Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf English Medium Malayalam Medium

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf Download English Medium and Malayalam Medium of SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Notes Pdf, Class 6 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus, 6 Standard Social Science Question Answer are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here we have given 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf in English Medium of State Syllabus Class 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Part 1 and Part 2.

SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions

SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions

Class 6 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus

6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf in English Medium Part 1

State Syllabus Class 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Part 2

SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions (Extra Questions)

  1. Early Humans and Civilizations Class 6 Important Questions
  2. Early States Class 6 Important Questions
  3. State and Government Class 6 Important Questions
  4. From the Globe to the Map Class 6 Important Questions
  5. Culture and Cultural Diversities Class 6 Important Questions
  6. From Agriculture to Industry Class 6 Important Questions
  7. Through the Continents Class 6 Important Questions
  8. Towards South Indian History Class 6 Important Questions
  9. An Introduction to Constitution Class 6 Important Questions
  10. Through the Oceans Class 6 Important Questions
  11. Let’s Save for the Future Class 6 Important Questions
  12. Japan: History and the Present Class 6 Important Questions

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Question Paper English Medium

Std 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium Download

Std 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium

Std 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium Download Part 1

SCERT Class 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium Part 2

6th Standard Social Science Question Paper Pdf Malayalam Medium

We hope the given Kerala SCERT Class 6 Social Science Question Answer, 6th Standard Social Science Notes State Syllabus English Medium of Class 6 Social Science Notes Pdf State Syllabus will help you. If you have any queries regarding Social Science 6th Standard Question Answer, SCERT Class 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Part 1 & 2, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Textbook Solutions Notes Question Answers Pdf

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Textbook Solutions Notes Question Answers Pdf Download English Medium of SCERT Class 6 English Solutions, 6th Standard English Activities are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here we have given SCERT 6th Class English Textbook Solutions of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Notes Pdf Part 1 and Part 2.

6th Standard English Textbook Question and Answers Kerala Syllabus

SCERT Class 6 English Solutions

SCERT 6th Class English Textbook Solutions Part 1

6th Standard English Unit 1 Question Answer Of Many Hues

6th Standard English Unit 2 Question Answer Towards New Horizons

6th Standard English Unit 3 Question Answer Embracing Differences

SCERT 6th Class English Textbook Solutions Part 2

6th Standard English Unit 4 Question Answer For Half the Sky

6th Standard English Unit 5 Question Answer Hearth and Home

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Summary

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Textbook Solutions

SCERT 6th Class English Textbook Solutions (Old Syllabus)

Unit 1 Rain of Love

Unit 2 Still We Rise

Unit 3 Glimpses of Nature

Class 6 English Notes Kerala Syllabus Part 2

6th Standard English Unit 4 Question Answer Work is Worship

6th Standard English Unit 5 Question Answer Helping Hands

6th Standard English Question Paper Kerala Syllabus

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Summary (Old Syllabus)

6th Standard English Textbook Question and Answers Kerala Syllabus

We hope the given Class 6 English SCERT Solutions, Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Question Answers will help you. If you have any queries regarding Class 6 English Notes Kerala Syllabus, 6th Standard English Textbook Pdf with Answers Part 1 and Part 2, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Textbook Solutions Answers Notes Pdf

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created SCERT Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Textbook Solutions Answers Notes Pdf Download, Std 6 Hindi Textbook Solutions, Class 6 Hindi Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapters Summary in Malayalam are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here we have given SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions of 6th Standard Hindi Question Answer Kerala Syllabus Part 1 and Part 2.

SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions

Kerala SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions

6th Standard Hindi Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Notes Pdf इकाई 1

Class 6 Hindi Notes Kerala Syllabus इकाई 2

Std 6 Hindi Textbook Solutions इकाई 3

6th Std Hindi Notes इकाई 4

  • Chapter 1 मिले सबको (कविता) – Mile Sabko Hindi Poem Question Answer
  • Chapter 2 इच्छू और बिनिया – Ichuu Aur Biniya Question Answer

SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions इकाई 5

  • Chapter 1 मुन्नू की स्वतंत्रता – Munnu Ki Swatantrata Question Answer
  • Chapter 2 उल्टा-पुल्टा (कविता) – Ulta Pulta Hindi Poem Question Answer

∗∗ Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Grammar

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Textbook Solutions (Old Syllabus)

इकाई 1

इकाई 2

इकाई 3

इकाई 4

इकाई 5

Class 6 Hindi Previous Year Question Paper Kerala Syllabus

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Question Paper Pdf

Class 6 Hindi Notes Kerala Syllabus

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Textbook Solutions

We hope the given Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Notes Pdf of SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions will help you. If you have any queries regarding 6th Standard Hindi Textbook Pdf with Answers of Class 6 Hindi Notes Kerala Syllabus Part 1 and Part 2, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Maths Textbook Solutions Notes Pdf English & Malayalam Medium

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Maths Textbook Solutions Notes Pdf Download English & Malayalam Medium of SCERT Class 6 Maths Solutions are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here HSSLive.Guru has given SCERT 6th Class Maths Textbook Solutions of Class 6 Maths Solutions Kerala Syllabus Part 1 and Part 2.

SCERT Class 6 Maths Solutions Pdf

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Maths Solutions Pdf Part 1

Class 6 Maths SCERT Solutions Part 2

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6th Std Maths Textbook Solutions Pdf Malayalam Medium Part 1

6th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Pdf Malayalam Medium Part 2

6th Std Maths Textbook Solutions Kerala Syllabus

Class 6 Maths Previous Year Question Paper Kerala Syllabus Malayalam Medium

We hope the given Class 6 Maths SCERT Solutions, Class 6 Kerala Syllabus Maths Solutions English Medium will help you. If you have any queries regarding 6th Std Maths Textbook Solutions Kerala Syllabus, 6th Standard Maths Textbook Answers Solutions Notes Pdf Part 1 and Part 2, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Students often refer to Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Textbook Answers and A Long Walk with Granny in Malayalam & English before discussing the text in class.

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Summary

A Long Walk with Granny Summary in English

Granny could hear the distant roar of the river and smell the pine needles, and feel the presence of her grandson, Mani. She couldn’t see the river or the trees. She could only make out Mani’s fuzzy hair, and sometimes, his blackberry eyes and the gleam of his teeth when he smiled.
A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 1
Granny wore a pair of old glasses. She’d been wearing them for well over ten years.
Her eyes had grown steadily weaker, and the glasses were now scratched and spotted. So, there was very little she could see through them. Mani and his father felt that it was high time Granny had her eyes tested and got herself new glasses.

“Well, you know we can’t get them in the village,” said Granny.
Mani said, “You’ll have to go to the eye hospital in Mussoorie. That’s the nearest town.”
“But that’s a two-day journey,” protested Granny.

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Granny was looking for excuses. She did not want to be parted from Mani. He was eleven and quite capable of looking after himself. But Granny had brought him up ever since his mother had died when he was only a year old. She was his Nani (maternal grandmother), and had cared for boy and father, and the cows and hens in the household, with great energy and devotion.

“I can manage quite well,” she said.
“Now listen,” said Mani’s father sternly. “We’re not sending you off on your own, I’ll take you to Mussoorie.”

“And leave Mani here by himself ? How could you even think of doing that?”
“Then I’ll take you to Mussoorie,” said Mani eagerly. “I’ve been to Mussoorie before, with my school friends. I know where we can stay. But . . .” He paused a moment and looked doubtfully from his father to his grandmother. “You wouldn’t be able to walk all the way to Nain, would you, Granny?”

“Of course I can walk,” said Granny. “I may be going blind, but there’s nothing wrong with my legs!”
“But you’re seventy, Granny.”

“What has that got to do with it? And besides, it’s downhill to Nain.” ‘And uphill coming back.” “Uphill is easier!”said Granny.

Now that she knew Mani might be accompanying her, she was more than ready to make the journey. “While we’re in Mussoorie, we’ll get some seeds and bulbs. And a new bell for the white cow. And a pullover for your father. And shoes for you.”

“Now just a minute,” said Mani’s father. “Are you going there to have your eyes tested or are you going on a shopping trip? I’ve got only a hundred rupees to spare. You’ll have to manage with that.”

“We’ll manage,’ said Mani. ‘We’ll sleep at the bus shelter.”
“No, we won’t,” said Granny. “I’ve got fifty rupees of my own. We’ll stay at a hotel!”
Early next morning, in a light drizzle, Granny and Mani set out on the path to Nain.

Mani carried a small bedding-roll on his shoulders; Granny carried a large cloth shopping bag and an umbrella. “Whenever you feel tired, we’ll take rest,” said Mani.

“We’ve only just started out,” said Granny. “We’ll rest when you’re hungry!”
They walked at a steady pace, without talking too much. A flock of parrots whirled overhead, flashes of red and green against the sombre sky. There were no other sounds, except for the hiss and gentle patter of the rain.

Mani stopped to pick wild blackberries from a bush. Granny wasn’t fond of berries and did not slacken her pace. Mani had to run to catch up with her. Soon his lips were purple with the juice from the berries.

The rain stopped and the sun came out. Below them, the light green of the fields stood out against the dark green of the forests, and the hills were bathed in golden sunshine. Mani ran ahead.

“Can you see all right, Granny?” he called.
“I can see the path and I can see your white shirt. That’s enough for just now.”
Granny and Mani ate their light meal on the roadside, in the shade of a whispering pine, and drank from a spring. By late afternoon they were directly above Nain.

“We’re almost there,” said Mani. “I can see the temple near Uncle’s house.”
“I can’t see a thing,” said Granny.
“That’s because of the mist. There’s a thick mist coming up the valley.”
It began raining heavily as they entered the small market town on the banks of the river. Granny’s umbrella was leaking badly. But they were soon drying themselves in Uncle’s house, and drinking glasses of hot, sweet milky tea.

Mani got up early the next morning and ran down the narrow street to bathe in the river. As Mani dressed, he heard the blare of a bus horn. There was only one bus to Mussoorie. He scampered up the slope, wondering if they’d miss it. But Granny was waiting for him at the bus stop. She had already bought their tickets. The bus was old and rickety, and rattled so much that the passengers could barely hear themselves speaking.

