of humanism. The first universities of Europe were started in Italian cities. From 11^th century onwards universities in Padua aid Bologna there were centres of law studies. Since the main business in the cities was trade, there was a great need for pleaders and notaries. To enact laws and to interpret them and to make written agreements, their service was essential. So law became an important subject in universities. Since law is an important discipline in Humanities, humanism became a major part of the curriculum.

Question 4.
Who is “Renaissance Man”? Explain.
Answer:
The term Renaissance Man is used to mean a person with different interests and capabilities. It was a common term used for showing that a person is an exceptional one. Since the famous people or the geniuses of those times came from different countries, this term was used to refer to anyone of them. The leaders of Renaissance were people that were simultaneously experts in scholarship, diplomacy, theology, and art.

Question 5.
“Humanists divided history into many eras.” This is an opinion Biju expressed in a classroom discussion. Do you agree with him? Can you approve of this division of history by the humanists? Explain.
Answer:
Humanists divided history into the following Ages:

1. 5^thcentury to the 14^thcentury – Middle Ages.
2. From the 15^thcentury onwards-Modern Age.

The Middle Ages Period was further subdivided like this:

1. 5^th to the 9^thcentury – Dark Age.
2. 10^th to 11^thcentury – Early Middle Age.
3. 11^th to 14^thcentury – Late Middle Age.

This division of history into various Ages by humanists was later approved by scholars. But recently some historians questioned this division. They disagreed with the idea of dividing centuries into Ages depending on the dynamics of culture. They felt that calling and depicting a period as Dark Age is not appropriate.

Question 6.
The Arabs have contributed greatly to the growth of Renaissance Science and philosophy. Discuss.
Answer:
The monks and priests of the Middle Ages were familiar with the writings of the Greeks and Romans. But they did not do anything to popularise these writings. In the 14^thcentury, many scholars started reading the translated works of Greek writers like Plato and Aristotle. For this they, the scholars, are indebted to the Arab translators. It was the Arabs that carefully preserved the old manuscripts and translated them.

The works of Greek writers were available to the European scholars in two ways. They were able to read them through Arabic translations. Moreover, the works of Arabic Persian scholars were translated by Greeks and thus they too became available to the Europeans.

All these books were about Nature Science, Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicine, and Chemistry. Four most important scholars that contributed greatly to the growth of Renaissance Science and philosophy
were: Ptolemy, Avicenna, al-Rasi and Ibh Rasheed.

Question 7.
Realism was The most important feature of Renaissance Art. What is realism? How did it reflect in the Renaissance Art? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it.

To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human. body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor at the Padua University. This greatly helped the modem anatomical studies. Renaissance artists wanted to present things as they were.

Question 8.
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting (drawing), sculpture and architecture. Explain with examples.
Answer:
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture: The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal.

Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral.

There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Question 9.
“It was not the Europeans that discovered printing, Sini.
“It was Gutenberg who discovered printing,” Shamir.
With whose opinion do you agree? Along with your views, write about the changes printing brought in society.
Answer:
The greatest discovery of the 16th century was the “printing press”. It is true that printing was not originally discovered by the Europeans. For printing, the Europeans must be indebted to the Chinese and the Mongolian rulers. When European traders and diplomats visited the royal courts of the Chinese and Mongol rulers, they learned some things about printing. This helped the Europeans to develop their own printing. Even gun powder, magnetic compass, and abacus were developed this way.

Before the advent of printing, books existed in the form of manuscripts. But the invention of the printing machine by Gutenberg started the printing revolution.

Question 10.
Humanists brought a new concept about human beings. Discuss.
Answer:
Humanists gave importance to ways of good conduct. They suggested how people should talk politely and dress decently. They also pointed out the characteristics a cultured person should have. Humanism taught that people have the capacity to make a good life even without power and wealth. It taught that human nature had different aspects and some of them were against the three special aspects which the feudal society thought essential for attaining a satisfactory life.

Question 11.
During the period of Renaissance, the role of women in public life was very limited. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
The dowry which women received at the time of marriage was invested in the business of their husbands, but they did not have the right to interfere in business affairs or have their say in any such matters. Very often marriage alliances were used to strengthen, businesses. It was usual for parents to send their daughters to convents to become nuns if they could not find the dowry necessary for their marriage. The role of women in public life was very limited. The society looked at them as keepers of the house, housewives.

