Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus One Geography Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf September 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus One September Previous Year Question Paper September 2021

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80

Answer all questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 score. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 1.
The shadow zone for ‘P’ waves
a) Beyond 105°
b) Between 105°-145°
c) Beyond 140°
d) Between 110°-130°
Answer:
b) Between 105°-145°

Question 2.
Tides formed when the position of the earth, the moon and the sun are in straight line
a) Neap tide
b) Low tide
c) Spring tide
d) Mixed tide
Answer:
c) Spring tide

Question 3.
The most explosive of the earth’s volcanoes
a) Shield volcano
b) Composite
c) Caldera
d) Flood basalt
Answer:
c) Caldera

Question 4.
The periodic rise and fall in the sea level is called
a) Tide
b) Wave
c) Drift
d) Current
Answer:
a) Tide

Question 5.
The layer of the earth known as ‘NIFE’
a) Crust
b) Mantle
c) Aesthenosphere
d) Core
Answer:
d) Core

Question 6.
A cold current
a) Kuroshio
c) Labrador
b) Gulf stream
d) Aghulhas
Answer:
c) Labrador

Answer any five questions from 7 to 16. Each carries 2 scores. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 7.
Identify the four branches of Physical geography
Answer:

1. Geomorphology
2. Climatology
3. Hydrology
4. Soil Geography

Question 8.
List the factors affecting ocean temperature distribution.
Answer:
Latitudes, Unequal distribution of land and water, Prevailing wind, Ocean currents.

Question 9.
Name the forces suggested by Alfred Wegener for the movement of continents.
Answer:
Pole Fleeing Force, Tidal Force

Question 10.
‘Carbon dioxide is meteorologically an important gas’. Comment on the statement.
Answer:
It is the green house gas that lets solar rays fall onto the earth. Its presence in the atmosphere keeps some of the radiant energy received by Earth from being returned to space.

Question 11.
Distinguish between dew and frost.
Answer:
On the cold surface of solid things small water temperature falls below 0°C, the water drops get frozen and this is frost.

Question 12.
Name any two minor plates.
Answer:
Cocos, Nazca, Philippine, Arabian, and Caribbean.

Question 13.
What do you mean by inversion of temperature?
Answer:
Inversion of temperature: Normally in the troposphere, the higher you go, the less is the temperature. But when the sky is clear, as the earth radiation is more, the atmosphere gets cooled fast. Then, the situation changes. The higher it goes, the temperature also gets higher. This phenomenon is called Inversion of temperature.

Question 14.
List the basic factors that control the formation of soils.
Answer:
Parent material, topography, climate, biota (organisms) and time.

Question 15.
Write the importance of water vapour in the atmo-sphere.
Answer:
Water vapour also, like the greenhouse gases, absorbs earth’s radiation and controls the temperature of the atmosphere.

Question 16.
Suggest any two differences between terrestrial and jovian planets.
Answer:
Terrestrial Planets: The terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus and Earth. One of the main differences between terrestrial and Jovian planets, is their surfaces. The terrestrial planets are made of solid surfaces. Density is more. Solar energy plays a big role here. They are small planets.

Jovian Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the Jovian planets. They are made of gaseous surfaces. They are less dense when compared to the terrestrial planets, because they are mainly composed of hydrogen gas. They are huge. Less influenced by solar energy. Atmosphere is thicker.

Answer any four questions from 17 to 26. Each carries 3 scores. (4 × 3 = 12)

Question 17.
Write a short note on I ndian desert.
Answer:
Situated north-west of the Aravali Hills.

1. Annual rainfall less than 150 mm.
2. During the rainy season, one can find the streams here but they do not reach the seas , as they do not have sufficient water to carry them to the sea.
3. During daytime it is very hot.

Question 18.
List the branches of geography based on regional approach.
Answer:

1. Regional Studies
2. Regional Planning
3. Regional development
4. Regional analysis and interpretation

Question 19.
Mention the indirect sources of information about the interior of the earth.
Answer:

1. As we go deeper into the surface of the earth, the temperature, pressure and density gradually increase.
2. We can conclude that the structure of the earth is very similar to the structure of meteors.
3. The difference in the actual gravity and the expected gravity in a region gives some idea about what the things are deep down the surface.
4. The difference in the magnetic power of the earth gives some indication about the distribution of magnetic materials.
5. The movements of earthquake waves and the magma give us strong ideas about the core of the earth.

Question 20.
What are the significances of weathering?
Answer:

1. Through weathering, rocks get fragmented and it paves the way for the formation of soil.
2. Weathering helps in creating landforms such as mountains, valleys, canyons, and plateaus.
3. It is because of weathering and the consequent readjustment that iron, manganese, aluminium and copper ores get concentrated in certain places.

Question 21.
Differentiate betwefen east coastal and west coastal plains of India.
Answer:

Eastern Coastal Plains	Western CoastalPlains
Example for elevated shore.	Example for lowered shore.
Very wide.	Not wide.
Deltas are formed.	Deltas are not formed.
Not deep enough for ports.	Conducive circumstances for ports.

Question 22.
Distinguish between Himalayan rivers and peninsular rivers.
Answer:

• Himalayan Rivers
  1. Originate from the Himalayas.
  2. Water throughout the year.
  3. Flows as per the slope and acquires the model of a tree.
  4. Long rivers.
  5. Very big river basin.
  6. Rivers comparatively young.
• Peninsular Rivers
  1. Originate from the Peninsular Plateau.
  2. They are seasonal. In the summerthey become dry.
  3. Since the flow stops and restarts, the course of these rivers is normally fixed and without meanders.
  4. Comparatively short rivers.
  5. Comparatively smaller river basins.
  6. They are in their old stage.

Question 23.
Ecosystem are of two major types. Comment on it.
Answer:
Terrestrial ecosystem can be divided into different biomes. Aquatic ecosystem can be divided into marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems.

Question 24.
Describe diastrophism.
Answer:
Diastrophism: Diastrophism, also called tectonism, is the large-scale deformation of Earth’s crust by natural processes.

1. Vertical movements that can raise or lower the parts of the earth’s crest.
2. Earthquakes
3. Plate Movements

Question 25.
Write the characteristic features of two major island groups in India.
Answer:

• Lakshadweep
  1. Located in the Arabian Sea, 280 to 480 km away from the Kerala shore.
  2. There are 36 islands here. There is human habitation in 11 of them.
  3. 11°Channel divides these islands into Amini Islands and Cannanore Islands.
  4. They are coral islands.
• Andaman Nicobar
  1. located in the Bay of Bengal, this s group of 572 islands.
  2. 10° Channel divides these islands into Andaman and Nicobar.
  3. These islands are the upper crests of sea- mountains.
  4. Barren island, an active volcano, is Nicobar.

Question 26.
Explain the concept of Sea floor spreading.
Answer:
Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. The magma flowing out from the volcanic activity pushes away the existing crusts’ and spreads making new sea floors.

Answer any five questions from 27 to 36. Each carries 4 scores. (5 × 4 = 20)

Question 27.
Describe the classification of tides based on fre-quency.
Answer:
Based on their frequency, tides are divided into three.

1. Semi-Diurnal Tides: The most common tidal pattern featuring two high tides and two fow tides each day.
2. Diurnal Tides: There is only one hi§h tide and one low tide during each day.
3. Mixed Tides: Tides having variation in heights.

Question 28.
Discuss any two evidences that support continental drift theory.
Answer:
Evidences that support Continental Drift Theory

1. The Matching of Continents: The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.
2. Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans: The belt of ancient rocks of 2,000 million years from Brazil coasf matches with those from western Africa.
3. Tillite: The Gondwana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. Counterparts of this succession are found in Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia besides India.
4. Deposits of gold in the Ghana coast in Africa and the gold-bearing rocks in Brazil indicate that the gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.
5. Distribution of Fossils: Identical species of plants and animals found in different continents

Question 29.
List out any four immediate hazardous effects of earthquakes.
Answer:
Hazardous effects of earthquakes

1. Himalayan Deer Project
2. Landslides
3. Tsunamis
4. Destructions of buildings and other structures
5. Ground shaking and rupture
6. Liquefaction
7. Fire
8. Change of directioft of Rivers and the floods created by dams

Question 30.
What are the basic requirements for the formation of a tropical cyclone?
Answer:

1. High sea temperatures of at least 27°C.
2. Influence of the Coriolis force.
3. Converging winds near the ocean surface forcing air to rise and form storm clouds.
4. Winds that do not vary greatly with height – known as low wind shear.
5. Places with low pressure.
6. Warm air rising quickly.

Question 31.
Write a short note on the northen plains of India.
Answer:
Northern Plains of India
The Northern plains were formed by the alluvial soil brought and deposited by the Sindhu, Ganges and Brahmaputra Rives. North-West diameter 3200 km. Average width 150 to 300 km. Divided into four sectors:
a) Bhabhar,
b) Terai,
c) Khadar,
d) Bhangar.

a) Bhabhar: At the bottom of the Shivalik Hills, this is a narrow part with a lot of rocks and round stones.

b) Terai: This is the sector where the rivers surface again after flowing under the deposits of the Bhabhar Sector. This area is full of stagnant pools and marshes. A lot of plant species and wild animals can be seen here.

c) Khadar: This is the new alluvial deposits found at the top layer.

d) Bhangar: The old alluvial deposits at the bottom.

Question 32.
Write the characteristics of ocean currents, miasipseel
Answer:
The speed of the ocean currents is more on the surface of the ocean (Up to 5 knots). As they go down, the speed becomes less and reaches up to 0.5 knot. The speed of the flow is the same as the force of the flow. Therefore on the surface the flow is strong and at the bottom it is weak.

Question 33.
Suggest some measures to protect wildlife.
Answer:

1. In 1973 Project Tiger was implemented.
2. In 1992, Project Elephant was helpful to the
3. States in which the number of wild elephants was getting reduced.
4. Crocodile Conservation Project
5. Himalayan Deer Project
6. In collaboration with the UNESCO, the Indian Government took steps in the preservations of its flora and fauna.

Question 34.
Briefly explain the volvanic intrusive forms.
Answer:
Volcanic Intrusive Forms
Batholith : A batholith is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock that forms from cooled magma deep in Earth’s crust.\

Laccolith : A laccolith is a body of intrusive rock with a dome-shaped upper surface and a level base.

Lapolith : A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region, like a saucer.

Phacolith : A phacolith is a form of igneous rock that is shaped live waves.

Sill : Flat horizontal shape.

Dyke : Vertical formation like a wall.

Sheet : Very thin Sills.

Question 35.
Define the term ‘Plate tectonics’
Answer:
Plate Tectonics: Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements. In plate tectonics, Earth’s outermost layer, or lithosphere – made up of the crust and upper mantle – is broken into large rocky plates. These plates lie on top of a partially molten layer of rock called the asthenosphere. Due to the convection of the asthenosphere and lithosphere, the plates move relative to each other at different rates, from two to 15 centimetres (one to six inches) per year. This movement is called Plate Tectonics.

Question 36.
Identify the primary forces that influence the ocean currents.
Answer:

1. Heating by solar energy
2. Wind
3. Gravity
4. Coriolis force

Answer any one question from 37 to 39. Carries 6 scores. (1 × 6 = 6)

Question 37.
Prepare a note on the three different layers of the interior of the earth.
Answer:
Three different layers of the interior of the earth
Crust: This is the outer layer of the Earth. This includes the continents and the sea floor. At the continents the thickness is more, between of 5 to
30 km. But in the mountain regions it can be up to 70 km. It is made up of mainly basalt rocks. Average density is 2.7 gm/cubic cm.

Mantle: The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle. It extends to about 2,900 km. In the upper part of the mantle called asthenosphere the top rock remains solid, whereas in the lower part the rocks are in molten form. It goes deep up to 400 km. Volcanoes get their lava from asthenosphere. Density is 3.4 g/cm3 The crust and the upper part of the asthenosphere together are called Lithosphere.

The core: This is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth which lies below the mantle. This extends from 2900 km to the centre of the earth. It is divided into outer core and inner core. The outer core is in liquid state and the inner core is in solid state. When the centre is reached the density is 13 g/cm³. The core composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe) and so it is called NIFE.

Question 38.
Explain the northern most physiographical division of India, with its sub-divisions.
Answer:
North and North Eastern Mountains
This includes the Himalayas and the North-Eastern Hills. In the Himalayas, the main parallel ranges are Greater Himalaya and Shivalik. Their average length is 2500 km and width 260 to 400 km.
The Himalayas are not only the natural boundary of India but play a major role in the climate, water flow and culture.
As per the topography, the Himalayas can be divided into 5 divisions.

1. Kashmir/North-Western Himalayas
2. Himachal/Uttaranchal Himalayas
3. Darjeeling/Sikkim Himalayas
4. Arunachal Himalayas Eastern Hills
5. Eastern Hills

Question 39.
Mention the characteristics features of the different layers of the atmosphere.
Answer:
Based on the temperature, the atmosphere can be divided into the following layers:
a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Thermosphere
e) Exosphere

a) Troposphere:

1. The lowest layer
2. Average height 8 -18 km
3. The layer where all kinds climatic phenomena – rain, snow, wind – are formed.
4. Normal temperature lapse rate
5. The layer in which all bio and organic activities take place.
6. The limit of the troposphere is tropopause. Temperature -80°C at the equator and -45°C at the Poles.

b) Stratosphere

1. Second layer
2. Extends to nearly 50 km
3. Ozone layer -1 important
4. Ozonosphere
5. Stratopause

c) The Mesosphere

1. Above the Stratosphere
2. Extends up to 80 km
3. Temperature-100°C(80km)
4. Mesopause

d) The Thermosphere

1. Thermosphere has two parts – Ionosphere
2. Extends from 80 km to 400 km
3. Ion atoms with electrical charges
4. Radio broadcasts

e) The Exosphere

1. The topmost layer
2. We have only limited knowledge about this layer.
3. Slowly dissolves into space

Question 40.
Identify and mark the following on the given outline map of India.
a) An island group in the Arabian Sea
b) The strait separating India and Sri Lanka
c) The largest state in India
d) The eastern most state in India
e) The capital of Tamil Nadu
f) The Highest peak of South India
Answer:
a) Lakshadweep
b) Palk Strait
c) Rajasthan
d) Arunachal Pradesh
e) Chennai

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers.

A. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The concept of “Look at yourself from others’ view point” is called.
Answer:
Self Reflexivity/Perspective taking

Question 2.
The number of females per 1000 male in a given area at a specified time period is ______.
Answer:
Male-female sex ratio Nation

Question 3.
Community that succeeded in acquiring a state of its own is known as ______.
Answer:
Nation

Question 4.
In traditional political system of Khasies each clan has its own council known as ______.
Answer:
Durbar Kur

Question 5.
Migrant workers have been termed as by Jan Breman.
Answer:
Footloose labourers

Question 6.
Name the personality who opinioned that media has to function as the watchdog of democracy. (Mahatma Gandhi, Jawahar Lai Nehru, Annie Besant)
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
Awell known American Sociologist observed that sociology can help to map the link between individual problem and cosial issue.
Answer:
C. Wright Mills

Question 8.
According to Satish Saberwal, the three aspects of modern framework of changes in colonial India.

Answer:
Modes of Communication

Question 9.
The Chief Architect of Indian Constitution is _____.
Answer:
B.R. Ambedkar

Question 10.
The sale of government owned public sector shares is called ______.
Answer:
Disinvestment

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Define fertility rate.
Answer:
Fertility rate is the average number of children born to women during their reproductive years.

Question 12.
Define Matriarchal family.
Answer:
A family where the woman has the authority to decide things is called a matriarchal family. The Mother is Mistress of the family.

Question 13.
What is status symbol?
Answer:
It was Max Weber, the German Sociologist, who used the term status symbol to show people’s attitude to buy and use some products to show their status in the society. Many luxury goods like expensive cars or diamond necklaces are often considered status symbols. People think by having these things their status in the society gets better.

Question 14.
Give a short note on Industrialisation.
Answer:
Industrialization led to high specialization as jobs were divided into small parts. The workers do not even see the final product for the production of which they have contributed because they have done only a small thing in the process. A worker may prqduce only a small thing for the final product, He goes on doing that the whole day and it becomes very boring for him because of repetition.

Industrialization has merits and demerits. As per the modern theories, industrialization is good and inevitable. The people of the entire world are on the path of industrialization and modernization. All countries want to achieve the same goal represented by the Western industrialised world.

Question 15.
Give a short note on Culture and Consumption.
Answer:
Culture is a broad term which includes the social behaviour, institutions, and norms found in human societies. It includes the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location

Thus we have the Indian culture, the American culture, the Arab culture etc.In sociology, consumption is about much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world,we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products like art, music, film, and television. In fact, from the sociological perspective, consumption todayis a central organizing principle of social life. It shapes our everyday lives, our values, expectations and practices, our relationships with others, our individual and group identities, and our overall experience in the world.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Explain the term ‘Reservation’.
Answer:
Initially reservation was for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Some seats were reserved for members of the STS’SC in the Centre and State legislatures, in government jobs, and in institutions of learning. Because of the activities of contemporary political parties and organizations like Bahujan Samaj Party ¡n the U.P. and Dalit Sangharsh Samiti in Kamataka, the national I participation of the Dalits has considerably increased.

Question 17.
Define ‘Untouchability1.
Answer:
Untouchability is a form of social institution that legitimises and enforces practices that are discriminatory, humiliating, exclusionary and exploitative against people belonging to the lower social groups. The basis of this is the purity-impurity concept. People who are outside the main castes are considered untouchables. They are impure. Even their touch will make the members of the upper castes impure. If the untouchables touch the members of the upper castes, they will be subjected to severe punishments. The members of upper castes who are touched by the untouchables have to perform purification rituals.

Question 18.
Define feminisation of Agriculture.
Answer:
The increasing migration of rural men especially from poor family has led to the feminization of the agriculture sector. Apart from all the household chores, women also have to do the agricultural work, making their life more difficult. The migration of men to cities has caused the feminization of the agriculture sector.

Part – III

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Distinguish between geographical map and social map.
Answer:
There are many differences between social maps and geographical maps. Ageographical map helps us to find out the location of a place, to know the different forms and shapes of countries, boundaries of places and nations and also about the distribution of population. Asocial map helps us to find out our place in the society ourselves. It helps us to know where we and in comparison with others. It also tells us about the chains of social relations, community identities, social groups and their mutual relations. It also shows us how community groups influence us in our personal as well as social life.

Knowing the details about the Indian society and its structure will help a student to make social mapping and decide his place in it. It helps to determine our social relations and on the basis of that our own position in the society. As a student 17 or 18 years old, you come in the Group of youngsters. You will be able to find out that the population of your group is 40% of the total population of India. You belong to a certain place to a certain linguistic group. For example you will know that those who speak Gujarati are from Gujarat and those who speak Telugu are from Andhra Pradesh.

According to the income of your parents and other incomes of the family, you know to which class you belong. Thus you know whether you belong to upper class, middle class or the lower class. You may belong to certain religion, caste or tribe. Thus social mapping helps you to know your social groups and your social identity. It also helps you know the chain of your social relations, Social science tells you about the different social groups and their mutual relations and the influence these groups exert in your life.

Question 20.
Give fourfeatures of cake system.
Answer:

1. Birth decides the caste. A baby is born into the caste of its parents.
2. Caste groups marry from the same groups. They are supposed to marry only from their particular caste.
3. Caste tells its members what food to eat what not to eat. There are restrictions in sharing food with other castds.
4. Each individual has a caste. Each caste has its own place in the hierarchy of priests.

Question 21.
How did globalization affected Indian Industry?
Answer:
In the 1990s, the Indian government implemented liberalization. This was part of globalization. Private companies, especially foreign companies, were allowed to take shares in the public sector undertakings here, and they were encouraged to invest capital here. The foreign companies started taking share in ’sectors like Air transport and Telecom. There was no need for any licence to start any industry. As a result of globalization there were Trans National Corporations.

They made foreign good available to many countries. Some of the most famous Trans National Corporations are Coca Cola, General Motors, Colgate Palmolive, Mitsubishi etc. Coca Cola spent Rs. 400 crores for advertisement and so naturally their products were easily sold. There was the process of Disinvestment by which the shares of the Public Sector Undertakings were sold to private individuals and International Monopolies.

Question 22.
Write short notes on the following:
a) The trans national corporation
b) The electronic economy
Answer:
a) Transnational Corporations
Transnational Corporations are those which sell their products and give their services in more than one country. Some of the more famous of them are Coca Cola, General Motors, Colgate- Palmolive, and Mitsubishi. They have markets all over the world. They make huge profits. Many Indian monopolies have become transnational monopolies and many transnational monopolies are spreading their markets throughout India. Such expansions have their merits and demerits. Transnatidnal corporations help in the growth of globalization and they play a big role in it.

b) Electronic Economy
This is another aspect of economic globalization. It is the revolutionary changes in the communication sector that made this possible. As computer and the Internet etc. became widespread, banks, corporations, fund managers and individual depositors could transfer money to any corner of the world in seconds. This electronic money, which can be transferred with just one click on the mouse of the computer or a finger touch on the mobile, has many risks. The rising and falling of share values is an example for this. Investors buy shares to make profits, but suddenly if the share market is down, they will suffer huge losses. In short electronic economy has made the transfer of funds easy but it has increased the possibilities of loss.

Question 23.
Explain
a) Redemptive social movement
b) Revolutionary social movement
Answer:
a) Redemptive Social Movements bring about changes in the activities of its members. They create awareness in them. A good example is the call made by Sri Narayana Guru to bring about changes in the Ezhava community,

b) Revolutionary Movements are those which bring drastic changes very quickly in the social relations and social order. Revolutionary Movements grab power and then make changes in the society. Then Bolshevik Revolution in Russia wanted to establish a Communist Government there armed through armed revolution. The Naxalite Movement in India is trying to destroy evil landlords and corrupt government officials by using force.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
How does liberalization affect the Indian Market?
Answer:

1. The Indian government started its liberalization policy in the 1990s.
2. Private companies, especially foreign companies, were encouraged to take shares and invest in the public sector companies under the government.
3. Foreign companies were given shares in sectors like Air-traffic, and Telecom.
4. No licence was needed to start industries.
5. In Indian shops foreign made goods became available.
6. As a result of liberalization, multinational companies bought shares from Indian companies becoming their owners.

For example, Parle Drinks was taken over by Coca Cola. The business turnover of Parle at that time was 250 crores. For advertisement alone, Cocoa Cola spent 450 crores in a year and the turnover was greatly increased, by pushing the local products backward.

Question 25.
What is the importance of community identity in India?
Answer:
Community identity is what we get by our birth. “What we are” is our community identity and not “what we become”. We get our fam ily, community, nation etc. by our birth. All these are given to us, we don’t earn them. They were decided by the chance of our birth. Our mother tongue and our cultural values by which we are known are given to us by our society. Each. person needs an identity to live in this world.

It is through our birth we get our community identity. Our identity changes by acquiring qualifications and achievements. Since the identity and community are» given to us by birth, and not chosen by us, they are not our achievements. We are born as a member of a family, a community and the citizen of a nation. These are not chosen by us but they are imposed on us.

Question 26.
Write short note on :
a) Commoditisation
b) Marketisation
c) Liberalisation
Answer:
a) Commoditisation
Commoditization is the process by which something is made into a commodity that can be bought and sold. In the early times it was ‘ not like that. An example is the bottled water for sale. Some two decades ago nobody would think of buying drinking water in a bottle. In those days if somebody wanted to drink some water, he would go to a nearby house and ask for it. Today we carry bottled water with us or we buy it from a shop when we need it. Not only a thing, but a service can also be commoditised. The modern man is ready to sell his profession and his skills for money. This is an example of commoditization.

b) Marketisation
A series of personal exchanges can be called Marketisation. Market economy is not something that individuals create deliberately. Each person looks at his own interests. When we try to gain our personal interests, the interests of the society are also protected. That means what individual do for their personal interests become beneficial for the society.

c) Liberalization
Liberalization means privatizing public sector undertakings, removing government control from capital, labour and trade, reducing important duties and other tariffs, giving easy entry to foreign companies etc.

Question 27.
Explain
a) Sanskritisation
b) Westernisation
c) Modernisation
Answer:
a) Sanskritization:
It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. When the lower castes imitate the rituals, conventions, beliefs, ideas and life style of the upper cases, there is Sanskritization. In those areas where the castes are not Sanskritised, the influence of the majority castes was very high. This can be called Desanskritization. In the process of Sanskritization, there are regional differences. For example, in Punjab, culturally the influence of. Sanskrit was not strong. Until the end of the 19th century Persian influence was very strong. In India following the rituals and conventions of the upper castes is not an easy thing for the lower castes.

If the lower castes showed the courage to follow the rituals and conventions of the higher castes, they would be punished. Sanskritization approves the rituals and conventions of the upper castes. An example for this can be found in adopting the ‘dowry system’ instead of paying bride price. The tasks the Dalits did were considered undignified. This was different from the ideas adopted during the industrialization period. The discrimination based on the work one did was intolerable.

b) Westernisation:
It was M.N. Srinivas who first talked about the concept of westernization. He said that westernization is the changes that happened .in the Indian society as a result of the British rule in India for more than 150 years.
Westernization includes changes in technology, institutions, ideas and values. First there was the subculture that developed among the Indians that first came into contact with the Western life style. They started imitating the westerners and persuaded others to do so.

1. Westernisation is different kinds. One style is the subculture of the westernised people.
2. This way there was a minority in India that had contact with the western culture.
3. They imitate the thoughts and life styles of the westerners.
4. Many Indians thought in the western style and copied their ways of dressing.
5. They showed great interest in things like modern technology, western dresses, and western foods.
6. Although they copied many material cultural aspects of the West, they did not seem to imbibe things like equality and democracy from there.

There are three levels in Westernisation:

• A subculture of the western culture is formed. This comes from a small minority that had contact with western culture.
• A very small minority adopts western life style. They are influenced by the Western ideas.
• Only the external aspects of the western culture are imitated.
  1. Westernisation influenced even the arts and literature of India.
  2. Prominent cultural leaders of India like Rabindranath Tagore, Chandu Menon, Bankim Chandra Chatopadhyaya, Ravi Varma, etc. were influenced by the Western culture.
  3. Ravi Varma painted a picture of a Matriarchal Nair family. This painting was very much like a western painting of a nuclear family of the west where the families are patriarchal.
  4. In the view of M.N. Srinivas, an Indian Sociologist, as the upper castes tried to westernise themselves they also tried to Sanskritize the lower castes.
  5. Among the “Thiyyas” in Kerala, those in the upper strata wished to westernise themselves.
  6. The upper strata among the Thiyyas accepted the British culture to show their stance on the caste system and thus they made themselves people with broader national outlook.
  7. In North India many western educated people got good job opportunities. Many of them married westerners. Giti Sen has written a story about the religious relations and the Naga Tribals. The Naga tribals realised that education was inevitable to achieve progress and it was their door to development.

c) Modernization
Modernization today is linked to useful and welcome changes. For some modernization means mechanization in the production sector. Modernization means accepting universal values, behavioural patterns and like styles. Modernization is closely associated with logic and scientific tradition. It also means secular and democratic development.

1. Traditional ways of thinking go away and global awareness comes in. Modernization gives greater importance to utility and proper calculations.
2. Emotions, ideas not based on facts, spiritual thoughts etc. give way to scientific ideas.
3. An individual is an integral part of the society and politics.
4. People can live places of their choice and do the work they like. Their place and work are not determined by birth.
5. One’s personality is earned by him. It is not something written at birth.