The driver drove at some speed, and whenever he went round a bend, everyone in the bus was thrown about. In spite of all the noise and confusion, Granny fell asleep, her head resting against Mani’s shoulder.

Suddenly, the bus came to a grinding halt. People were thrown forward in their seats. “What’s happening?” Granny asked. “Have we arrived?”
“No, something is blocking the road,” said Mani.
“It’s a landslide!” exclaimed someone, and all the passengers put their heads out of the windows to take a look.

It was a big landslide. Earth, trees and bushes had given way and come crashing down, completely blocking the road. Nor was it over yet. Debris* was still falling. Mani saw rocks hurtling down the hill and into the river.

“Not a suitable place for a bus stop,” observed Granny, who couldn’t see a thing.
Even as she spoke, a shower of stones and small rocks came clattering down on the roof of the bus. Passengers cried out in alarm. The driver began reversing, as more rocks came crashing down.
A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 2

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

“I never did trust motor roads,” said Granny.
The driver kept backing until they were well away from the landslide. Then everyone tumbled out of the bus. They could tell it would take days to clear the road. Most of the passengers decided to return to Nain with the bus. But a few bold spirits agreed to walk to Mussoorie, taking a short cut up the mountain which would bypass the landslide. Mani looked at Granny. “Shall we go back?”

“It’s only ten miles?” said Granny. “We did that yesterday.”
So they started climbing a narrow path, and by the time they got to the top of the mountain, Granny and Mani were on their own. Their village was hidden by the range to the north. Far below rushed the river. Far above circled a golden eagle.

“Did you bring any food from Uncle’s house?” asked Mani.
“Naturally,” said Granny, “I knew you’d soon be hungry. There are pakoras and buns, and peaches from Uncle’s garden.”
“Good!” said Mani, forgetting his tiredness. “We’ll eat as we go along. We’ll stop when you’re tired, Granny.” “Oh, I can walk forever,” said Granny, laughing. “But not if it’s raining. This umbrella leaks badly.”

Down again they went, and up the next mountain, and over bare windswept hillsides, and up through a dark gloomy deodar forest. And then just as it was getting dark, they saw the lights of Mussoorie twinkling ahead of them.

As they came nearer, the lights increased, until presently they were in a brightly lit bazaar. Jostled in the crowd, Granny kept one hand firmly on Mani’s shoulder so that she did not lose him.

They asked around for the cheapest hotel. But there were no cheap hotels. So they spent the night in a dharamsala adjoining the temple.

Next morning, at the eye hospital, they joined a long queue of patient patients. The eye specialist, a portly man in a suit and tie dealt with the patients in a brisk but kind manner. After an hour’s wait, Granny’s turn came.

The doctor took one horrified look at Granny’s glasses and dropped them in a wastebasket.

Then he fished them out and placed them on his desk and said, “On second thought, I think I’ll send them to a museum. You should have changed your glasses years ago. They’ve probably done more harm than good.”

He examined Granny’s eyes and said, “Your eyes are very weak, but you’re not going blind. We’ll fit you up with a stronger pair of glasses.” Then he placed her in front of a board covered with letters in English and Hindi, large and small, and asked Granny if she could make them out.

“I can’t even see the board,” said Granny. “Well, can you see me?” asked the doctor. “Some of you,” said Granny.

“I want you to see all of me,” said the doctor, and he balanced a wire frame on Granny’s nose and began trying out different lenses.

Suddenly, Granny could see much better. She saw the board and the biggest letters on it.
“Can you see me now?” asked the doctor.
“Most of you”, said Granny. And then added, by way of being helpful, “There’s quite a lot of you to see.”

“Thank you,” said the doctor. “And now turn around and tell me if you can see your grandson.”
Granny turned, and saw Mani clearly for the first time in many years.
“Mani!” she exclaimed, clapping her hands with joy. “How nice you look! What a fine boy I’ve brought up! But you do need a haircut. And a wash. And buttons on your shirt. And a new pair of shoes. Come along to the bazaar!”

“First have your new glasses made,” said Mani, laughing. “Then we’ll go shopping!”
A day later, they were in a bus again. Granny had a window seat, and Mani sat beside her. He had new shoes and Granny had a new umbrella and they had also bought a thick woollen Tibetan pullover for Mani’s father. And seeds and bulbs and a cowbell.

As the bus moved off, Granny looked eagerly out of the window. She could see many things that she hadn’t seen for a long time – distant villages, people working in the fields, milkmen on the road, two dogs rushing along beside the bus, monkeys in the trees, and, most wonderful of all, a rainbow in the sky. She couldn’t see perfectly, of course, but she was very pleased with the improvement.

Mani watched for a time and listened to her excited chatter. Then his head began to nod. It dropped against Granny’s shoulder, and remained there, comfortably supported. The bus swerved and jolted along the winding mountain road – but Mani was fast asleep.
(Adapted)

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

A Long Walk with Granny Summary in Malayalam

Granny could hear the distant, …………………. protested Granny (Textbook Page. 9)
മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് നദിയുടെ വിദൂരമായ ഇരമ്പൽ (distant roar) കേൾക്കാനും, പൈൻ മരത്തിന്റെ സൂചി കളുടെ ഗന്ധം അറിയാനും, പേരക്കുട്ടിയായ മണി യുടെ സാന്നിധ്യം (presence) അനുഭവിക്കാനും കഴിഞ്ഞു. അവർക്ക് നദിയോ മരങ്ങളോ കാണാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞില്ല. മണിയുടെ മൃദുവായ (fuzzy) മുടിയും, ചിലപ്പോൾ അവൻ പുഞ്ചിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ കറു ആ കണ്ണുകളും പല്ലുകളുടെ തിളക്കവും (gleam) മാത്രമേ അവർക്ക് തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞുള്ളൂ. മുത്തശ്ശി ഒരു പഴയ കണ്ണടയാണ് ധരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. പത്ത് വർഷത്തിലേറെയായി അവർ അത് ഉപയോ ഗിക്കുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. അവരുടെ കണ്ണിന്റെ കാഴ്ച ക്രമേണ (steadily) കുറഞ്ഞുവരികയും. കണ്ണട യിൽ ഇപ്പോൾ പോറലുകളും (scratched) പുള്ളി കളും (spotted) വീഴുകയും ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. അതു കൊണ്ട്. അതിലൂടെ വളരെ കുറച്ച് മാത്രമേ അവർ ക്ക് കാണാൻ കഴിയുമായിരുന്നുള്ളൂ. മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണ് പരിശോധിപ്പിച്ച് പുതിയ കണ്ണട വാങ്ങാൻ സമയം അതിക്രമിച്ചെന്ന് (high time) മണിക്കും അവന്റെ അച്ഛനും തോന്നി.

“നമുക്കത് ഗ്രാമത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വാങ്ങാൻ കഴിയില്ലെ ന്ന് നിനക്കറിയാമല്ലോ” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു.

‘മസൂറിയിലെ നേത്രരോഗ ആശുപത്രിയിൽ പോ കേണ്ടിവരും. അതാണ് ഏറ്റവും അടുത്തുള്ള പട്ടണം.’ മണി പറഞ്ഞു.
‘പക്ഷേ അത് രണ്ട് ദിവസത്തെ യാത്രയല്ലേ,’ മുത്തശ്ശി എതിർത്തു (protested).

Granny was looking for excuses …………………. nothing wrong with my legs (Text book page 10)
മുത്തശ്ശി ഓരോരോ ഒഴികഴിവുകൾ നോക്കുകയാ യിരുന്നു. മണിയിൽ നിന്ന് വേർപിരിയാൻ (parted) അവർ ആഗ്രഹിച്ചില്ല. അവന് പതിനൊന്ന് വയ സ്സായിരുന്നു, സ്വന്തം കാര്യങ്ങൾ നോക്കാൻ തികച്ചും കഴിവുള്ളവനുമായിരുന്നു. എന്നാൽ ഒരു വയസ്സു ള്ളപ്പോൾ അമ്മ മരിച്ചത് മുതൽ മുത്തശ്ശിയാണ് അവനെ വളർത്തിയത്. അവർ അവന്റെ അമ്മയുടെ അമ്മയായിരുന്നു, കൂടാതെ കുട്ടിയെയും അച്ഛനെ യും, വീട്ടിലെ പശുക്കളെയും കോഴികളെയും വളരെ ഊർജ്ജസ്വലതയോടെയും അർപ്പണബോധത്തോടെ യും (devotion) പരിപാലിച്ചു.

“എനിക്ക് നന്നായി കാര്യങ്ങൾ നോക്കാൻ കഴിയും”, അവർ പറഞ്ഞു.

“ഇവിടെ നോക്ക്.” മണിയുടെ അച്ഛൻ കർശന മായി (sternly) പറഞ്ഞു. “നിങ്ങളെ തനിച്ച് അയ ക്കുന്നില്ല, ഞാൻ. നിങ്ങളെ മസൂറിയിലേക്ക് ഞാൻ കൊണ്ടുപോകാം.”

“എന്നിട്ട് മണിയെ ഇവിടെ തനിച്ചാക്കാനോ?’ നിങ്ങ ൾക്ക് അങ്ങനെയൊന്ന് ചിന്തിക്കാൻ പോലും എങ്ങ നെ കഴിഞ്ഞു?”

“എന്നാൽ പിന്നെ ഞാൻ മുത്തശ്ശിയെ മുസൂറിയി ലേക്ക് കൊണ്ടുപോകാം,” മണി ആകാംഷയോടെ (eagerly) പറഞ്ഞു. “ഞാൻ മുൻപ് സ്കൂളിലെ കൂട്ടു കാരുടെ കൂടെ മസൂറിയിൽ പോയിട്ടുണ്ട്. നമുക്ക് എവിടെ തങ്ങാൻ പറ്റുമെന്ന് എനിക്കറിയാം. പക്ഷേ അവൻ ഒരു നിമിഷം നിർത്തി, സംശയത്തോടെ (doubtfully) അച്ഛനെയും മുത്തശ്ശിയെയും മാറി മാറി നോക്കി.

“മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് നൈനിലേക്കുള്ള ദൂരം മുഴുവൻ നട ക്കാൻ കഴിയില്ലല്ലോ, അല്ലേ?”

“തീർച്ചയായും എനിക്ക് നടക്കാൻ കഴിയും,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്റെ കണ്ണിന് കാഴ്ച കുറയുന്നുണ്ടാവാം, പക്ഷേ എന്റെ കാലുകൾക്ക് ഒരു കുഴപ്പവുമില്ല!”

But you are seventy, Granny ………………….. on the path to Nain (Text Book Page 10)
“പക്ഷേ മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് എഴുപത് വയസ്സായില്ലേ.”

“അതിനെന്താ? മാത്രമല്ല, നൈനിലേക്ക് ഒരു ഇറക്ക മാണ് (downhill).”

“തിരിച്ചുവരുമ്പോൾ കയറ്റവും (uphill).” “കയറ്റം കൂടുതൽ എളുപ്പമാണ്!” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു.

മണി കൂടെയുണ്ടാകുമെന്ന് (accompanying) അ റിഞ്ഞപ്പോൾ, ആ യാത്ര പോകാൻ അവർ പൂർ ണ്ണമായും തയ്യാറായി. “നമ്മൾ മസൂറിയിലായിരിക്കു മ്പോൾ, കുറച്ച് വിത്തുകളും കിഴങ്ങുകളും (bulbs) വാങ്ങണം. പിന്നെ വെളുത്ത പശുവിന് ഒരു പുതി യ മണിയും. നിന്റെ അച്ഛനൊരു പുൾ ഓവറും (pul lover), നിനക്ക് ഷൂസും.”

“ഒരു നിമിഷം നിൽക്കൂ,” മണിയുടെ അച്ഛൻ പ റഞ്ഞു. “നിങ്ങൾ കണ്ണ് പരിശോധിപ്പിക്കാനാണോ അതോ സാധനങ്ങൾ വാങ്ങാനുള്ളയാത്രയിലാണോ? എന്റെ കയ്യിൽ അധികമായി (to spare) നൂറ് രൂപ യേ ഉള്ളൂ. അതുകൊണ്ട് കാര്യങ്ങൾ നോക്കണം.”

“നമുക്കത് മതിയാവും,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു. “നമുക്ക് ബസ് കാത്തിരിപ്പ് കേന്ദ്രത്തിൽ (bus shelter) ഉറങ്ങാം.”

“വേണ്ട, നമ്മൾ അങ്ങനെയൊന്നും ചെയ്യില്ല,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്റെ കയ്യിൽ സ്വന്തമായി അൻ പത് രൂപയുണ്ട്. നമ്മൾ ഒരു ഹോട്ടലിൽ താമ സിക്കും!”

അടുത്ത ദിവസം അതിരാവിലെ, ഒരു നേരിയ ചാറ്റ ൽ മഴയിൽ (drizzle), മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും നൈ നിലേക്കുള്ള വഴിയിലേക്ക് യാത്ര തിരിച്ചു (set out).

Mani carried a small …….. Mani ran ahead. (Text Book Page 11)
മണി തോളിൽ ഒരു ചെറിയ കിടക്കവിരിപ്പ് (bedding-roll) ചുമന്നിരുന്നു; മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കയ്യിൽ ഒരു വലിയ തുണിസഞ്ചിയും കുടയുമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. “മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് എപ്പോൾ ക്ഷീണം തോന്നുന്നുവോ, അപ്പോൾ നമുക്ക് വിശ്രമിക്കാം,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു. “നമ്മൾ യാത്ര തുടങ്ങിയിട്ടല്ലേയുള്ളൂ, മുത്തശ്ശി പറ ഞ്ഞു. നിനക്ക് വിശക്കുമ്പോൾ നമുക്ക് വിശ്രമിക്കാം!” അധികം സംസാരിക്കാതെ, ഒരേ വേഗതയിൽ (steady pace) അവർ നടന്നു. ഒരു കൂട്ടം തത്തകൾ തലയ്ക്ക് മുകളിലൂടെ വട്ടമിട്ട് പറന്നു (whirled), മ്ലാനമായ (sombre) ആകാശത്ത് ചുവപ്പും പച്ചയും നിറങ്ങൾ മിന്നിമറഞ്ഞു. മഴയുടെ ചീറ്റലും നേർത്ത മുഴക്കവും (patter) അല്ലാതെ മറ്റ് ശബ്ദങ്ങളൊന്നും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല.

മണി ഒരു കുറ്റിച്ചെടിയിൽ നിന്ന് ബ്ലാക്ക്ബെറികൾ പറിക്കാനായി നിന്നു. മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് പഴങ്ങളോട് വലിയ ഇഷ്ടമില്ലായിരുന്നു, അതിനാൽ അവർ നടത്തത്തി ന്റെ വേഗത കുറച്ചില്ല (did not slacken), മുത്ത ശ്ശിക്കൊപ്പം എത്താൻ മണിക്ക് ഓടേണ്ടിവന്നു. താമ സിയാതെ അവന്റെ ചുണ്ടുകൾ പഴച്ചാറ് കൊണ്ട് കരി നീല നിറമായി. മഴ നിന്നു, സൂര്യൻ പുറത്തുവന്നു. അവർക്ക് താഴെ, ഇരുണ്ട പച്ച നിറമുള്ള കാടുകൾക്ക് നടുവിൽ ഇളംപച്ച പാടങ്ങൾ വേറിട്ടുനിന്നു (stood out), കുന്നുകൾ സുവർണ്ണ വെയിലിൽ കുളിച്ചുനി ന്നു (bathed in). മണി മുന്നോട്ട് ഓടി.

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

“Can you see all right, Granny ?” he called…….. themselves speaking. (Text Book page 11,12)
“മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് ശരിക്ക് കാണാമോ?” അവൻ വിളിച്ചു ചോദിച്ചു. “എനിക്ക് വഴിയും നിന്റെ വെള്ള ഷർട്ടും കാണാം. തൽക്കാലത്തേക്ക് അതുമതി.” മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും വഴിയരികിൽ, മന്ത്രിക്കുന്ന പൈൻ മരത്തി ന്റെ തണലിലിരുന്ന് ലഘുവായ ഭക്ഷണം കഴിക്കു കയും ഒരു നീരുറവയിൽ (spring) നിന്ന് വെള്ളം കുടിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. ഉച്ചകഴിഞ്ഞ് അവർ നിന് തൊട്ടുമുകളിലെത്തി. “നമ്മൾ ഏകദേശം എത്തി,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു.“എനിക്ക് അമ്മാവന്റെ വീടിനുത്തു ള്ള അമ്പലം കാണാം.”

“എനിക്കൊന്നും കാണാൻ വയ്യ.” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. അത് കോടമഞ്ഞ് (mist) കാരണമാണ്. താഴ്വരയിൽ (valley) നിന്ന് കനത്ത മഞ്ഞ് പൊങ്ങിവരുന്നുണ്ട്.” നദീതീരത്തുള്ള ചെറിയ കച്ചവടകേന്ദ്രത്തിലേക്ക് പ്ര വേശിച്ചപ്പോൾ മഴ കനത്തു. മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കുട നന്നായി ചോരുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു (leaking). എന്നാൽ താമസിയാതെ അവർ അമ്മാവന്റെ വീട്ടിലിരുന്ന് ദേഹം തുടച്ചുണക്കുകയും, ചൂടുള്ള മധുരമുള്ള പാൽച്ചായ കുടിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. അടുത്ത ദിവസം അതിരാവിലെ എഴുന്നേറ്റ് മണി, പുഴയിൽ കുളി ക്കാനായി ഇടുങ്ങിയ (narrow) തെരുവിലൂടെ ഓടി.

മണി വസ്ത്രം മാറുമ്പോൾ, ഒരു ബസ്സിന്റെ ഉച്ച ത്തിലുള്ള ഹോൺ ശബ്ദം (blare) അവൻ കേട്ടു. അവിടെ ആകെ ഒരു ബസ് മാത്രമേ ഉണ്ടായിരു ന്നുള്ളൂ. മസൂറിയിലേക്ക് പോകുന്നതായിരുന്നു. അവർക്ക് ബസ് കിട്ടാതെ പോകുമോ എന്നോർത്ത് അവൻ കുന്നിൻ ചെരുവിലൂടെ (slope) ഓടിക്കയറി (scampered). എന്നാൽ മുത്തശ്ശി ബസ് സ്റ്റോപ്പിൽ അവനെ കാത്തുനിൽപ്പുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. അവർ അവർക്കുള്ള ടിക്കറ്റുകൾ നേരത്തെ വാങ്ങിയിരുന്നു. ബസ് പഴയതും ഇളകിയാടുന്നതും (rickety) ആയിരുന്നു. അത് വളരെയധികം കിരുകിരു ശബ്ദമുണ്ടാക്കിയതിനാൽ (rattled) യാത്രക്കാർക്ക് അവർ പരസ്പരം സംസാരിക്കുന്നത് കഷ്ടിച്ച് കേൾക്കാമായിരുന്നു.

The driver drove at ……….. rocks came crashing down (Text Book Page 12)
ഡവർ അത്യാവശ്യം വേഗതയിലാണ് ഓടിച്ചി രുന്നത്, ഓരോ വളവ് തിരിയുമ്പോഴും ബസിലുള്ള എല്ലാവരും ആടിയു ലഞ്ഞു. ഈ ബഹള ത്തിനും കോലാഹല ത്തിനും (confusion) ഇടയിലും, മുത്തശ്ശി മണിയുടെ തോളിൽ തലചായ്ച്ച് ഉറങ്ങിപ്പോ യി പെട്ടെന്ന്, ഉരയുന്ന ശബ്ദത്തോടെ (grinding halt) ബസ് നിന്നു.ആളുകൾ അവ രുടെ ഇരിപ്പിടങ്ങളിൽ നിന്ന് മുന്നോട്ട് ആഞ്ഞു പോയി. “എന്താ സംഭവിക്കുന്നത്?” മുത്തശ്ശി ചോദിച്ചു. “നമ്മൾ എത്തിയോ?” “ഇല്ല, എന്തോ വഴി തടഞ്ഞിരിക്കുകയാണ്,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു.