Question 12.
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. Based on this statement, prepare a seminar paper.
Answer:
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. The leader of this movement was a young priest named Martin Luther (1433-1546). He started strong propaganda against the vices and evil practices that were rampant in the Catholic Church at that time. He argued that there was no need for an intermediary between an individual and God. He asked his followers to rely entirely on God. He taught that only good faith and would lead them to a good life and to heaven.

The religious reform movement caused a split in the Catholic Church. The Churches in Germany and Switzerland ended all their relations with the Catholic Church and the Pope. The people who went out of the Catholic Church were named “Protestants” as they protested against the Church.

The ideas of Luther were propagated in Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1534). Later John Calvin (1509-64) gave strong leadership to the Protestant Movement there.

The reformers had the support of merchants. Therefore they got great support in the.cities. But in the rural areas, the Catholic Church was able to maintain its supremacy. Among the German reformists, there were also the Anabaptists who wanted radical changes in Christianity. They considered the concept of heaven as freedom from all kinds of social persecutions. Anabaptists argued that since all people were created equal there was no need for anybody to pay taxes. They also taught that people should have the right to elect their own priests. The farmers who were suffering under the feudal lords were deeply impressed by these new ideas and they welcomed them.

The farmers of Germany who were inspired by the ideas of Luther and Anabaptists organised strong protests against their persecutors. But Luther was not in agreement with those who wanted radical changes. So he exhorted the German rulers to suppress the peasant revolts. In 1525, with the support of Luther, the protests were successfully suppressed.

But Radicalism survived all these oppositions. In France, the radicals joined with the Protestants. The Catholic authorities in France were cruelly persecuting the Protestants there. The Protestants argued that they have a right to remove the Persecutor and elect a new person according to the will of the people. Following this, France also, like other European countries, recognized the Protestant religion.

The Catholic Church allowed the Protestants to have their own way of worship. In England also there was a reform movement. The rulers of England ended ail their relations with the Pope. The King or Queen of England became the Head of the Church there.

To face the Protestant Revolt, the Catholic Church began to bring in reforms. These efforts of the Church to reform itself are collectively called Counter-Reformation. The priests of Spain and Italy stressed the importance of living simple lives and serving the poor.

In Spain St. Ignatius Loyola led the efforts to reform the Catholic Church. To face the Protestant threat, in 1540, he founded a Congregation called the “Society of Jesus”. The members of this Congregation are called Jesuits. Their goal was to serve the poor and enlarge their knowledge of other faiths.

Question 13
The Christian concept of the Universe was proved wrong by Copernicus. Based on this statement, examine the astronomical revolution brought by Copernicus.
Answer:
It was Copernicus, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

Question 14.
The Heliocentric Theory of Copernicus was taken forward by Johannes Kepler and Galilei Galileo. Do you agree with this view? Explain.
Answer:
The theory of Copernicus was approved by people Only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve around the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course.

Question 15.
What is Science Revolution? What are the contributions made by Science Groups towards the propagation of the ideas of the Science Revolution?
Answer:
The work of thinkers like Galileo showed that it was not belief but knowledge that is the basis of observations and tests. By moving through these paths shown by the scientists, physics, chemistry, and biology made fast growth. This new approach to man and nature is called the ‘Science Revolution’ by historians. Because of the science revolution, atheist and non-believers in any religion started looking at Nature, and not God, as the creator of things. Even those who retained their faith in God started thinking of God as a distant power who does not interfere in the day-to-day working of the world.

Question 16.
“The Renaissance era was completely different from the past,” Shibu.
“The Renaissance is a rebirth of the Greco-Roman traditions,” Babu.
“The period before the Renaissance was a Dark Period,” Razia.
Based on these paradoxical views, examine the concept of Renaissance.
Answer:
Peter Burke, a modem historian from England, says that by using, the term Renaissance Jakob Burckhardt exaggerated the difference between the periods before it and after it. Peter Burke added that it would mean that during the Renaissance period the Greco-Roman cultures revived and the scholars and artists accepted the Christian view of the world instead of the pre-Christian view.

Both these arguments are exaggerated in their own ways. The scholars before the Renaissance were familiar with the then cultures and therefore. It would be incorrect to say that the cultures had a rebirth. In the case of religion also there was no serious departure from the past. Religion continued to be an essential part of the life of people.