All these modern ides are applicable to the whole of India. Even now we insist on marrying from the same community. We give much importance to religious rituals and conventions. Although our secular, democratic set up is strong, we continue with our old system of caste and creed.

In the opinion of many social scientists, secularism in the west means the influence of religion on the people is getting less. The modern people show a lot of secularism in their behaviour. The lack of interest of the people in places of worship shows their reduced zeal in their religion. However, in some places we can still see fanaticism and religious quarrels.

Question 28.
a) Give three responsibilities of Panchayath.
b) Define Nyaya Panchayath
Answer:
a)

1. Preparing plans and schemes for economic development.
2. Encourage schemes to broaden social justice.
3. Collect taxes, duties and fees in the right way.

b) Nyaya Panchayat has the power to deal with small civil and criminal cases.

Question 29.
Explain three social consequences of Green revolu-tion in India.
Answer:
Social- Consequences of the Green Revolution in India:

1. Only middle class and big landowners were benefited by the Green Revolution.
2. The peasants who used to take fields on lease for cultivation could not get fields.
3. People who did manual labour in the fields did not have work.
4. As the peasants got money as their wages, their condition became pathetic.
5. The commercialization of agriculture and the monoculture system caused a reduction in the prices of the crops causing financial crunch to the farmers.
6. It helped in increasing regional inequality.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Tribal community is classified based on their acquired traits. Explain’
Answer:

• By tribal communities we mean the ancient communities of the Indian subcontinent.
  1. They were neither Hindus nor farmers.
  2. They had no religious practices.
  3. They had no role in politics.
  4. There was no class distinction or caste distinction among them.
• Tribal communities can be divided into two:
  1. Tribes that have features of religion, language, physical specialties and have environmental dwelling system.
  2. Those who earned their livelihood and were members of the Hindu community.
• Acquired Features:
  1. Depending on the ways of earning their livelihood there were hunters, nomadic peasants, agriculturists, estate labourers, and industrial labourers.
  2. Some tribal communities lean towards Hinduism.
  3. Some were against Hinduism.
  4. Although very few are in the higher group of the Hindu community, most of them are at the lower strata.

Through deforestation, the lands of the tribal communities were made into colonies and some communities were absorbed into Hindu community. But there are some sociologists who believe that the ancient tribal communities were not keeping themselves away from cultural progress. They want to look at them as the product of the ancient communities and the changes that took place. Just to differentiate them,from others they were called “Tribal Communities”.

Question 31.
a) Define the term-Mass Media.
b) Give one example.
c) Explain the role of Mass Media in Independent India
Answer:
a) Mass Media is the media that lets the public know about the various development plans and activities of the Government and the happenings in the society.

b) Radio

c) The growth of the mass media helps the people in developing their self sufficiency and also for the people to help with the development. The mass media helps people to be aware of the various programmes and policies of the government. It helped the people to dislike social evils like untouchability, child marriage, and various restrictions for widows. In the modern industrialised society, mass media helped in propagating scientific values and reasoning power among the people.

Part – IV

Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores.(3 × 6 = 18)

Question 32.

A	B
All India Trade Union Congress	Agrarian Struggle
Formation of Jharkhand	Dalit Movement
Chipko Movement	Tribal Movement
Mahar Movement	Mancur Olson
The logic of collective action	Workers’ Movement
Tebhaga Movement	Ecological Movement

Answer:

A	B
All India Trade Union Congress	Workers’ Movement
Formation of Jharkhand	Tribal Movement
Chipko Movement	Ecological
Mahar Movement	Movement
The logic of collective action	‘Dalit Movement
Tebhaga Movement	Mancur Olson

Part – V

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
i) Explain the Malthusian theory of population growth.
ii) Explain the theory of Demographic Transition.
Answer:
Malthusian Theory of Population Growth
One of the most popular theories on demography is that of Thomas Robert Malthus, He was an economist from England. In 1798 he published a book titled “An Essay on the Principle of Population”. In this book he explained his demographic theory. His theory is pessimistic. Here are the important ideas of his theory.

Malthus argued that population is increasing on a much faster rate than the increase in the means of livelihood (food, clothes, agricultural products etc). He pointed out that there is tremendous growth in population but there is no proportional growth in food production. Therefore mankind is destined to live in permanent poverty. The increase in population always exceeds the increase in agricultural production. Population increases geometrically (in the order 2, 4, 8, 16. 32, 64, 128, etc.). But food production increase is only arithmetical or parallel.

In short, increase in population will always keep food production behind. So Malthus tried to show that mankind will be faced with serious food shortages and ultimate ruin.

Malthus argued that the only way to make progress is by controlling population growth. He said there were two ways of controlling it. One is moral restraints like marrying late, celibacy etc. The other is natural controls which include wars, famine and diseases. Unfortunately, the power of mankind to limit population growth by moral control is very limited. Therefore Malthus believed that only natural controls will help in limiting population growth. He explained that natural controls are Nature’s way of solving the problem created by the geometrical growth of population and the arithmetical growth of good production.

The Theory of Malthus remained influential for long. But theoreticians who showed that economic growth will be greater than population growth proved Malthus wrong. The experiences of European countries showed that the theory of Malthus is not right. By the 2nd half of the 19th century there were changes in the population growth. By the beginning of the 20th century these changes were quite dramatic. Birth rate reduced drastically. (The reason for this is the use of various means of birth control.) Contagious diseases were checked. (This was helped by progress in medical science.) There was tremendous increase in food production. (Improved technologies helped this.)

Although there was considerable increase in population, food production increased and the living standards became better. Thus the predictions of Malthus were proved wrong. The theory of Malthus that the increase in population caused poverty was severely criticised by the Liberals and Marx. They argued that poverty and hunger are not the result of population growth, but the result of inequitable distribution of wealth and other resources. They showed that in an unjust society, the few wealthy live in great luxury whereas the majority of people live in poverty.

Question 34.
i) Define the terms:
a) Social Inequality
b) Social Exclusion
ii) Describe the three principles of social stratification.
Answer:
i) Social Inequality
a) Social equality is the inequality that exits in the availability of social resources. Most of the social equality is not because of the natural or inborn differences between people. It is the society in which people live that creates the inequality. Social inequality and exclusion are related to groups. It is from the attitude of the society regarding individuals this inequality is born. These inequalities have a certain pattern and structure. It is the society itself that creates social inequality.

b) Social Exclusion
Because of social exclusion people are not able to work in the areas they like to work. This is a system by which individuals are banned from interfering in the society in a free manner. Here are many factors that prevent individuals and groups from doing what they like. Everybody has a right in service areas like education, health, insurance, banking, justice system, etc. and also to get the essential commodities. When they are refused these things there is social exclusion. It is^the different structures in the society that make social exclusion. This exclusion is very systematic and is used against the victims.

Continuous insults and discriminatory behaviour might discourage the victims from trying again and again to get their rights. The entry of low castes into the temples was prevented by the high castes. When such rude behaviour is repeated by the higher castes, the lower castes might decide not to go to those temples. Some lower castes organise themselves and try to build their own temples. Some others leave Hinduism and join Buddhism, Christianity or Islam. Then they lose their interest in the temple affairs. Social exclusion works against the interests of the victims.

ii) The Principles of Social Stratification
1) Social stratification is a specialty of the society.
2) Social division survives generations
3) Matters of faith and ideologies support Social stratification

1) Social stratification is a specialty of the society:
This did not happen just because of the differences in people. Social stratification is a system by which the social resources are distributed unequally among different groups. It is not an individual performance. In the primitive communities production was very little. Therefore there was no stratification there. But in the modern societies more things are produced than people need. Here without considering individual capabilities, resources are distributed unequally.

2) Social division survives generations:
The place of an individual in the society is assigned to him. Children through heredity get resources from their parents. In the caste system one’s caste is decided by birth. The Dalits have to plough the fields and do the cleaning jobs. Jobs with higher salaries do not come to him. All the inequalities his parents suffered come to him also and this continues for generations. Until the rule that one should marry only from his community, this social inequality will continue. This custom of endogamy strengthens the assigned nature of social inequality.

3) Matters of faith and ideologies support Social stratification:
People face exclusion on the basis of their sex, religion, language, caste and physical disabilities. Therefore even women from the higher strata are sexually exploited in public places. People have prejudices against members belonging to particular groups. If people are not treated as equals, this social division will continue, caste system is a good example for this. Caste system if justified in the name of the concept of purity and impurity. Because of their birth and their profession the Brahmins are supposed to be pure and Dalits impure. There are many who justify this inequality. Those who are exploited by this unjust system challenge it very strongly.

Question 35.
i) Define the terms:
a) Nation
b) State
ii) Explain three challenges of National Integration
Answer:
i) a) Nation: A nation is a sort of large-scale community. It is a community of communities.
It is a community that has succeeded in » acquiring a state of its own. Members of a nation share the desire to be part of the same political collectivity, which resulted in state formation. Many nations are founded on the basis of common religion, language, ethnicity, history or regional culture. But there may be many languages, religions or ethnicities that are shared across nations. A good example is India which has so many languages, religions, and regions.

b) State: The term state refers to an abstract entity consisting of a sdt of political-legal institutions claiming control over a particular geographical territory and the people living in it. Max Weber defined state as a “body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory”.

ii) Three challenges to National Integration:
a) Communalism: Communalism has been oneof the most complex problems that India has been facing. This is generated when individuals belonging to one religion develop excessive affinity to their religion and hatred towards other religions. This kind of feeling promotes religious fundamentalism and fanaticism and proves to be dangerous for the unity and Integrity of the country.

It is more so for a country like India where people practise all the major religions of the world. But India has been suffering from communalism since independence. As we know, we faced worst kind of communal riots on the eve of independence, and even after. There have been many communal riots in various parts of the country, inflicting immense sufferings on the people.

b) Regionalism: Rgionalism is another obstacle in the way of national integration. On many occasions it encourages peop’e to promote regional interests even at the cost of national priorities. One may think that raising the problems of a particular region is needed to attract the attention of the decision makers and to compel them to fulfil justified regional demands. This thinking is reasonable, because such demands may be based on genuine grievances of the regions and States that have been denied fair shares of projects and industnes in the overall structure of development. Those may also be related to the continued neglect of a particular region.

In spite of over six decades of planned development, all regions in our country have not been developed in the desired manner. Along with other factors, the lack of expected socio economic development results ¡n demands for the creation of new States. When regionalism ignores national interests or encourages people to have negative feelings towards the interests of other regions, it becomes harmful. On many occasions regional protests and demonstrations are based on political considerations. Aggressive regionalism is still more dangerous, as it leads to separatism. We have been experiencing such feelings in certain parts of States of Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.

C) Lingulsm: All of us know that India is a multilingual country. People of India speak nearly 2000 languages and dialects. This plurality has been negatively used on many occasions, particularly in the early decades after independence. Every country needs to have a common official language, but it has not been an easy task for India. When a recommendation was made In the Constituent Assembly to recognise Hindi as the official language of India, It was opposed by representatives of almost all the non-Hindi speaking areas. A compromise had to be made there. While the Constituent Assembly declared Hindi as the officiallanguage, it was provided that English would continue to be used for official purposes of the Union government for a period of 15 years.

When the Official Language Commission set up in 1955 recommended in favour of replacing English by Hindi asan official language, there were widespread protests in all the non-Hindi speaking regions. Such protests and demonstrations were seen once again in 1963, when the Official Language Bill was introduced in Lok Sabha. As a compromise, the Act of 1963 allowed the çontinued use of English for officialpurposes without any time limit. Although the demand for language-based States was met comprehensively when the States were reorganized on linguistic basis in 1956, fresh movements are going on in some parts of the country. Such movements generate many challenges for national integration.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

I. Answer all questions from 1 to 6. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 1.
Identify the concept proposed by Jan Breman to refer to the migrant workers.
a) Badli worker
b) Foot loose labour
c) Pravasi
d) Contract worker
Answer:
b) Foot loose labour

Question 2.
The process that helps to look at oneself ‘from outside’:
a) Sociological imagination
b) Triangulation
c) Self-reflexivity
d) Generation gap
Answer:
c) Self-reflexivity

Question 3.
Pick out the first Backward Classes Commission appointed by the Government of India.
a) Nettoor Commission
b) Mandal Commission
c) Joseph Commission
d) Kaka Kalelkar Commission
Answer:
d) Kaka Kalelkar Commission

Question 4.
Identify the concept introduced by M.N. Srinivas.
a) Sanskritisation
b) Industrialisation
c) Urbanisation
d) Secularisation
Answer:
a) Sanskritisation

Question 5.
Aggressive Chauvinism based on religious identify is called:
a) Regionalism
b) Nationalism
c) Communalism
d) Secularism
Answer:
c) Communalism

Question 6.
The branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique culture involving all members of a firm is called :
а) Culture of consumption
b) Corporate culture
c) Global culture
d) Local culture
Answer:
b) Corporate culture

II. Answer any 4 questions from 7 to 11, in 2 or 3 sentence each. Each carries 2 scores.(4 × 2 = 8)

Question 7.
Complete the chart showing the three situation of urbanisation proposed by M.S.A. Rao.

Answer:

1. Migration from villages to cities.
2. Incorporation of adjoining cities into metropolitan cities

Question 8.
Point out any two reasons for the growth of Indian language newspapers since globalisation.
Answer:

1. Rise in the number of literate people.
2. Indian language newspapers catered the needs of readers in villages and towns.
3. Newspapers adopted printing technology and marketing strategies.

Question 9.
Define or explain commodification with an example.
Answer:
Commodification is a situation in which things that were not traded earlier in the market become commodities. Eg. Mineral water.

Question 10.
Differentiate between homogenisation and globalisation of culture.
Answer:
Homogenization:
Homogenization is an aspect of cultural globalisation, listed on one of its main characteris-tics, and refers to the reduction of cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols.

Glocolization:
Glocolization is a combination of the words ‘globalisation’ and localisation’. It is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distribut¬ed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in local market.