അതൊരു മണ്ണിടിച്ചിലാണ് (landslide)! ആരോ ഉറക്കെ വിളിച്ചു പറഞ്ഞു (exclaimed), എല്ലാ യാത്രക്കാരും പുറത്തേക്ക് നോക്കാനായി ജനലിലൂടെ തലയിട്ടു. അതൊരു വലിയ മണ്ണി ടിച്ചിലായിരുന്നു. മണ്ണും മരങ്ങളും കുറ്റിച്ചെടികളും ഇടിഞ്ഞ്, റോഡ് പൂർണ്ണമായും തടസ്സപ്പെടുത്തി താഴേക്ക് പതിച്ചു. അത് അവിടം കൊണ്ടും തീർന്നിരുന്നില്ല; പാറക്കഷണങ്ങൾ (debris) അപ്പോഴും വീഴുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. പാറകൾ കുന്നിന് മുകളിൽ നിന്ന് പുഴയിലേക്ക് അതിവേഗം പാഞ്ഞു വീഴുന്നത് (hurtling) മണി കണ്ടു. “ഒരു ബസ് സ്റ്റോപ്പിന് പറ്റിയ സ്ഥലമല്ല,” ഒന്നും കാണാൻ കഴിയാതിരുന്ന മുത്തശ്ശി അഭിപ്രായപ്പെട്ടു (ob served). അവർ സംസാരിച്ചുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ തന്നെ, ഒരു കൂട്ടം കല്ലുകളും ചെറിയ പാറകളും ചടപട ശബ്ദത്തോടെ (clattering) ബസിന്റെ മേൽ കൂരയിലേക്ക് വീണു. യാത്രക്കാർ ഭയത്തോടെ (alarm) നിലവിളിച്ചു. കൂടുതൽ പാറകൾ ഇടി ഞ്ഞുവീഴാൻ തുടങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ ഡ്രൈവർ ബസ് പി ന്നോട്ട് എടുക്കാൻ (reversing) തുടങ്ങി.

I never did trust motor roads”…..From uncle’s gardens (Text Book page 13)
എനിക്ക് ഈ മോട്ടോർ വാഹനങ്ങൾ പോകുന്ന വഴികളെ ഒട്ടും വിശ്വാസമില്ല (trust), മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. മണ്ണിടിച്ചിലിൽ നിന്ന് വളരെ ദൂരെ എത്തു ന്നതുവരെ ഡ്രൈവർ വണ്ടി പിന്നോട്ട് എടുത്തു കൊണ്ടിരുന്നു. അതിനുശേഷം എല്ലാവരും ബസ്സിൽ നിന്ന് തിക്കിത്തിരക്കി (tumbled out) പുറത്തിറങ്ങി. റോഡ് ശരിയാക്കാൻ ദിവസങ്ങളെ ടുക്കുമെന്ന് അവർക്ക് മനസ്സിലായി. യാത്രക്കാരിൽ ഭൂരിഭാഗവും ബസിനൊപ്പം നൈനിലേക്ക് മടങ്ങാൻ തിരുമാനിച്ചു. എന്നാൽ ധൈ ര്യശാലികളായ (bold spirits) കുറച്ചുപേർ, മണ്ണിടിച്ചിലിനെ മറികടന്നുപോകുന്ന (bypass) ഒരു കുറുക്കുവഴി യിലൂടെ മലകയറി മുസൂറിയിലേക്ക് നടക്കാൻ സമ്മ തിച്ചു. മണി മുത്തശ്ശിയെ നോക്കി.

“നമുക്ക് തിരിച്ചു പോയാലോ?” വെറും പത്ത് മൈലല്ലേ? മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “അത്രയും ദൂരം നമ്മൾ ഇന്നലെ നടന്ന താണല്ലോ.” അങ്ങനെ അവർ ഒരു ഇടുങ്ങിയ പാത കയറാൻ തുടങ്ങി, അവർ മലയുടെ മുകളിൽ എത്തി യപ്പോഴേക്കും മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും തനിച്ചായി രുന്നു. അവരുടെ ഗ്രാമം വടക്കുള്ള മലനിരകളാൽ മറഞ്ഞിരുന്നു. ദൂരെ താഴെ പുഴ കുതിച്ചൊഴുകി. ദൂരെ മുകളിൽ ഒരു സ്വർണ്ണപ്പരുന്ത് വട്ടമിട്ടു പറന്നു. “അമ്മാവന്റെ വീട്ടിൽ നിന്ന് എന്തെങ്കിലും ഭക്ഷണം കൊണ്ടുവന്നോ?” മണി ചോദിച്ചു. തീർച്ചയായും, മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു, “നിനക്ക് പെട്ടെന്ന് വിശക്കുമെന്ന് എനിക്കറിയാമായിരുന്നു.” പക്കവടയും ബണ്ണും, പിന്നെ അമ്മാവന്റെ തോട്ടത്തിലെ പീച്ച് പഴങ്ങളുമുണ്ട് .

Good” said Mani……………. adjoining the temple. (Text Book page 13)
“കൊള്ളാം!” ക്ഷീണം മറന്നുകൊണ്ട് മണി പറഞ്ഞു. “നമുക്ക് പോകുന്ന വഴിക്ക് കഴിക്കാം. മുത്തശ്ശി ക്ഷീ ണിക്കുമ്പോൾ നമുക്ക് നിർത്താം.” “ഓ, എനിക്ക് എക്കാലവും നടക്കാൻ പറ്റും, മുത്തശ്ശി ചിരിച്ചു കൊണ്ട് പറഞ്ഞു. പക്ഷേ മഴപെയ്യുകയാണെങ്കിൽ പറ്റില്ല. ഈ കുട നന്നായി ചോരുന്നുണ്ട്. വീണ്ടും അവർ ഇറങ്ങി, അടുത്ത മല കയറി, മരങ്ങളില്ലാത്ത കാറ്റടിക്കുന്ന (windswept) കുന്നിൻചെരിവുകൾ കടന്ന്, ഇരുണ്ടതും വിഷാദപൂർണ്ണവുമായ (gloomy) ദേവദാരു വനത്തിലൂടെ മുകളിലേക്ക് പോയി. ഒടുവിൽ ഇരുട്ടായപ്പോൾ, മസൂറിയിലെ ദീപങ്ങൾ അവർക്ക് മുന്നിൽ മിന്നിത്തിളങ്ങുന്നത് (twinkling) അവർ കണ്ടു. അവർ അടുത്തേക്ക് വരുന്തോറും വെളിച്ചം കൂടിവന്നു, താമസിയാതെ അവർ ശോഭ യുള്ള ഒരു കമ്പോളത്തിൽ (bazaar) എത്തി. ആൾ ക്കൂട്ടത്തിൽ ഉന്തുംതള്ളുമേറ്റപ്പോൾ (jostled), മണിയെ നഷ്ടപ്പെടാതിരിക്കാൻ മുത്തശ്ശി ഒരു കൈ കൊണ്ട് അവന്റെ തോളിൽ മുറുകെ പിടിച്ചു. ഏറ്റവും വില കുറഞ്ഞ ഹോട്ടലിനായി അവർ പലയിടത്തും അന്വേഷിച്ചു. എന്നാൽ വില കുറഞ്ഞ ഹോട്ടലുകൾ ഒന്നും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല. അതിനാൽ അവർ ആ രാത്രി അമ്പലത്തോട് ചേർന്നുള്ള (adjoin ഒരു സത്രത്തിൽ (dharamsala) കഴിച്ചുകൂട്ടി.

Next morning, at the eye……………”There’s a quite a lot of you to see (Text Book Page 14)
A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 3
അടുത്ത ദിവസം രാവിലെ, നേത്രരോഗ ആശുപത്രിയി ൽ, ക്ഷമയോടെ കാത്തുനിൽക്കുന്ന രോഗികളുടെ നീണ്ട നിരയിൽ (queue) അവരും ചേർന്നു. സ്യൂട്ടും ടൈയും ധരിച്ച, തടിച്ച (portly) ഒരു നേത്രരോഗ വി ദഗ്ദ്ധൻ, വേഗതയേറിയതും (brisk) എന്നാൽ ദയ യോടെയുമുള്ള രീതിയിലാണ്. രോഗികളുമായി ഇടപെട്ടത്. ഒരു മണിക്കൂർ കാത്തിരുന്നതിന് ശേഷം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ ഊഴമെത്തി, ഡോക്ടർ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണട കണ്ട് ഭയന്നുപോയി (horrified), അതെടുത്ത് ചവറ്റുകുട്ടയിൽ ഇട്ടു, പിന്നെ അതെടുത്ത് (fished them out) തന്റെ മേശപ്പുറത്ത് വെച്ചുകൊണ്ട് പ റഞ്ഞു, “ഒന്നുകൂടി ആലോചിച്ചപ്പോൾ, ഞാനിത് ഒരു മ്യൂസിയത്തിലേക്ക് അയക്കാമെന്ന് തോന്നുന്നു. നിങ്ങളിൽ വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് മുൻപ് മാറ്റേണ്ടതായിരുന്നു. ഇത് ഗുണത്തേക്കാളേറെ ദോഷമാണ് (harm) ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ടാവുക.” അദ്ദേഹം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണു കൾ പരിശോധിച്ചതിന് (examined) ശേഷം പറ ഞ്ഞു, “നിങ്ങളുടെ കണ്ണിന് കാഴ്ച വളരെ കുറവാ ണ് പക്ഷെ കാഴ്ച പൂർണ്ണമായി പോകുന്നില്ല. ഞ ങ്ങൾ കൂടുതൽ ശക്തിയുള്ള ഒരു കണ്ണട വെച്ചുതരാം.”