The Humanist historians pictured Renaissance as a period of energy and artistic creativity. At the same time, they considered the Middle Ages as a park Period with no development at all.

Many of the features of Renaissance could be seen in Italy in the 12^th and 13^th centuries. But some historians point out that even in the 9^th Century France there were literary and artistic development like those of the Renaissance period.

You can Download Writing and City Life Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 2 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Writing and City Life

Question 1.
For recreating Mesopotamian history the most important sources are archaeological evidences. How do you evaluate this statement?
Answer:
Archaeological excavations were started, in Mesopotamia in the 1840s. Excavations in sites like Uruk and Mari continued for decades. The hundreds of buildings, statues, tombs, tools and seals in Mesopotamia and the thousands of written documents are useful sources in recreating Mesopotamian history.

Question 2.
Iraq is a land with different physical features. Explain.
Answer:
Iraq is a land with widely different physical features. In its North-Eastern region, there are green plains, rivers with their banks full of trees and hills covered with all sorts of flowers. There is enough rain for cultivating different crops. Agriculture started here between BC 7000 and 6000. On the Northern side of Iraq there is a grassy plain. This place was suitable for grazing cattle. Naturally, the people here got a better life than those of mere agricultural farmers.

In the Eastern side there were the tributaries of River Tigris and they offered excellent travel facilities towards the hilly regions. The southern side is a desert. It is in Iraq that the first writings and urban life started. The fertile silt deposited by Euphrates and Tigris Rivers made this area very suitable for cultivation and therefore it could nurture urban life.

Question 3.
Agriculture was a main occupation of Mesopotamian people. What were their other occupations?
Answer:
Cattle herding and fishing.

Question 4.
Urban life is very important. Explain the importance of urban life in Mesopotamia.
Answer:

1. Mutual dependence (between cities & cities, between cities & villages).
2. Division of labour
3. Social organizations.

Question 5.
In Mesopotamia minerals were rare. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Mesopotamia was rich in food supplies. But minerals were rate there. In many parts of southern Mesopotamia, there weren’t enough stones to make work tools, seals and ornaments. The wood of the date palms and poplar trees of Iraq was not capable of being used in carts and wheels as it was too soft and brittle.

There weren’t minerals for making work tools, seals, pots, pans, and ornaments. Therefore the Mesopotamians got their clothes, timber, copper, lead, silver, gold, shells and different types of stones from Turkey and Iran.

Question 6.
Prepare a seminar paper on the Mesopotamian writing technique.
Answer:
Areas to be considered:

1. The development of writing
2. System of writing
3. Uses of writing

The development of writing: AH societies have languages. Certain sounds in the language give certain meanings. This is verbal exchange. When speech sounds are represented in visible forms, we have writing or script. Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand, The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that, the clay-slate is dried in the sun. This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates couldn’t be used again for writing other things.

System of Writing: A cuneiform symbol does not represent a mere consonant or vowel sound, but a number of letters. Therefore a Mesopotamian script writer had to leam hundreds of symbols. He should have had the competence to handle a wet clay-slate and write on it before it goes dry. Thus writing on the clay-slate was a highly skilled job. It was an intellectual exercise which translated the sound system of a language into a visible format.

Uses of Writing: Writing has given man invaluable contributions. There was a close tie between the writing of Mesopotamia and its urban life and trade. It was the kings that linked writing with trade.

Writing was used to store information and to exchange messages. Many saw Mesopotamian writing as a sign proclaiming the dominance of Mesopotamian urban culture.

The writing helped in communicating with other regions culturally and economically and to do the buying and selling on the basis of written agreements. In short, writing made trading easier. Writing helped in maintaining accounts and in keeping laws recorded. It was also useful for literary creations.

Question 7.
In South Mesopotamia, there were three kinds of cities. Which were they?
Answer:

1. Cities that grew around temples.
2. Cities that grew into commercial and trade centres.
3. Imperial Cities.

Question 8.
It was the control over the temples that helped kings to exercise their authority over people. Do you agree with this view? Justify.
Answer:
In due course, new institutions and traditions developed in the society. Powerful nobles began to work for their own welfare and also for the welfare of their community. The successful nobles attacked the weaker ones and looted precious things from them and gave them to the gods, beautifying the temples. They proclaimed themselves to be kings. They sent people around and got.stones and minerals for the prosperity of the community and also their gods. They also took steps to distribute the temple property efficiently. This helped the kings to get high status and authority over the people. In short, it was their control over the temples that helped them to have power over the people.