Question 11.
Point out the two predominant features of a civil society.
Answer:

1. Voluntary association-Non-commercial
2. Non profit organisations formed by citizens.

III. Answer any 4 questions from 12 to 16, in 4 or 5 sentence each. Each carries 3 scores.(4 × 3 = 12)

Question 12.
Classify the following into appropriate columns: (Satnami movement, Bardoli satyagraha, Tebhaga movement, Adi Dharma movement, Mahar movement, Telengana movement)
Answer:

1. Peasant movement
2. Bardoli satyagraha
3. Tebhaga movement
4. Telangana movement Dalit movement
5. Satnami movement
6. Adi Dharma movement
7. Mahar movement

Question 13.
Write a short note on the association between caste and class in rural India.
Answer:
Class structure is based on land ownership. Higher caste have more land higher income. Thus there is close relationship between class and caste associations.

Question 14.
a) Pick out the odd one.
Westernisation, Sanskritisation, Urbanisation, Modernisation Substantiate your choice.
Answer:
a) Urbanisation
b) Others are cultural process. While urbanisation is a structural process.

Question 15.
Point out any three interventions of the colonial government that had its impact on the caste system.
Answer:

1. Efforts to collect information about caste through census.
2. Land revenue settlement act of 1935.
3. Welfare of downtrodden caste.

Question 16.
List any three reasons for the declining sex ratio in India.
Answer:

1. Health Problems
2. Female infanticide
3. Attitude towards girl children

IV. Answer any 4 questions from 17 to 21, in a paragraph each. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 17.
List out the merits and demerits of prior knowledge about society in the learning of sociology.
context of national development.
Answer:
Merits

1. Students are not afraid of sociology.
2. It gives familiarity with the subject matter. Demerits
3. There is possibility of partial and incomplete knowledge about a particular view point.
4. Possibility of unscientific and prejudised information.

Question 18.
Analyse tribal development in the context of national deveopment.
Answer:
Tribal aeas are usually used for construction and development activities. There are several situations found in the country where tribal areas are used for construction of dams and mines. Such are leads to national development and the benefit goes to mainstream population. Such a kind of national development is at the expense of tribals. Very often tribals lose their land and identity, as well as occupaton. Similarity in the process of nation’s development, non-tribals migrate to tribal areas. This badly affect the life, occupation and culture of tribes.

Question 19.
Write a short note on the struggles of Indian women against the discriminations faced by them.
Answer:
From time immemorial, women have been victims of exploitation and inequality. As the Reform Movements of modern India took the problems of women seriously, they were brought to public attention. There were regional differences in the Social Reform Movements that came up in the 19lh century. They are often called Middle Class Reformation Movements. It is so because most of the Reformists were Middle Class men who had got western education. Western concepts about democracy and the ancient democratic traditions of India had influenced them in equal measure. Many of them used these ideas in their fight against inequality. Rajaram Mohan Roy in Bengal, Mahadev Govind Ranade in Bombay Presidency and Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan among the Muslims fought for the rights of women.

Rajaram Mohan Roy specially fought for women’s rights. Ranade fought for widow-remarriage. Jyotirao Phule fought against gender discrimination. Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan struggled for reforms in Islam. It was Rajaram Mohan Roy that started the first Reform Movement in Bengal. He tried to bring changes in the Indian society and Hinduism. In 1928 he founded Brahma Samaj. He had started is fight against Sati even before that. Sati was the first ‘problem’ that grabbed public attention. Roy formulated an ideology that was a mixture of European rationalism and Indian tradition. He used both these concepts to fight against Sati. He proved that Sati was anti-human and anti-religious.

Widows in the Upper Castes had to suffer a lot. Their bad condition was noticed by the Reformists. They took up their case. They fought for the rights of widows and also for their right to remarry. Ranade made use of books like “Analogy of Religion, Three Sermons ‘ on Human Nature” by Bishop Joseph Butler. Ranade’s books like the “Texts of the Hindu Law “, “Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows”, and “Vedic Authorities for Remarriage” established that widow remarriage had the sanction of the Vedas.

Rajaram Mohan Roy and Ranade were Middle Class Upper Caste Reformists. Reformists from the lower classes also fought for women equality. Jyoti Rao Phule from Maharashtra is an example. He fought heroically against gender discrimination and Jati system. He founded a Movement called Satyasodhak Samaj”, seeking truth. This Organization did a lot for the benefit of women and Untouchables.

In the light of Western ideas, Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan tried to reform the Islamic community. He recommended reforms keeping himself within the framework of religion. He argued for the education of Muslim girls. He said that this education could be given in places near their homes. Like Swami Vivekananda, he also stood for women education. He said that in their curriculum, religious principles, training for running a home, skills in handicrafts, and child care should be included. We must evaluate him by looking at the circumstances in which he made these suggestions. His contributions for women education were really great.

Question 20.
Define Sanskritisation and point out any three criticisms leveled against Sanskritisation.
Answer:
It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. He used this term when he was making a study about the caste system among the Coorgs in Mysore. The term Brahmanization was used by him first and then it was changed to Sanskritization. Sanskritization means the process by which people from the lower castes or tribes imitate the conventions, rituals, ideologies and lifestyles of the higher castes, especially the Brahmins. There are many criticisms against Sakritization.

1. It exaggerated the upward mobility of the lower castes. It tried to say that it would help the lower caste to reach the higher steps of the Jati ladder. But it did not bring any structural change. It brought some changes in the position of some people. They made their position better by keepi ng themselves withi n the framework of their Jati. In other words, the inequalities still continue.

2. Sanskritization viewed the lifestyle of the higher caste as superior and that of the lower castes as inferior. Therefore it was natural for the lower castes to imitate the superior lifestyle of the higher castes.

Question 21.
Explain the problems associated with homobased work with the help of an example.
Answer:
Home based work is associated with so many problems. Some of them are:

1. Exploitation of women and children
2. Child labour
3. School drop out
4. Social inequality
5. Social exclusion
6. Health issues
7. Low wages
8. Illiteracy
9. Gender discrimination

Example: Explain any suitable example from your own life experience.

V. Answer any 2 questions from 22 to 25, in a page each. Each carries 5 scores. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 22.
Critically analyse the social consequences of Green Revolution.
Answer:
Green Revolution is part of the programme that the Government implemented in the 1960s and 70s. In the 1960s there was a serious food shortage. To overcome it, government came out with an agricultural plan and this led to the Green Revolution. For this financial assistance was obtained from International Agencies. The government gave farmers high-yield seeds, insecticides and fertilizers at subsidized prices. They were also given agricultural loans.

The government gave them guarantee that it would buy the produce at a minimum fixed price. This was the basis of the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution took place only in places which had irrigation facilities. The new seeds and manner of agriculture needed a lot of water. It concentrated on areas fit for wheat and paddy cultivation. Therefore initially the benefit of this scheme went to Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Green Revolution had a great impact. Since latest technology was used, there was a huge increase in the production. India became self-sufficient in food grains. The Green Revolution was considered as a great achievement of the Government and the scientists who helped in the process. But sociologists say that it also had its negative results. It helped only middle class and high class farmers. The small scale farmers did not get any benefit from it. To carry out the programme a big capital was needed. Small farmers did not have the capital to buy new breed of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides.

They could not afford to use latest technology. The small farmers did not do farming aiming at the market. They did it for their own use. But the middle class and rich farmers did farming with the market in their mind. They produced a lot and sold the extra yield in the market making huge profits. Thus agriculture was commercialized. Thus in fact, in the first stage of the Green Revolution, the inequalities only increased. It also caused the ousting of tenants from their lands.

Since agriculture became profitable, the landowners took their land back from the tenants and that way he tenants lost their means of livelihood. Rich farmers became richer. The tillers, tractors harvesters and threshers that were brought took away the jobs of the poor people who managed their lives doing different ‘ jobs in the farms. It was they who ploughed the land, harvested, and threshed. Many of these people went away to cities seeking employment. Thus migration to cities increased.

It is true that because of the high demand for labour, labourers got better wages. But this rise did not help them as the price of essential commodities shot up. There was another thing also. Before the Green Revolution, the labourers got their wages in kind (various agricultural products). But now they got their wages in cash and this made thing s worse for him because of the high prices he had to pay for various products.

The second stage of the Green Revolution was carried out in areas which were dry and where availability of water was less. There were great changes now. Government made arrangements for better irrigation facilities. The way of planting, the kinds of crops, etc. were changed. Agriculture was commercialized. Stress was given to cash crops like cotton. This also increased the insecurity of farmers.

Before the Green Revolution, farmers produced different things for their use. But now they concentrated on one crop. When concentrating on crops there would be problems at times. Fall in the prices, crop failure etc. would be very dangerous then. Some farmers suffered from these dangers. Green Revolution led to regional inequalities. Some places prospered greatly. But others stayed backward. Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh prospered. But Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Telangana etc, remained poor. The gross inequalities there later led to riots.

Green Revolution also proved harmful to the traditional ways of agriculture. It was hoped that scientific methods would improve the condition of the farmers. New style of farming1, new breeds of seeds, chemical fertilizers and insecticides created serious environmental problems. In this situation, scientists and agricultural organizations asked the people to go back to their traditional methods of cultivation. The high-yield seeds were found harmful to health.

Question 23.
Examine the impact of globalization on Indian radio.
Answer:
A main change in radio broadcast during globalization was the coming of FM Radio Stations. With this entertainment programmes multiplied. Private FM channels were competing among themselves to give maximum entertainment to their listeners. Private FM Channels don’t have permission to broadcast political news. Most channels get listeners by broadcasting music programmes, especially film songs. Most famous FM channels are under the media houses. Radio Mirch is owned by Times of India. Radio Mango is owned by Manorama.

With the onslaught of FM radio stations, independent stations like National Public Radio and BBC are slowly disappearing from the field. Films like Rang de Basanti, Lage Raho Munnabhai, etc. used the radio as an active medium. The hero of Rang de Basanti, inspired by the example of Bhagat Singh, kills a minister and captures All India Radio and through it he sends his message to the people.

In Lage Raho Munnabhai, the hero makes use of a radio station to save the life of a girl. The privatization of radio stations, and the growth of radio stations in the ownership of communities resulted in the fast growth of radio. Demand for regional and local news is increasing. Regional radio stations are in greater demand now. Since they broadcast local and regional news, there are ready listeners in most homes.

Question 24.
Rearrange columns ‘B’ and ‘C’ so as to match with

Column ‘A’.	Column ‘B’	Column ‘C’
Economic policy of Liberalization	Electronic transfer of funds	Event management
Transnational Corporation	Mixing of global with local	Stock markets
Electronic economy	Open up Indian economy to world market	Foreign TV channels use Indian languages
Weightless economy	Produce goods in more than one country	1990s
Globalisation	Products have their base in information	Colgate – Palmolive

Answer:

Column ‘A’.	Column ‘B’	Column ‘C’
Economic policy of Liberalization	Open up Indian economy to world market	1990s
Transnational Corporation	Produce goods in more than one country	Colgate – Palmolive
Electronic economy	Electronic transfer of funds	Stock markets
Weightless economy	Products have their base in information	Event management
Globalisation	Mixing of global with local	Foreign TV channels use Indian languages

Question 25.
Examine the impact of globalisation on Indian markets.
Answer:
Liberalization and marketization brought many changes in the Indian economic system. They stimulated economic growth and opened Indian markets to foreign goods. Many things that were not available in the Indian markets are now available here. There was an increase in foreign investment. It was hoped it would help economic growth and create employment opportunities. It was also hoped that the privatization of government enterprises would make them more efficient and also reduce the responsibility of the government to run them. But liberalization had mixed results. Some people feel that liberalization and globalization had negative results in India.

Some industries were benefited by globalization. Software industry, technology, fish farming and fruif farming made good progress as they could enter foreign markets and make gains. But areas like automobile industry, electronics and oil seeds suffered setbacks as they could not compete with foreign competitors. Indian farmers are facing serious competition from foreign farmers. The reason for this is the permission given to import agricultural products here. In the past Indian farmers were protected from foreign competition by the government, giving them subsidies and base prices for their products. Such support helped the farmers.

By giving them base price, the government promised the farmers to buy their products at a minimum price. Since they were given subsidies to farm, their expenses were not high. But liberalization was against such polices of giving subsidies and base prices. It demanded the slow reduction and final abolition of both subsidies and support prices. With this it was certain that farmers could not live comfortably with the little they got from
their farms. The many suicides of farmers in India show the evils of liberalization and globalization.

Globalization adversely affected small manufacturers and traders. They faced stiff competition in the market. Foreign goods and foreign brands captured the markets. Many small manufacturing units had to close down. Many small shops were also had to close because of stiff competition. Globalization brought serious loss of jobs in some areas. Many lost their jobs in the organized sector. But this increased jobs in the non-organized sectors. While organized labour suffered, un-organized labour gained. But this was not beneficial to the workers. In the organized labour sector, workers are ensured stability of jobs and better wages. But in the un-organized sector nothing of this kind is available.

VI. Answer any 2 questions from 26 to 29, in 11/2 pages each. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 26.
Compare and contrast the industrialisation process in independent India with that of the colonial period.
Answer:
As a matter of fact British industrialization proved to be destructive to India. It led to the ruin of Indian industries. The urban centres in India were also destroyed. The machine made goods from England flooded our markets and c?ur goods could not compete with the cheap goods from England. Slowly the traditional industries in India were ruined. The conquest of the Native States by Britain also affected our industries adversely. Industries that produced top quality goods for the kings and queens and nobles and the rich were closed down. The workshops attached to the palaces also stopped working. Thus there was over-all ruin of Indian industries during the colonial rule.