എന്നിട്ട് വലുതും ചെറുതുമായ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്, ഹിന്ദി അക്ഷരങ്ങളുള്ള ഒരു ബോർഡിന് മുന്നിൽ മുത്തശ്ശിയെ നിർത്തി, അത് തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ (make them out) കഴിയുന്നുണ്ടോ എന്ന് ചോദിച്ചു. “എനിക്ക് ബോർഡ് കാണാൻ പോലും പറ്റുന്നില്ല,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “ശരി, എന്നെ കാണാമോ?” ഡോക്ടർ ചോദിച്ചു. “നിങ്ങളിൽ കുറച്ചുപേരെ കാണാം.” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്നെ മുഴുവനായി കാണണ മെന്നാണ് എന്റെ ആഗ്രഹം.” ഡോക്ടർ പറഞ്ഞു, എന്നിട്ട് അദ്ദേഹം ഒരു വയർ ഫെയിം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ മൂക്കിൻ തുമ്പത്ത് ഉറപ്പിച്ചു (balanced) നിർത്തി ഓരോ ലെൻസുകളായി പരീക്ഷിക്കാൻ തുടങ്ങി. പെട്ടെന്ന്, മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് കാഴ്ച മെച്ചപ്പെട്ടു. അവർക്ക് ബോർഡും അതിലെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ അക്ഷരങ്ങളും കാണാമായിരുന്നു. “ഇപ്പോൾ എന്നെ കാണാമോ?” ഡോക്ടർ ചോദിച്ചു. നിങ്ങളിൽ മിക്കവരെയും കാണ -ാം,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. എന്നിട്ട്, ഒരു സഹായമെന്ന നിലയ്ക്ക് (by way of being helpful) കൂട്ടിച്ചേർത്തു, “കാണാനായി നിങ്ങൾ ഒരുപാടുണ്ടല്ലോ.”

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

“Thank you”, said the doctor. ……….. but mani was fast asleep (Text Book Page 15)
“നന്ദി,” ഡോക്ടർ പറഞ്ഞു. “ഇനി തിരിഞ്ഞുനിന്ന് നിങ്ങളുടെ പേരക്കുട്ടിയെ കാണാൻ കഴിയുന്നുണ്ടോ എന്ന് പറയൂ.” മുത്തശ്ശി തിരിഞ്ഞു, വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേ ഷം ആദ്യമായി മണിയെ വ്യക്തമായി കണ്ടു. “മണീ!” സന്തോഷത്തോടെ കൈകൊട്ടിക്കൊണ്ട് (clapping) അവർ അതിശയത്തോടെ പറഞ്ഞു (exclaimed). “നിന്നെ കാണാൻ എന്തു ഭംഗിയാണ്! എത നല്ല കുട്ടിയെയാണ് ഞാൻ വളർത്തിയത്. പക്ഷേ നിന്റെ മുടി വെട്ടണം. പിന്നെ ഒന്നു കുളിക്കണം. ഷർ ട്ടിൽ ബട്ടൺ വെക്കണം. ഒരു പുതിയ ഷൂസും വേണം .. വാ, കമ്പോളത്തിലേക്ക് പോകാം!” “ആദ്യം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ പുതിയ കണ്ണട വാങ്ങാം,” മണി ചിരി ച്ചുകൊണ്ട് പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്നിട്ട് നമുക്ക് സാധനങ്ങൾ വാങ്ങാൻ പോകാം!” ഒരു ദിവസത്തിന് ശേഷം, അവർ വീണ്ടും ബസ്സിലായിരുന്നു. മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് ജന ലിന്റെ അടുത്തുള്ള സീറ്റ് കിട്ടി, മണി അവരുടെ അരികിലിരുന്നു.

അവന്റെ കയ്യിൽ പുതിയ ഷൂസും മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കയ്യിൽ പുതിയ കുടയുമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു, കൂടാതെ അവർ മണിയുടെ അച്ഛനുവേണ്ടി കട്ടി യുള്ള കമ്പിളി കൊണ്ടുള്ള ഒരു ടിബറ്റൻ പുൾ ഓവ റും വാങ്ങിയിരുന്നു. അതോടൊപ്പം വിത്തുകളും കിഴങ്ങുകളും ഒരു പശുമണിയും. ബസ് മുന്നോട്ട് നീങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ, മുത്തശ്ശി ആകാംഷയോടെ (eagerly) ജനലിലൂടെ പുറത്തേക്ക് നോക്കി. ഒരുപാട് കാലമായി കാണാതിരുന്ന പലതും അവർക്ക് കാണാ മായിരുന്നു – ദൂരെയുള്ള ഗ്രാമങ്ങൾ, വയലുകളിൽ ജോ ലി ചെയ്യുന്ന ആളുകൾ, വഴിയിലെ പാൽക്കാർ, ബ സിനരികിലൂടെ ഓടുന്ന രണ്ട് നായ്ക്കൾ, മരങ്ങളിലെ കുരങ്ങന്മാർ, എല്ലാത്തിലും അതിശയമായി ആകാ ശത്തൊരു മഴവില്ലും.

അവർക്ക് പൂർണ്ണമായി കാണാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞിരുന്നില്ല, എന്നിരുന്നാലും കാഴ്ച യിലുണ്ടായ ഈ പുരോഗതിയിൽ (improvement) അവർ അതീവ സന്തുഷ്ടയായിരുന്നു (pleased). മണി കുറച്ചുനേരം അത് നോക്കിയിരുന്നു, മുത്ത ശ്ശിയുടെ ആവേശത്തോടെയുള്ള സംസാരം (chatter) അവൻ ശ്രദ്ധിച്ചു. പിന്നെ അവന്റെ തല പതിയെ ആടാൻ (nod) തുടങ്ങി. അത് മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ തോളിലേക്ക് ചാഞ്ഞ്, സുഖപ്രദമായ ഒരു താങ്ങിൽ അവിടെ നിന്നു. വളഞ്ഞുപുളഞ്ഞ വളഞ്ഞുപുളഞ്ഞ (winding) മലപതയിലൂടെ ബസ്സ് വെട്ടിത്തിരിയുകയും (swerved) ശക്തിയായി കുലുങ്ങുകയും (jolted) ചെയ് തുകൊണ്ടിരുന്നു – പക്ഷേ മണി ഗാഢനിദ്രയിലായിരുന്നു.

A Long Walk with Granny by Ruskin Bond About the Author

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 4
Ruskin Bond (1934 -) was born at Kasauli, in Himachal Pradesh. For over 50 years, Bond has experimented with different genres of writing including novels, short stories and memoirs. His notable works include The Room on the Roof, Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra, A Flight of Pigeons, The Blue Umbrella, etc. He was awarded the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 1957, the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1992, the Padma Shri in 1999 and the Padma Bhushan in 2014.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Parents often use SCERT Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Notes Pdf Unit 1 Chapter 1 A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes to assist their kids with homework.

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Question Answer Activities

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Class 8

8th Standard English A Long Walk with Granny Question Answer

Question 1.
Why couldn’t Granny see properly through her glasses?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് അവരുടെ കണ്ണടയിലൂടെ ശരിക്ക് കാണാൻ കഴിയാഞ്ഞത്?
Answer:
Granny couldn’t see properly because her glasses were very old. They had many scratches and spots on them. Also, her eyesight had become weaker over the ten years she had used them.

Question 2.
Why didn’t Granny want to be parted from Mani?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മുത്തശ്ശി മണിയിൽ നിന്ന് വേർപിരി യാൻ ആഗ്രഹിക്കാഞ്ഞത്?
Answer:
Granny didn’t want to be parted from Mani because she loved him a lot. She had taken care of him like a mother since he was a one-year-old baby after his own mother died.

Question 3.
Do you think Granny was confident about walking to Nain? Give reasons.
നൈനിലേക്ക് നടന്നുപോകുന്ന കാര്യത്തിൽ മുത്ത ശ്ശിക്ക് ആത്മവിശ്വാസമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു എന്ന് നിങ്ങൾ കരു തുന്നുണ്ടോ? കാരണങ്ങൾ നൽകുക.
Answer:
Yes, Granny was very confident about walking. She gave two reasons:

  1. She said that even if her eyes were getting weak, her legs were still very strong.
  2. She also said that the journey was only ten miles, and they had walked that much the day before.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Question 4.
Why does Mani’s father call Granny’s journey to Mussoorie, a shopping trip?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മണിയുടെ അച്ഛൻ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ മുസൂറിയിലേക്കുള്ള യാത്രയെ ഒരു ഷോപ്പിംഗ് ട്രിപ്പ് എന്ന് വിളിച്ചത്?
Answer:
When Granny agreed to go to Mussoorie, she started making a list of many things to buy, like seeds, a bell for the cow, a pullover for Mani’s father, and shoes for Mani. Because she planned to buy so many things, Mani’s father jokingly called her journey a “shopping trip” instead of a trip to the eye hospital.

Question 5.
Why couldn’t Mani keep up with Granny on the walk?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് നടത്തത്തിനിടയിൽ മണിക്ക് മുത്ത ശ്ശിക്കൊപ്പം എത്താൻ കഴിയാഞ്ഞത്?
Answer:
Mani couldn’t keep up with Granny because he stopped on the way to pick wild blackberries from a bush. Granny did not stop and kept walking at her usual speed.

Question 6.
Landslides are becoming more frequent now, aren’t they? Make a list of recent natural calamities. Discuss the possible causes of these.
ഉരുൾപൊട്ടലുകൾ ഇക്കാലത്ത് പതിവാകുകയാണല്ലോ, അല്ലേ? സമീപകാലത്തുണ്ടായ പ്രകൃതി ദുരന്തങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു പട്ടിക തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:
Yes, natural calamities like landslides are becoming more frequent. Here is a list of some natural calamities:
Floods (വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കം)
Landslides (ഉരുൾപൊട്ടൽ)
Cyclones (ചുഴലിക്കാറ്റ്)
Drought (വരൾച്ച)
Possible causes for these are:
For Landslides: Heavy rain makes the soil on hills loose. Cutting down too many trees (deforestation) also makes the soil weak and causes it to slide down.