Question 9.
There used to be confrontations between the shepherds and farmers of Mari. Why?
Answer:
When the shepherds passed with their flocks through the sown fields, the plants got destroyed. This destruction of the crops caused conflicts between the shepherds and farmers. Sometimes the nomadic shepherds attacked agricultural villages and forcefully took away things which the villagers had stored. Farmers, on their side, often refused to let the shepherds and their flock move.to the river through their farms. They also refused to give water from their canals to the shepherds and their flocks causing friction.

Question 10.
For the Mesopotamians, urban life was very important. Examine the validity of this statement in the background of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Answer:
Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem that shows the love and pride the Mesopotamians felt for their cities. This poem has 12 parts and it is at the end of the poem that their pride for their cities has been shown. Gilgamesh was the king of the city of Uruk. He was a great warrior and he conquered even faraway places.

The death of his close friend was a turning point in the fife of Gilgamesh. f he shock inflicted on him by v the death of his friend persuaded him to embark on a journey seeking the mystery of immortality. He crossed mountains and seas, but his journey was a failure and he returned to his city Uruk. He tried to console and comfort himself by walking on the city wall this way and that way.

The wall was built with baked bricks and he looked at the base of the wall with admiration. He wrote the epic poem sitting on the wall. He was able to find consolation by unburdening his load of sorrow bn the wall which his people had built. The pride he felt helped him to overcome his sorrow. The epic of Gilgamesh makes it clear that the city was like life-giving oxygen to the Mesopotamians.

Question 11.
Describe the power of the Mesopotamian writing in the background of discoveries in the field of mathematics and astrology.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact, their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it. The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix the time of things and mathematics.

In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

You can Download Changing Traditions Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 6 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Changing Traditions

Question 1.
It was Marc Bloch who wrote the best historical book on Feudalism. Based on this statement, write about the contributions of Marc Bloch.
Answer:
Marc Bloch (1886-1944) was one of the people who believed that there are more important things in history than political events, international relations and the lives of great persons. Marc Bloch stressed the importance of geography in the making of human history. He also pointed out the importance of understanding the attitude and behaviour of social groups. His most important book is “Feudal Society”. It especially studies French society between 900 and 1300 AD. This deals with extensively with the social hierarchies, social relations, ownership and management of land and the popular culture of those days.

Question 2.
The region called Gaul later became France. On the basis of this statement, write about the early history of France.
Answer:
The early history of France-:
481 : Clovis-becomes the king of Franks.
486 : Clovis and the Franks attack north Gaul.
496 : Clovis and the Franks become Christians.
714 : Charles Martel becomes the’ Mayor of the Palace.
751 : Martel’s son Pepin overthrows the Frankish ruler and becomes the king, founding a new dynasty. Through conquests, he doubles the territory of his country.
768 : After Pepin, his son Charlemagne becomes the king.
800 : Pope Leo ill gives Charlemagne the title “Holy Roman Emperor”.
840 : From 840, there were attacks by the Vikings of Norway.

Question 3.
Priests were the first order. What were the other orders?
Answer:
The three orders were Priestly Class, Nobles, and Farmers.

Question 4.
Not everyone could become a priest. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge, estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows.

Question 5.
The Catholic Church and Feudalism shared many things. Do you agree with this viewpoint? Critically examine the.relations between the Church and Feudalism.
Answer:
The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers, the Church collected tithes. One-tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practiced in the Church. For example, the practice of praying to stand on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly, the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

Question 6.
Abbeys were different from churches. Explain how abbeys were different from churches in their structures.
Answer:
Devout Christians established abbeys that were different from churches. The monks who lived in the abbeys were not like the priests who lived among the people of cities and villages. The monies lived secluded lives. They stayed in small communities of religious people. The places where they stayed were called abbeys or monasteries. Monasteries were usually away from crowded centres. The persons who stayed in the abbeys were monks and their head was called Abbot.

There were many monasteries. But two of them became very famous. One was in Subiaco, Italy which was founded in 529 by St. Benedict. The other is the Cluny Abbey in Burgundy which was founded in 910.