Independent India did a lot to boost industrialisation. Even during the freedom struggle, our national leaders were aware of the need for industrializing India. Indid was exploited by the colonial rulers. The leaders believed that pre-colonial India was rich and prosperous and it was the colonial rule that made India poor and backward. They thought they could build a strong economic base by reviving the old industries. The Swadeshi Movement, which was a result of the Division of Bengal, exhorted people to boycott British goods and use swadeshi goods. This boosted our industrialization. This tradition was taken up by the government of India, after freedom. People were made aware that only industrialization could lift them from the pit of poverty into which they had fallen during the colonial rule.

Leaders understood that only the development of heavy industries, machine manufactured goods, growth of the public sector and the co-operative sector, could bring about industrialization in the country. Nehru said that a modern and prosperous India must be built on giant steel factories, huge dams and pdwer stations. Leaders like Nehru-also gave importance to industrialization, it was’ given priority in the Five Year Plans.

Question 27.
Critically analyse the relevance of Malthusian theory of population growth in the contemporary Indian context.
Answer:
One of the most popular theories on demography is that of Thomas Robert Malthus. He was an economist from England. In 1798 he published a book titled “An Essay on the Principle of Population”. In this book he explained his demographic theory. His theory is pessimistic. Here are the important ideas of his theory.
Malthus argued that population is increasing on a much faster rate than the increase in the means of livelihood (food, clothes, agricultural products etc).

He pointed out that there.is tremendous growth in population but there is no proportional growth in food production, therefore mankind id destined to live in permanent poverty. The increase in population always exceeds the increase in agricultural production. Population increases geometrically (in the order 2, 4, 8, 16. 32, 64, 128, etc.). But food production increase is only arithmetical or parallel.

In short, increase in population will always keep food production behind. So Malthus tried to show that mankind will be faced with serious food shortages and ultimate ruin.

Malthus argued that the only way to make progress is by controlling population growth. He said there . were two ways of controlling it. One is moral restraints like marrying late, celibacy etc. The other is natural controls which include wars, famine and diseases. Unfortunately, the power of mankind to limit population ’ growth by moral control is very limited. Therefore Malthus believed that only natural controls will help in limiting population growth. He explained that natural controls are Nature’s way of solving the problem created by the geometrical growth of population and the arithmetical growth of good production.

1. Moral restraints like late marriage, celibacy.
2. Natural controls like wars, famine, diseases.

The Theory of Malthus remained influential for long. But theoreticians who showed that economic growth will be greater than population growth proved Malthus wrong. The experiences of European countries showed that the theory of Malthus is not right. By the 2nd half of the 19th century there were changes in the population growth. By the beginning of the 20th century these changes were quite dramatic.

Birth rate reduced drastically. (The reason for this is the use of various means of birth control.) Contagious diseases were checked. (This was helped by progress in medical science.) There was tremendous increase in food production. (Improved technologies helped this.) Although there was considerable increase in population, food production increased and the living standards became better. Thus the predictions of Malthus were proved wrong.

The theory of Malthus that theincrease in population caused poverty was severely criticised by the Liberals and Marx. They argued that poverty and hunger are not the result of population growth, but the result of inequitable distribution of wealth and other resources. They showed that iji an unjust society, the few wealthy live in great luxury whereas the majority of people live in poverty.

Question 28.
List out themajor challenges faced by the untouchable castes in India and examine the major state and nonstate initiatives addressing these discriminations.
Answer:
Tribals depended on the forest for their livelihood. The loss of forests was a big blow to them. During the British rule forests were exploited. This tendency continued even after independence. The coming of the land under private ownership also adversely affected the Tribals. When private landowners had their own private lands, the Tribals held their land collectively. This collective ownership proved harmful to them. For exam pie, when a series of dams were constructed on Narmada River, all the communities did not equally share their advantages and disadvantages. It helped the private landowners but it was harmful to the Tribals, who owned the land collectively.

Many of the regions where Tribals are concentrated are becoming the targets, and thus victims, of national development schemes. Non- Tribals migrate into their areas in large numbers. It proves a great threat to the Tribals and their ways of life. It also reduces their population. For example, in Jharkhand, because of the migration by non-Tribais into the new industrial areas, the number of Tribals has been reduced drastically there. But the most dramatic development was in North-Easter States. In States like Tripura, the Tribal population has come down to half in just one decade. The same thing was seen in Arunachal Pradesh.

In 1940 there was a controversy regarding separa-tion/integration of the Tribal groups in India. This was the result of a feeling that Tribal Groups should live themselves separately from the mainstream society.
The spokesman for the Separation theory was Verrier Elwin and the spokesman for Integration was G.S. Ghurye.
The proponents of the Separation theory argued that the Tribals should be kept separate from the main-stream society. They said that these Tribals should be protected from traders, financiers, Hindu and Christian missionaries. All these people are trying to make the Tribals labourers without land and thus make them non-Tribals.

The Separation Theory supporters argued that the close relation between Tribals and mainstream society would result in their ruin. On the other hand, the Integration theory supporters argued that Tribals are part of the Hindu community. GS. Ghurye called them backward Hindus. He argued that the Tribals should be integrated into the mainstream Hindu community. They also said that since the Tribals are backward Hindus, they also should be treated like the other Scheduled Castes and given all considerations.

Question 29.
Analyse the impact of globalisation and liberalisation on Indian industries.
Answer:
India started following the Liberalization policy in the 1990s. In the liberalization policy, Indian economy was open to world market. This marked the end of our past economic policies. Until then, the government had followed a policy of protecting public sector.and controlling private sector. There were many laws and regulations that protected Indian markets and businesses from foreign competition. It was believed that the government has a big role to play in the welfare of the people. The government had never given a thought to free market. Liberalization changed everything. It stressed free’ market.

It removed all laws and regulations controlling imports. The policy was called ‘economic reforms’. Liberalization brought changes in all spheres of Indian economy. Changes happened in agriculture, industry, commerce, foreign investment, technology, public sector and financial institutions. Import regulations were withdrawn. Licensing was ended. It was thought that liberalization would help our economy.

As the result of liberalisation many Indian companies were bought by the MNCs. Some Indian companies also became MNCs. As part of liberalization, the Indian Government is selling its shares in many establishments. This process is called disinvestment. This resulted in the loss of jobs of many workers employed in the government establishments. The first company to be privatized was “Modern Bread” which was started to give good food to the people at a low price.

60% employees of this company were forced to retired within 5 years. Many companies have reduced the number of their permanent employees and the production is entrusted to some units or homes. In such places the conditions of work are bad and the wages are small. There will be no trade union activities in the smaller units. There are also companies which give their work on contract basis. This process is called outsourcing. It is seen more in the private sector.

VII. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32, in 2 pages each. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 30.
Explain the causes and consequences of different caste based movements in India.
Answer:
30. The Dalit Movements that were formed after Ambedkar had a revolutionary nature. They put forward an alternative life style. It included avoiding eating beef and conversion into other religions. They stood for ending caste discriminations and economic exploitation. In spite of their revolutionary agenda, they had a reformative nature. They were based on caste. Their efforts to end caste system were half-hearted. Only the educated minority among the Dalits got the benefits of the changes. They failed to uplift the vast majority of the Dalits.

Social Movement do organized and collective activities. The most obvious action they do is protest. But there are also other things they do. They organize meetings. The purpose of these meetings is to give publicity to their ideologies and programmes and get support from people. Such meetings help in the formation of common action plans and to bring about a common understanding. They also do things to influence government, the media and public opinion. Social Movements express their protests in various ways. There are torch marches, showing black flags, street plays, songs and poems.

There had been agricultural protests even before the colonial period. In the Mughal period there had been different agitations. During the colonial period farmers protested against landowners, moneylenders, government and estate owners.

Agricultural Movements between 1858 to 1914 were regional, disorganized and limited themselves to some specific issue. During 1859 to 62, the Bengal Rebellion was against plantation owners. The Deccan Rebellions of 1875 were against moneylenders.

To get the support of the villagers, Gandhi organized Agricultural Movements. There was the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917. It was a protest of the farmers against the indigo farm owners. In 1918 there was the Kheda Satyagraha. Here the farmers wanted tax reductions. In 1929 there was the Bardoli Satyagraha. This was a forerunner of the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was organized in Bardoli in the district of Surat. Here Gandhi asked the people not to pay their taxes. The agitation was organized by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, ^follower of Gandhi.

During the colonial period many agricultural movements were formed, most of them between 1920 and 1940. In 1920 many Kisan Sabhas were formed and most of the later Movements were the offshoots of these Sabhas. One of the most important of such Kisan Sabhas was ‘Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (1929). In 1936, an All-India Organization of Kisan Sabhas was formed. It is called All-India Kisan Sabha. The farmers demanded freedom from economic exploitations.

Just before and after independence, India witnessed two very famous agricultural revolts. They were the ‘Thebhaga Rebellion’ (1946-47) and Telangana Rebellion (1946-51) In the Thebhaga Rebellion sharecroppers wanted 2/3 of the produce instead of the 50% they were getting. This rebellion had the backing of the Kisan Sabha and the Indian Communist Party. Telangana Rebellion was against the big landlords in that native sate. It was led by the Indian Communist Party.

Question 31.
Discuss Panchayati Raj as an ideal and practice in India.
Hints : Ideals of Panchayati Raj – Powers and responsibilities of Panchayats – Actual practice.
Answer:
The literal meaning of Panchayati Raj is ‘rule by five persons’. Its aim is to bring democracy at the village level and ensure the participation of ordinary citizens. This basic democratic concept is not something imported from abroad. In India, from time immemorial panchayats had existed. In the administration of villages, jati-panchayats had a big role. But they were not fully democratic.

1. In Jati Panchayats, strong groups had representation. Lower castes had little representation there.
2. The strong sections who ruled the Panchayats had conservative views. Their decisions were often against law and legal procedures.
3. There were gross inequalities based on jati, varna and gender. This prevented proper democratic participation by all.

When the Constitution was prepared, there was no mention of any Panchayat there. Many people raised their voice against it. They showed their sorrow, despair and anger. But leaders like Ambedkar argued that the panchayats Would be monopolized by the strong castes and they would exploit the lower castes and the poor. He felt that the repressed groups will be further exploited through grama panchayats. But Gandhi had a different view. The concept of local self-government was much dear to him. He saw each village as a self-sufficient unit. He thought that each village would be able to manage its own affairs without depending on anybody else. He felt that ‘grama-swarajya’ was something that could continue after independence.

1. But we had to wait until 1992 to establish democracy at the village level (decentralized rule). In 1992, with the 73″1 Amendment, this was made possible.
2. The 73rd Amendment gave panchayat raj institutions constitutional status. Elections to the panchayats were made compulsory every five years. The control of local resources was to be in the hands of Panchayat Samitis.

The 73rd and 74th Amendments brought a revolutionary change. In the local self-government institutions one- third seats (33.3%) were reserved for women. In this 17% were reserved for SCs and STs. These Amendments have great historical importance. With this women got representation and partnership. They got the right to take decisions. Thus the 73rd and 74th Amendments were strong steps in the direction of women empowerment. 1/3 seats were reserved for women in regional samitis, grama panchayats, municipalities, corporations and district samitis.

In the 1993-94 elections for the local self-governments more than 8 lakh women became partners in the national developmental processes. The Cpnstitution demands that panchayats should be given all powers and strength to work as self-government institutions. The State governments have been asked to give a new life to the panchayats. Here are the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats.

1. Encourage programmes for economic development.
2. Encourage programmes to ensure social justice.
3. Taxes, tolls and fees can be imposed, collected and used.
4. Help the State governments to carry out its responsibilities.

Panchayats also have to carry out social welfare schemes. These include maintaining crematoriums, keeping birth and death records, establish child and maternal welfare centres, maintain pounds to keep wandering cattle, encourage family planning, encourage agricultural activities, etc. Panchayats also have to make roads, public buildings, wells, schools, etc. They should encourage village industries and small irrigation projects, it is the members of Panchayat that supervise government schemes like joint village development scheme and joint child- development scheme.

The main income for the Grama Panchayat is from property tax, professional tax, vehicle tax, land tax and rent. They also get financial help from district Panchayats. Income and expenditure statements are to be displayed by the Grama Pachayats on the notice boards in front of the office. By this, people at the grass-root level can understand what is happening in their parichayats. They have a right to seek information about the welfare schemes undertaken by the Panchayats and also ask for reasons for taking certain decisions.
In some States, there are Nyaya Panchayats. They have the right to handle small civil and criminal cases. They have no right to give punishments. These nyaya panchayats have been successful in settling quarrels among individuals. They have been successful in preventing dowry-related violence against women.

Question 32.
Explain the relationship between community nation and nation-states and examine why modern states consider cultural diversity as a threat.
Answer:
Community
It is a geographical area having common area of interest activities. A group of people living in a given territory with ‘we-feeling’, speak a common dialect and follows a common culture.

Nation
A nation is a sort of large-scale community – it is a- community of communities. It is a community that has succeeded in acquiring a state of its own. Members of a nation share the desire to be part of the same political collectivjty, which resulted in state formation. Many nations founded on the basis of common religion, language, ethnicity, history or regional culture. But there are many languages, religions or ethnicities that are shared across nations. But this does not lead to the formation a nation.

The term state refers to an abstract entity consisting of a set of political-legal institutions claiming control over a particular geographical territory and the people living in it.
Max Weber defined state as a “body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory”

NATION-STATE
Nation-states are communities that have a state of their own. When a nation form a state, it become a nation-
state. It represent a nation. India can be considered a good example of a ‘nation-state’

There are many threats to nation state. Casteism,regionalism,linguism,communalism and minority are the major socio-cultural threats facing Indian society. State has taken many measures to solve these problems for the harmonious functioning of the state. The important threats are as follows REGIONALISM Regionalism rooted in India’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes, and religions.

It is also encouraged by the geographical concentration of these identity in particular region. Colonialism divided India into large provinces, which were multi-ethnic and multilingual states. For example, the old Bombay State was a multilingual state of Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada and Konkani speaking people. Attempts were made to reorganise provinces into ethno-linguistic states, which led to regionalism.

