Bhagya

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Board Model Paper 2023 with Answers.

From Questions 1 to 12 answer for 16 scores.

Question 1.
Name the leader of the Freedom Movement of India who was popularly known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’.
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
(d) Sardar Patel
Answer:
(c) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Question 2.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 3.
Shimla Agreement was signed by and
(a) Lai Bahadur Shastri and General Ayub Khan
Answer:
(c) Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Question 4.
Who is known as the ‘Architecture of first five year plan’?
Answer:
Dr. K.N. Raj

Question 5.
Which organization led to the formation of Right to Information Act?
Answer:
M.K.S.S

Question 6.
Which commission recommended 27% reservation for OBC candidates in all levels or government?
Answer:
Mandal Commission

Question 7.
Identify the American President who declared “Operation Enduring Freedom”.
Answer:
George Bush

Question 8.
Complete the following table related to ASEAN: (2)
Answer:
(a) ASEAN Security Community
(b) ASEAN Economic community

Question 9.
Which of the following is not a SAARC country?
(a) India
(b) Nepal
(c) Indonesia
(d) Bangladesh
Answer:
(c) Indonesia

Question 10.
Write the expansion of‘NIEO’.
Answer:
New International Economic Order

Question 11.
Kyoto Protocol deals with which of the following areas?
(a) Migration
(b) Climate Change
(c) Human Rights
Answer:
(b) Climate Change

Question 12.
Match the following:

Answer:

Answer any four questions from 13 to 17. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 13.
What are the factors responsible for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three General Elections?
Answer:

1. Heritage of national movement.
2. Organisational set up throughout the country.
3. Charismatic leaders like Nehru and others.

Question 14.
Explain any three consequences of emergency declared on 25th June, 1975.
Answer:

1. Widespread arrest of opposition leaders.
2. Censorship on press.
3.  Excessive use of preventive detection.

Question 15.
India and Bangladesh have.differences over several issues. Identify any three of them.
Answer:

1. Ganga-Brahmaputra water sharing.
2. Illegal migration.
3. Denial of natural gas to India.

Question 16.
Explain Non-traditional concept of security.
Answer:

1. Human security – Security of humans
2. Rather than physical structures
3. Global security – Security of all countries

Question 17.
Mention any two outcomes of Rio-Summit.
Answer:

1. Countries are agreed upon the issues of climate change, afforestation and bio-diversity.
2. Implementation of agenda 21.

Answer any four questions from 18 to 22. Each carries 4 scores. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 18.
Evaluate two positive and two negative consequences of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
Green revolution: Positive effects
(a) Increase in food production especially wheat.
(b) Punjab, Haryana and western UP were the beneficiaries.

Negative effects.
(a) Rich landlords and peasants were the beneficiaries.
(b) Ordinary farmers remained poor and a middle class farmers emerged.

Question 19.
What are the reasons which led to the failure of Janatha Government?
Answer:
Lack of proper leadership and common agenda.
No fundamental change in the policies.
Differences of opinion among parties in the coalition.

Question 20.
The anti-arrack movement in Andhra Pradesh drew the attention of the country to some serious issues. What were these issues?
Answer:

1. The women in Nellore district came forward to protest against arrack trade.
2. The protest demanded the authorities to impose prohibition of arrack in the area.
3. The women folk of the society and their struggle addressed the issues of domestic violence, dowry, sexual violence and their campaign increased social awareness about womens problems.
4. The movement demanded equal representation to women’s in politics.

Question 21.
What was the main outcome of Rajiv Gandhi- Longowal Accord in July 1985?
Answer:

1. Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.
2. A separate commission will look into the border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
3. A tribunal will decide the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
4. Compensation would be provided to those affected by the military.
5. Armed forces special Powers Act in Punjab would
6. be withdrawn.

Question 22.
Assess the role of ASEAN as an economic association.
Answer:

1. ASEAN was established in 1967 and its headquarters at Jakarta, in Indonesia.
2. ASEAN was one of the powerful alternative centres of power of the South East Asian Nations.
3. ASEAN adopted a vision 2020, which was their economic manifesto for the new millennium.
4. ASEAN has trade relations and agreements with European countries, U.S.A, China and India.
5. After the formation of ASEAN, the economy of the South East Asian countries became very powerful.

Answer any four questions from 23 to 27. Each carries 5 scores. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 23.
India and Pakistan have a largely hostile relationship that is rooted in historical and political events. Identity those incidents that have shaken the relationship between the two after partition.
Answer:
Arms race between the two countries went on uninterrupted.

1. The Indian side says that Pakistan is helping the Kashmir militants with arms, money and trasings.
2. Pakistan had helped the pro Khalistan militants.
3. Sharing of water is another bone of contention between India and Pakistan.
4. Another issue between two countries is about the demaration line in the Rann of Katch.

Question 24.
Discuss the major issues which led to the formal split of the Congress Party in 1969.
Answer:
On president Zakir Hussain’s death a new president had to be elected. Syndicate nominated Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy as the president candidate. Indira Gandhi asked V.V Giri to file the nomination as an independent candidate. Congress president issued whip asked to vote for Neelam Sanjeev Readdy. Indira Gandhi called conscience vote and supported V.V. Giri. In this election V.V. Giri elected as the president of India. Sanjeeva Reddy defeated and the Congress party had split. The congress led by the syndicate came to be known as the Congress (0) and the group led by Indira Gandhi to be called Congress (R).

Question 25.
Explain the three types of U.S. Hegemony. Give exam pies for each.
Answer:
Hegemony as Hard Power:
Hard power implies dominance of super power on ground of military power.
Eg. War on Terror, Operation Iraqi freedom.

Hegemony as structural power:
Structural power implies the dominance of super power on grounds of economic terms.
Eg: Academic degree MBA, Bretton Wood twins and their role in structural policy.

Hegemony as Soft Power:
Soft power impels dominance of super power on grounds of cultural spheres,
eg: Capacity to manufacturing consent, Blue Jeans, Coco-cola, MC-Donald etc.

Question 26.
Explain the main issues in Indian Politics in the period after 1989.
Answer:
1. End of congress system : The election is 1989 marked the end of Congress system .and the emergence of multi-party system. It led to the coalition government also when regional parties played a critical role in forming alliance.

2. Mandal Issue : In 1990 the V.P. Singh government decided to implement the recommendations of second backward class commission popularly known as Mandal Commission. The major recommendation was reservation of 27% seats in educational institution and government jobs for backward classes. Violent anti-Mandal protests broke out in different parts of the country.

3. New Economic Policy : Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh started new economic reforms to change the direction of Indian economic policy. Liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation were the three core aspects of that policy. It was really a radical change in the economic policy of India.

4. Demolition of Babri Majid: The Babri Masjid was demolished in December 1992. The demolition marked many changes in Indian politics. Secular fabric of the country was disturbed and widespread riots took place all over India. The demolition was marked as a’point of time when religious sentiments used for electoral purposes.

Question 27.
What is globalisation? Analyse the political and cultural consequences of globalisation.
Answer:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In this sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works:

Political results:
Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results:
Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come tinder their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations. Investing in the developing nations is more profitable.’ Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants.

There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization. Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization.

Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Answer any two questions from 28 to 30. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 28.
‘Partition was not only a division of geographical area but a division of hearts also.’ Based on the above statement, explain the difficulties and consequences of partition.
Answer:
There were three reasons for that. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims, there were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian Territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslim population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader of the North Western Province had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North West Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. Butin these huge provinces there were very many non- Muslims. Therefore the Provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there. The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which country they belonged – India or Pakistan. It deeply wounded the people.

The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab arid Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people on both sides were killed because of their religion and caste. Huge cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to areas of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas. People were forced to flee their homes, suffering a lot of difficulties on their way. Many of the people in the minorities in the border areas had to live in refugee camps.

The govern ments and the police were not there to help them. People had to walk or ride in some vehicles from their homes to their new places. During the journey, many were attacked and killed; women were raped. Many were forced to accept the majority religion and marry people against their will. In many homes v women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour.

Children were separated from their parents and guardians. People who came to the new land had no houses and they had to live in refugee camps. Not only the land, but even moveable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. People who were living like brethren were divided. It is believed that be-tween 5 to 10 lakh people lost their lives in this tragic division of the country.

Question 29.
Describe the causes of Soviet disintegration.
Answer:
There are many reasons for the disintegration of the USSR:
a) Political reasons
b) Economic reasons
c) The reforms of Gorbachev
a) Political Reasons

1. In the Soviet system there was bureaucratic misrule and misuse of authority. The life of ordinary people was not at all smooth.
2. Lack of democracy and lack of freedom of expression.
3. Although on paper Russia was just one of the 15 republics, it either suppressed or controlled the people of all other republics.

b) Economic reasons
To become equal with the US in weapons, USSR spent a lot of its money on weapons. USSR was behind the West in technology and internal structure. It had no ability to protect the political and economic interests of its people.

c) Reforms of Gorbachev
His two important reforms were Glasnost and Perestroika. They did not bring the expected results. They brought more troubles to the country leading to its disintegration.

Question 30.
Evaluate the proposed reforms of structure and process of UNO.
Answer:
There is a need to reform UNOaspertheneedofthe time. The circumstances today are different from those existing at the time of the formation of the UNO. There should be objective solutions to the problems of the world. No country should assume the role of world police.

There should be structural change in the UN to enable it to eradicate terrorism. There should be proper representation of the developing nations in the UN. The demand of India to have permanent membership in the Security Council is a logical and just demand. India wants permanent membership because of the following reasons:

1. It has the world’s second largest population.
2. It is the largest democracy in the world.
3. India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
4. It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
5. India’s economic situation is improving.
6. India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted on any payment.

The above reasons are good enough for India to get a permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Permanent membership has its own significance. India’s importance will increase in world matters. Our foreign policy will influence others.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2021

Answer the following questions from 1 to 44 upto a maximum score of 80. Questions from 1 to 13. Total scores 22.

Question 1.
Identify the commission which recommended for the formation of states on language basis. (1)
Answer:
State Reorganisation Commission/ Fazal Ali Commission.

Question 2.
Name the political party which put forward two nation theory.
Answer:
Muslim League

Question 3.
Math the following:

Answer:

Question 4.
Who is known as the’milkman of India1? (1)
Answer:
Varghese Kurien

Question 5.
Math the following: (4)

Answer:

Question 6.
Name the political party which led the popular struggle against the dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan.
Answer:
Awami League

Question 7.
Find out the personality who won the Presidential election of 1969.
a) N. Sanjeeva Reddy
b) Morarji Desai
c) Nijalingappa
d) V.V. Giri
Answer:
V.V.Giri

Question 8.
Math the following: (4)

Answer:

Question 9.
Which among the following is a militant organisation?
a) Narmada BachaoAndolan
b) Dalit Panthers
c) Bharatiya Kisan Union
d) Chipko Movement
Answer:
Dalit Panthers

Question 10.
Which Prime Minister of India was assassinated as revenge to ‘operation blue star1?
a) Rajiv Gandhi
b) MorarjiDesai
c) Sanjay Gandhi
d) Indira Gandhi
Answer:
Indira Gandhi

Question 11.
Identify the leader behind the formation of BSP.
a) Kanshi Ram
b) B.P. Mandal
c) KarpooriTakur
d) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar (1)
Answer:
Kanshi Ram

Question 12.
Name the founder of Bolshevik Comm unist Party. (1)
Answer:
Vladimir Lenin

Question 13.
Identify the place where the ‘Earth Summit’ was held in 1992.
a) Paris
b) Kyoto
c) Rio-de Janeiro
d) Montreal
Answer:
Rio-de-Janeiro

Questions from 14 to 23. f=ach carries 3 Scores. (10 × 3 = 30)

Question 14.
Identify the three considerations whch guided the government to the integration of princely states to Indian union.
Answer:
People of most of the princely states are wanted to become part of India.
Government is flexible to give autonomy.
Integration and consolidation of the boundaries of India are important.

Question 15.
Briefly explain the reasons for the Congress domi-nance in the early phase of Indian democracy.
Answer:
Congress had led independence struggle. That legacy helped congress in initial elections.
Congress was the only party which had strong organisational structure and network all over India.
Charismatic leadership of Nehru and others.

Question 16.
How the Congress dominant system in India is dif-ferent from the single party system in China and Cuba?
Answer:
In China, Cuba and in erstwhile Soviet Union, there was one party dominance as only one party was allowed to function in those countries. But in India things were different. We had multiparty democracy. But staying within the bounds of democracy, congress dominated in Indian politics. Many parties had contested the elections, but congress maintaining its dominance.

Question 17.
What are the major objectives of India’s foreign policy?
Answer:

1. Protect territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country.
2. Promote rapid economic development.
3. Opposition to Imperialism, Colonialism and Racism.
4. Faith in UNO.
5. Peaceful co-existence
6. Non-Alignment
7. Afro-Asian unity

Question 18.
Write a note on ‘Shah Commission’ report.
Answer:
J.C. Shah was a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Janata Government set up a commission under the Chairmanship of Shah to look into the charges made against the government during ther emergency period. The Shah Commission made detailed enquiries. The findings, observations and recommendations were approved by the Janata Govermjient. The report was presented both in Loksabha and the Rajyasabha.

Question 19.
Discuss the social and environmental issues addessed by Chipko Movement.
Answer:
Chipko Movement was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarkhand. The forest department prevented the villagers from using the forest but gave permission to a sports company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers, when the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. This protest spread to many parts of Uttarkhand. As a result of this movement, government issued as order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan ranges for 15 years.

Question 20.
The Anti Arrack Movement was also a women movement. Why?
Answer:

1. The anti-arrack movement was mainly a women movement started from Andra Pradesh.
2. It was stood against domestic violence and the custom of dowry.
3. It was stood against the sexual abuse at the workplace.
4. The movement was stood against gender inequality.

Question 21.
Briefly explain India’s relations with Russia.
Answer:

1. India and Russia believe in collective security and multi-polarworld.
2. The two countries signed more than 80 bilateral Agreements.
3. India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir, sharing information on international  terrorism.
4. India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
5. India has long economic, commercial, cultural relations with Russia.

Question 22.
Explain any three sources of new global security threats.
Answer:

1. Global terrorism is one of the major threat in the new global security.
2. Human Rights violations are yet another threat all over the world across boundaries.
3. Global poverty and famines are threats for the security of mankind.
4. Contagious diseases like AIDS, SARS, Covid etc. are new forms of threats against global security.

Question 23.
Explain the impacts of globalisation on culture.
Answer:
Globalization opens the way for the globalisation of cultures. It affects our home, food, dress and even thoughts! There is a fear that it would lead to a single world culture. There is the dominance of western culture through globalisation. The traditional cultures are in danger. But some people of the view that culture is not something that stands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures.