The monks pledge to stay in the abbeys for the rest of their lives and spend their time in prayers, studies, farming, and other physical work. Women also could take religious vows and become Nuns. Nuns stayed in Convents. The nuns also could not marry.

Question 7.
The Abbeys have given great contributions to social and cultural spheres. Explain.
Answer:
The early abbeys were small communities with some 10 or 20 monks in each. But later they grew in size and some abbeys had hundreds of members. They . had big buildings and large estates. They also built schools, colleges, and hospitals around the abbeys. These abbeys have given great contributions in the spheres of Art and Knowledge. Abbot Hildegard was a gifted musician. The monks played a big role in the common collective prayers of the Congregations. They had kept copies of manuscripts of great books. This helped the growth of knowledge.

Question 8.
Writers have pointed out some drawbacks of the abbeys. Explain with examples.
Answer:
By the 14^th century, the abbeys started showing signs of unhealthy things. Some of them lost their values and forgot their goals. Then the writers started severely criticising and even mocking the monasteries. Langland’s ‘Pierce Plowman’ and Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” mock at the luxurious lives of some monks.

Question 9.
The Catholic Society welcomed the Holy Days. Why? Describe the reasons based on the relations between the Church and society.
Answer:
Christians started celebrating the 25th of December as the birthday of Christ (Christmas) and his resurrection after death as Easter. For the hardworking peasants, these were days free from work and they heartily welcomed them. Although these days were dedicated to prayers, people used most of the time for entertainment and feasting.

Question 10.
The economic base of feudalism is manorial estates. What are manorial estates? Explain their special features.
Answer:
A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate, there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates, there could be 50 or 60 families. The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the .herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

Question 11.
The social importance of the nobles came from their control over the land. Based on this statement explain the meaning of vassalage.
Answer:
It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king”. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land; to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

Question 12.
A manor was not fully self-sufficient. Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.
Answer:
It is true that a manor was not fully self-sufficient, It needed salt, grinding stone and metallic pots from outside. Similarly, the nobles got their luxury items like musical instruments, home appliances and ornaments from outside.

Question 13
Knights were warriors and related to the nobles. Find out how knighthood originated and the knights kept up their relations with the nobles.
Answer:
From the 9^th century onwards, there used to be regional wars in Europe. The peasant soldiers were not competent enough to win these battles. There was a need for a good cavalry. This need resulted in the formation of a new group of people known as knights. The knights were soldiers or warriors. They were related to the nobles. The noble gave the knight an area of land called fief and the knight pledged to protect it. Fief Gould be transferred hereditarily. A fief could be anything between 1000 to 2000 acres. It had a house in which the knight and family could live, a church, a watermill, and a vinery. The land was used by the knight and he promised to fight for the noble. To maintain their physical fitness the knights engaged in different kinds of training and sports. A knight could serve more than one noble. But his real loyalty was to his particular noble who had given him his fief.

Question 14.
Farmers were of two kinds. Explain.
Answer:
Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers.

Question 15.
Feudalism developed in England from the 11^th century. Based on this statement describe how feudalism grew in England.
Answer:
Feudalism developed in England from the 11^th century. The Angles and Saxons from Central Europe had started living in England in the 6^th century. The name England is a distortion of ‘Arigleland’.

In the 11^th century William, the Duke of Normandy crossed the English Channel with an army and defeated the Saxon king. From then onwards, England and France became bitter enemies. They often fought with each other for lands and trade. William, I made a map of the country and distributed it among the 180 Norman Nobles who had migrated to England with him. These Nobles became the king’s most important vassals. They had to give the king military service. They also had the obligation to give a fixed number of knights to the king. Soon the nobles started giving part of their land to the knights.

In return, the knights had to give similar services to, The lords as the lords were giving to the king. But the nobles could not use the knights for their private wars, as it was prohibited in England. Anglo-Saxon farmers became the serfs of the landowners. This is how feudalism grew in England.

Question 16.
Prepare a seminar paper showing the factors that affected the social and economic relations during the feudal age.
Answer:
During the feudal era, there were many processes that completely changed the prevailing social and economic relations. The factors that caused these changes were mainly the Environment, use of land and new agricultural technology.

From the 5^th century to the 10^th century, most parts of Europe were covered by dense forests. Naturally, these were very little agricultural land. Dissatisfied farmers ran away into the forests to escape from persecutions by their angry lords or knights. At this time Europe had a very cold climate. Extended winter periods adversely affected agriculture and crops. Production was drastically reduced.