COMMUNALISM
‘communalism’ refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. It is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion. All communalists do believe in a political identity based on religion. Communalists cultivate an aggressive political identity, and are prepared to condemn or attack everyone who does not share their identity.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2021

Answer questions from 1 to 45 up to the maximum of 80 scores. Questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Sociology can help you to map link and connection between ‘personal trouble’ and ‘social issues’. Who stated?
Answer:
C. Wright Mills – in his book sociological imagination published in 1959.

Question 2.
The rate of death of babies before the age of one year per 1000 birth is known as _____. (Birth rate, Infant mortiality rate, Sex ratio, Death rate)
Answer:
Infant mortality rate- number of infant deaths per 1000 live births.

Question 3.
Family in which men exercise authority is called family.
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras.

Question 4.
Find the marginalized tribal group which engaged in salt trade during colonial period. (Banjaras, Santhal, Paniyar, Naga)
Answer:
Patriarchal family – male authority in family Banjaras were the marginalised tribal community who engaged themselves in salt trade.

Question 5.
The second back ward class commission was headed by (Kaka Kalekar, P.D. Nettoor, B.P Mandal, Kothari)
Answer:
B P Mandal – also known as Mandal commission.. Held in 1979.

Question 6.
The right to Information Act was enacted by Parliment of India in year.
Answer:
2005 – Right to Information Act 2005

Question 7.
Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identify is known as ______.
Answer:
Communalism – is the aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity.

Question 8.
The term Sanskritisatipn was coined by _______.
Answer:
M N Srinivas – was a pioneer of indian sociology. He in his book Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of India used the word ‘sanskritization’ for the first time.

Question 9.
Write true or false:
“As a result of liberalisation may Indian Companies have been bought over by multinational companies.”
Answer:
True.

Question 10.
The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Tylor is called.
Answer:

True
Scientific Management/Taylorism/Industrial Engineering:
(The new system of organising work to increase the output was introduced by Federick Winslow Taylor. All work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements, and divided between workers. Workers are timed with the help of stopwatches. Worker are made to fulfil a certain target every day.ln Taylor’s view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance).

Questions from 11 to 18. Each carries 2 scores. (8 × 2 = 16)

Question 11.
Define‘Civil Society’.
Answer:
Civil society is voluntary, non profitable, public sphere beyond the governmental control which comes up to address the issues of the public or of their members. They are very important in a democracy. They makes sure that government doesn’t take too much control or authority over the people.

Question 12.
What is Community?
Answer:
Community is a group who follow a social structure within a society (culture, norms, values, status). They may work together to organise social life within a particular place, or they may be bound by a sense of belonging sustained across time and space.

Question 13.
What is de-industrialisation?
Answer:
De industrialisation is the opposite of industrialisation.It’s a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change. De¬Industrialisation is harmful to India, Ruin of traditional Indian industries like handloom and handicrafts,Decline of major ports like surat and masulipatnam.

Question 14.
Define Sanskritisation.
Answer:
Sanskritisation: This term was made popular by Indian sociologist M. N. Srinivas in the 1950s. Sanskritization is a particular form of social change found in India. It denotes the process by which caste or tribes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper or dominant castes.

Question 15.
What is ‘‘Van Panchayat”?
Answer:
Van-panchayats were set up by women in Uttarakhand in order to stop the problem of deforestation that is a big problem in the mountainous regions.Members of the van-panchayats develop nurseries and nurture tree saplings for planting on the hill slopes.Members also police nearby forests to keep an eye on illegal felling of trees.

Question 16.
What is meant by interest group?
Answer:
Interest group is a group of individuate that share a common interest in a specific subject and work jointly to influence public policy in its favor. Interest groups are also called pressure groups because they exert pressure on policy makers toinfluence public policies. Every interest group has their own interest and aims to protect these interests and to draw the attention of the government. Or the required group.

Question 17.
Explain outsourcing.
Answer:
Outsourcing – fundamental decision to contract out specific activities that previously were undertaken internally. – product of liberalisation and globalisation.The software services industries and business process outsourcing (BPO) industries (such as call centres) in India – getting connected to the global economy. Companies based in India provide low-cost services and labour to customers located in the developed countries of the West. There is now a global market for Indian software labour and other services.

Question 18.
Why certain mecjias are referred as Mass Media?
Answer:
Mass media – that form of media-written , spoken or broadcasted – that can reach a large audience.( Mass) Example – Television, Radio, Advertising, Movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines etc. – significant force in modern culture-mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. These Social Media platforms like YouTube and Facebook are dominating mass media.

III. Questions from 19 to 23. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 19.
What is self reflexivity? How does it helps in sociological research?
Answer:
Self Reflexivity or reflexivity is the ability to look at ourselves from others point of view. It is critically analysing ourselves and it helps us to reduce our subjectivity and make our work more objective. It helps us to accept other people’s views. There are many vanity points for everything, no single sided view can give a valid objective conclusion for it therefore self reflexivity is essential in every work we do.

Question 20.
Write any three hurdles of National Integration.
Answer:
There are many hurdles of national integration Some ‘ of them are – communalism, racism, casteism, regionalism, linguism, terrorism etc.

Question 21.
Define the following terms:
a) Modernisation
b) Westernisation
Answer:
a) Modernisation is changing our outlook.lt is the process of adapting something to modern needs or habits. It the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.Modernization is a continuous and open-ended process.lt is the Development due to the application of science and technology,

b) Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence./ assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization.

Question 22.
Give any three responsibilities of Panchayats.
Answer:
22. The word “Panchayat” means assembly (ayat) of five (panch) and raj means “rule”. Traditionally Panchayats consisted of elderly and wise people chosen by the local community, who used to settle disputes between individuals and villages.

In a democracy panchayats consist of elected representatives who form the local self governing body. Responsibilities of panchayats include- ‘Preparation of plan for the economic development and social justice of the village. ‘Implementation of schemes for economic development of the villages. ‘Collect due taxes, tolls, duties and fees

Question 23.
Explain “Feminisation of agricultural labour force”.
Answer:
Due to industrialisation, migration and circulation of labour men of the household might be away which forces the women to take up the duties of taking care of the family and earning for daily needs. They take up agricultural activities. The term ‘feminisation’ refers to increased participation and authority of women in certain areas. In agriculture, it refers to women’s increased labour participation and role in decision making. Feminisation of labour means either an increase in the number of women involved or the time devoted by women, or both.

IV. Questions from 24 to 30. Each carries 4 scores. (7 × 4 = 28)

Question 24.
Give the merits and demerits of prior knowledge about society in the study of sociology.
Answer:
Prior Knowledge or previous knowledge is a person’s early understanding of any topic that might be gained through socialisation and in most cases it is based on a commonsense understanding. It is usually biased, partial and subjective in nature. MERITS- it makes a subject easily approachable, it reduces student’s fear of the subject and also makes the study interesting.

DEMERITS: It creates subjectivity, It may be partial and incomplete, it is biased and mostly based on commonsense knowledge and unscientific.

Question 25.
What is social about social inequality and social exclusion?
Answer:
The concepts of social exclusion and inequality are closely linked. Unequal societies in which certain groups are discriminated against can lead to exclusion.Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not about individuals but about groups. They are social in the sense that they are not economic, although there is usually a strong link between social and economic iiiequality.They are systematic and structured – there is a definite pattern to social i nequal ities.

Question 26.
What is the Indian meaning of Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism has two definitions: common understanding of secularism and indian understanding of secularism. Common meaning of secularism is separation of religion from the state. Indian meaning of secularism is considering all religions equally , giving equal importance and status, accepting and equally respecting them all, celebrating all religious festivals.

Question 27.
a) What is Urbanisation?
b) Analyse the graph given below:
Answer:
a) Urbanisation is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city, population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more peopfe begin living and working in central areas.

b) The graph represents the population growth in Bapengaluru city from 1951 To 1991. The graph shows the geometrical progression of population in last forty years

Question 28.
Considering the “Bidi Industry”, explain home based work.
Answer:
Home-based work is an important part of the economy. This includes the manufacture of lace, zari or brocade, carpets, bidis, agarbattis and many such products. This work is mainly done by women and childre. An agent provides raw materials and also picks up the finished product. Home workers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of pieces they make.

The bidi industry, as a home based work:

1. The process of making bidis starts in forested villages where villagers pluck tendu leaves and sell it to the forest department or a private contractor who in turn sells it to the forest department.
2. On average a person can collect 100 bundles (of 50 leaves each) a day.
3. The government then auctions the leaves to bidi factory owners who give it to the contractors.
4. The contractor in turn supplies tobacco and leaves to homerbased workers.
5. These workers, mostly women, roll the bidis first dampening the leaves, then cutting them, filling in tobacco evenly and then tying them with’ thread.
6. The contractor picks up these bidis and sells them to the manufacturer who roasts them, and puts on his own brand label.
7. The manufacturer then sells them to a distributor who distributes the packed bidis to wholesalers who in turn sell to your neighbourhood pan shops.

Question 29.
Explain any two influences of globalization on mass media.
Answer:

1. Globalization has a great influence on the media and further its impact on us.
2. The most visible effect of globalization is wide spread communication and technology.
3. The introduction of newspapers, magazine, internet and TV has immensely helped to spread information and has helped people to come together from all over the world.
4. opening up of people mind towards not just the walls within which they stay but also be aware of what’s happening around the world.
5. every field has opened up broader communication lines bringing the various companies, economy and more importantly the countries together.

Question 30.
Explain the following:
a) Reformist Social Movements
b) Revolutionary Social Movements
Answer:
Reformist and revolutionary movement
a) Reformist Movement is a movement where the reformers try to change the mindset of the people regarding a particular issue.

1. advocates a change that will preserve the existing values but will provide improved means of implementing them
2. a revolutionary movement advocates rapid, precipitous change

b) Revolutionary Movement is a movement where radical or violent methods are used to bring about change in society.

1. advocating replacement of existing values
2. reform movement works for slow, evolutionary change.

V. Questions from 31 to 37. Each carries 5 scores. (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 31.
List out the preventive and positive checks as pointed out in the Malthusian theory of population growth.
Answer:
a) Preventive checks are the ways in which humanity voluntarily reducing population growth. They include practicing celibacy, sexual abstinence, postponing marriage, using birth control methods etc.

b) Positive checks – inevitable, nature’s way of f dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population. Those are-famines, diseases, calamities etc

Question 32.
Give five featu res of Caste System.
Answer:
FEATURES OF CASTE SYSTEM

1. based on birth immobile “segmented “hierarchical
2. discriminating “endogamous “based on the concept of purity and pollution “restriction on food and food sharing “differences in traditional occupations.

Question 33.
Explain Commodification. Give two example.
Answer:
Commodification the changing or transforming of a non market product or non commodity into a
commodity and making it a part of market economy is known as commodification. Eg – drinking water, oxygen , human organs , education etc.

Question 34.
Explain social exclusion and discrimination.
Answer:
a) SOCIAL EXCLUSION: exclusion from the prevailing social system and its rights and privileges, typically as a result of poverty or the fact of belonging to a minority social group.Street children, people with leprosy or AIDS and undocumented migrants are examples of such socially excluded categories, b) DISCRIMINATION: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, sex, or disability.

Question 35.
Explain the significance of community identity.
Answer:
Community identity is the sense of belongingness towards the community they belong to-. Ascribed – Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some forms of acquired qualifications or accomplishments.-sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities.-difficultto shake off; even if we choose to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging.- gives us a sense of identity.

Question 36.
Give any five impacts of liberalization and globalization on rural society.
Answer:
Impacts of liberalisation and globalisation on rural societies Positive: Commercialization of agriculture and expansion of agro-industries.Liberalization of international trade and marketing for food and other agricultural products.lntensification and internal labour migration.

Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of employment is a common , phenomenon.Standards of living have increased, more employment opportunities.Impact of globalization, mass media and education directly or indirectly encourage the current generation to abandon traditional social conservative norms and taboos.

Negative: Rural population is still suffering from unemployment as rural labour is mostly uneducated and unskilled. Machines and latest technologies have reduced the number of manpower a lot.Globalization has caused intermingling of cultures. Though it has curtailed narrow mindedness of humans, it has caused cultural degradation also.benefits of globalization didn’t reach the hinterlands.lmports make the farmers’ position worse

as they are not able to compete with imported goods in terms of price and quality.The position of artisans is also bad in villages. They are also not able to compete with machine- made goods.As the competition has become global, so it has become quite difficult for small, cottage, handicraft & medium industries to maintain the pace.

Question 37.
Give any five features of social movements.
Answer:
Features of social movements: ’sustained collective action overtime. ’Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation, ’shared objectives and ideologie ’These defining features are not constant. They may change over the course of a social movement’s life. Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both entrenched interests and values, there is bound to be opposition and resistance. But over period of time changes do take place.

VI. Questions from 38 to 41. Each carries 6 scores.

Question 38.
Explain the following:
a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Fertility rate
Answer:
Birth rate – number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population. Death rate – the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year. Fertility rate -the number of live births per 1000 women in the child bearing age groups usually taken to be 15-49 years.

Question 39.
Match the following:

A	B
M.N. Srinivas	1901 Census
Sreenarayana Guru	Satya Shodak Samaj
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule	Dominant Caste
Ayyankali	S.N.D.P.
Herbert Risley	Dravida Kazhakam

Answer:

A	B
M.N. Srinivas	Dominant Caste
Sreenarayana Guru	S.N.D.P.
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker	Dravida Kazhakam
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule	Satya Shodak Samaj
Ayyankali	Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham
Herbert Risley	1901 Census

Question 40.
Explain the following:
a) Liberalisation
b) Globalisation
Answer:
a) Liberalisation – a relaxation of government restrictions in the areas of social, political and economic policies Major features include Minimised state control over economic activities,easy licensing,free market etc.

b) Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges of human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices all over the planet.