For Floods: Very heavy rain for many days can cause rivers to overflow. Sometimes, throwing throwing plastic and waste blocks the drains, which also leads to floods in cities.

Climate Change: Pollution from factories and vehicles is making the earth warmer. This changes our weather and leads to either too much rain (floods) or very little rain (drought).

Question 7.
Sometimes journeys are delayed on account of breakdowns or natural calamities. Narrate your experiences of any of these.
ചിലപ്പോൾ വാഹനങ്ങൾ കേടാകുന്നത് കൊണ്ടോ പ കൃതി ദുരന്തങ്ങൾ കൊണ്ടോ യാത്രകൾ വൈകാറുണ്ട്. ഇത്തരത്തിലുള്ള നിങ്ങളുടെ ഏതെങ്കിലും അനുഭവം വിവരിക്കുക
Answer:
Once, my family and I were going to Wayanad in our car. It started raining very heavily. As we were going up the mountain road, we saw that a big tree had fallen and completely blocked the road. All the cars had to stop. We were delayed by three hours. We waited patiently until the fire force came and cut the tree into small pieces to clear the hot road.

Question 8.
The doctor says he will send Granny’s glasses to the museum. What does he mean?
(ഡോക്ടർ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണട മ്യൂസിയത്തിലേക്ക് അയക്കുമെന്ന് പറയുന്നു. എന്താണ് അദ്ദേഹം അതു കൊണ്ട് അർത്ഥമാക്കുന്നത്?)
Answer:
When the doctor says he will send Granny’s glasses to the museum, he is making a joke. He means that the glasses are so old and useless that they belong in a museum where very old things are kept. It was his way of telling Granny that she should have changed her glasses many years ago.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Question 9.
What was Granny’s reaction when she saw Mani clearly?
(മണിയെ വ്യക്തമായി കണ്ടപ്പോൾ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ പ്ര തികരണം എന്തായിരുന്നു?)
Answer:
When Granny saw Mani clearly for the first time in many years, she was very happy and full of joy. She exclaimed “Mani!” and clapped her hands. Then, she lovingly told him how nice he looked, but also said that he needed a haircut, a wash, new buttons, and new shoes.

A Long Walk with Granny Class 8 Question Answer – Let’s Rewind

Question 1.
Why does Granny finally agree to travel to Mussoorie?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മുത്തശ്ശി ഒടുവിൽ മുസൂറിയിലേക്ക് പോകാൻ സമ്മതിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
Granny finally agrees to travel to Mussoorie because she learns that her grandson, Mani, will be going with her. She did not want to travel alone or leave Mani behind. When Mani himself offered to take her, she became ready and happy for the journey.

Question 2.
Granny’s courage and determination are evident in the story. Substantiate this statement with instances.
മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ ധൈര്യവും നിശ്ചയദാർഢ്യവും കഥയി ൽ വ്യക്തമാണ്. ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ സഹിതം ഈ പ്രസ് താവനയെ സാധൂകരിക്കുക.)
Answer:
We can see Granny’s courage and determination in many parts of the story.

  1. First, even at the age of seventy, she agrees to undertake a long, two-day journey.
  2. Second, when the bus is stopped by a landslide, she is not scared. She readily agrees to walk ten miles over the mountain to reach Mussoorie.
  3. Third, she walks confidently through hills and forests, saying her legs are strong, which shows her strong will.

Question 3.
How does Mani support Granny during their journey? What does this reveal about his character?
(യാത്രയിലുടനീളം മണി എങ്ങനെയാണ് മുത്തശ്ശിയെ പിന്തുണയ്ക്കുന്നത്? ഇത് അവന്റെ സ്വഭാവത്തെക്കു റിച്ച് എന്ത് വെളിപ്പെടുത്തുന്നു?
Answer:
Mani supports Granny in many loving ways during their journey.

  • He offers to take her to the hospital when his father can’t.
  • He carries her bedding-roll for her.
  • He offers his shoulder for her to rest on while sleeping in the bus.
  • He always thinks about her comfort, telling her they can rest whenever she is tired.

This reveals that Mani is a very loving, caring, and responsible grandson who is deeply attached to his grandmother.

Question 4.
‘A shoulder to rest on is a blessing indeed.’ Don’t you agree? How does the story highlight the bond between generations?
ചായാൻ ഒരു തോൾ തീർച്ചയായും ഒരു അനുഗ്രഹ മാണ്. നിങ്ങൾ യോജിക്കുന്നുണ്ടോ? തലമുറകൾ തമ്മി ലുള്ള ബന്ധത്തെ ഈ കഥ എങ്ങനെയാണ് എടുത്തു കാണിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
Yes, I agree completely. It means that having someone to give us emotional and physical support during difficult times is a great comfort and a true blessing.

The story highlights the beautiful bond between generations through Granny and Mani.

  • Granny raised and cared for Mani his whole life.
  • Now, Mani takes care of his grandmother on their difficult journey. He provides physical support by carrying things and giving her his shoulder, and emotional support by staying with her. They love and depend on each other, showing a strong and beautiful connection that crosses generations.

A Long Walk with Granny Activities

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Activities Pdf – Let’s recall and recreate

Activity 1

A. Read the following excerpt from, ‘A Long Walk with Granny.’
The rain stopped and the sun came out. Below them, the light green of the fields stood out against the dark green of the forests, and the hills were bathed in golden sunshine.

B. Granny and Mani stand on the summit of the peak on their way to Nain. They look around. Mani is really amazed by the beauty of the scene. Imagine this is the view.
A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 1
This is how he describes the place to a friend.

The view of the snow-capped peaks, the rocky terrain and the crystal-clear water in the river nearby were just breathtaking. A beam of light coming through the white clouds spread its brilliance all around. The tall dark green trees seemed glowing too. The misty morning was giving way to a brighter day. The vast valley was filled with wonderful green shades, all of which were mesmerising.

Now, let’s list the words/phrases that helped Mani describe the place in the table below. One has been done for you.
A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 2
Answer:

Describing words/ Phrases Nouns described
snow-capped peak
rocky terrain
crystal-clear water
tall dark green trees
misty morning
vast valley

C. Now let’s try to describe the place given below using suitable descriptive adjectives.
A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 3
Answer:
This is a picture of a beautiful meadow. A narrow path goes through the lush green grass. On the left, there is a lovely green tree, and on the right, there is a bright, golden-yellow tree. The sky above is blue with fluffy white clouds. The whole place looks very peaceful and calm.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Question Answer – Activity 2

A. Granny and Mani return after their thrilling experience of walking and exploring the surroundings. At home, Mani shares his experience with his father. Write the likely narrative.
നടത്തത്തിന്റെയും ചുറ്റുപാടുകൾ കണ്ടതിന്റെയും ആവേശക രമായ അനുഭവത്തിന് ശേഷം മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും തിരിച്ചെ ത്തുന്നു. വീട്ടിൽ വെച്ച്, മണി തന്റെ അനുഭവം അച്ഛനുമായി പങ്കുവെക്കുന്നു. ആ വിവരണം എഴുതുക.
Answer:
Father, you won’t believe the adventure Granny and I had! The journey to Mussoorie was so exciting. On the way, our bus had to stop because of a huge land- slide. The road was blocked! But Granny was so brave. We decided to walk the rest of the way, just like we did the day before. We stayed in a dharamsala near a temple. The next day, we met the doctor. He gave Granny new glasses, and now she can see everything clearly! She was so happy when she saw me properly. On the way back, she looked out of the window and was amazed to see the distant villages and even a rainbow. It was a long walk, but it was the best journey ever.

B. The eye-specialist couldn’t forget Granny and his interaction with her. He recollects the encounter in his diary. Write the likely diary entry.
നേത്രരോഗ വിദഗ്ദ്ധന് മുത്തശ്ശിയെയും അവരുമായുള്ള സംഭാഷണവും മറക്കാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞില്ല. അദ്ദേഹം ആ കൂടിക്കാഴ്ചയെക്കുറിച്ച് തന്റെ ഡയറിയിൽ ഓർത്തെഴുതുന്നു. ആ ഡയറിക്കുറിപ്പ് എഴുതുക.
Answer:
Wednesday, June 11, 2025
Dear Diary,

Today, I met a very memorable patient. An old woman came with her young grandson, Mani. When I saw her glasses, I was shocked! They were so old and scratched, they belonged in a museum. I joked with her about it. She was a woman of great spirit and courage. When I was testing her eyes, she gave the funniest answers. When she finally wore the new glasses and saw her grandson’s face clearly for the first time in years, the look of pure joy on her face was priceless. It’s days like these that make my job so special. I will not forget her soon.