But from the 11^th century, there were changes in the environment. The climate became warmer and the average warmth increased. This change in the climate was suitable for agriculture. Since there wasn’t much snow and ice, the farmers could plough and cultivate the land for longer periods.

Environmental historians show that in many parts of Europe forests receded. This helped in increasing agriculture. In the beginning, the agricultural technology was very primitive. They had only wooden ploughshares, pulled by bullocks. By using this plough, only the upper parts of the land could be ploughed. So they could not make use of the fertility of the deeper soil. Naturally, agriculture needed a lot ‘ of efforts. The lands were deepened by using hands. This was done once in four years and it needed a lot of physical efforts.

The biggest change in the economic sphere was the use of money. From the 11th century, money was used for transactions. Because of this personal relationship that was the basis of feudalism began to weaken. Nobles started demanding their taxes and shares in the form of money and not services.

Question 17
Describe the concept called the ‘The 4^th Order’ and prepare a note about the new cities and the city people.
Answer:
By the 11th century, the cities began to grow again. The reason for this was the surplus agricultural production. As the farmers began to produce enough grain to sustain the people in the cities, the cities began to grow. The farmers who had surpluses needed centres where they could sell their surplus, and where they could buy their work tools and clothes. This caused the growth of small markets and centres for selling things. Slowly they began to show the features of cities. There was a. square area, a church inside, roads along which there were shops and homes of merchants and an office where the administrators of the area met. Some cities grew around forts, estates of bishops . and big churches.

The majority of the city people were independent farmers or escaped serfs. These serfs did most of the unskilled jobs. There were different kinds of shops, big and small, and traders in the city. Gradually the cities needed specialized people like bankers and solicitors. In big cities, the population could be as many as 30,000. These cities were called the 4^th order.

Question 18.
From the 12^th century onwards, Cathedrals were built in France. Explain.
Answer:
Big churches are called Cathedrals. Although the owners of these cathedrals were monasteries, many people took part in their construction. They helped the construction by giving money, labour or material. The Cathedrals were built with stones. It took years to complete the work. As the construction was in progress, the areas around it were occupied by more and more people who came to live there. Some of , the cathedrals became pilgrimage centres. Around them, townships came up.

Question 19.
In the 14^th century, Europe faced a big crisis. Based on this statement discuss the reasons for this crisis.
Answer:
At the beginning of the 14^th century, the economic growth of Europe was reduced drastically. There were three reasons for that.
a) Change in the climate.
b) Lack of trade.
c) Plague.
By the end of the 13^th century, there were significant changes in the climate of Northern Europe. The warm climate disappeared and instead of cold climate came. This climatic change adversely affected cultivation. It was difficult to cultivate in higher areas. Storms and disturbances in the sea affected shipping and trade. This reduced the income to the people and the government. The government was not getting enough taxes both from the peasants as well as traders.

Then there was the plague or Black Death. It killed a lot of people and brought the economy to a standstill. It took a long time for Europe to overcome this sorry state of affairs.

Question 20.
Find out the reasons for the rise of despotic rulers and contrast them with traditional monarchies.
Answer:
The new despotic oilers were different from traditional kings. In the feudal system, the king was on top. But now things changed. King became the centre of society. The king needed the support of those who had power and authority. The king got this support through patronage. Many gave the king money to get this patronage. Thus money became very important. Merchants who were not nobles and bankers etc. could get into the royal court by giving money to the king. The king used this money to pay his soldiers. Thus the king allowed anti-feudal elements to get into the administrative system.

Students can Download Chapter 7 Formation of a Company Notes, Plus One Business Studies Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 7 Formation of a Company

Contents

• Promotion- Functions and Legal position of promoter
• Incorporation-Steps
• Capital subscription-Steps
• Commencement of business- Steps
• Memorandum of Association and its clauses- Articles of Association and its clauses- Prospectus and its clauses
• Differences between Memorandum and Articles of Association

The steps involved in the formation of a company are:

• Promotion
• Incorporation
• Capital subscription
• Commencement of business

Promotion:
Promotion is the first stage in the formation of a company. The identification of business opportunities, analysis of its prospects and initiating steps to form a joint stock company is called promotion. The person who undertakes to form a company is called promoter.
Functions of a Promoter:
1. Identification of business opportunity:
The first and foremost activity of a promoter is to identify a business opportunity.