Features: linking of local regional,national and international markets,flow of people,ideas, technology, money,culture etc. interdependence between different people, regions and countries

Question 41.
Explain how prejudices and stereotype thoughts leads to social exclusion.
Answer:
Prejudice is an assumption or an opinion about someone simply based on that person’s membership to a particular group. It is a pre judgement formed without proper evidences. It is usually negative.

OR
Pre conceived notion/pre judgement- Mostly negative- Someone say something and believe it, e.g. Kanjoos Marwaris; Rajputs are courageous. When prejudiced against other, and the group doesn’t think so, they don’t think they are inferior and try to prove themselves is called positive prejudice.

Eg: ableism , Sexism , ageism etc Stereotypes – a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group.

OR
Categorize a whole group having one certain characteristic.- A whole group is considered homogenous e.g. Rajputs are supposed to be courageous, girls are emotional, boys don’t cry.- Basis is prejudice.- Individual difference isn’t taken into consideration.

Eg: Girls should play with dolls and boys should play with trucks., all Blacks are good at sports etc etc These leads to social exclusions as some people are denied opportunities, goods and services.They are isolated and excluded . It is not accidental, it is systematic. It is involuntary,. Eg- lower castes, blacks in america, women, differently abled etc.

VII. Questions from 42 to 45. Each carries 8 scores.

Question 42.
Explain the theory of Demographic Transition.
Answer:
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION KINGSLEY DAVIS
Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:

Stage I: Primitive Stage Underdeveloped countries Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward. in such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of having small families, they are not educated. ‘Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available, therefore population is low.

Stage II: [Developing countries]. The birth rate and death rate rank very high, the net growth rate remains low. Birth rate is high as in this society people live in a patriarchal society in which men decide how many children must be bom and male child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant. Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available.

Stage III: [Developed countries]. Birth rate in low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, birth control is popularised. Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical facilities, therefore population is low.

Transitional Stage: The stage between backwardness and skilled people]: In this stage growth rate of population is very high whereas death rates are brought down due to better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is associated with a population explosion.

Question 43.
Explain the classification of Indian Tribal Communities on the basis of their permanent and acquired traits.
Answer:
Classification of Tribal Societies In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits. Permanent Traits include region, language, physical characteristics and ecological habitat.In terms of population the tribal population of India is widely dispersed, but there are also concentrations in certain regions. 85% in ‘middle India’, from Gujarat and Rajasthan in the west to West Bengal and Orissa in the east, with Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh forming the heart of this region.Over 11% is in the North Eastern states.3% living in the rest of India. The ecological habitats covered includes hills, forests, rural plains and urban industrial areas.

On the basis of language
In terms of language.Categorised into four categories.Two of them, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, are shared by the rest of the Indian population as well, and tribes account for only about 1% of the former and about 3% of the latter.The other two language groups, the Austric and Tibeto-Burman, are primarily spoken by tribals, who account for all of the first and over 80% of the second group. In terms of physical-racial terms Classified underthe Negrito, Australoid, Mongoloid, Dravidian and Aryan categories.

The last two are shared with the rest of the population of India. In terms of size Vary a great deal, ranging from about seven million to some Andamanese islanders who may number less than a hundred persons.The biggest tribes are the Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Bodos and Mundas, all of whom are at least a million strong.The total population of tribes amounts to about 8.2% of the population of India, or about 84 million persons according to the 2001 Census.

Acquired Traits
Classifications based on acquired traits use two main criteria – mode of livelihood, and extent of incorporation into Hindu society – or a combination of the two. On the basis of livelihood, tribes can be categorised into fishermen, food gatherers and hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants and plantation and industrial workers. The dominant classification both in academic sociology as well as in politics and public affairs is the degree of assimilation into Hindu society.

Assimilation can be seen either from the point of view of the tribes, or (as has been most often the case) from the point of view of the dominant Hindu mainstream. From the tribe’s point of view, apart from the extent of assimilation, attitude towards Hindu society is also a major criterion, with differentiation between tribes that are positively inclined towards Hinduism and those who resist or oppose it. From the mainstream point of view, tribes may be viewed in terms of the status accorded to them in Hindu society, ranging from the high status given to some, to the generally low status accorded to most.

Question 44.
Explain the economic dimensions of globalization.
Answer:
ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISATION
GLOBALISATION has created great visible and invisible changes in the global economy.
1. Policy of liberalisation:
Liberalisation is the most important feature of globalisation.Liberalisation reduced the market regulations, tolls, taxes, duties etc. Reduction or abolition of taxes made the country open for global trade and commerce.Foreign countries increased the sale of their products in INDIA. This has its own pros and cons.

Globalisation has created more and more choices for customers; made available the products which were previously not available or rarely available. Globalisation increased competition among companies which reduced the prices for products.

2. Privatisation: private ownership of resources forced the public authorities to increase their standard.More facilities and technologies were introduced.

3. Economic aspect of globalisation: Many new policies were made in 1990.

• Many laws were introduced by government as it was aware that there would be stiff competition to protect one local industries/markets/companies.
• Economic reforms policy of liberalisation flourished.

4. Electronic Economy : Transactions take place electronically at the click of a button through computers.

• No paperwork or paper currency required.
• Shares bought and sold within seconds.
• Transaction of funds between countries in seconds.
• One major risk is sometimes foreign companies buy up stocks in bulk, make a profit and sell it back to stock holders.
• Main reason for electronic economy is revolution in technology.

5. Weightless or Knowledge Economy : Weightless economy is that system in which basis is information e.g., IT sector, internet, software. A knowledge economy is one in which working people are not directly involved in the production of commodities but give support systems (transport and communications, architects, wedding planners, market, service etc).

6. Globalisation of Finance : Connected to electronic economy.

• Hub of electronic activity where transaction takes place 24 hours are called financial capital of that city.
• Globally integrated markets do transactions involving billions of holders work within seconds like. Bombay, Tokyo, London, New York

7. INC’s or MNC’s:

• Companies which have branches in different areas.
• Big billions dollars MNC’s and small MNC’s
• Many Indian companies
• Globalisation has picked up in such a big way because of MNC’s main basis is profit for an MNC and global market.

8. Global Communications: Many revolutions have taken place because of advances and improvement in technology and communication.

• Some homes and many offices have multiple links to the outside world such as telephones, cell phones, fax machines, digital and cable television, electronic mail and internet.
• Two individuals located in different part of the world – in Banglore and New York – not only can talk but also send documents and images to one another with the help of satellite technology.

9. Globalisation and international division of labours : Has emerged due to globalisation, where production (manufacturing) and employment is spread over different countries all over the world. Wherever good infrastructure, cheap labour, resources, MNC’s come up.

• Hence frequent shifting of location occurs.
• This got a feeling of insecurity among labour.
• Only unskilled, casual labours suffered.
• Main aim of factory owners is profit.

10. Globalisation And Employment : Before globalisation (1990’s) the employment scenario was different.

• Many jobs are now available after graduation (call centres, BPO’s)
• Job opportunities broadened largely

Question 45.
In what way a market – “such as a weakly village market” – is a social institution.Explain.
Answer:
Though markets are places of economic interaction, since they are based on a particular social context and social environment, we can also regard them as social institutions where a specific kind of social interaction take place. Periodic markets (or weekly markets) are a central feature of social and economic organization. They give a chance to surrounding villages to interact with each other while they sell – their goods.

In villages, in tribal areas apart from regular markets, specialised markets are also organized where specific products are sold such as in the fair of Pushkar in Rajasthan. Thus, traders from outside come and also moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers and other specialists offering their services and product. Therefore, these periodic markets just do not fulfil local needs, they link the villages with regional economies and sometimes national economies. Thus in tribal areas they help in maintaining interconnections, which makes these markets a social institution.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2022

Part – I

A. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 x 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The version of map which is already provided to each of us in childhood by the process of socialisation is called
Answer:
Commonsense Map

Question 2.
To overcome biased and incomplete knowledge about the society we have to looft at overselves through the eyes of others. This is termed as
Answer:
Self Reflexivity

Question 3.
The concept of dominant caste was coined by
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas

Question 4.
Keeping away individuals from full involvement in the society is called
Answer:
Social Exclusion

Question 5.
The term Harijan was put forward by
Answer:
Gandhiji

Question 6.
The process of selling shares of public sector com-panies by the government is called
Answer:
Disinvestment

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
______ is the American Sociologist who studied the relationship between personal troubles and social issues.
(Karl Marx, Max Weber, C.Wright Mills)
Answer:
C. Wright Mills

Question 8.
The social Reform Movement founded in Bengal. (Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Brahma Samaj)
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj

Question 9.
The first school for girls was started in Pune by
Answer:
Jyothiba Phule

Question 10.
An essay on the principles of population (1798) was written by
Answer:
Robert Thomas Malthus

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Define Demography dividend.
Answer:
If the number of the people working is more, it will be called Demography dividend.

Question 12.
Define Patrilocal family.
Answer:
If after marriage the couple stays in the husband’s home, it will be a patrilocal family. In such a family, the property goes from the father to the sons. In patrilocal families, the father of the family, or the eldest male there will be the authority.

Question 13.
Mention any 2 cultural changes brought about by colonialism.
Answer:

1. Sankritization
2. Modernization

Question 14.
Write a short note on circulation of labour.
Answer:
Agricultural labourers for getting work during the time of agriculture migrate to other villages temporarily and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.

Question 15.
What is corporate culture?
Answer:
Because of extraordinary organizational skills some business management families increase their production and profit. They develop good business relations with the customers. This is what is known as Corporate Culture. This increases the dedication of the workers and the cooperation of the consum ers. Such companies give much importance of company values and working style.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each caries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Write any 2 problems faced by Adivasi’s.
Answer:

1. Poverty
2. Lack of authority

Question 17.
What is social inequality?
Answer:
Social inequality is the situation in which there is inequality in the availability of social resources. and then after the work there return to their own villages. This is called circulation of labour. It is the commercialization of agriculture that paved the way for the circulation of labour.

Question 18.
Define Dominant caste.
Answer:
The caste that has a large number of people who own much wealth and has political power is called the Dominant Caste. For example, the Yadavas in Bihar and UP, the Vokkaligas in Karnataka and the Marathas in Maharashtra are Dominant Castes.

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each caries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Differentiate between Social map and Geographical map.
Answer:

• Social Map:
  1. Shows the position of an individual in the society.
  2. By comparing one with the others in the society, a person can decide his position in the society.
• Geographical Map:
  1. Show the exact location of your region.
  2. Shows the nature of your region

Question 20.
Distinguish between Nuclear and Joint Family.
Answer:
Nuclearfamily is the smallest family. It is also called Elementary family. The members of a nuclearfamily are the parents and their children. It has members of two generations. Joint Family is the opposite of nuclear family. It is also called Extended family. This is of different kinds. In it, more than one couples and more than 2 generations live together. This can be some brothers and their families. It can be an old couple living with their children and grandchildren. Extended families are seen as a feature of Indian families. But it never was a strong family all over the country. It was confined to some groups and some regions. Extended family is still not a strong form of family.

Question 21.
Describe the disadvantages of Home based work.
Answer:
Women and children make beedi, joss-sticks, lace, brocades and hand-woven mats. Agents of large scale manufacturing companies make raw materials for making the above things to women and children at home and assign the work of making the products. When the work is competed the agents give them wages and take the products away.

To start making beedis, tendu leaves are collected from private agents or from the forest department. These leaves are given to the women and children. These leaves are made soft and then cut into the size for beedis. Then in this beedi leaf tobacco is filled and rolled and tied with a thread. These beedis are taken to the factory by the contractors and there they are packed and labelled.

The factory owners make huge profits but the wages the workers get are very little. Most of the beedi workers are women and girls who have dropped out of school. They don’t have the collective organizational power to fight for their rights.

Question 22.
Prepare a note on Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
The growth of the mass media has helped people to be self-sufficient, and to work for national development. The mass media helps people to be aware of the various programmes and policies of the government. It helps people to dislike social evils like uritouchability, child marriage, and various restrictions for widows. In the modern industrialised society, mass media helps in propagating scientific values and reasoning power among the people.

The two major mass media in independent India are: 1. Radio, 2. Television.
1. Radio: Radio broadcasting started in India in 1920 in Calcutta and Chennai under the auspices of some Broadcasting Clubs. In the 1940s “Ham Radio”, also called Amateur Radio, became very popular. During the Second World War, Radio was the main tool of propaganda for the Allied Forces in Asia. In 1947 India had only 6 radio stations. They were in the major cities. Only the urban dwellers that lived there had its benefit. Most of the programmes were news broadcasts, contemporary incidents and discussions. By the year 2000, some HOmillion homes were benefited by radio broadcasts. The broadcasts were in 24 languages and 146 dialects. 1/3 of . the listeners were from homes in villages.

2. Television: Television came to India in 1959. By 1976, in the States of India satellite television began broadcasting “Instructional Experiment” television programmes. In 1975 television stations under Doordarshan were operating in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Srinagar and Amritsar. In another year, Kolkata, Chennai, and Jalandhar joined this group of cities. TV channels then began to broadcast programmes specially meant for women, children and farmers.

Question 23.
Briefly explain Tribal Movement.
Answer:
Tribal Movement
Santhal, Ho, Oraon., Munda, etc. some of the major tribes in India. They have some common problems. But their differences are also big. In the Tribal areas of central India, many Tribal Movements have been formed. Most Tribal Movements are in the newly formed Jharkhand State. The Tribal Movements in the Jharkhand region are more than 100 years old. The leader who started the Tribal Movement was Birsa Munda. After his death, he became a godly figure for them. Throughout the Jharkhand region stories and songs about him were propagated. In Bihar it was the Christian missionaries who went into the Tribal Areas with literacy campaigns.

Educated Adivasis began to make researches regarding their history and the legends regarding them. They started collecting information about the Tribal traditions and cultural rituals. Using different means they spread the various facts and brought about a kind of common awareness among the Tribals.