Questions from 24 to 32. Each carries 4 scores. (9 × 4 = 36)

Question 24.
Explain the foramtion and failure of Janata government of 1977.
Answer:
The 1977 election was a referendum after the emergency. Even before the emergency, public opinion had turned against the Congress government. Emergency made the people turned against the party. The opposition parties joined together and became the Janata party. They rallied under the leadership of Jayprakash Narayan. Morarji Desai became the first non-congress Prime Minister in India. Later janatha experiment became a failure because of the internal conflicts and weak leadership.

Question 25.
Discuss the origin and activities of Dalit Panthers.
Answer:

1. Dalit Panters was a movement started in 1970’s working for the welfare of Dalits.
2. It was first started in Maharashtra.
3. The activities of Dalit panthers were concentrated in areas where Dalits are subjected to discrimination and attacks.
4. The agenda of the movement is making the society equitable where there is no caste discrimination.
5. The movement fought against all kinds of caste distinctions, reservation for SC’s and ST’s and fight against the legal prohibition of untouchability.
6. The movement split into various fragments and its strength was’lost.

Question 26.
Prepare a note on Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Answer:

1. Narmada Bachao Andolan was a movement came as a result of Sardar Sarovar Project.
2. Sardar Sarovar project is a large scale project built a number of big and small dams in the states like Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
3. Narmada Bhachao Andolan was also a movement against large scale displacement of people because of the construction of huge dams.
4. Tlie beginning of the movement was by demanding to rehabilitate those who would loss their homes.
5. The argument also came up that the local communities should have power over the land water and forests.

Question 27.
Discuss any four lessons of national integration in India.
Answer:

1. Regional demands are the part of the democratic process.
2. In democracy, suppression is not the solution to solve problems.
3. Respect in democratic deliberations and negotiations.
4. If regional representation is not equal in economic development, it will lead to regional imbalances.

Question 28.
Explain Kashmir issue.
Answer:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmir was a princely state. Initially, the king Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. In October 1947, Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Kashmir. Then the king sought assistance from India.

The king signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir king. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. India granted Jammu Kashmir autonomy.

Question 29.
Write a short note on Soviet System and its weaknesses.
Answer:
The union of Soviety Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the socialist revolution in Russia in 1917. The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism, as opposed to capitalism, and the need for an egalitarian society. The soviet system gave primacy to the state and the institution of the party. Abolished private property and design a society based on the principles of equality.

The Soviet system, became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech etc. are the problems of soviety system.

Question 30.
Write note on 9/11 attack and the global war on terror.
Answer:
On 11 September 2001, 19 terrorists hijacked 4 American planes and made them fly against some strategic buildings in  America. Two of the hit the twin-towers of the World Trade Centre. One crash landed in Pentagon, which is the headquarters of American defence.

The 4th plane had to land in field of Pennsylvania. 9/11 more than 3000 people were killed and it was considered as the first biggest attack American ever faced after its formation in 1776. After this America started its operation ‘Enduring freedom’. It is aimed against the terrorists like Al-Qaida and the Taliban of Afghanistan.

Question 31.
Discuss the capabilities of European Union to develop as an alternative centre of power.
Answer:

1. After the disintegration of Soviet Unidn, European Union was formed through the Maastricht Treaty.
2. It is considered an effort to unify the economic and political matters of Europe.
3. European Union because the world’s largest economic system.
4. The currency of EU, Euro is stronger tfian American dollar.
5. France one of the founder member ot European union, is also a permanent member of UN Security Council.
6. In military context, European union has the second largest in the world.
7. EU has its own flag, anthem, founding date, common parliament and common VISA system.

Question 32.
Explain the role of 1971 war in the formation of Bangladesh.
Answer:
In 1970, Pakistan faced a lot of internal problems. During the first election in West Pakistan the party of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto got the majority. But in East. Pakistan, theAwami League led by Majibur Rahman got the majority. The East Pakistanians wanted to be free from West Pakistan. The rulers of West Pakistan were not willing to recognize the Awami League and its victory. 1971, the West Pakistani
army arrested Majibur Rahman and threatened the people of East Pakistan.

The people were wanted their own country called Bangladesh and India supported the demand of a new country. In 1971 Pakistan attacked Punjab, Rajastan, Jammu- Kashmir. With popular support, the Indian army surrounded Dhaka from three sides. Pakistan surrendered and it came to be the beginning of a new country. After the war, Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto signed the Shimla agreement on 3rd July 1972.

Questions from 33 to 40. Each carries 5 scores.

Question 33.
Explain the ideology and programmes of the Swatantra Party.
Answer:

1. Swathantra party was formed in August 1959.
2. C.Rajagopalachari, K.M.Munshi, Meenu Massani were its prominent leaders.
3. Swathantra party opposed centralised planning, state intervention, public sector, etc.
4. They stood for individual freedom and privatisation.
5. They were against the policy of non-alignment and progressive tax regime.
6. Most of the ideologies of Swathantra party are in favour of capitalist system and they wanted to make India a capitalist  country.

Question 34.
Discuss India’s Nuclear policy.
Answer:

1. India’s nuclear programme was initiated uner the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.
2. India conducted nuclear explotions in 1974 and 1988.
3. But India is against testing of atomic weapons for war like purposes. India stands for complete disarmament within the framework of United Nations:
4. India refuses to sign, NPT, because it is discriminatory.
5. India sood for no first use.
6. Stands for non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament.

Question 35.
Critically analyse the consequences of National emergency of 1975.
Answer:
Because of internal problems, emergy was declared and the people were in trouble. According to the constitution, during the emergency, the central government has special powers.

1. Protests and agitations by government employees were banned.
2. Opposition leaders were arrested.
3. Media were strictly controlled and suspended freedom of press.
4. Fundamental Rights were suspended.
5. Massive use of preventive dentention.
6. Public agitations were disallowed.

Question 36.
Briefly explain how Punjab crisis was resolved. nJ6raii36n]’ i;U(ra“mo
Answer:

1. Punjab was came into existence in 1966 on linguistic basis.
2. Akali dal propogated an idea called Punjab’s Suba and later Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana.
3. In 1970, a group of Akalis demanded political autonomy.
4. 1973, in Anandapur, they passed a resolution, supporting the idea of a seperate Sikh nation for Sikh community.
5. They started agitation for an independent Khalistan, which led to Blue Star operation and the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
6. After the 1984 general election, Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister. He started talks with the Akali Dal leaders.
7. In 1985, he signed an accord with the Akali leader Harchand Singh Longowal. This is known as the Punjab Accordx or Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord. This helped to bring normalcy in Punjab.

Question 37.
Describe various issues related to regional aspirations in North-East region.
Answer:
The North-Eastern states have some geographical peculiarities. It was a region that was not closely linked to the rest of the country. Its development was neglected to an extent and the problem was made complex by the emigrants that came from other places. The major problems of the north-eastern states are:
1. Demand for Autonomy:
At the time of independence, except Manipur and Tripura, the entire North Eastern region was just one state. After independence, the non- Assamese felt that Assamese culture and language was imposed to them. Therefore they demanded political self rule. After long agitations, Meghalaya and Mizoram were formed. The tribal people of the region, the Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas demanded their own states.

2. Secessionist Movement:
India faced demands for secession from two North-Eastern states – Mizoram and Nagaland. Mizo leader Lai Denga and Mizo National Front started an armed struggle for their demand. After an accord with Rajiv Gandhi, Mizoram became a state with some special rights. Lai Denga became the first Chief Minister of Mizoram.

The case of Nagaland was very similar to that ofMizoram. Under the leadership of AngamiZafu Phizo, the Nagas started an agitation for seperate statehood and later made an accord with government. Thus Nagaland became an independent state, but still the issues of Nagas are unresolved.

3. Movement Against outsiders:
There was another problem in the North-Eastern region which faced migration of people from other places. There was rivalry between local people and the emigrants. In Assam the moves against outsiders were very strong.

Question 38.
Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Answer:
Most North-Western countries became capitalist, anti-communist nations. A big power like America could not easily tolerate a neighbouring country becoming a close ally of communist Russia. As Cuba got fianancial and diplomatic support from Russia, it became a strong country, although it was small in size. In 1962, the Russian leader, Khrushchev wanted to deploy missiles and other armaments in Cuba. Most of the American cities then would come under threat from Russia. America send troops to Cuba. This was known as Cuban missile crisis,. America wanted to get the Cuban President killed with the help of the CIA. wanted to stop the growth of communism in its neighbourhood.

Question 39.
Briefly explain ‘Shock therapy1 in the post communist regimes and its consequences.
Answer:

1. The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, East European countries were attracted towards organisations like World Bank and IMF.
2. The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
3. Co-operative farming will give way to private farming.
4. Foreign Investment, open market system, and currency exchange would be possible.
5. Private capital and market based economic system emerged.

Results

1. Many big industries under government control collapsed.
2. The Russian currency Rouble was devalued.
3. Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
4. GDP was diminished.
5. The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
6. As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.

Question 40.
Write arguments for and against India’s demand for permanent membership in UN Security Council.
Answer:
The demand of India to be a permanent member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfils all the criteria to be a permanent rriember. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds.
a) It has the world’s second largest population.
b) It is the largest democracy in the world.
c) India has participated in the UN activities in its beginning.
d) It has long relations with the UN peace keeping force.
e) India gives regularly to the UN budget.

Arguments against
a) There are many other countries in the world are equally eligible like India in the permanent membership.
b) There is no representation from Africa and South America in the permanent membership of UN.

Questions from 41 to 44. Each carries 8 scores. (4 x 8 = 32)

Question 41.
Explain the process and consequences of the partition of India.
Answer:
The division of India was carried out on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory put forward by the Muslim League. According to that theory, in India there were two nations – the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, the Muslim League demanded a seperate nation, Pakistan for the Muslims. There were four major issues in the process of the partition of India.

1. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims.There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the west and the other other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian territory.

2. Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslim of population wanted to become part of Pakistan, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, who was the leader of the North Western Province, had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the north west province was included in Pakistan.

3. Third problem was that British India’s Pubjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these provinces there were very many non- muslims.

4. The fourth issue regarding partition was the minorities lived in the both sides of the boundary of two countries. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

Conseouences
1. The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people in both sides were killed because of their religion and caste.

2. The cities like Lahore, Amritsar, Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to areas
of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas.

3. People migrated from one place to other, but during the journey many were attacked and killed, women were brutally raped. In homes, women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour.

5. Not only the land, but even movable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. The writers were described it as ‘division of hearts’.

Question 42.
Explain the various reasons for the declaration of National emergency of 1975.
Conflict with judiciary : Allahabad High Court Verdict : Protest from opposition
Answer:
42. On June 25 1975, the President, on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared Emergency.  The main reasons  ehind the declaration of emergency are following.
a) Economic Reasons
b) Gujarat and Bihar Movements
c) Dispute with the Judiciary
d) Allahabad HC Verdict’and popular movements
e) Protest from opposition

a) Economic Reasons:
The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘Garibi Hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country. There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was a refugee problem. Secondly, after the war, America stopped its aid to India. Thirdly there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The fourth reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult. The fifth problem was negative growth in industrial output. Sixthly the salaries of government employees had to be reduced or even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff. All the above things created an economic crisis in the country.

b) Gujarat and Bihar Movement:
The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were congress led states. The main reason was the increase in the unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these states the opposition parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted and congress lost in the election.

In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent. He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar government. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. In the meantime the railway workers also went on a strike. In 1975 Jay Prakash Narayan orgnaised a march to the parliament. The opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi.

c) Dispute with the Judiciary:
Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the constitution. The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, can the Parliament change the fundamental rights? Secondly can the Parliament change ownership of land. Thirdly the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. Parliament amended the constitution, but Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and Judiciary.

d) Allahabad High Court Verdict : On 12 June Justice J.L.Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgement declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha invalid. This order came on an election petition filed by Raj Narain, a socialist leader and a candidate who had contested against her in 1971. The petition challenged the election of Indira Gandhi on the ground that she had used the services of government servants in her election campaign. But later Supreme Court granted her a partial stay on the High Court order, that she could remain as MP but could not take part in the proceedings of Lok Sabha.

e) Protest from opposition: The opposition parties started widespread protest under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan pressed for Indira Gandhi’s resignation. They announced nation wide Satyagraha and asked the army, police and government employees not to obey imiporal orders. The political mood of the country had turned against the congress.

Question 43.
India after 1989 witnessed five developments which has long,lasting impact on our politics. Briefly explain them.
Answer:
There are many unexpected and unforeseen developments happened in the contemporary politics of India. They were
a) Failure of Congress
b) Mandal issues
c) Changes in Economic policy
d) Demolition of Babp Masjid
e) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

a) Failure of Congress
First and foremost development of this period was the defeat of congress in the election held in 1989.
This was the end of the congress system.

b) Mandal Issues
Second development was the rise of the ‘Mandal issue’in national politics. In 1990’s the Central Government decided to implement job reservations recommended by the Mandal Commission. Reservations also made for other Backward classes. This resulted a move against the Mandal Commission throughout the country.

c) Changes in Economic Policy
The economic policy also changed according to the change in the government. A new economic policy was implemented in the name of structural adjustment or the new economic reforms.

d) Demolition of Babri Masjid
A number of events culminated in the demolition of Babri Masjid in December 1992. This event symbolized and triggered various changes in the politics of the country and intensified debates about the nature of Indian Nationalism and Secularism.

e) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Finally, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991, led to a change in the leadership of Congress party. After his murder, in the elections of 1991, Congress emerged as the single largest party.

Question 44.
Trace the causes and consequences of the disintegration of Soviet Union.
Answer:
There are many reasons for the disintegration of USSR. They are:-
a) Political reasons
b) Economic Reasons
c) Advent of Nationalism
d) The Reforms of Gorbachev

a) Political Reasons

1. In Soviet system there was bureaucratic misrule and misuse of authority.
2. The control exercised by the Soviet government on its citizens made their life difficult.
3. There was no freedom of expression or democracy. The party refused to give people their rights.
4. Communist party strictly controlled them and reforms were not possible.
5. Soviet Union was a confederation of 15 Republics. Russia dominated the other Republics and the people of the other Republics were either ignored or suppressed.

b) Economic Reasons
Although the Soviet Union was able to maintain its equality with the US in arms race. It was very costly for them. Western technology was better than Russian Technology. The political and taken care of the Soviet government. Soviet union used most of its resources to develop atomic weapons.

The Reforms of Gorbachev
Th reforms of the Gorbacheve like Glasnost and perestroika were the sudden reasons for the disintegration of Soviet Union. Glasnost means openness and Perestroika means re-structuring. These reforms did not bring the expected results. They brought more troubles to the country leading to its disintegration.

Consequences
End of cold war
Disintegration of Soviet Union was the end of cold war and bi-polar polity. It was also the end of power- block rivalry and arms race. The world became unipolar in nature nad the hegemony of US became a reality.