2. Feasibility studies:
After identifying a business opportunity, the promoters undertake some feasibility studies to determine the viability and profitability of the proposed activity.

• Technical feasibility: To determine whether the raw materials or technology is easily available
• Financial feasibility: To determine the total estimated cost of the project
• Economic feasibility: To determine the I profitability of the proposed project

3. Name approval:
After selecting the name of company the promoters submit an application to the Registrar of companies for its approval. The selected name is not the same or identical to an existing company.

4. Fixing up signatories to the Memorandum of Association:
Promoters have to decide about the members who will be signing the Memorandum of Association of the proposed company.

5. Appointment of professional:
Promoters appoint merchant bankers, auditors etc. to assist them in the preparation of necessary documents.

6. Preparation of necessary documents:
The promoters prepare certain legal documents which are to be submitted to the Registrar of companies. They are

• Memorandum of Association
• Articles of Association,
• Consent of proposed Directors
• Agreement, if any, with proposed managing or whole time director
• Statutory declaration

Position of Promoters
The promoter is neither an agent nor a trustee of the company. The promoter stands in the fiduciary relationship with the company. He should not make any secret profits out of the dealings. Any, such gains are to be disclosed.

The promoter must act honestly, in good faith and in the best interest of the company. The promoter is personally liable for all the preliminary contracts with the other parties before incorporation. The promoter is also liable for any omission of facts or false statements in the prospectus.

Incorporation:
A company comes into existence only when it is registered with the Registrar of Companies. For this purpose the promoter has to take the following steps.
Steps for Incorporation:
(a) Application for incorporation:
Promoters make an application for the incorporation of the company to the Registrar of companies.

(b) Filing of documents:
The following documents must be filed with the Registrar of Companies for incorporation.

1. The Memorandum of Association duly stamped, signed and witnessed
2. Articles of Association duly stamped, signed and witnessed
3. Written consent of the proposed directors
4. Agreement, if any, with proposed managing or whole time director
5. A copy of the Registrar’s letter approving the name of the company.
6. Statutory declaration
7. A notice about the exact address of the registered office.
8. Documentary evidence of payment of registration fees.

The Registrar verifies the entire document submitted. If he is satisfied then he enters the name of the company in his Register. After the registration, the Registrar issues a Certificate called Certificate of Incorporation.

This is called the birth certificate of the company. With effect from November 1, 2000, the Registrar of Companies allots a CIN (Corporate Identity Number) to the Company.

Effect of the Certificate of Incorporation Certificate of Incorporation is the conclusive evidence of the legal existence of the company. A private company can commence its business after receiving Certificate of Incorporation. The certificate of incorporation is the birth certificate of the company.

Capital Subscription:
A public company can raise funds from the public by issuing shares and Debentures. Forthis it has to issue prospectus. The following steps are required for raising funds from the public:

1. A.public company is required to take approval from SEBI. (Securities and Exchange Board of India)
2. File a copy of prospectus or a statement in lieu of prospectus with the Registrar of Companies.
3. Appointment of Bankers, Brokers, Underwriters:
4. Ensure that minimum subscription is received;
5. Application for listing of company’s securities;
6. Refund/adjust excess application money received;
7. Issue allotment letters to successful applicants;
8. File return of allotment with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Commencement of Business:
A public company can commence business only after getting certificate of commencement of business from the Registrar. The company must file the following documents to obtain the certificate of commencement of business.

1. Declaration that the minimum subscription has been received in cash to allot shares.
2. A declaration that all directors have taken up and paid for their qualification shares
3. A statutory declaration stating that necessary legal formalities have been complied with has to be filed.

The Registrar shall examine these documents. If these are found satisfactory, a ‘Certificate of Commencement of Business’ will be issued. This certificate is conclusive evidence that the company is entitled to do business.

With the grant of this certificate the formation of a public company is complete and the company can legally start doing business. Documents used in the formation of a company.

Memorandum of Association:
It is the charter or magnacarta of the company. It defines the objects of the company and provides the framework beyond which the company cannot operate. It lays down the relationship of the company with outside world.

Memorandum of Association must be printed, divided into paragraphs, numbered consecutively. The Memorandum of Association must be signed by at least seven persons in case of a public company and by two persons in case of a private company.