Many Tribals were employed in government jobs. Then there developed a middle-class Tribal leadership. Then came the demand for an independent State. The Tribals hated the migrant traders and money-lenders who were called Dikus. Cruel dikus harmed the Tribals and took possession of their properties. They started dominating mining and industries there. They became large landowners. Then the Tribals were ousted from their own places. These problems helped the Adivasis to organise themselves into powerful groups and fight for their cause, finally gaining a State for themselves.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
What is invisible hand who introduced the concept of Invisible hand?
Answer:
In the market, individuals have their own interests. When the individual interests in the market are protected it becomes favourable for the economic system. The economic system is then nurtured and the wealth of the society increases. This kind of development that is not visible, but is beneficial for individuals and indirectly good for the society is called the Invisible Hand. The concept of the Invisible Hand was put forward by Adam Smith. He talked about it in his famous book “Wealth of Nations”.

Question 25.
Describe caste system as a discriminatory system.
Answer:
Caste system as a discriminatory system. One¬sided and prejudicial behaviour to other groups and individuals is called discrimination. And when caste is made the reason for the discrimination it is caste discrimination. When a job js refused to someone just because of sex or community, there is discrimination. Discriminations are not often stated openly and publicly. To justify discriminations people look for various justifications. Because of one’s caste a person may be denied a certain job. But then the employer will say that he gave employment on the basis of merit.

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each carries 6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 26.
Explain the concept of commoditization with ex-amples.
Answer:
Two important features of capitalist society are commoditization and consumption. As the capitalist system spread all the over world, markets began to appear in all spheres of human life. With this the process called commoditization also began. Commoditization happens when goods and services that were not sold in the market before become goods for sale. In this process, some things that are not goods are transformed into goods and are made part of the market system. A good example is drinking water. Drinking water was not something for sale in the past. When drinking water is bottled and sold in the market it becomes a commodity. Its commoditization takes place. In the same manner labour, skilled labour and expertise have been commoditised to be bought and sold.

Question 27.
Evaluate the social consequences of Green Revolu-tion.
Answer:
Social Consequences of the Green Revolution in India:

1. Only middle class and big landowners were benefited by the Green Revolution.
2. The peasants who used to take fields on lease for cultivation could not get fields.
3. People who did manual labour in the fields did not have work.
4. As the peasants got money as their wages, their condition became pathetic.
5. The commercialization of agriculture and the monoculture system caused a reduction in the prices of the crops causing financial crunch to the farmers.
6. It helped in increasing regional inequality.

Question 28.
Explain any 2 structural changes brought about by colpnialism in India.
Answer:
The two structural changes brought by colonialism in India were:

1. Industrialization
2. Urbanization

1. Industrialization:
The number of rapid and drastic changes industrialization brought in the industrial sector is collectively known as Industrialization. Use of machines and the use of water vapour and electricity are the specialties of industrialization.

2. Urbanization:
Urbanization means the large scale migration of people from rural areas to urban centres. Industrialization and urbanization are mutually interrelated processes. In the modern industrialised societies, people work in factories, offices or shops. Farmers are very few. In areas around industries people live in large numbers and so the density is great. Into the areas close to the industries, people migrate for getting jobs, greater living facilities and education.

Mumbai, Madras and Kolkata which were the administrative centres and had many industries became large cities. Old manufacturing centres like Surat and Masulipatnam were industrialised. Because of the British industrialization, the cottage industries in India were ruined. As a result of industrialization, new social relations and social groups came up. The structure of the Indian society changed. Large cities like Mumbai and Madras had much influence on the Indian economic system. These cities exported raw materials at cheap rates and imported new products into India.

Mumbai exported cotton.

1. Kolkota exported jute to Dundee.
2. Madras exported sugar, indigo, cotton, dyes etc.

Question 29.
Explain the power and responsibilities of Gramapanchayath.
Answer:
Powers and Responsibilities of Grama Panchayats: According to the provisions of the Constitution, all State governments are to share their authorities and responsibilities with the Panchayats.

• The responsibilities of the Panchayats are the following:
  1. Make plans schemes for economic development.
  2. Encourage to enlarge social justice schemes.
  3. Collect, taxes, tolls and fees in a proper way.
  4. Give necessary financial help to the local administrative authorities to carry out their responsibilities.
  5. Taking care cerrjeteries and cremation grounds, keeping statistics of births and deaths, maternity centres child welfare centres, family welfare schemes, farmers’ welfare, etc. should be responsibility of the panchayats.
  6. Local roads, wells, public ponds, schools, construction of buildings for public undertakings are the responsibility of the elected representatives. They should give leadership to projects like IRDP and ICDS.
• Activities to bring out social welfare:
  1. Building cemeteries, cremation grounds, and maintaining them.
  2. Register births and deaths.
  3. Establish maternity centres and child welfare centres.
  4. Maintain the local roads. Do things related, Cattle rearing and agricultural work.
  5. Give publicity to family planning programmes.
• Development Activities:
  1. Construct roads, public buildings and wells and maintain them.
  2. Encourage cottage industries and maintain small irrigation projects.
  3. Make sure that the schemes like IRDP, ICDST are implemented properly.

The main sources of income for the Panchayats are property tax, professional tax, motor vehicle tax, land
cess and revenue. District panchayats used to give some concessions on these. The expenditure account should be exhibited publicly in the panchayat office. Because of this the people at the ground level can also have access to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. In some States there are Nyaya Panchayats, which handle small civil and criminal cases. They can also impose fines. Issues related giving and taking are dealt with here.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 x 6 = 12)

Question 30.
Match the following.

A	B
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Stree-Purush Tulana
Tarabai Shinde	Harijan
Jyotiba Phule	Brahmo Samaj
Kaka Kalelkar	Satyasodak Samaj
Gandhiji	Muslim Social Reformer
Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan	Backward Class Commission

Answer:

A	B
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Brahmo Samaj
Tarabai Shinde	Stree-Purush Tulana
Jyotiba Phule	Satyasodak Samaj
Kaka Kalelkar	Backward Class Commission
Gandhiji	Harijan
Sir Syed Ahmmed Khan	Muslim Social Reformer

Question 31.
Describe any 2 Social reforms Movements.
Answer:
1. The Chipko Movement:
This is an environmental movement that began in the hilly regions of the Himalayan valley. It was the result of a mingling of ideology and interests. In his book “The Unquiet Woods”, Ramachandra Guha says the villagers came together protect the oak trees near their village.

Thousands of people came forward to protect the oak trees and the rhododendron forest. Government contractor came with arms to fell the trees. But the women and children held their hands and embraced the trees, not allowing the workers to cut them. The village women used to collect their firewood and hay from the forest.

1. The government had expected a huge amount . of profit by selling the trees to contractors.
2. Here the clash was between the economic system of survival and the economic system of profit.
3. The interest of the capitalists is behind the to information. The public can question the officers regarding the use of funds. moves of the government.
4. For the villagers the forest is their wealth.
5. The forest is their means of livelihood.
6. It is the forest that gives them firewood, hay and some other necessities of life.
7. The economic system for existence was becoming valueless in front of the economic system of profit.

The Chipko Movement highlighted the problem ecological balance. Deforestation is an ecological problem. Because of deforestation, there are floods and landslides. The Chipko Movement began to seriously discuss the economic system, environmental knowledge, and political representation. The officers who live in the plains to not know anything about the importance of forests. They were often different from the villagers and sometimes even their enemies.

2. Brahmo Samaj:
The founder of Brahmo Samaj, Rajaram Mohan Roy, had already started his activities against the system of Sati. Borrowing western logical thoughts, he wanted to make changes in the Indian traditions and Hindu beliefs. Even widows of the higher caste Hindus had to immolate themselves in the funeral pyre of their husbands. It was this cruel system known as Sati. In 1860, in the curriculum of Bombay University there was the book “Analogy of Religion” by Bishop Joseph Butler. Influenced by this book, Mahadeva Govinda Ranade also became a leader of social reforms in India.

Question 32.
Describe the roll of Mass Media in Independent India.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the first Prime Minister of independent India exhorted the media to be the watchdog of the society. Media was expected to propagate the principle of self-reliance and national development among the people. In the early stages of her independence, India gave greater importance to development. Media was seen as a means of letting people know of the various development plans and activities of the government.

Media encouraged people to fight against evil practices like untouchability, child marriage and bans on widows, and against superstitions like black magic, faith treatment and so on. The nation’s main aim was the make the people think logically and scientifically and build the nation into a prosperous one. The government wanted to use the media for this. Films Division of India made newsreels and documentaries which were shown in all cinema theatres before the start of the film. Thus the media helped in letting the people know of the development plans and activities of the government.

Question 33.
(a) Explain the Theory of Demographic Transition.
(b) Compare Theory of Demographic Transition with Malthusian Theory of Population.
(c) Find the position of Indian Society in the Demographic transition stage.
Answer:
a) Theory of Demographic Transition: This theory suggests that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth:

Stage I : In this stage, in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward death rate and birth rate is less. The difference between them is also less.

In the first and third stage, the population growth is slow. But in stage two there is high growth of population. The reasons for that can e explained thus. Because of better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement, death rate is considerably reduced. In societies which were experiencing severe poverty and high death rate, in the times of prosperity when their longevity increased, they needed time to change their reproduction style.

At the end of the 19th century and he beginning of the 20th, we sawthis phenomenon in Western Europe. Such thing also happened in less developed countries. To bring a balance between reduced death rate and birth rate they struggled. This happened in India also. Death was reduced and birth rate could not be brought to that level.

The steady increase in agricultural crops showed that the Malthusian theory was wrong. There were many reasons for this growth.

1. Use of seeds with high productivity
2. Beneficial use of manure and insecticides.
3. Better harvesting machines.

b) Thomas Robert Malthus put forward the theory that the population growth depends on human needs like food, shelter and clothes. So people are destined to live in poverty. The population increase takes place overcoming agricultural products. Population grows in geometric progression 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 …….. But the agricultural grow in arithmetic progression 2,4, 6,8,10, …….

Therefore he only way to prosperity is population control. Only by adopting things like postpone marriages, maintaining celibacy, etc. population can be controlled. But nature uses controls like famine and contagious diseases, etc. to reduce population. The theory of Malthus was later known as Malthusian theory of population, But the economic expert that came later proved that through economic prosperity population growth can be controlled. Theory of Demographic Transition is better for . India. Based onttietechnological progress, birth and death rates, and population growth, this is better for India.

c) According to the Theory of Demographic Transition, India is in the second stage.

Question 34.
(a) Define Globalisation.
(b) Explain different dimensions of Globalisation.
Answer:
a) Globalization means mutual interdependence of people, regions and countries indifferent ways. Social and economic relations have become global. Economic powers are a big factor in globalization. Rapid and intensive growth in technology is also an important factor here. Globalization includes economic, social, technological and cultural changes.

b) 1. Economic dimensions Globalization
2. Globalization and culture

1. Economic dimensions Globalization:
Globalization had made social and cultural relations global. This helped in the development of some economic plans. In 1991 the Indian Government decided to restructure the economy. This change is known as liberalization.

1. Through this, some strict controls in trade and commerce were removed.
2. Because of certain decisions India made after 1991, the doors of Indian economic were opened to world economic system.
3. The new policy was directly opposed to the policy of strict control in the economic sector by the earlier governments.
4. Many laws had been passed with the intention of protecting trade; industry and the economic system.\

Liberalization of the economic system means removing the controls imposed on foreign countries in doing trade and financial dealings with India. These actions of the government were called economic reforms. From July 1991, there have been a series of reforms in the sectors of trade, foreign investment, technological development, financial institutions and public sector. The calculation was that by liking the Indian market with the foreign markets, India will be benefited.

Liberalization also means taking loans from the international financial institutions like the IMF. Such loans are given subject to certain conditions.

1. To get these loans the government is forced to implement some economic policies.
2. For that, the government has to reduce its expenditure in social sectors like health and education.
3. In all these matters WTO and IMF put forward strict conditions.

From July 1991, in our agricultural and industrial sectors, trade and technology there has been foreign investment. Many economic reform^ were made. Our relation with the global economic system was expected to be beneficial for us. By assuring that we will implement economic reforms we have taken a lot of loan from IMF. As a result, the government expenditure in health, education “and social security had to be seriously reduced.

2. Globalization and culture:
We have been maintaining an open door policy to different cultural influences. That made our culture rich. There is a fear now whether the recent cultural changes will ruin our regional cultural identity, we never thought of remaining like the frog in the well. If one spends the entire life in a well, he will never know what is happening outside the well. Then with a narrow mind he will start looking at everything else with suspicion. Such people do not exchange news and views with others.

Against the narrow vision ours was a traditionally broad vision. We could talk openly on subjects like wealth, politics, religions, language and arts. The hot debates that were started in the 19th century by social reformers and nationalists are still continuing in our present generation.

Question 35.
(a) Name the Sociologist who coined the term Sanskritisation.
(b) Critically Evaluate Sanskritisation as a process of cultural change.
Answer:
a) M.N. Srinivas.
b) Sanskritization: It was the social scientist M.N. Srinivas who coined the term Sanskritization. When the lower castes imitate the rituals, conventions, beliefs, ideas and life style of the upper cases, there is Sanskritization. In those areas where the castes are not Sanskritised, the influence of the majority castes was very high. This can be called Desanskritization. In the process of Sanskritization,, there are regional differences. For example, in Punjab, culturally the influence of Sanskrit was not strong. Until the end of the 19lh century Persian influence was very strong.

In India following the rituals and conventions of the upper castes is not an easy thing for the lower castes. If the lower castes showed the courage to follow the rituals and conventions of the higher castes, they would be punished. Sanskritization approves the rituals and conventions of the upper castes. An example for this can be found in adopting the ‘dowry system’ instead of paying bride price.

The tasks the Dalits did were considered undignified. This was different from the ideas adopted during the industrialization period. The discrimination based on the work one did was intolerable. As a result of the land reforms, the middle castes became rich as they got the right of the land they were using. They became rich very fast. Because their number was large, they also got political authority. Thus the middle castes could a big role in the politics of the country.