Change in power relations
After the second world war, there were two power blocks competing each other. They are the capitalist block led by USA and the socialist blocks led by USSR. But the disintegration resulted a change in the existing power system.

Emergence of new countries
As a result of the disintegration, there were many new countries emerged and others disappeared. The mighty confederation USSR became fragmented into 15 independent Republics. Like some of the satellite countries of USSR in the eastern European region’ were divided and that resulted in the formation of new countries.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2022

A. Answer any questions from 1 to 6. Each carries 1 Score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
Khan Abdul Gafar Khan is also known as
a) Bengal Gandhi
b) Kerala Gandhi
c) Frontier Gandhi
Answer:
c) Frontier Gandhi

Question 2.
Who was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India?
a) T.N.Seshan
b) SukumarSen
c) A. Sam path
Answer:
b) SukumarSen

Question 3.
rom which country we adopted the concept of Five Year Plan?
a) Canada
b) USSR
c) USA
Answer:
b) USSR

Question 4.
Find out the person who called for Total Revolution.
a) Morarji Desai
b) Indira Gandhi
c) Jayaprakash Narayan
Answer:
c) Jayaprakash Narayan

Question 5.
Which of the following country adopted an open door policy?
a) China
b) South Korea
c) Japan
Answer:
a) China

Question 6.
Identify the leader Mizo National Front (MNF).
a) Lai Denga
b) Sheikh Abdullah
c) Agami Zappu Phizo
Answer:
a) Lai Denga

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
During cold war superpowers formed a number of alliances. Find out the US led military alliance from the list given below.
a) Warsaw Pact
b) NATO
c) SEATO
Answer:
b) NATO
c) SEATO

Question 8.
The first Gulf war of 1990 is also known as
a) Operation Iraqi Freedom
b) Operation desert storm
c) Operation blue star
Answer:
b) Operation desert storm

Question 9.
Tamil Eelam is associated with which organisation?
a) NATO
b) LTTE
c) Maoist Group
Answer:
b) LTTE

Question 10.
In 1992 the first earth summit was held under the leadership of UNO. The summit was held at
a) France
b) Rio de-Janeiro
c) New York
Answer:
b) Rio de-Janeiro

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each . carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Congress Party get dominance in the first three general elections, ist out any two reasons for the dominance.
Answer:

1. Inherited the legacy of the National Movement
2. Strong organisational structure all over India.
3. Charismatic leaders like Nehru, Azad etc.

Question 12.
Find out any two major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:

1. Preserve hard earned sovereignty
2. Protect territorial integrity
3. Promote rapid economic development

Question 13.
Write a short note on Chipko Movement.
Answer:
Chipko movement was started in 1923 in two or three villages of Uttarkand. The forest department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees Maximum PuSCisders with which they made their working implements but gave permission to a sports manufacturing company to cut down trees for commercial purposes. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. As a result of the movement, the government issued an order to prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan region.

Question 14.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 15.
Soviet System has certain unique features. Identify any two features of Soviet System.
Answer:

1. Egalitarian society
2. Abortion of private property

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each caries 2 scores. (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks.
ASEAN Community comprising three pillars. Namely ASEAN Security Community, ASEAN _____ Community, ASEAN ______ Community.
Answer:
Economic, Socio – cultural

Question 17.
From the list given below identify two permanent members of UN Security Council.
Answer:
USA, India, Brazil, China

Question 18.
India’s stand on environmental issue is always posi-tive. Identify two programmes adopted by India for environmental protection.
Answer:

1. National Auto-full policy
2. Energy conservation Act-2001
3. National Mission on Bio-diesel
4. Electricity Act of 2003
5. Adoption of clean coal technologies (any two points)

Part – III

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each caries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Briefly explain the differences between first and second five year plan.
Answer:

• First five year plan
  1. A renowned economist Dr. K.N. Raj prepared the draft plan of first five year plan.
  2. Priority to agriculture
  3. Poverty eradication
  4. Hasten slowly.
• Second five year plan
  1. P.C. Mahalanobis prepared the draft proposal of . the second five year plan
  2. Rapid industrialisation
  3. Priority to heavy industries
  4. Tariff on imported goods

Question 20.
Write a short note on Anti-Arrack movement. jaiaosccDailosrau
Answer:
In the 1990’s a large section of women in Nellur district of Andra Pradesh started an agitation against the drinking habit of their rhen-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affect the economic condition of the family. The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced wine shops to close down.

They held : meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the authorities. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the state.

Question 21.
Explain any two security threats faced by the con-temporary world.
Answer:
Terrorism:
Terrorist attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing towns and markets and other places where people assemble. The World Trade Centre attack of New York on 11 September 2001 was an example of extreme terrorism.

Human Rights violations:
We see that throughout the world there are human right violations wars, invasions, subjugations etc. are resulted in human rights issues.

Question 22.
Explain the consequences of shock therapy.
Answer:

1. Many large scale industries under government control were closed.
2. Rouble, the Russian currency, lost its value.
3. Many big industries under government control collapsed.
4. Because of inflation people lost the vaiue of their savings.
5. The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
6. Privatization made economic inequality among people.

Question 23.
Explain the political and economical consequences of Globalization.’
Answer:

• Political consequences
  1. Erosion of state capacity
  2. Welfare state giving way to minimalist state
  3. The market determines economic and social priorities
  4. Entry of multi-national companies
  5. Use of technology boost state capacity.
• Economic policies
  1. Economic ruls of weaker states
  2. Greater economic flows among different countries
  3. Economic rain of weaker states
  4. Promote interdependence and integration.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. Carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
Explain Indians relations with Bangladesh.
Answer:

1. Sharing of Ganga and Brahmaputhra river water..
2. Issue of Illegal migration
3. Refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory
4. Extract natural gas.
5. Coorperation on disaster management and environmental issues.

Question 25.
What are the main provisions of Punjab accord?
Answer:
Punjab Accord was an agreement signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Longowal in 1985. This was also known as Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord. The main conditions are
a) Handover Chandigarh to Punjab
b) Appoint a new commission to solve border disputes
c) Establish a tribunal to solve water disputes.
d) Compensation and better treatment
e) Withdrawal dfAFSPA.

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each caries 6 scores. (3 x× 6 = 18)

Question 26.
Indian General election of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world. Explain the challenges faced to conduct the first general election.
Answer:
The first election also was expected in 1950. In a country like India a free and fair election was not easy to conduct. We had 3 major challenges the formation of electoral constituencies, the making of the voters’ list, and participation of the people. For all this, a lot of time was required. The first voting was a really big event.

Such a huge event had never taken place anywhere in the world before. The people with voting rights were nearly 17 crores, but only 15% of them were literate. There fore the Commission had to think about the system of voting. The Election Commission trained nearly 300,000 officials and polling officers.

The election of this country with such a huge amount of illiterate people was very unusual. It was a really big experiment. Until then only developed nations had democratic governments, notably North America and Europe. In Europe, women had no voting rights. In such circumstances, Universal Adult Franchise in India was really a great adventure. Many criticized it.

The first election in India took place between October 1951 and February 1952. Election propaganda, voting, and counting the votes took more than 6 months. There was tough competition. For each seat, an average of 4 candidates competed. More than 50% of the people voted. When the results were declared the winners and losers accepted the verdict. Thus the Indian experiment was a success and India was able to contain the evil tongues that pre¬dicted disaster.

Question 27.
The process of partition was not an easy process. Explain the causes and process of partition.
Answer:
Causes of partition
a) Two Nation theory part forward by Muslim League
b) Political competition between Indian National congress and Muslim League.
c) The British policy of divide and rule

Process

1. There was no single belt of muslim majority areas in British India
2. Not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan.
3. The Muslim majority areas like Punjab and Bengal had large number of others communities.
4. Unsolved problem of minorities on the both sides of the borders.

Question 28.
Explain the circumstances that led the split of Congress in 1969.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru had great influence in the party because of his dynamic personality. His death created a vacuum in the party. Gradually the central group known as the Syndicate established itself in the Congress.
In 1969 there arose a difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate. When Dr. Zakir Hussain died, the Presidential post was vacant.

The Syndicate nominated Indira Gandhi’s long time rival and the then speaker Sanjiva Reddy to the post. But Indira Gandhi preferred the then Vice President VV. Girl to be the next President. V.V. Girl long time rival and the then speaker Sanjiva Reddy to the post. But Indira Gandhi preferred the then VicePresident V.V. Giri to be the next President. V.V. Giri was elected.

The failure of the official candidate of the Syndicate caused the formal division of the Congress. The Congress President suspended Indira Gandhi from the Party. Indira claimed that her group was the real Congress. In 1969, the Congress led by the Syndicate was known as Congress (O) and the one led by Indira Gandhi was called Congress (R).

Question 29.
Explain the internal and external dimensions of Kashmir issue.
Answer:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmir was a Princely State. Initially, the King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan. The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. But he also did not want to join Pakistan. National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

The King signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir King. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. For the welfare of the people Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister. India granted J&K autonomy.

External and Internal Squabbles:
Because of external and internal problems, J&K is always in the midst of crimes. On one side there is Pakistan claiming the Kashmir Valley. After the 1947 War, a part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control. India calls it illegal occupation. Pakistan calls this area Azad Kashmir. Internally also the Kashmir problems is a headache for the Centre.

According to Article 370, Kashmir is given greater autonomy than other States. This Article is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir. The special concession causes problems. Many believe that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 970 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.

1. No referendum has taken place so far.
2. The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy.
3. They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 30.
After 1980’s India witnessed five major developments that brought a long lasting impact in our politics. Explain any three developments.
Answer:
a) In 1989, Congress fost the election. With that election the ’Congress System’ ended.

b) Mandal issue in national politics: In the 1990s,the government decided to implement the job reservations recommended by the Mandal Commission. Reservations were also made for Other Backward Classes. This resulted in a move against the Mandal Commission throughout the country.

c) The economic policy changed according to the change in the government. A new economic policy was implemented in the name of Structural Adjustment.

d) In 1992, the Babri Masjid was demolished as a result of many things. It was an incident that threatened the unity and integration of the country. It happened because of the coming of BJP with its Hindutva agenda.

e) The Murder of Rajiv Gandhi (1991): This brought changes in the leadership of Congress. In the next election, Congress won the maximum seats.

Question 31.
Explain the political, economic and military influ-ences of European Union.
Answer:
After the WW II, many European countries faced serious financial crises. European leaders met together to find out ways of coming out of this problem. At this tim£ the Cold War between the US and USSR had started. America gave a lot of financial help to Europe. It is known as the Marshall Plan. Under NATO, America also signed a security treaty.

In 1948, under the Marshall Plan, “European Economic Cooperation” was founded. Its aim was to help West European countries. It became a fellowship and the member countries decided to cooperate in trade and other economic problems. For political cooperation, in 1949, “Council of Europe” was established. The unity among members finally led to the formation of European Economic Community in 1957. The coming of the European Parliament made the prganization very strong.

The disintegration of the USSR quickened the pace of . the growth of the European Union which was established in 1992. It helped in having a common foreign policy, law and justice and internal affairs. It also brought out a common currency the “Euro”. European Union became the world largest economic system. According to the statistics of 2005, their GDP was 12 trillion dollars.

This is more than the economy of America. Euro is stronger than American dollar. EU has become an important part of the WTO. European Union has great political and diplomatic importance. Britain and France which are its members have permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Therefore the EU can influence in the formation of important policies. For example, the nuclear programme of Iran. Militarily EU has the second.position in the world. Britain and France are also nuclear powers. In space research and communication, the EU occupies the second place.

Question 32.
Explain the principal organs of U.N.O.
Answer:
It was the realization that war would bring only ruin to mankind that prompted strong nations to think about peace. They realized that a 3rd world war would destroy humankind itself and they so they wanted lasting peace. In San Francisco in California, representatives from 50 countries met from 25 April to 26 June 1945 and formed the UN Charter. On October 24 1945, the UN formally came into existence.

The headquarters of the UN is situated in a 15-acre area in the Manhattan Island. This space was donated by John D. Rockefeller. The first meeting of the UN took place in London in 1946.

Veto Power : Security Council has 5 permanent members. If any of these votes against a resolution, it would be cancelled. This special power given to the permanent members is called veto power.

Secretariat : This carries out the day-today activities of the UN. Its head is the Secretary General, who will be in power for 5 years. He should be a person who does not have any Special loyalty to, or interest in, any particular country. There are Under Secretary- Generals and Asstt. Secretary Generals and Deputy Secretary General.

General Assembly:
When all the members of the UN meet together it is called the World Parliament. Its first meeting was in London in 1964. At present the UN has 193 member countries. In 2002, Montenegro joined the UN as its the 192nd member and later South Sudan joined as the 193rd member. Each country can send 5 representatives to the General Assembly. But each country has only one vote. Once every year the General Assembly will meet. Security Council: Security Council decides on the administrative policies of the UN. Its main concerns are International peace and security. It is the Security Council that decides about the membership of any country. It has 15 members. America, China, Britain, Frances and Russia are the permanent memb’ers. India, Brazil, South Africa, Japan and Germany are countries that are trying to get permanent membership.

Security Council has 5 permanent members and 10 members who are chosen for a period of 2 years. The Chairmanship of the Council will be on a rotating basis each month. Its responsibilities are settling disputes between nations, plan arms control activities, resist attacks and take military action against the attacker, recommend the appointment of the Secretary General, recommend the inclusion of new members in the UN, etc. To take decisions ‘ on any matter there should be at 9 votes in favour including the 5 votes of the permanent members. Economic and Cultural Council: This has 54 members. It channelizes the working of the main agencies of the UN.

International Court of Justice:
This solves the disputes between member nations. Its headquarters is Hague in Netherlands. It consists of 15 judges, who are appointed for a period of nine years. The first Indian to be appointed as ajudge here is Justice Narenda Singh. BN Rao and RS Pathak also served as judges later.

Part – V

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
Explain the causes of India – China war of 1962 and its consequences.
Answer:
In the beginning India and China had cordial relations. Our relations have a historical and cultural background. Nehru played a crucial role in making the relations better. India was the first country to recognize China after the Revolution. Nehru tried to help China in international matters. Because of these good relations, on the India-China border there were only paramilitary forces and not regular armymen.

The Panchsheel Agreement was a big landmark out India China relations. It was signed on April 29 by the PMs of both countries, Nehru of India and Chou- en-Lai of China. Nehru visited China and Chou-en- Lai visited India getting the love and respect of people. Nehru had an open-hearted approach to China. But people like Patel thought China was not a country to be believed. Nehru never expected any attack from China. But in 1962, China did attack India.

Two things spoiled the relations between India and China. One was the Tibetan Issue and the other was border disputes. Even in the 1950s when they were friends, India and China had border disputes. China was not ready to accept our suggestions regarding the border. China claimed Ladakh in Kashmir and some areas of Arunachal Pradesh to be theirs. During the period of 1957-59, they also took Aksai Chin sector and built the Karakoram Highway. The second issue was Tibet. In 1950, China annexed Tibet. It was a breach of faith.