C. Have you recently visited a tourist spot or a place that caught your attention with its beauty? Attempt a descriptive paragraph on the spot you visited.
നിങ്ങൾ ഈയടുത്ത് ഏതെങ്കിലും വിനോദസഞ്ചാര കേന്ദ്രമോ അതിന്റെ ഭംഗികൊണ്ട് നിങ്ങളുടെ ശ്രദ്ധ പിടി ച്ചുപറ്റിയ സ്ഥലമോ സന്ദർശിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടോ? നിങ്ങൾ സന്ദർ ശിച്ച ആ സ്ഥലത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് ഒരു വർണ്ണനാപരമായ ഖണ്ഡി ക എഴുതുക.
Answer:
Last Sunday, I visited Kozhikode beach my family. The beach looked beautiful in the evening light. The vast sea stretched out before me, and the waves made a loud roaring sound as they hit the shore. The sand was soft and golden under my feet. I saw the sun setting in the west, painting the sky with bright orange and red colours. The old, rusty sea piers stood like silent giants in the water. We ate some delicious hot snacks from a small shop while enjoying the cool, salty sea breeze. It was a very beautiful and memorable evening.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf and Class 8 Social Science Chapter 1 Invasion and Resistance Notes Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 8 Social Science Chapter 1 Invasion and Resistance Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science Invasion and Resistance Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Observe the map and find the following
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 1
a. The starting point of Vasco da Gama’s voyage
b. The place where Vasco da Gama arrived
c. The oceans and continents he traversed
Answer:
a. Lisbon in Portugal
b. Kappad near Kozhikode
c. Continents: Europe, Asia and Africa
Oceans: Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean

Question 2.
Find and list the Malayaiam names of the things given in the picture.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 2
Answer:

  • Table (mesha)
  • Chair (kasera)
  • Almarah (alamara)
  • Window (janala)
  • Pen (pena)
  • Sack (chakku)

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

Question 3.
This is a picture from Hortus Malabaricus. Identify the plant.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 3
Answer:
Caryota urens Fishtail palm (Panankula)

Question 4.
Look at the given map and find the major centres under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch and French.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 4
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 5
Answer:

Portuguese Dutch French
• Kochi • Nagapattanam • Pondicherry
• Goa • Chinsurah • Pondicherry
• Daman • Ahmedabad • Yanam
• Diu • Bharuch • Mahe

Question 5.
Discuss how the Company attained dominance in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta and interfered in the administration of these territories.
Answer:
The East India Company first came to India for trade, but slowly started gaining power in different parts of the country. In Madras (Chennai), they built Fort St. George and supported local kings in wars to gain more control. In Bombay (Mumbai), the British got the land from the Portuguese as a gift to their king and gave it to the Company. The Company turned Bombay into a strong trading and military center. In Calcutta (Kolkata), they built Fort William and began trading in Bengal. Later, they defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. This gave them control over Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, they got the right to collect taxes in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. With more money and a strong army, the Company started interfering in the administration, removing local rulers, and taking charge of running the regions. This is how the Company slowly became powerful and started ruling parts of India.

Question 6.
Discuss and prepare a note on how the economic policies of the British affected the farmers and artisans.
Answer:
With the introduction of the British tax system, farmers were forced to take loans from moneylenders so as not to lose their agricultural land. This resulted in farmers falling into debt traps. Moneylenders had the power to seize the land of these farmers. Instead of food crops, the British forced the farmers to grow cash crops such as indigo and cotton, which they needed. The spread of cash crops also led to reduced production of food crops, which led to food shortages. This increased commercialisation of agriculture helped the moneylenders exploit the farmers. After the harvest, the farmers were forced to sell the agricultural products at whatever price they could get. Machine-made products from Britain were imported into India. Due to competition with similar products, the market for handicrafts, including cotton-silk-wool clothes, pottery, leather, and edible oil, was lost. This led to the loss of employment for those engaged in handicrafts. Many were forced to give up their traditional occupations.

Question 7.
Prepare a flowchart of the main events of the English East India Company’s dominance in India and display it in the class.
Answer:
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 6

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

Question 8.
Following was an excerpt from Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s Bengali novel Anandamath. Discuss the plight of the people of Bengal at that time from the novel Anandamath and the circumstances that led to it.

When monks also became warriors
Summer in 1773… Padachinha, a village in Bengal… When it rained, the people felt comforted and rejoiced. But the rain suddenly stopped. The crops dried up. There was famine. The government did not stop collecting taxes… They ran around collecting taxes and arrears in a compulsory fashion. Bengal went through a miserable phase. People suffered. They sold their cattle. Then, they sold their tools used for agriculture. They even sold the seeds; then their jewellery and utensils. Some had to even remove the doors of their houses and sell them. After all, human beings have no value in the market. Therefore, nobody could sell them in the market. The villagers plucked the grass, leaves and dug up tubers and ate them… They even satisfied their hunger by eating rats, cats and dogs… Diseases spread-fever, plague and smallpox spread like the wild wind. There was no one to take care of the sick or even bury the dead. Dead bodies were left to rot in houses.

Courtesy: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Anandamath
7th ed D. C Books

Answer:

  • In 1773, Bengal faced a severe famine due to failed rains. Crops dried up, and there was no food.
  • The British government continued to collect heavy taxes.
  • People sold their cattle, tools, seeds, jewellery even house doors to survive.
  • They ate grass, leaves, tubers, rats, cats, and dogs out of hunger.
  • Deadly diseases like fever, plague, and smallpox spread rapidly.
  • There was no help for the sick or to bury the dead; bodies rotted in homes.

Question 9.
When the forest woke up

The Santhals displayed the most adventurous courage. They did not want to surrender even though they did not know when they would be caught and killed. Once, forty-five Santhals took shelter in a mud hut and fought against the British soldiers. The British soldiers fired indiscriminately at the hut. Each time, the Santhals responded with arrows. When the soldiers finally stopped firing and entered the hut, they found only one old man alive, and a soldier asked him to surrender. Then the old man rushed and cut him down with his axe.

Bipan Chandra – India’s Struggle for Independence

Above is a note that shows the bravery of the Santhal tribal people. Why do you think, the Santhal people fought against the British?
Answer:

  • The Santhal people fought against the British because:
  • The British took away their land and gave it to moneylenders and landlords.
  • The Santhals were treated unfairly and had to pay high taxes.
  • They were cheated and forced to work in bad conditions.
  • They wanted to protect their land, freedom, and way of life.
  • They were brave and did not want to surrender to injustice.

Question 10.
These are the words about the bravery of Kunwar Singh who fought against the British in the revolt of 1857.

“When Kunwar and his group started moving towards the middle of the river, the English soldiers started firing from the land. Kunwar Singh’s left arm was shot and was broken and hung. Kunwar Singh, the hero did not hesitate to take the dagger that was shielded in his waist and cut off his useless arm. “I offer this to Mother Ganga,” he said and threw the severed arm into the river.

K.S.I.C.L-History of National Freedom Struggle for Children.

Why did Kunwar Singh fight against the British?
Answer:
Kunwar Singh fought against the British in the Revolt of 1857 because he wanted to protect his kingdom and freedom. The British were taking away land and disrespecting Indian traditions. Even though he was old, Kunwar Singh showed great bravery and joined the fight to end British rule in India.

Question 11.
Complete the flow chart by analysing the revolts that took place in India against the British.
Answer:
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 7

Question 12.
Discuss how the Indian Princely states were captured by the British with the Subsidiary Alliance Policy and the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
The British used two main policies to capture Indian princely states:

  • Subsidiary Alliance Policy: Introduced by Lord Wellesley. According to this, Indian kings had to keep British soldiers in their kingdoms and pay for their expenses. They could not make decisions or alliances without British permission. If they broke the rules, the British took over their state.
  • Doctrine of Lapse: Introduced by Lord Dalhousie. If a king died without a natural (biological) son, his kingdom would be taken over by the British. Adopted sons were not accepted as heirs.

Using these two policies, the British slowly took control of many Indian states.

Class 8 Invasion and Resistance Questions and Answers Extended Activities

Question 1.
Read the accounts of foreigners who visited India before the Portuguese and find out their itineraries, travelogues, etc. and prepare a magazine.
Answer:
(Hints: Based on the following information, prepare a magazine.)

Traveller Country Period Book Notes
Megasthenes Greece Around 300 BCE Indica Described India’s society, administration, and cities.
Fa-Hien (Faxian) China 5th Century CE Record of Buddhist Kingdoms Wrote about Indian cities, Buddhism, and social life.
Al-Biruni Persia (Iran) 11th Century Tahqiq-i-Hind Studied Indian science, astronomy, and culture.
Ibn Battuta Morocco 14th Century Rihla (The Journey) Describe the court, cities, and lifestyle of India.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

Question 2.
Prepare an article by gathering news and pictures from various sources on peasant, tribal and women’s movements in various parts of India against the British.
Answer:
(Hints)
1. Peasant Movements
Indigo Revolt (1859 – 60) Bengal: Indigo farmers were forced to grow indigo instead of food crops.
Deccan Riots (1875) – Maharashtra: Poor peasants were burdened by taxes and loans.

2. Tribal Movements
Santhal Rebellion (1855 – 56) – Jharkhand/Bihar

  • Santhals rebelled against British officials, landlords, and moneylenders.
  • Led by brothers Sidhu and Kanhu.
    Munda Uprising (1899 – 1900) – Jharkhand
  • Led by Birsa Munda, a tribal leader and freedom fighter.

3. Women’s Role in the Freedom Movement
Rani Lakshmi Bai – 1857 Revolt: Queen of Jhansi who fought bravely against the British.
Tribal Women in Revolts

  • Women also joined in tribal uprisings like the Santhal and Munda rebellions.
  • Fought side by side with men using bows, axes, and stones.
    Durgabai Deshmukh, Sarojini Naidu, and Kasturba Gandhi
  • Took part in civil disobedience and protests.
  • Worked to improve education and health for women during the freedom struggle.

Question 3.
Create a digital album of 1857 revolt centres and leaders.
Answer:
(Based on the given hints, prepare a digital album)

Place Leader of revolt
Delhi Bahadur shah jafar, Baku singh
Kanpur Nana Sahib
Lucknow Begam Hazrat Mahal and Birjis Qadar
Jhansi Laxmi Bai
Bihar Kuar Singh
Allahadbad Liyakat Ali

Question 4.
Prepare a screenplay for a documentary based on the anti-British revolts in India.
Answer:
Title: “India’s Voice of Rebellion”
Scene 1: Beginning of Revolt
Visuals: Mangal Pandey refusing to load greased cartridge.
Narration: “In 1857, Mangal Pandey lit the spark of India’s first major revolt against British rule.”

Scene 2: Soldiers and Kings Join
Visuals: Soldiers marching to Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar declared emperor.
Narration: “Indian soldiers and rulers united. The 1857 revolt spread across North India.”

Scene 3: Peasants Rise Up
Visuals: Indigo farmers protesting, burning tax records.
Narration: “Peasants fought against unfair taxes and forced farming. Their ploughs became their protest.”