Contents of Memorandum of Association:

1. The name clause: Under this clause the name of the company is mentioned. A company can select any name subject to the following restrictions.

1. The proposed name should not be identical with the name of another company
2. A name which can mislead the public
3. In case of a public company the name should end with the word ‘Limited’ and in case of a private company the name should end with the word ‘Private Limited’
4. The name must not directly or indirectly imply any participation of the Central or State Govt.
5. The name must not suggest any connection or patronage of a national hero
6. It should not include the word co operative.

2. Registered office clause:
This clause contains the name of the state, in which the registered office of the company is proposed to be situated. It must be informed to the Registrar within thirty days of the incorporation of the company.

3. Objects clause:
This is the most important clause of the memorandum. It defines the purpose for which the company is formed. A company is not legally entitled to undertake an activity, which is beyond the objects stated in this clause.

4. Liability clause:
It states that the liability of members is limited to the face value of shares held by them or the amount guaranteed to be paid on winding up.

5. Capital clause:
This clause specifies the maximum capital which the company will be authorised to raise through, the issue of shares.

6. Association clause:
In this clause, the signatories to the Memorandum of Association state their intention to be associated with the company and also give their consent to purchase qualification shares.

Articles of Association:
The Articles of Association is the second important document of a company. The Articles define the rights, duties and powers of the officers and the Board of directors. It contains the rules regarding internal management of the company. It shows the relationship between the company and its members.
Contents of Articles of Association:

1. The share capital of the company and its division.
2. Rights of each class of shareholders.
3. Details of contracts made with different parties.
4. Procedure for making allotment of shares.
5. Procedure for issuing share certificate.
6. Procedure for transfer and transmission of shares.
7. Procedure for forfeiture and reissue of shares.
8. Procedure for conducting meetings, voting, proxy and poll
9. Procedure for appointing, removal and remuneration of directors.
10. Procedure for declaration of and payment of dividend.
11. Keeping books of account and audit of the company.
12. Procedure regarding alteration of share capital.
13. Procedure regarding winding up of the company.

Table A:
A public limited company may adopt Table A which is a model set of articles given in the Companies Act. Table A is a document containing rules and regulations for the internal management of a company. If a company adopts Table A, there is no need to prepare separate Articles of Association.

Difference between Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association:

Prospectus:
Prospectus is a document issued by the public companies inviting the public to subscribe for shares or debentures of the company. It contains all information regarding the company’s affairs and its future prospects.

A prospectus must be dated and signed by all the directors. A copy of the prospectus must be filed with Registrar before it is issued to public.
Contents of prospectus:

1. Name and address of the registered office of the company.
2. Main objects of the company.
3. Classes of shares and debentures.
4. Name, address and occupation of the signatories to the memorandum.
5. Details of the borrowing powers of the company.
6. Name, address and occupation of the directors and managing director.
7. Name and address of the promoters.
8. Minimum subscription.
9. Time of opening and closing of subscription.
10. The amount payable on application and allotment of each class of shares.
11. Name of underwriters.
12. Details of preliminary expenses.

Companies which do not want to issue a prospectus may submit a statement in lieu of prospectus to the Registrar of Companies. It is a copy of the prospectus but is not issued to the public.

Statement in lieu of prospectus:
Sometimes a company may not invite public subscription and hence may not issue a prospectus. In such a case the Companies Act provides that at least three days before the first allotment, a statement called Statement in lieu of prospectus must be filled with the Registrar for registration of a company. It is drafted according to the Part 1 of Schedule 3 of the Act.

Minimum Subscription:
Minimum subscription is the minimum amount of shares that must be subscribed by the public. A company can make allotment of shares only after receiving the minimum subscription. Otherwise, the application money received must be returned to the applicants. Minimum subscription is 90% of the total number of shares offered to the public.

Preliminary contract:
During the promotion of the company, promoters enter into certain contracts with third parties on behalf of the company. These are called preliminary contracts. Promoters are personally liable to third parties for these contracts.

Qualification Shares:
According to the Articles of Association, a director must take a certain number of shares in a company to act as a director. These are called Qualification Shares. They have to pay for these shares before the company obtains Certificate of Commencement of Business.

Underwriting:
The process of appointing underwriters to ensure the minimum subscription of capital is known as underwriting. Underwriters undertake to buy the shares if these are not subscribed by the public. For this, they get underwriting commission.