In the beginning India kept quiet. But the Chinese started imposing their culture on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Tibetan Spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, sought refuge in India. China then accused India saying that India was acting against the interest of China. In October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which she claimed to be hers. The first attack lasted a week. Chinese army occupied some places in Arunachal Pradesh. The next attack came a month later. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

Results of the India-China War:
During the war, Russia kept her neutrality. India had to seek support from America and Britain. The war was shameful to the country. But it strengthened national feeling. Nehru’s close friend and the then defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon had to resign. Nehru was criticised for blindly believing China and for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A no confidence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. In many bye-elections Congress lost.

The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Party split into two – Pro-Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the other was CPI. The War awakened the nation. The North Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects.

Question 34.
Explain the causes of national emergency declared in India On 1975.
• Economic Context
• Gujarat and Bihar movements
• Conflict with Judiciary
• Allahabad High Court Verdict
Answer:
After the 1971 election, Indira became a popular leader with a lot of support from the people. This time there were serious problems in the Party. There were three main reasons:
a) Economic Reasons
b) Gujarat & Bihar Movement
c) Dispute with the Judiciary

Economic Reasons:
The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘garibi hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country. There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was the refuge problem. Then there was the Bangladesh Crisis, followed by the Indo- Pakistan War. All these things created financial problems. Secondly, after the War, America stopped its aids to India. Thirdly, there was a sharp increase in oil prices.

The 4th reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult. The 5th problem was negative growth in industrial output. Unemployment increased, especially in the rural sector. Sixthly, the salaries of government employees had to be reduced and even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff.

All the above things created an economic crisis in the country. There was general discontentment in the country. This gave the Opposition Parties an opportunity to organise protests.

Guiarat and Bihar Movement:
The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were Congress- ruled States. The main reason was the increase in the prices of essential commodities. Shortage of food, unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these States the Opposition Parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. At this time the main opponent of Indira Gandhi and the leader of Congress (O), Moraiji Desai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike.

He did that for demanding elections in Gujarat. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted. Congress lost the election. In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent. He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar government. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. But the Bihar government refused to resign. The entire country discussed the issue.

Jay Prakash Narayan wanted to spread the protest to all parts of the country. In the meantime the railway workers went on a strike. It would make the entire country come to a stand-still. In 1975, Jay Prakash Narayan organized a march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary:
Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhis dispute with the Judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgement was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people. The dispute was mainly in three things.

Firstly, Can the Parliament change the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land? Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were two more reasons. In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible-judges, the government appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira (Sandhi as null and void. All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 35.
After the cold war USA dominates all spheres of international politics. Discuss the hegemonic power and explain three areas of hegemony.
Answer:
World nations try to gain and maintain dominance over others by using military, economic and cultural power. During the Cold War the fight was between the Soviet Union and America. With the disintegration of the Soviet, Union America remains the only Superpower. Dominance or hegemony is attained through three things:
a) Hard Power
b) Structural Power
c) Soft Power

Hard Power:
This includes military power and the relations between nations. Today America is in the forefront of military power. There is nobody to challenge its military might. It has the capacity to reach any corner of the world any moment. They, spend a major part of their budget to maintain this position. They spend huge sums “of money for research and technological developments. It is technology that keeps America in the forefront. With their military might they are even ready to police the world,.and punish the culprits.

Structural Power :
This dominance is. based on the economic structure. The global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea-routes safe for ships.

The next is the Internet. In fact it was an American military project. It was started in 1950. Today the global network functions using satellites. Most of them belong to America. 28% of the world economy is controlled by America. 15% of the international trade is also done by them. In any economic sector, at least one of out of three biggest companies will be American. The world economic structure follows the Breton Woods style of America. The World Bank, I.M.F. and World Trade Organization etc. are examples of American supremacy in world business and finance.

Now comes another example – the MBA degree. It was America that made this course and the degree so popular. It was Americans who discovered that business is a profession that could be taught. The first Business School was established in Pennsylvania in 1881. Its name was Wharton School. Today in all countries MBA has become a prestigious degree.

Soft Power:
This is the ideological and cultural dominance. America has become the model for all other nations and they try to copy America. In weak countries, America is able to make the people like its culture. We all speak highly of the American life style and personal success. America is number one in the world. By using,‘soft power, and not force, America is able to achieve this dominance over the world.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2023

From Questions 1 to 11 answer for 16 scores.

Question 1.
Find out the leader who played a major role in the integration of princely states.
(a) Nehru
(b) Potti Sriramulu
(c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 2.
Who was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India?
(a) Sukumar Sen
(b) D.P. Mishra
(c) T.N.Seshan
(d) P.D. Tandon
Answer:
(a) Sukumar Sen

Question 3.
Identify the leader of Bharatiya Jan Sangh.
(a) A.K. Gopalan
(b) c. Rajagopalachari
(c) Syama Prasad Mukherjee
(d) Jayaprakash Narayan
Answer:
(c) Syama Prasad Mukherjee

Question 4.
Expand the foHowing :
• CTBT
• NPT
Answer:
CTBT : Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
NPT : Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Question 5.
Match the following:
(a) Non-Cong ressism
(b) Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
(c) Garibi Hatao
(d) Syndicate
Answer:
(a) Non-Congressism : Ram Manohar Lohia
(b) Jai Jawan Jai Kisan : Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) Garibi Hatao : Indira Gandhi
(d) Syndicate : K. Kamaraj

Question 6.
The Commission appointed in 1977 by Janata Government to inquire into the excesses committed during emergency
(a) Shah Commission
(b) Sarkaria Commission
(c) Mandal Commission
Answer:
Shah Commission

Question 7.
The Punjab accord was signed by and
(a) Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal
(b) Indira Gandhi and Angami Zaper Phizo
(c) Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga
Answer:
Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal

Question 8.
Properly arrange the listed facts on Bharatiya Kisan Union and Anti-Arrack Movement in the table given below:
(a) Focused on sexual violence against women
(b) Most of the members belonged to a single community
(c) Western UP and Haryana
Answer:

1. Anti-Arrack Movement
   • Focused on sexual violence against women
   • Adult literacy drive
   • Against domestic violence
2. Bharatiya Kisan Union
   • Most of the members belonged to a single community.
   • Western UP and Haryana
   • Guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rate.

Question 9.
Name the First Secretary General of UNO.
Answer:
Trygve Lie

Question 10.
Which country adopted “Open Door Policy” ?
Answer:
China

Question 11.
Categorize the following countries to members of European Union and ASEAN :
France, Cambodia, Spain, Germany, Vietnam, Malaysia
European Union
ASEAN
Answer:
European Union

1. France
2. Spain
3. Germany ASEAN
4. Cambodia
5. Vietnam
6. Malaysia

Answer any four questions from 12 to 16. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 12.
Write any 3 objectives of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:

1. Preserve the hard earned sovereignty.
2. Protect territorial integrity.
3. Promote rapid economic development.

Question 13.
What were the main factors responsible for the dominance of Congress Party in the first 3 general elections?
Answer:

1. Inherited the legacy of the national movement.
2. Organisational structure all over the country.
3. Charismatic leadership of Nehru.

Question 14.
Briefly explain the consequences of Shock Therapy.
Answer:
State controlled industries were collapsed.

1. Inflation was high.
2. Value of Ruble declined.
3. Withdrawal of Government subsidies.

Question 15.
Prepare a short note on the concept of “Common but Differentiated Responsibility”.
Answer:
Developed countries are responsible for the damage apd degradation to the environment

1. The developing countries are in the process of industrialization. They cannot be forced to impose restrictions like others.
2. Environmental! laws should be taken into account the needs of developing countries, before imposing control.

Question 16.
What are the 3 components of India’s Security Strategy?
Answer:

1. Strengthening the Military Capabilities
2. Strengthening International Norms and Institutions
3. Security challenges within the country.

Answer any four questions from 17 to 21. Each carries 4 scores.

Question 17.
Towards the end of 1980’s, five major developments occurred which brought long lasting impact on Indian Politics. Explain those developments.
Answer:
Defeat of the congress system

1. Mandal commission report
2. New economic policy
3. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

Question 18.
Bring out the major differences in the objectives of First and Second Five Year Plans.
Answer:

• First five year plan
  1. Period between 1951-56
  2. K.N. Raj prepared the draft plan
  3. Slow development
  4. Emphasis on agriculture
• Second five year plan
  1. Period between 1956 -61
  2. PC Mahalanobis prepared the plan.
  3. Rapid growth
  4. Emphasis on industry

Question 19.
Write a short note on Chipko Movement.
Answer:
Chipko Movement is considered as one of the first environmental movement in the country. This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements.

But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This pro-voked the villagers. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embrac-ing them. (Chipko means embrace). This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand. The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature.

They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to’be given to the local people. They also asked for permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also demanded minimum wages for the forest workers who had no land of their own.

As a result of this Movement, the government issued an order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan side for 15 years. The role of women wag great in this Movement. They also fought against social evils like drinking alcohol. With Chipko Movement, people realized that solutions to popular problems could be found through non-politipal movements.

Question 20.
India is emerging as a great power in the interna-tional politics. Explain India’s claims for permanent membership in UN Security Council.
Answer:

1. Largest democratic country in the world
2. Major economic power
3. Contribution to the U. N. Budget
4. Big nation in terms of population.

Question 21.
Examine the role and limitations of SAARC as a forum for facilitating co-operation among the South
Asian Countries.
Answer:

1. South Asian Association of Regional co-operation (SAARC) is a regional initiative among South Asian states to evolve cooperation since 1985.
2. SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement) to free trade zones for whole South Asia.
3. SAARC projected on economic development of its member states to reduce their dependen-cies on non-regional powers. Limitations
4. Some of the Indian neighbours think that the association is dominated by India.
5. SAARC nations are either developing or least de-veloped nations and thus creates insufficiency of funds.

Answer any four questions from 22 to 26. Each carries 5 scores. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 22.
What is Green Revolution ? Explain its consequences.
Answer:
Green Revolution: Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in a very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine-like condition.

To overcome this crisis, India was forced to seek assistance from countries like America. Following the American policies, we too started some new economic policies. The government wanted self-sufficiency in food and therefore a new agricultural policy was implemented. This policy included farming all lands where irrigation was available, using high yield varieties of seeds and fertilizing the land. Subsidies were given for irrigation and insecticides. It was also decided thatithe government would purchase the produce at a minimum price. All these changes together paved the way for what is known as the Green Revolution.

The Green Revolution brought some positive changes in agricultural growth. Food stuff was easily available. Of course, it was the rich merchants and large farm- owners that were the prime beneficiaries. There was a polarization of the rich and poor. This helped the Left Parties to bring together the poor farmers and the masses. As a result, there arose a powerful Left¬leaning lobby of middle class farmers.

Question 23.
Kashmir issue is not just a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has also internal and external dimensions. Discuss the statement.
Answer:
The following are the major areas of conflict:
a. Following the division, the first dispute was regarding Kashmir. Pakistan claimed Kashmir to be theirs. Even with the 1947-48 and. 1965 wars, this problem could not be solved.

b. Another problem is about the control of the Siachin sector and about the armament race. Since 1990, both the countries have stockpiled nuclear weapons and missiles.

c. India accuses Pakistan of aiding Kashmiri extremists by giving them weapons. They also give money, training, and security to these terrorists. The Inter Services intelligence (ISI) makes anti-Indian propaganda in the North Eastern regions of India. They also make anti- Indian propaganda secretly through Bangladesh and Nepal. Pakistan accuses India of giving help to the insurgents in Sindh and Baluchistan.

d. Until 1960, there were also disputes between India and Pakistan regarding the sharing of river waters. In 1960 with the help of the World Bank both countries signed the Indus Waters’Treaty. It is in force even now.

e. There is one more thing about which the two countries have not reached an agreement – Sir Creak in the Rann of Kutch.

Question 24.
The American Hegemony has military, economic and cultural dimensions. Describe three different aspects of US Hegernony.
Answer:
World nations try to gain and maintain dominance over others by using military, economic and cultural power. During the Cold War the fight was between the Soviet Union and America. With the disintegration of the Soviet, Union America remains the only Superpower. Dominance or hegemony is attained through three things:
a) Hard Power
b) Structural Power
c) Soft Power

Hard Power:
This includes military power and the relations between nations. Today America is in the forefront of military power. There is nobody to challenge its military might. It has the capacity to reach any corner of the world any moment. They spend a major part of their budget to maintain this position, they spend huge sums of money for research and technological developments. It is technology that keeps America in the forefront. With their military might they are even ready to police the world, and punish the culprits.

Structural Power:
This dominance is based on the economic structure. The global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea-routes safe„for ships.

The next is the Internet. In fact it was an American military project. It was started in 1950. Today the global network functions using satellites. Most of them belong to America. 28% of the world econemy is controlled by America. 15% of the international trade is also done by them. In any economic sector, at least one of out of three biggest companies will be American. The world economic structure follows the Breton Woods style of America. The World Bank, I.M.F. and World Trade Organization etc. are examples of American supremacy in world business and finance.

Now comes another example – the MBA degree. It was America that made this course and the degree so popular. It was Americans who discovered that business is a profession that could be taught. The first Business School was established in Pennsylvania in 1881. ts name was Wharton School. Today in all countries MBA has become a prestigious degree.

Soft Power : This is the ideological and cultural dominance. America has become the model for all other nations and they try to copy America. In weak countries, America is able to make the people like its culture. We all speak highly of the American life style and personal success. America is number one in the world. By using ‘soft power, and not force, America is able to achieve this dominance over the world.

Question 25.
Globalisation is a multidimensional concept. Define globalisation and explain its political and cultural consequences.
Answer:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cuftural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works: Political results: Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker.

It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results: Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. AU these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations. Investing in the developing nations is more profitable. Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants.

There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization. Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on governmentonlyasademeritofglobalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Question 26.
The Chinese economy has undergone several trans-formations. Identify the developmental strategy adopted by China.
Answer:
The new economic policy has helped China a lot to bring it out of the moribund economic state. Privatization in the agricultural sector made crop production increase considerably and the rural economic sector improved. Thus there was considerable increase in the rural industrial sector. Chinese economy became better as a result of the increase in industry and rural growth. In 2001, China entered the WTO and thus it was able to trade with outside countries. Its decision to work jointly with the world economic system will definitely affect its economic model. Although some of these things are against Communist ideologies, the Chinese development model has become the cornerstone of its development.

Answer any two questions from 27 to 29. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 27.
“The process of partition was very difficult to imple-ment and its consequence was painful.” Based on this statement, explain the process of partition and its consequences.
Answer:
There were three reasons for that. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims. There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian Territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslirfi population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader of the North Western Province had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North West Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these huge provinces there were very many non- Muslims. Therefore the Provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there.

The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which country they belonged – Indig or Pakistan. It deeply wounded the people. The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab and Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people on both sides were killed because of their religion and caste. Huge cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to areas of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas. People were forced to flee their homes, suffering a lot of difficulties on their way.

Many of the people in the minorities in the border areas had to live in refugee camps. The governments and the police were not there to help them. People had to walk or ride in some vehicles from their homes to their new places. During the journey, many were attacked and killed; women were raped. Many were forced to accept the majority religion and marry people against their will. In many homes women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour.

Children were separated from their parents and guardians. People who came to the new land had no houses and they had to live in refugee camps. Not only the land, but even moveable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. People who were liv¬ing like brethren were divided. It is believed that between 5 to 10 lakh people lost their lives in this tragic division of the country.

Question 28.
Discuss the background and causes which led to the declaration of Emergency in India.
• Economic Context
• Gujarat and Bihar Movements
• Conflict with Judiciary
• Judgement of Allahabad High Court
Answer:
After the 1971 election, Indira became a popular leader with a lot of support from the people. This time there were serious problems in the Party. There were three main reasons:
a) Economic Reasons
b) Gujarat & Bihar Movement
c) Dispute with the Judiciary

The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘garibi hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country. There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was the refuge problem. Then there was the Bangladesh Crisis, followed by the Indo- Pakistan War. All these things created financial problems. Secondly, after the War, America stopped its aids to India. Thirdly, there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The 4th reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult.

The 5th problem was negative growth in industrial output. Unemployment increased, especially in the rural sector. Sixthly, the salaries of government employees had to be reduced and oven stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff.  All the above things created an economic crisis in the country. There was general discontentment in the country. This gave the Opposition Parties an opportunity to organise protests.

Guiarat and Bihar Movement:
The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were Congress-ruled States. The main reason was the increase in the prices of essential commodities. Shortage of food, unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these States the Opposition Parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. At this time the main opponent of Indira Gandhi and the leader of Congress (O), Morarji Desai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike. He did that for demanding elections in Gujarat. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted. Congress lost the election.

In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent. He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar government. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. But the Bihar government refused to resign. The entire country discussed the issue. Jay Prakash Narayan wanted to spread the protest to all parts of the country. In the meantime the railway workers went on a strike.

It would make the entire country come to a standstill. In 1975, Jay Prakash Narayan organized a march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary:
Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary. The Supreme Coursaid that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgement was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people.

The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, Can the  Parliament change the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land? Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were two more reasons. In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as null and void. All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in-June 1975.

Question 29.
Soviet Union, the second most powerful country in the world disintegrated in 1991. Analyse the various factors that led to the disinte-gration of the USSR.
Answer:
1. The control exercised by the Soviet government on its citizens made their life difficult.

2. There was no freedom of expression or democracy.

3. Many institutions needed reforms. But the Communist Party strictly controlled them and reforms were not possible.

4. The Party refusedto give people their rights. The Soviet Union was a Union of 15 Republics. They had their own cultures and problems.

5. Although on paper there were 15 Republics, only Russia was allowed to exercise control. Russia dominated the other  republics and the people of the other republics were either ignored or suppressed.

6. Although the Soviet Union was able to maintain its equality with the US in arms race, it was very costly for them. Western technology was better than the Russian technology. The political and economic needs of the Soviet people were not taken care of by the Soviet government.

7. Soviet Union used most of its resources to develop atomic weapons, to make arms, to increase military facilities and to develop its satellite East European countries.

8. The go-slow policy, refusal to correct mistakes and the closed door policy quickened the country’s downfall.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Economics Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2021 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Economics Board Model Paper 2021 with Answers

Answer any number of questions from 1 to 41 upto a maximum score of 80. Questions from a to / carry 1 score each. (12 × 1 = 12)

Question 1.
a. Who is the founding father of modem economics?
(i) Adam Smith
(ii) J.M.Keynes
(iii) Alfred Marshall
(iv) PaulA.Samuelson
Answer:
(i) Adam Smith

b. ‘Problem of Choice’ arises out of
(i) Scarcity of resources
(ii) Abundances of resource
(iii) Limited wants
(iv) Growth of resources
Answer:
(i) Scarcity of resources

c. Want satisfying capacity of a commodity is known as
(i) Demand
(ii) Supply
(iii) Utility
(iv) Production
Answer:
(iii) Utility

d. The difference between gross investment and depreciation is
(i) Inventory
(ii) Saving
(iii) Consumption
(iv) Net Investment
Answer:
(iv) Net Investment

e. Total revenue per unit of output is called
(i) Marginal Revenue
(ii) Total Revenue
(iii) Total Cost
(iv) Average Revenue
Answer:
(iv) Average Revenue

f. Supply remains constant and demand declines, the equillibrium price
(i) Constant
(ii) Decreases
(iii) Increases
(iv) First increases then constant
Answer:
(ii) Decreases

g. Central Bank of India is:
(i) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
(ii) State Bank of India (SBI)
(iii) CanaraBank
Answer:
(i) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

h. Which among the following mentions the concept of Average Propensity to Consume (APC)?
(i) \(\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)
(ii) \(\frac{\Delta S}{\Delta Y}\)
(ii) \(\frac{C}{Y}\)
(iv) \(\frac{S}{Y}\)
Answer:
(i) \(\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)

i. Two sector economy includes
(i) Firms and Government
(ii) Firms and Households
(iii) Firms and External Sector
(iv) Households and Government
Answer:
(ii) Firms and Households

j. The market structure in which there are only two sellers is called
(i) Monopoly
(ii) Perfect competition
(iii) Duopoly
(iv) Monopolistic competition
Answer:
(iii) Duopoly

k. What does a point inside the production possibility frontier represent?
(i) The maximum use of resources
(ii) Under utilisation of resources
(iii) The over use of resources
(iv) The optimum use of resources
Answer:
(ii) Under utilisation of resources

l. Identify ‘Capital Receipts’ from the following
(i) Personal Income Tax
(ii) Service Tax
(iii) Sale of shares in Pdblic Sector Undertakings
(iv) Customs duties
Answer:
(iii) Sale of shares in Pdblic Sector Undertakings

Questions from 2 to 13 carry 2 scores each. (12 × 2 = 24)

Question 2.
Complete the table given below:

Answer:

Question 3.
Write any two features of ‘Centrally Planned Economy1.
Answer:
Welfare motive is centralized planning.

Question 4.
Recognise the type of utility analysis from the following statements.
(a) The level of utility can be expressed in numbers.
(b) The level of utility can be expressed in rank.
Answer:
Centralised planning
a. Cardinal analysis
b. Ordinal analysis

Question 5.
Classify the following into consumption goods and capital goods.
(a) Food
(b) Implements
(c) Machines
(d) Clothing
Answer:
Food clothing : consumption goods
Implements machines : capital goods

Question 6.
What do you mean by ‘Long Run’ in production function?
Answer:
Long run is a time period when all the factors of production becomes variable.

Question 7.
Write any two reasons for rightward shift of demand curve.
Answer:
Increase in the income of the consumers. An increase in the price of substitute goods.

Question 8.
List out the four major sectors of the economy.
Answer:
Household, Firms, Government, External sector.

Question 9.
What is ‘final goods’? Give an example.
Answer:
sector Final goods are those goods that are ready to be consumed. They need not go through any more production process, eg. shirt.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) and Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS).
Answer:
Marginal propensity to consumer (MPC) refers to the extra spending on consumption when one unit in-crease in income. Marginal propensity to save (MPS) refers to the extra saving due to one unit increase in Income.
MPC = \(\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)
MPS = \(\frac{\Delta S}{\Delta Y}\)

Question 11.
Write any two factors which determine price elasticity ofdamand.
Answer:
The nature of the product i.e. necessity or luxury goods. The number and closeness of subtitutes.

Question 12.
What is the difference between ’Devaluation’ and ‘Revaluation’?
Answer:
Devaluation refers to the deliberate reduction in the value of the currency. Revaluation refers to the delib-erate raise in the value of the currency.

Question 13.
Define ‘Break even point’.
Answer:
It is a point where a firm operates under the situation of no loss or no profit. TR = TC, or AR = AC.

Questions from 14 to 23 carry 3 scores each. (10 × 3 = 30)

Question 14.
What are the basic economic problems of an economy?
Answer:
What to produce?
Howto produce?

Question 15.
Define substitute goods. Give two examples.
Answer:
Substitute goods are those goods that can be sub-stituted each other.
eg: black pen and blue pen Rail journey and Road journey

Question 16.
Write any three features of ‘Perfectly Competitive Market’.
Answer:
Very large number of buyers and sellers.
Homogenous products
Free entry and exit
Firm as a price taker

Question 17.
Write a short note on ‘ex-ante’ and ‘ex-post’ concept with suitable examples.
Answer:
Ex-ante refers to the expected or an eg: ex ante consumption, ex ante investment.
Ex-post refers to the actual or realised, eg: expost consumption, ex post investment.

Question 18.
Complete the chart given below:

Answer:
A. Revenue > expenditure → Surplus budget
B. Revenue < expenditure → Deficit budget
C. Revenue = expenditure → Balanced budget

Question 19.
Prepare a brief note on intermediate goods with suitable examples.
Answer:
Intermediate goods are in between raw materials and final goods. They are raw materials gone through some production process yet cannot be consumed directly. eg: Steel sheets for making cars.

Question 20.
List out the profit maximising condition of a firm in a perfectly competitive market.
Answer:
MC = MR
Slope of MC positive
P ≥ AVC
MC = MR

Question 21.
List three different ways in which ‘oligopoly firm may behave.
Answer:
They may be in equillibrium as a monopolist. They will achieve equilibrium as in the case of per-fect competition. In practice their equillibrium will be amidst these two.

Question 22.
Write any three impacts of the Great Depression of 1929.
Answer:
Huge unemployment. Unemployment increased from 3 to 25 percentage. Output fell. 33% fall in output. Demand was low.

Question 23.
Explain the concept of liquidity trap.
Answer:
Liquidity trap refers to a situation wher at a lower rate of interest the speculative demand for money becomes perfectly elastic.

Questions from 24 to 31 carries 4 scores each. (8 × 4 = 32)

Question 24.
Observe the following diagram which shows circular flow of income.

(a) What does ’A’ and ‘D’ indicate? (2)
(b) Identify the methods of National Income calcula-tion corresponding to ‘B’ and ‘C.
Answer:
A → spending on goods and services.
D → factor services
B → Total output/Gross value added method
C → Income Method

Question 25.
Analyse the effect of changes in consumption and investment on Aggregate Demand.
Answer:
An increase in consumption or investment will lead to an increase in Aggregate Demand.
AD = C + 1

Aggregate demand will shift from AD to AD₁. This will lead to an increase in national income from OY₁

Question 26.
What is ‘Indifference Curve’? Write three features of Indifference curve.
Answer:
Indifference curve shows the different combinations of two commodities that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction. Indifference curves are convex to the point of origin. Indifference curve do not intersect. Higher the indifference curve higher will be the satis-faction.

Question 27.
Observe the diagram given below:

(a) Identify the diagram which shows price floor and price ceiling. (2)
(b) What is price ceiling and price floor? (2)
Answer:
A. Ceiling price
B. Price floor
C. Ceiling is the price fixed by the government below the market price to suppot the consumers. Price floor is the price fixed by the government to support the producers above the market price.

Question 28.
Write any two objectives of government budget. Ex-plain any one. of them.
Answer:

• Allocation function
• Distribution function
• Stabilization function

Allocation function refers to the provision of public goods.
Distribution function refers to the imposition of taxation and government expenditure.
Stabilisation function refers to the adjustment of Aggregate demand through fiscal policy.

Question 29.
Differentiate ‘Balance of Payments’ and ‘Balance of Trade’.
Answer:

1. Balance of payment refers to the all economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world. It has two components that is current account and capital account.
2. Balance of trade refers to the difference between export and import in the trade in goods of the current account of the balance of payment.

Question 30.
Write a brief note on different types of price elasticity of supply.
Answer:

1. Elastic supply pes > 1
2. Inelastic supply pes < 1
3. Unitary Elastic supply pes = 1

Question 31.
What is monopoly? Write any three features of mo-nopoly market.
Answer:
Monopoly is a market structure with a single producer.

1. Single producer
2. Unique product
3. No entry
4. The firm is a price marker.

Questions from 32 to 37 carry 5 scores each. 32 (6 × 5 = 30)

Question 32.
Various concepts are given in Column A. Match them suitably with Column B.

Answer:

Question 33.
Observe the following diagram that shows Average Product (AP), Marginal Product (MP) and Total Prod-uct (TP) curves.

(a) Identify Total Produdt, Average Product and Mar-ginal Product curves. (3)
(b) State the law of variable proportion.
Answer:
A → Total product
B → Average product
C → Marginal product
Law of variable proportion states that into a fixed factor if more and more variable factors are added initially the total product increases, at an increasing rate, then the rate of reverse falls and reaches the maximum and declines after that.

Question 34.
Explain the components of government budget.
Answer:
Budget is the annual financial statement of the government. Budget has two components. Revenue budget and capital budget. Revenue budget includes revenue receipts and revenue expenditure. Capital budget includes capital receipts and capital expenditure. In revenue receipts tax and non tax revenue are included. In reverse expenditure salary, pension, interest payment included. Capital receipts include loans and revenue from the sale of public sector units Capital expenditure includes the expenditure on land acquisition, buying of machinery etc.

Question 35.
Explain market equilibrium. Describe how supply and demand determines equilibrium price and quantity in competitive market.
Answer:
Market equilibrium is a situation where the quantity demanded and supply are exactly equal. This is shown in the diagram below.

D is the demand curve, S is the supply curve, ‘c’ is the point of equilibrium, OP is the market price and OP is the equilibrium quantity.

Question 36.
Write any two characteristics of public goods and private goods. Classify the following into public goods and private goods.
(a) National Defense
(b) Clothes
(c) Government administration
(d) Foods items
(e) Public Transport
(f) Car
Answer:
Public goods → Non rivalry, non excludability
Private goods → Rivalrous, excludable
Public goods → National defence, govt administra-tions, Public transport.
Private goods → Clothes, food items, car

Question 37.
How the exchange rate determined under a fixed exchange rate system with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Fixed exchange rate is also known as pegged ex-change rate system. Under this system, the exchange rate will be determined by central bank. The intervention made in the foreign exchange market by the central bank to keep exchange rate fixed is known as pegging. This can be explained with the help of diagram which is given below.

Here e* is the market determined exchange rate. Suppose that government fixes exchange rate as e,.
At e₁ exchange rate the demand for foreign exchange is greater than the supply of foreign exchange. If there is no control over exchange rate it will increase to e*. In order to maintain the exchange rate at e₁ the central bank will sell AB amount of foreign exchange in the market. So the exchange will be maintained at e*.

Questions from 38 to 41 carry 8 scores each. (4 × 8 = 32)

Question 38.
Describe ’Income method’ and ’Expenditure method’ for calculating National Income.
Answer:
ii) Income method : The income method ap-proaches national income from the income side. National income is the sum total of the rewards earned by the factors of production in an economy in the form of rent, wage, interest and profit.

GDP = W + P + ln + R

iii) Expenditure method : Expenditure method is an alternative way to calculate the GDP and it looks at the demand side of the production. The expenditure method estimates national income by measuring final expenditure on gross domestic product.
GDP = C + I + G + X – M

Question 39.
List the ’quantitative’ and ’qualitative’ tools used for control the extent of money supply. Explain any two quantitative tools.
Answer:
Quantitative Measures
1. Open market operations
2. Bank rate policy
3. Varying reserve requirement
Qualitative measures
1. Moral suasion
The instruments which RBI uses for conducting monetary policy are as follows.
1) Open Market Operations : It refers to the sale and purchase of government securities by the central bank. RBI purchases government securities to the general public in a bid to increase the stock of high powered money in the economy.

2) Bank Rate Policy: As mentioned earlier, RBI commercial banks by adjusting the value of the bank rate – which is the rate of interest commercial banks have to pay RBI – if they borrow money from it in case of shortage of reserves. A low (or high) bank rate encourages banks to keep smaller (or greater) proportion of their deposits as reserves, since borrowing from RBI is now less (or more) costly than before.

3) Varying Reserve Requirements : Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) also work through the rdroute. A high (or low) value of CRR or SLR helps increase (or decrease) the value of reserve deposit ratio, thus diminishing (or increasing) the value of the money multiplier and money supply in the economy in a similar fashion.

4) Sterilization by RBI: RBI often uses its instruments of money creation for stabilizing the stock of money in the economy from external shocks. This operation of RBI is known as sterilization.

Question 40.
Explain Average Fixed Cost (AFC) and Average Vari-able Cost (AVC). Calculate Total Variable Cost (TVC), Average Variable Cost (AVC) and Short Run Marginal Cost (SMC) from the following:

Answer:

Average fixed cost is the fixed cost per unit. Average variable cost is the variable cost per unit. AFC can be calculated by dividing the total fixed cost with the quantity. Average variable cost can be calculated by dividing the Total variable cost with quantity.
AFC = \(\frac{T F C}{Q}\)
AVC = \(\frac{T V C}{Q}\)
AFC AFC is a rectangular hyperbola. AVC is a ‘U’ shaped curve.

Question 41.
Observe the diagram given below:

(a) Write the equation of budget line. (1)
(b) Explain why the budget line is downward sloping. (2)
(c) Describe optimal choice of the consumer with the help of diagram. (5)
Answer:
a) P₁ x₁ + P₂ x₂ = M
b) Diminishing Marginal Rate of substitution
c)

E is the optimal choice of the consumer. At point E the budget line is tangent with the indifference curve.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Economics Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2022 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Economics Board Model Paper 2022 with Answers

Part – I

A. Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 6. Each caries 1 Score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 1.
The relationship between inputs used and output produced:
a) Revenue function
b) Cost function
c) Production function
d) Demand function
Answer:
c) Production function

Question 2.
Steel sheets used for making automobiles is an ex-ample of:
a) Consumer durables
b) Final goods
c) Consumption goods
d) Intermediate goods
Answer:
c) Consumption goods

Question 3.
J.M. Keynes is associated with
a) Macro Economics
b) Welfare Economics
c) Environmental Economics
d) Behavioural Economics
Answer:
a) Macro Economics

Question 4.
The difference between a firm’s Total Revenue and its Total Cost:
а) Average product
b) Profit
c) Average cost
d) Average variable cost
Answer:
b) Profit

Question 5.
The rate at which one exchanged for another cur-rency:
a) Rate of interest
b) Rate of unemployment
c) Rate of inflation
d) Rate of exchange
Answer:
d) Rate of exchange

Question 6.
The change in Total uitlity due to consumption of one additional unit of commodity.
a) Average utility
b) Marginal utility
c) Total utility
d) Marginal rate of substitution
Answer:
b) Marginal utility

B. Answer all questions from 7 to 10. Each carries 1 score. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 7.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) + NFIA (Net Faction Income from Abroad) =?
a) Gross National Product
b) Depreciation
c) Net Indirect Taxes
d) Net National Product (NNP)
Answer:
a) Gross National Product

Question 8.
Price Elasticity of a Unity Elastic Demand curve:
a) ed = 1
b) ed = 0
c) ed > 1
d) ed > 1
Answer:
a) ed = 1

Question 9.
The number of sellers in an oligopoly market
a) Very large
b) large
c) Few
d) One
Answer:
c) Few

Question 10.
Which of the following will be determined at the point where the labour supply curve and labour demand curve intersect?
a) Rent
b) Wage rate
c) Rate of interest
d) Profit
Answer:
b) Wage rate

Part – II

A. Answer any 3 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scores. (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 11.
Elucidate normal goods with example.
Answer:
The goods whose demand increases as income of consumer increases and vice versa are called normal goods. So here existing a positive relationship between income of the consumers and their demand, eg. TV, Computer.

Question 12.
Identify the following concepts:
a) The time period where at least one of the factors of production is dixed.
b) The time period where all the factors of production can be varied.
Answer:
a) Short run
b) Long run

Question 13.
Define the following:
a) Investment
b) Depreciation
Answer:
a) The part of final output that comprises capital goods is called investment.
b) The wear and tear of capital goods is called depreciation or consumption of fixed capital.

Question 14.
Distinguish between Excess demand and Excess supply.
Answer:
a) The situation where market demand is higher than market supply is known as excess demand.
b) The situation where market supply is higher than market demand is known as excess supply.

Question 15.
What do you mean by Marginal Propensity to Con-sume (MPC)?
Answer:
The ratio of change in consumption to change in income is known as MPC. ie. impact of change in income on consumption.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 16 to 18. Each carries 2 scores, (2 × 2 = 4)

Question 16.
List any two motives for which people desire to hold money balance.
Answer:
1. For transaction purpose/motive
2. For speculation purpose / motive

Question 17.
Identify four sectors of the economy from macro-economic point of view.
Answer:
From Macroeconomic point of view an economy has four sectors, they are
Households

Question 18.
Mention any two factors determining the supply curve of a firm.
Answer:
Factors affecting supply curve of a firm
1. Price of input
2. Technology of production.

A. Answer any 3 questions from 19 to 23. Each caries 4 scores. (3 × 4 = 12)

Question 19.
Explain any two central problems of economy re-gaining the allocation of resources.
Answer:
All economies in the world address almost same issues related to economic affairs, these issues are known as central problems of an economy they are (two problems)
1. What to produce
2. How to produce

1. What to produce:
Every economy needs lakhs of goods and services. Since the resources are scarce, all these goods and services cannot be produced. That’s why the question What to produce’ arises. So it is very Important to decide what to produce before the production starts.

2. How to produce:
This problem is related to the selection of production technique. Economies can select their production technique which suits best. They can choose labour intensive technique or capital intensive technique.

Question 20.
The table shows the price and quantity of a com-modity sold in a monoploy.
Answer:

TR = Prise x Quantity
AR = \(\frac{\text { TR }}{\text { Quantity }}\)

b) I singleseller
2. unique product

Question 21.
Explain the function of money.
Answer:
Money plays an important role in the modern word. The vital role played by money can be termed as functions of money. They are

• Primary functions
  1. Medium of exchange
  2. Measure of value
• Secondary functions
  1. Storeof value
  2. Standard of differed payment
  3. Transfer of value
• Contingent functions
  1. Basis of credit
  2. Liquidity
  3. Distribution of National income
  4. Guarantor of solvency

Question 22.
With the help of a diagram analyse the ‘Law of vari able proportion’.
Answer:
Short run production function is known as law of variable proportion or law of returns to a factor. Here only one factor is variable and all other factors are fixed. This law is otherwise known as law of diminishing marginal product. It explains the situation. when more and more units of variable factors are added to fixed factors then total product and marginal product will pass through three stages. They are
1. Increasing returns to a factor
2. Diminishing return to a factor
3. Negative returns to a factor

(1) Stage I : Increasing returns to a factor From the graph we can understand that total product, marginal product and average products are increasing s more variable factors are added. Here in this stage marginal product reaches its maximum.

(2) Stage II : Diminishing returns to a factor Here in this stage total product increases but at a decreasing rate. Both MP and AP declines and marginal product becomes zero, when variable inputs increases.

(3) Stage III : Negative returns to a factor In this stage, total product starts declining, marginal product becomes negative and average product continues to decline but it never becomes zero.

Question 23.
Explain the components of Aggregate Demand (AD)
Answer:
Aggregate demand (AD) is the total demand of an economy.
AD = C + I
C – Consumption
I – Investment

Consumption:
Consumption spending is the largest component of an economy’s aggregate demand, it refers to the total spending of indMduals and households or goods and services in the economy.

Investment:
Investment spending is the total expenditure on new capital goods and services such as machinery, equipment, changes in inventories.

B. Answer any 1 Question from 24 to 25. carries 4 scores. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 24.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 25.
Explain any two reasons why GDP cannot be considered as an index of the welfare of the people
of a country.
Answer:
GDP is the money value of final goods and services produced by a nation during a financial year. Nation with high GDP is considered as the best, so we can say that GDP is considered as an index of development but it has certain drawbacks that’s why we cannot consider GDP as a best index of the welfare of the people.

Reasons:
1. Inequality in the distribution of income.
Along with increase in GDP inequalities in income may occur. Even if the majority does not experience any increse in income, the GDP will increase if the income of a minority increases. Here welfare diminishes even when GDP increases.

2. GDP and harmful goods.
While calculating GDP all goods and service are considered. Whether these goods and services are useful or harmful to the people is not taken into consideration. An increase in the production of such harmful products will result in an increase in GDP. But overconsumption of such harmful products result in loss of welfare, eg:-Alcohol, Tubacoo products.

Part – IV

A. Answer any 3 questions from 26 to 29. Each caries6 scores. (3 × 6 = 18)

Question 26.
The diagram shows the relationship between Aver age Cost (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC) curve:

i) Write short notes on:
a) Average Cost (AC)
b) Marginal Cost (MC)
ii) With the help of above diagram identify any two relationships between Average Cost (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC).
Answer:
(i) a) AC (Average cost) Cost per unit of out put is known as average cost
AC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)

b) MC (Marginal cost)
It is the change in total cost per unit change in output
MC = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{TC}}{\Delta \mathrm{Q}}\)

(ii) a) In the initial stage both MC and AC are diminishing (decreasng)
b) MC equals AC at the minimum point of AC.

Question 27.
With the help of diagrams anale ‘Prive Ceiling’ and ‘Price floor’.
Answer:
‘Price ceiling’
It is the upper limit on the price of goods and services imposed by the government to protect the interest of consumers (ie. protection from high price)

Here in the diagram P₀ is equilibrium price which is higher, P_c is the ceiling price fixed by government which is lower than P₀.

‘Price floor’
It is otherwise known as support price, it is the minimum price fixed by government to protect the interest of the producers.

Here in the diagram P₀ is equilibnum price which is very low. To ensure fair pnœ government fixes floor price above the equilibnum price (P₀). It is the floor price.

Question 28.
Prepare notes on :
a) Revenue receipts
b) Revenue expenditure
Answer:
a) Revenue receipts:
The receipts which do not create liabilities or reduce government assets are known as revenue receipts.
Revenue receipts can be divided in to tax revenue and non tax revenue.

Tax revenue:
Revenue earned from taxes. Taxes are of two types.
1. Direct taxes
2. Indirect taxes

Non tax revenue:
Revenue earned by government from other than taxes, they are

1. Fees
2. Fines and penalties
3. Special assessments
4. Income from public property
5. Grants in aid
6. Escheats
7. Dividends and profits.
8. Interest and loans.
9. Printing of currency.

b) Revenue expenditure
Expenditure that does not create assets or reduce liabilities is called revenue expenditure, eg: interest payments, salaries and pension grants in aid.
The revenue expenditure is classified into two.

1. Plan revenue expenditure
2. Non plan revenue expenditure.

Question 29.
Explain the objectives of government budget.
Answer:
Budget is a nation’s yearlong financial report explaining itemwise calculations of expected revenue
and expenditure. Budget has some important objectives they are given below.

1. Attain economic growth. A nation’s economic growth is based on the rate of investments and savings. Budget focuses on preparing adequate resources for investing in the public sector and rising the overall rate of investments and savings.

2. To attain economic stability Policies such as deficit budget during deflation and surplus budget during inflation will help in balancing the prices in the economy.

3. Reduce inequalities in income and wealth. Through progressive taxation and productive public expenditure government tries to reduce inequalities in income and wealth.

4. Reallocation of resources. Through budget government tries to manage resources to locate one place to other ie. from surplus area to deficit area.

5. To reduce regional disparities. Through budget government tries to bring development in backward areas through this government aims reduce regional disparities.

B. Answer any 2 questions from 30 to 32. Each carries 6 scores. (2 × 6 = 12)

Question 30.
i) What do you mean by Price Elasticity of Demand(PED)?
ii) Graphically explain the perfectly elastic and perfectly inelastic demand curves.
Answer:
i) Price elasticity of demand It is the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity with respect to change in tis price. It is obtained by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price. On the basis of degree of change in the quantity demand, elasticity can be classified into a five types, they are

1. Elastic demand
2. Unitary elastic demand
3. Inelastic demand
4. Perfectly elastic demand
5. Perfectly inelastic demand.

ii) Perfectly elastic demand

When a small change in price leads to infinite change in demand, this type of demand elasticity is known as perfectly elastic demand. Here the value of elasticity is infinite; demand curve would be parallel to x axis.

Perfectly inelastic demand

Here in this case price has no effect on demand, so the value of elasticity is zero. In this case demand curve is a vertical straight line parallel to y axis.

Question 31.
RBI publishes figures for four alternative measures of money supply.
i) Elucidate four measures of Money Supply in India.
ii) Identify Narrow Money and Broad Money.
Answer:
a) Supply of money in our nation is entirely controlled by RBI. RBI publishes four different measures of money supply under the heads M₁ M₂, M₃ and M₃

M₁ = CU + OD ie currency notes and coins held by the public + net demand deposits of the people held by commercial banks.

M₂ = M₁ + saving deposits with post office – savings banks.

M₃ = M₁ + Net time deposits of commercial banks

M₄ = MM₃ + Total post office deposits except national savings certificates

b) Here M₁and M₂ are known as narrow money
M₃ & M₄ are known as broad money has thethighest liquidity M4 has least liquidity.

Question 32.
i) Distinguish between open economy and closed economy.
ii) Product market is one of the linkages through which open economies establish economic relation with rest of the World. Explain the other two linkages.
Answer:
(i) Open economy
An economy which has economic relations with other countries through exchanging goods and services financial assets etc. can be termed as an open economy. This type of economy will function freely without much regulations and control.

Closed economy
An economy without economic relations with other countries through exchanging goods and services financial assets etc. can be termed as a closed economy.

(ii) This openness can be attained through different types of linkages (ie. – connections) They are:

1. Product market linkage
2. Financial market linkage
3. Factor market linkage

Financial market linkage:
Through this investors can invest in domestic economy and foreign economy; this will result in creation of a friendly environment and co-operation at global level.

Factor market linkage:
This means factors of production are transferable between nations. This will improve the relationship between different nations in the world.

Part – V

Answer any 2 questions from 33 to 35. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 33.
i) Mention the properties of Indifference curves.
ii) Diagrammatically explain the optimal choice of consumer.
Answer:
i) Indifference curve:
It is the locus of points of combinations of two goods which give same level of satisfaction to the consumer.

Features of indifference curve.

1. Indifference curve slopes downwards from left to right.
2. Indifference curve is convex to origin.
3. Higher indifference curves represent higher levels of satisfaction.
4. Indifference curves do not intersect each other

ii) Optimal choice of the consumer
A consumer prefers a situation where his satisfaction is maximum. According to indifference curve approach, a consumer attains equilibrium at the point where budget line is tangent to highest possible indifference curve.

Here in the diagram point ‘E’ shows optimal choice of the consumer.

Question 34.
With the help of diagrams analyse the profit maximisation conditions of a firm under perfectcomPetition in short run.
Answer:
Perfect competition. It is a market situation where large number of buyers and sellers operate freely perfect competition is anextreme form of market which is rarely existing in the real world.

Features of perfect competition.

1. Large number of buyers and sellers
2. Homogenous products
3. Perfect mobility of factors of production
4. Perfect know’edge of market condition
5. Freedom of entry and exit
6. Absence of transport cost
7. Uniform price
8. Absence of selling cost
9. Firms are price takers.

Short run equilibrium
Conditions of equilibrium.
1. P = MC
2. MC curve should cut MR curve from below.
3. Price should be greater than or equal to AVC
Diagrammatic representation of equilibrium

The above given diagram represents short run equilibrium under perfect competition.
Here TR = OPAQ
TC = OEBQ
Profit = TR – TC
ie. OPAQ – OEBQ = EPAB

Question 35.
What do you mean by GDP? Explain any two methods of calculating GDP.
Answer:
a) GDP
Money value of all final goods and services produced by a nation during a financial year is known as national income (GDP). Computation of national income is an important activity. To compute national income we can use three different methods, they are
1. Product method or value added method
2. Expenditure method or out lay method
3. Income-method

b) Product method or value added method
Here in this method national income is calculated by adding all the final goods and services produced by all production units in a nation during a financial year. But it is not so easy because the final output produced by a firm is used as input in other firms this problem Is termed as double counting. To avoid this problem value added method is used to calculate final value of output. As per value added method, GDP is the sum of gross value added by all the producers in the domestic territory.

2. Income method
Under his method GDP is calculated by adding together all the factor income received by the owners of factors of production, such as land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship. Therefore as per income method the GDP of an economy is the sum total of wages, rent, interest and grossprofit. ie.GDP = W +R + l + P

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Economics Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf Board Model Paper 2023 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Economics Board Model Paper 2023 with Answers

Time : 2 1/2 Hours
Total Scores : 80 scores

Answer any 8 questions from 1 to 10. Each carries 1 score:

Question 1.
The goods and services which are purchased and used by its ultimate consumers are known as:
(a) Intermediate goods
(b) Consumer goods
(c) Raw materials
(d) Investment goods
Answer:
(b) Consumer goods

Question 2.
“A firm cannot vary all its puts in their production process”. If so which of the following is associated with the above statement?
(a) Increasing Returns to scale
(b) Constant Returns to scale
(c) Short-run Production function
(d) Long-run Production function
Answer:
(c) Short-run Production function

Question 3.
The inputs used in the production process is known as:
(a) Production Function
(b) Factors of Production
(c) Cost Function
(d) Total Product
Answer:
(b) Factors of Production

Question 4.
The demand curve of a firm under perfect competition is:
(a) Perfectly elastic
(b) Download slopping curve
(c) Upward sloping curve passing through the origin
(d) Perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(a) Perfectly elastic

Question 5.
Which of the following is associated with the problem of ‘Choice’?
(a) Abundance of resources
(b) Efficiency in technology
(c) Increase in productivity
(d) Scarcity of resou rces
Answer:
(d) Scarcity of resou rces

Question 6.
In the equation, P₁ x₁ + P₂ x₂ = M slope of the budgent line is :
(a) -P₁/P₂
(b) P₁ x₁
(c) M/P₂
(d) M/P₁
Answer:
(a) -P₁/P₂

Question 7.
The apex monetary institution in India is :
(a) State Bank of India
(b) NABARD
(c) Reserve Bank of India
(d) Government
Answer:
(c) Reserve Bank of India

Question 8.
Annual functional statement of the government is known as:
(a) Budget
(b) Financial report
(c) Revenue Report
(d) Capital account report
Answer:
(a) Budget

Question 9.
Which of the following shows consumption function?
(a) Relation between Concumption and Savings
(b) Relation between Consumption and Income
(c) Relation between Consumption and Investment
(d) Relation betweerj Savings and Income
Answer:
(b) Relation between Consumption and Income

Question 10.
The market in which national currencies are traded for one another?
(a) Share Market
(b) Good Market
(c) Factor Market
(d) Foreign Exchange Market
Answer:
(d) Foreign Exchange Market

Answer any 4 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 2 scroes.

Question 11.
List any two sources of capital receipts of government budget.
Answer:
Borrowings and recovery of loans and advances

Question 12.
Write any two methods of cashless transaction (other than currency notes and coins) in an economy.
Answer:
Online transfers like NEFT or RTGs, transactions through UPI apps.

Question 13.
Write the economic terms for the following :
(a) The Price at which market demand is equal to market supply.
(b) The situation in which if at a price, market supply is greater than market demand.
Answer:
(a) Equilibrium price
(b) Excess supply

Question 14.
List any two features of Total Revenue Curve of a firm under perfect competition.
Answer:
a) TR is zero when output equals zero.
(b) As output increases TR also increases, TR is upward sloping curve.

Question 15.
Find out the vertifcal intercept and horizontal intercept from the given budget line equation :
5x₁ + 2x₂ = 20
Answer:
Horizontal Intercept
\(5 x_1=20 \quad x_1=\frac{M}{P_1}=x_1=\frac{20}{5}=4\)
Vertica Intercept
2x₂ = 20
x₂ = \(\frac{M}{P_2}=\frac{20}{2}\) = 10

Answer any 4 questions from 16 to 20. Each carries 3 scores.

Question 16.
List any three properties of indifference curve.
Answer:
(1) Indifference curves slope downward from left to right.
(2) Indifference curves are convex to origin.
(3) Indifference curves do not intercept each other.

Question 17.
Explain the three laws of Returns of Scale.
Answer:
Return to scale refers to long run production function. According to the changes made in inputs, output level changes in three different ways as follows;
(1) Increasing Retruns to Scale (IRS)
(2) Constant Returns to Scale (CRS)
(3) Diminishing Returns to Scale (DRS)

Question 18.
Explain how do the following situations affect the supply curve of a firm by using diagram :
(a) Price of inputs used in the production increases.
(b) Technology using is advanced.
Answer:
(a) When the price of input increases

From the above diagram it is clear that when there is an increase in input price, the supply curve of the firm shifts towards left, indicating decrease in supply, (ie., change from Sto S₁)

(b)

Supply curve of the firm shifts towards right when there is an advancement in technology. The change is represented in diagram, S is original supply curve, ie. supply curve before technology upgradation, S., is new supply curve due to updation of technology. Bank deposits, population of a country, capital, are stock variables.

Question 19.
Classify the following variables into Stock and Flow: Bank Deposit, Population of a country, Capital, Investment, Birthrate, National Income
Answer:
National Income, Birth rate, Investment are flow variables.

Question 20.
Write the three ways in which an open economy can establish economic linkages with other countries.
Answer:
(1) Product Market linkage
(2) Financial market linkage
(3) Factor Market linkage

Answer any 4 questions from 21 to 25. Each carries 4 score. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 21.
Explain the flexible exchange rate system using a diagram.
Answer:
Under flexjble exchange rate system exchange rate is determined according to changes in demand and supply of foreign exchange.

The above given diagram explains how exchange rate is determined under flexible exchange rate system. D is initial demand curve where ‘e’ is exchange rate when demand increased from D to Di as a result exchange rate changed from ‘e’ to e-i.

Question 22.
Prepare a short note on the emergence of macro-economics.
Answer:
Macro economics has emerged as a new branch of economics after global economic crisis of 1928. It was the work done by J.M. Keynes acted as a catalyst for the growth of Macro economics. J.M. Keynes criticised classical economists for their unrealistic assumptions related to working of economic factors. The views of classical economists were wrong and misleading and they failed to solve economic crisis. During this time Keynes published his famous book “General Theory of Employment Interest and Money” in 1936, which acted as a guide to solve-the global economic crisis. Later the. views of Keynes popularly known as Macro economics.

Question 23.
Graphically illustrate the circular flow of income in a two sector economy.
Answer:

• Here households provide factors of production to the firms for this firms provide factor payment.
• Firms provide goods and services required to the household and households give payment as price.

Question 24.
(a) Distinguish between Micro-economics and Macro-economics.
(b) Classify the following into micro-economics variable and macro-economic variable. Resources of an economy, output of a firm, unemployment rate, individual investment.
Answer:
The study of individual units of the economy is known as Micro economics
(a) The study of economy as a whole is known as Macro economics.
(b) Micro economics variable individual investment.
(c) Macro economic variable : Resources of an economy, unemployment rate.

Question 25.
Analyse Price Ceiling with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Government Intervention in market against increasing price levels of essential commodities by fixing a lower price than equilibrium price is known as price ceiling.

‘E’ is the equilibrium in the above given diagram where ‘ep’ is equilibrium price. When government felt ‘ep’ is very high and unaffordable for the poor, fixed a new price ‘Cp’ which is ceiling price and lower than ‘ep’. Through this government protects common people from the adversities of price increase.

Answer any 4 questions from 26 to 30. Each carries 5 scores. (4 x 5 = 20)

Question 26.
Analyse the optimal choice of the consumer by drawing Indifference curve and Budget line.
Answer:
Optimal choice of consumer or consumer equilibrium can be defined as the position of maximum satisfaction attained by a consumer. According to indifference curve approach a consumer attains equilibrium at the point where budget line is tangent to indifference curve. It can be expressed with the help of a diagram.

The above given-diagram shows consumer equilibrium. HereAB is budget line of consumer and IC₁, IC₂ and Ic₃ are different indifference curves. Point ‘E’ is the region where highest possible indifference curve (Ic₂) tangents with budget line so that particular point (E) is called consumer equilibrium.

Question 27.
(a) At a price Rs. 6 the consumer demands 30 units of a good. Suppose the price of the good increases to Rs.8 and as a result, the demand for the good falls to 24 units. Calculate Price elasticity of demand.
(b) Some points are marked in the following linear demand cunie. Mark the correct value of price
elasticity of demand corresponding to each point.
Answer:
Degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity towards changes in price of that commodity is knowp as price elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand = \(\frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta P} \times \frac{P}{Q}\)

where ∆Q Change in quantity demanded
∆P Change in price
Q Original quantity demanded (previous demand)
P Original price (previous price)
P = 6, Q = 30
New price = 8
New quantity demanded = 24
∆P = 8 – 6 = 2
∆Q = 30 – 24 = 6
∴ \(\frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta P} \times \frac{P}{Q}=\frac{6}{2} \times \frac{6}{30}\)
= \(\frac{36}{60}\) = 0.6

(b) 1. Elasticity at A = ∞
2. Elasticity at B = 1
3. Elasticity at C = less than I
4. Elasticity at D = O (Zero)

Question 28.
Explain the profit maximising level of output of a firm under perfect competition in the short-run (Hint: 3 conditions), using diagram.
Answer:
Perfect competition is a market situation where large number of buyers and sellers dealing with
homogenous product.

Features of perfect competition

1. Large number of buyers and sellers.
2.  Homogenous product
3. Perfect information
4. Uniform price
5.  Freedom of entry and exit

Profit maximisation condition of a firm in short run under perfect competition.
Three Conditions
1. P = Me
2. MC should cut MR from below
3. Price should be greater than or equal to AVC Here the above mentioned three conditions follows ie. (1) P = MC
(2) MC cuts MR from below
(3) P > AVC

Question 29.
(a) Write the components of aggregate demand in a two sector economy.
(b) Explain the effect of multiplier mechanism on equilibrium income withe the help of a diagram.
Answer:
A two sector economy consists of households sector and Industries.
(a) Aggregate demand is the total demand of an economy, it is denoted as AD. It has two components they are consumption demand (c) and Investment demand (I)
so AD = C +1
(b) Income multiplier is also known as output multiplier or autonomous expenditure multiplier. It is the ratio of change in income to change in investment.

From the diagram it is clear that when a small increase in investment. ie.,(AI) brings a large increase in Income from Y₁ to Y₂.

Question 30.
(a) Write any two features of Public Goods.
Answer:
(a) Features of public goods

1. Non rival in nature
2. Non exclusion

(b) Objectives of government budget

1. Reduction of inequality
2. To attain economic growth
3. To attain economic development
4. Generation of more employment opportunities.

Answer any 2 questions from 31 to 33. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 31.
(a) List any four functions of Central Bank.
(b) Analyse the functioning of any two quantitative credit control instruments of Central Bank.
Answer:
Functions of central bank
(a) 1. Issue of currency
2. Bankers bank
3. Banker to the government
4. Controller of credit /money supply

(b) Central bank controlls the supply of money through two different methods they are
1. quantitative credit controll measures
2. qualitative credit controll measures

Two quantitative credit controll measures are:
1, Bank rate
2. Reserve ratios

Question 32.
(a) A Garment making unit produces 200 shirts and sells it at a price of Rs. 500 each. Raw materials worth Rs. 20,000 is used and depreciation charges is Rs. 5,000 during the production period. Calculate value added and net value added of the unit.
(b) Explain any two methods of calculating GDP of an economy.
Answer:
Total revenue of the unit =

Cost of raw material = 20000
Value added = I ,00,000 – 20,000 = 80000
Net value added =
Value added – depreciation charges
= 80,000 – 5000
= 75,000

(b) GDP of an economy can be. calculated through three different ways, they are
1. Product method
2. Income method
3. Expenditure method

1. Product method: Here GDP is calculated by adding value of all final goods and services produced in a nation during a financial year. Value of output = Market price x Output This method is otherwise known as value added method.
2. Income method: Here GDP is calculated by adding together all the factor incomes received by the owners of factors of production in the form of rent, wage, interest and profit. ie. W +R + I +P
3. ExpendIture method:.
   As per expenditure method GDP is calculated by adding all expenditures made within the country during the accounting year, that means it in cludes both public expenditure and private ex poenditure.

Question 33.
(a) Given below is the cost schedule of a firm. Total Fixed Cost is Rs.100. Calculate TVC, AVC, AFC, AC and MC and complete the chart:
Answer:
(a)

TVC = TC – TFC
AVC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TVC}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
AFC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TFC}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
AC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
MC = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{TC}}{\Delta \mathrm{Q}}\)

(b) Draw Average Fixed Cost (AFC) curve and comment on its shape.
Answer:
(b) Average fixed cost curve

TFC is constant at all levels of output. So when output increases AFC will decrease continously. The shape of AFC is rectangular hyperbola.

Teachers recommend solving Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Economics Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Pdf March 2020 to improve time management during exams.

Kerala Plus Two Economics Previous Year Question Paper March 2020

Answer any 10 questions from 1 to 12. Each carries 1 score. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
The famous book “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” was written by
a) Adam Smith
b) J.M. Keynes
c) Paul A. Samuelson
d) David Ricardo
Answer:
b) J.M. Keynes

Question 2.
In a Centrally Planned Economy all important economic activities are organised by
a) Government
b) Market
c) Both government and market
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Government

Question 3.
Which of the following causes rightward shift of the supply curve?
a) Rise in input price
b) Technological progress
c) Imposition of unit tax
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Technological progress

Question 4.
Total revenue curve under perfect competition is
a) Downward sloping from left to right
b) Upward rising from the point of origin
c) Parallel towards X axis
d) Parallel towards Y axis
Answer:
b) Upward rising from the point of origin

Question 5.
Financial year in India
a) 1 January to 31 December
b) 1 July to 30 June
c) 1 April to 31 March
d) 1 October to 30 September
Answer:
c) 1 April to 31 March

Question 6.
Which of the following is not a feature of capitalist economy?
a) Private ownership of the means of production
b) Profit motive
c) Planning mechanism
d) Price mechanism
Answer:
c) Planning mechanism

Question 7.
Which of the following represents budget line equation?
a) P₁ X₁ + P₂ X₂ = M
b) P₁ X₁ + P₂ X₂ < M
c) P₁ X₁ + P₂ X₂ > M
d) None of these
Answer:
a) P₁ X₁ + P₂ X₂ = M

Question 8.
Freeentryand exitof firms under perfect competition ensures
a) Super-normal profit
b) Loss
c) Normal profit
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Normal profit

Question 9.
Under monoploy market situation if marginal revenue is positive.
a) e_D = 1
b) e_D > 1
c) e_D < 1
d) e_D = 0
Answer:
b) e_D > 1

Question 10.
In the equation C = C + cY, C represents
a) Autonomous Consumption
b) Marginal Propensity to Consume
c) Marginal Propensity to Save
d) Consumption Function
Answer:
a) Autonomous Consumption

Question 11.
Which of the’following does not include in Revenue Receipt?
a) Tax Revenue
b) Recovery of Loans
c) Grants in aid from foreign countries
d) Dividends on investment made by Government
Answer:
b) Recovery of Loans

Question 12.
Which of the following is not included in the Current Account of Balance of Payments?
a) Trade in goods
b) Trade in services
c) Investments
d) Transfer payments
Answer:
c) Investments

Answer any 5 questions from 13 to 18. Each carries 1 score. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 13.
Complete the schedule given below:

Answer:

Question 14.
Classify the following into microeconomics and macroeconomics: Economic Growth, Individual Demand, General Price Level, profit of Firm.
Answer:

Question 15.
Distinguish between marginal propensity to consume and marginal propensity to save.
Answer:
A certain percentage of increase in income will go as consumMion. This protion is known as MPC. The
rest is known as MPS.
MPC = \(\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)
MPC = \(\frac{\Delta S}{\Delta Y}\)

The ratio between the change in consumption to change in income is known as MPC. The proportion between change in savings to change in income is known as MPS.

Question 16.
Define Oligopoly market. List any two ways by which firms in Oligopoly market behave.
Answer:
Oligopoly is known as competition among firms Firms act like these two features in the market which are:

1. I nterdependence of firms
2. Products may be homogeneous or differentiated.

Question 17.
Distinguish between normal profit and super- normal profit.
Answer:
When a firm’s total revenue are equal to its total costs in a market, this situation is known as normal profit. The profit earned by the firm over and above the normal profit is known as super normal profit.

Question 18.
Distinguish between balance of payments and balance of trade.
Answer:
Balance of payment is the complete record of the financial transaction made between a country and the rest of the world. Balance of trade is the difference between the visible export and visible import of a country with the rest of the world.

Answer any 6 questions from 19 to 25. Each carries 3 score. (6 × 3 = 18)

Question 19.
Draw the outline of a production possibility frontier and mark the following situations:
i) Fuller utilization of resources
ii) Under utilization of resources
Answer:

Any point lying on the production possibility curve shows the efficiently utilised resources point lyinginside the PPC implies under utilization of resources.

Question 20.
Identify any three features of indifference curve.
Answer:
Three features of indifference curve are given below.

1. Indifference carves are convex to origin.
2. Higher indifference curves show higher levels of satisfaction.
3. It do not interest each other.

Question 21.
Expain the three laws of returns to scale.
Answer:
There are three laws of returns to scale which are given below.

1. Increasing returns to a scale (IRS)
   If a proportionate increase in all the inputs leads to more than proportionate change in output. It is the stage of IRS.
2. Constant returns to a scales (CRS)
   If proportionate increase in inputs leads to proportionate increase in output, it is called constant returns to scale.
3. Decreasing Return to Scale
   If a proportionate change in inputs leads to less than proportionate change in output is called diminishing returns to a scale (DRS). This laws of returns can be expressed in figure.

Question 22.
Recently the government of India have decided to restrict the export of onion towards foreign countries. Diagrammatically illustrate the immediate effect of this decision on the equilibrium priceand quantity of onion in India.
Answer:

The immediate effect of this decision leads to decrease in equalibrium price decrease and increase in equilibrium quantity increases in the market.

Question 23.
Compare monopoly and monopolistic competition based on the features given below:

Answer:

Question 24.
Distinguish between Public goods and private good Write an example of each.
Answer:
Public goods are provided by the goernment for the Common use. They are non-rivalary and non-excludable. eg: Road, National defence Private goods are rival and excludable. For purchasing private goods, we have to pay price.
eg: car, cloths and food items etc.

Question 25.
Explain the concept of ‘Paradox of Thrift’.
Answer:
If all the people of Jhe economy increases the proportion of income they save, the total value of saving in the economy will not increase, it either decrease of remain unchanged.

Answer any 4 questions from 26 to 30. Each carries 4 score. (4 × 4 = 16)

Question 26.
a) Distinguish between concept Nominal GDP and Real GDP. (1)
b) Which one is considered as a better concept for comparing the GDP among countries? (1)
c) Name the index representing the raito of Nominal GDPto Ral GDP. (1)
Answer:
a) Ifthe money value of final goods and services are calculated on the basis of current year price it is known as Nominal GDP.
If the money value of final goods and services are calculated on the basis of base year price. It is known as Real GDP.

b) Real GDP

c) GDP Deflator

Question 27.
Explain the determination of equilibrium national output and aggregate demand in a two sector economy with the help of a diagram.
Answer:

Question 28.
The diagram showing short – run Average Cost (SAC) Curve is given below:
a) I ncorporate Average Variable Cost (AVC) Curve and Short-run Marginal Cost (SMC) Curve in the diagram. (2)
b) Identify the relationship between Short -run Marginal Cost (SMC) and Short-run Average cost (SAC). (2)

Answer:
(a)

b) I) When SAC s deaeasng SMC curve will be be4ow Ue SAC.

Question 29.
Market determined price of paddy in Kerala is Rs. 2. per Kilogram. But government intervenes in the market and sets Rs. 26 per Kilogram as its minimum price with a veiw to protect the interests of paddy farmers.
a) By what name this policy of government is known? (1)
b) Analyse the consequences of this policy with the help of a diagram. (3)
Answer:
a) Price Floor/Minimum Suppport Price b)
b)

The government will intervene in the market and fix P, as floor price. This floor price will be higher than market determined price. The fixation of floor price will lead to excess supply. The excess supply situation is countered by the government through procurement.

Question 30.
Diagrammatically analyse the short -run equilibrium of a monopoly firm by using total revenue curve and total cost curve.
Answer:

Under monopoly a firm will produce that level of output where profit is maximised. This is the output level that satisfied the following conditions.

1. TR should be greater than TC
2. The vertical distance between TR and TC should be minimum.

Answer any 2 questions from 31 to 33. Each carries 5 scores (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 31.
a) Define foreign exchange market. Identify any two major participants in foreign exchange market.(2)
b) Distinguish between flexible exchange rate and fixed exchange rate. (2)
c) List any two merits of flexible exchange rate. (1)
Answer:
a) The market in which national currenciess arte traded for one another is known as foreign exchange market. Commercial banks and foreign exchange brokers are two majour participants in foreign exchange market.

b) Flexible exchange rate. It is also known as floating exchange rate determination. Here the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply of foreign exchange. The central bank has no role in the determination of exchange rate and no transaction in the official reserve account.

Fixed exchange rate
Under this system the exchange rate will be determined by central bank. If there occurs a change in exchange rate the central bank will intervene in the market to fix it to the already determined exchanged rate.

In a country where there is fixed exchange rate I the change in exchange rate occurs due to delibrate action by the government or by the central bank.

c) Credibility and automatic stabilisation are two merits of flexible exchange rate.

Question 32.
a) Identify any four features of a perfectly competitive market.
b) Diagrammatically explain the profit maximization of a firm in the short- run under perfect competition.
Answer:

1. Large number of buyers and sellers.
2. Homogeneous product
3. Freedom of entry and exit
4. Perfect knowledge’about the market.

b) Under perfect competition, there are 3 conditions of profit maximisations.
1) Price most be equal to MC or (MR = MC)

2) MC must be non decreasing at equilibrium.

3) Price must be great than or equal toAVC (PAVC)

Question 33.
a) Identify the formulae for calculating revenue deficit, fiscal deficit and primary deficit. (3)
b) Suggest any two measures for reducing fiscal deficit. (2)
Answer:
a) Revenue Deficit = Revenue expenditure – Revenue Receipts
Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure – (Revenue receipts. Non debt creating captial receipts)
Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit – net interest Liabilities.

b) i) Reduces government expenditure.
ii) Increase public revenue.

Answer any 2 questions from 34 to 36. Each carries 8 scores. (2 × 8 = 16)

Question 34.
a) Define price elasticity of demand. Analyse any two factor determining price elasticity of demand for a commodity. (3)
Answer:
The degree of responsiveness of demand due to a change in price is known the price elasticity of  demand (e_D). Nature of the goods and availability of Close substitutes are the two factors determining price elasticity of demand for a commodity.

b) Draw three constant elasticity demand curves and mark the value of price elastity of demand on each of them. (3)
Answer:
Three constant elasticity demand curves are given below.
i) Perfectly inelastic demand curve

Even if the price increase or decrease demand will be same. Then demand is said to be perfect’y inelastic.

ii) Perfectty elastic demand (e_D = ∝)
If a very small change in price leads to infinite change in demand it is the case of perfectly elastic demand.

(iii) Unity elastic demand

c) When the price of a commodity falls from Rs. 6 to Rs. 4 per unit, its quantity demanded rises from 40 units to 50 units. Calculate the price elasticity of demand. (2)
Answer:
price elasticity of demand: = \(\frac{p_o}{q o} x \frac{\Delta q}{\Delta p}\)
= \(\frac{6}{40} \times \frac{10}{2}=\frac{60}{80}\) = 0.75

Question 35.
a) Explain the product method and expenditure method of calculating gross domestic product.(2)
b) Discuss any two limitations of using gross domestic product as an index of welfare of a country. (2)
Answer:
a) Product Method Product method is also known as the value added method and outpad’method. GDP according to product method is the sum of the gross value added by the entire production units in the economy. If there are N firms in an economy, the GDP = sum total of the gross value added of all the firms in the economy
GDP = GVA₁ + GVA₂ + ……… + GVAN
there fore GDP = \(\sum_{i=1}^N \mathrm{GVA}_i\)
Here GDP is calculated on the basis of market price.
GDP_MP = \(\sum_{i=1}^N \mathrm{GVA}_i\)

Expenditure method:
This method is an alternative way to calculate the GDP and it looks at the demand side of the production. The expenditure method estimates national income by measuring final expenditure on gross domestic production. Consider firm T in the economy firm T can make the final expenditure on final goods on the following accounts.

1. The final consumption expenditure on the goods and service produced by the firm (c).
2. The final investment expenditure, incurred by other firms to purchase capital goods produced by firm ‘l’ (l)
3. The expenditure that the government makes on the final goods and services produced by firm ‘i’ (G_i)
4. The export revenues that firm ‘i’ earns by selling its goods and services abroad (X_i)
   Therefore GDP_MP = C + I + G + (X – M)

b) There are some limitations of GDP as an index of welfare of a nation which are given below.

1. GDP.and externalities The measure of externalities is not included in GDP. So GDP is not a good measure of economic welfare.
2. GDP and non-monetary exchanges. Subsistance production of an economy is not included in the calculation of GDP so GDP does not reveal the actual income in an economy.
3. Distribution of GDP is not uniform As GDP increases welfare may not increase. So in this situation the increase in GDP is not a good indicator of economic welfare.

Question 36.
People desire to hold money balance mainly for two motives. Explain these two motives.
Answer:
People like to hold money in the form of cash, people desire to hold money balance mainly for two motives which are given below.
i) Transactions motive: It is defined as the desire of people hold cash in order to make transaction. The number of times a unit of money changes hands during a period is called velocity of circulation of money. As the volume of GDP increases transactions demand for money will also increase.
\($M_T^d=K P Y$\)
PY = NominalGDP
P = General price level
Y = Real GDP
The transactions demand for money has a positive relationship with GDP.

ii) Speculative motive
In order to make profits from the p urchase and sale of bonds and securities individuals will hold
cash. This is known as speculative motive. The relationship between interest rate and bond price
is negative. When the market rate of interest is high the bond price .will be less. There is a negative relationship between the market rate of interest and speculative demand for money. The speculative demand for money can be written as follows.

The speculative demand curve for money can be drown as follows.

When the market rate of interest reaches or minimum the speculative demand curve will be parallel to ‘x’ axis. This situation is known as liquidity trap. The total demand for money includes precautionary motive, transactions motive and speculative motive. Among these the most important are transactions demand and speculative demand for money.