Scene 4: Tribal Revolts
Visuals: Santhal warriors, Birsa Munda addressing tribals.
Narration: “Tribal heroes like Sidhu, Kanhu, and Birsa Munda stood up to protect their land and people.”

Scene 5: Women in Freedom Struggle
Visuals: Rani Lakshmi Bai fighting, women in protests.
Narration: “Women like Rani Lakshmi Bai, Sarojini Naidu, and Kasturba Gandhi played a brave role in the fight.”

Closing Scene
Visuals: Indian flag waving, freedom fighters.
Narration: “From farmers to queens, India’s people fought with courage. Their sacrifice brought us freedom.”

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Pdf

Std 8 Social Science Invasion and Resistance Notes

  • The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea.
  • Vasco da Gama from Portugal was the first to reach India by sea. In 1498, he reached Kappad near Kozhikode.
  • Europeans had trade relations with other parts of the world from ancient times. Asia was also included in this.
  • The Kunjali Marakkars protected the Zamorin and the western coast from the attacks of the Portuguese. Kunjali Marakkar was a designation.
  • The Europeans who came to India after the Portuguese were from Holland (Netherlands). They are also known as the Dutch.
  • After the Dutch, the British (English) and then the French came to India for trade.
  • The wars fought between the British and the French for dominance in South India are known as the Carnatic Wars.
  • The British established political dominance in India with the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
  • With the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the right to collect taxes in the provinces of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
  • The poor peasants and labourers fought against the British, and this revolt was supported by the sannyasies. So, these are known as Sannyasi Rebellion.
  • The Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal was the most important agrarian revolt against the British colonial rule.
  • ‘Ulgulan’ was a tribal riot that took place in the last decade of the nineteenth century. It is commonly known as Munda Rebellion.
  • Poligar: The English word ‘poligar’ is derived from the Tamil word ‘palayakkar,’ meaning camp or military camp.
  • The Attingal revolt happened in 1727.
  • Kittoor Rani Chennamma was a brave woman who took up arms and fought against the British.
  • The Subsidiary Alliance Policy was a plan implemented by Lord Wellesley.
  • Doctrine of Lapse enacted by Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General.
  • First War of Independence: The Revolt of 1857.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter, “Invasion and Resistance,” discusses how the British arrived in India and how the Indian people resisted them. In the beginning, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea to trade. Later, the British East India Company also came for trade, but slowly they began to take control of Indian land and power. They made unfair agreements like the Subsidiary Alliance Policy, which forced Indian kings to keep British soldiers in their kingdoms. They also used the Doctrine of Lapse to take over kingdoms when a king had no son. Many Indian rulers lost their power. Farmers were forced to grow crops for the British and pay heavy taxes. Tribal people lost their forests and lands. Indian traditions were also disrespected. Because of all this, many people, kings, peasants, tribals, and even women like Rani Lakshmi Bai rose in rebellion. These revolts showed the bravery and unity of Indians who wanted freedom from British rule.

VOYAGE OF THE PORTUGUESE TO INDIA

  • The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea.
  • Vasco da Gama from Portugal was the first to reach India by sea. In 1498, he reached Kappad near Kozhikode.
  • Europeans had trade relations with other parts of the world from ancient times. Asia was also included in this.
  • These connections led to the discovery of an eastward sea route from Europe by the end of the fifteenth century. The main reasons for this are as follows:
    • Technological advances in European shipbuilding and sailing.
    • Growth in knowledge about geography.
    • Advances made in compass and map making.
    • Travel writings by voyagers provided knowledge about new territories and their wealth.
    • The commercial market for Asian products like pepper in Europe.
    • Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks.

At that time, Kozhikode was ruled by the Zamorin dynasty. The Arabs controlled the foreign trade with Kozhikode. The Zamorin did not accept the demand of the Portuguese to expel the Arabs and grant them exclusive trading rights. Vasco da Gama returned home with goods worth sixty times more than the cost of his journey. The Zamorin did not give the Portuguese a monopoly in trade. This led to conflicts between the Zamorin and the Portuguese. The Portuguese had to face stiff resistance from the Kunjali Marakkars, who were the naval chiefs of the Zamorin. After the era of Kunjali Marakkars, the Portuguese did not face much threat from India.

The ships of Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama and his crew reached India with three ships named Sao Gabriel, Sao Raphael and Berrio.

Kunjali Marakkar

  • The Kunjali Marakkars protected the Zamorin and the western coast from the attacks of the Portuguese. Kunjali Marakkar was a designation.
  • Four people have occupied this position at different times.
  • Kunjali III defeated the Portuguese and captured Fort Chalium. Kunjali IV was executed by the Portuguese in Goa.
  • With the fall of the Kunjalis, the decline of the Zamorin also began.

The contact between India and the Portuguese resulted in Malayalam receiving words from the Portuguese language. The impact of Portuguese contact in India in different areas:

Political field Agricultural sector Knowledge sector Cultural sector
• The regions of Kochi, Goa, Daman and Diu came, under the rule of the Portuguese. • Cashew tree (parangi mavu), papaya, guava (perakka) and pineapple were introduced. • Printing technology was popularised.
• Training was given in war tactics and European weapons
• The first European Fort in India (Fort Manuel), was established in Kochi.
• Art forms such as Chavittunatakam and Margamkali were popularised.
• The European style of construction was started.
• Christian religious education centres were started.

THE DUTCH

  • The Europeans who came to India after the Portuguese were from Holland (Netherlands). They are also known as the Dutch.
  • Nagapattinam, Bharuch, Ahmedabad and Chinsura were the major trading centres of the Dutch in India.
  • The Dutch defeated the Portuguese in their competition for monopoly in trade.

BATTLE OF COLACHEL
In 1741, Marthandavarma, who ruled Travancore, clashed with the Dutch at Colachel near Kanyakumari. With the defeat in this war, the Dutch lost their supremacy in India. This was the first battle in which a European power lost to an Indian ruler.

HORTUS MALABARICUS

  • The greatest contribution of the relationship with the Dutch is the work Hortus Malabaricus.
  • Information about seven hundred and forty-two medicinal plants of Kerala is presented in this book.
  • Hendrik van Rheed, the then-Dutch governor, was the compiler of this work.
  • Itti Achuthan, an indigenous medical practitioner, helped him in this composition.
  • Appu Bhat, Ranga Bhat and Vinayaka Bhat also contributed to the composition of this work. Hortus Malabaricus was the first book to be printed with some Malayalam words. This work was translated into Malayalam and English by Dr. K. S. Manila).

THE FRENCH

  • After the Dutch, the British (English) and then the French came to India for trade.
  • The wars fought between the British and the French for dominance in South India are known as the Carnatic Wars.
  • The British won in this decisive war. As a result, French dominance was reduced to Pondicherry (Pudhucherry), Yanam, Karaikal and Mahe.

Carnatic War

The wars fought between the British and the French in India are known as the Carnatic Wars. These battles took place in the Carnatic region which included a major portion of the present-day Tamil Nadu and the coastal areas of Southern Andhra Pradesh. There were three Carnatic War.

FROM TRADE TO POWER

  • The British established political dominance in India with the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
  • The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, was defeated in this battle by the forces of the East India Company led by Robert Clive.
  • Land taxes in agriculturally rich Bengal helped the British build up their military power and raise money to conquer the rest of the country.
  • With the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the right to collect taxes in the provinces of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
  • The British defeated the combined forces of the Mughal ruler Shah Alam II, the Nawab of Oudh, Shujaud-Daulah and the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim in this battle.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 8

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

PRINCELY STATES AND THE COMPANY

  • The princely states of India were subjugated by the British through wars and diplomacy.
  • The Anglo-Mysore Wars were fought between the southern princely state of Mysore and the English East India Company. The Mysore army was led by Hyder Ali who was the ruler of Mysore and his son Tipu Sultan.
  • After Hyder Ali’s death in 1782, Tipu Sultan commanded the Mysore forces. In the Fourth Mysore War of 1799, Mysore fell when Tipu Sultan was killed by the Company forces.
  • The Anglo-Maratha Wars were fought between the East India Company and the Marathas. After the Third War, the Maratha lands came under British control.
  • The Anglo-Sikh Wars led to the defeat of the Sikhs, and Punjab also came under British rule.

The Tax policies implemented by the British

Tax Implemented areas Executed persons Features
Permanent land revenue settlement (1793) Bengal
Bihar
Orissa
Lord Cornwallis • The zamindars, who were the landlords, collected high taxes on behalf of the British.
• Farmers were required to pay a fixed amount as tax regardless of fluctuations in yield.
Ryotwari System (1820) South India
Deccan
Thomas Munro Alexander Reed • Peasants were considered as landlords.
• The British collected taxes directly from the farmers.
• The British seized the land of farmers who failed to pay taxes.
Mahalwari system (1822) North India
Central India
Punjab
Holt Mackenzie • The village was treated as a unit, and tax was collected.
• The village that defaulted in tax payment was annexed to British India.

General features of the taxation systems implemented by the British
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 9
The new legal system and land tax systems of the British encouraged moneylenders. Instead of food crops, the British forced the farmers to grow cash crops such as indigo and cotton, which they needed. The spread of cash crops also led to reduced production of food crops, which led to food shortages. This increased commercialisation of agriculture helped the moneylenders exploit the farmers. After the harvest, the farmers were forced to sell the agricultural products at whatever price they could get.

British tax policies affected farmers by following ways:

  • Farmers found it difficult to pay the high taxes.
  • Even if crops were damaged due to flood or drought, there was no tax relief
  • Farmers had to rely on moneylenders to avoid losing their farmland
  • Debt-ridden farmers lost their land
    • Like the peasants, the British policies also made the lives of artisans miserable. Machine-made products from Britain were imported into India.
    • Due to competition with similar products, the market for handicrafts, including cotton-silk-wool clothes, pottery, leather, and edible oil, was lost.
    • This led to the loss of employment for those engaged in handicrafts. Many were forced to give up their traditional occupations.

RESISTANCE AGAINST EXPLOITATION

  • The economic policies of the British adversely affected various sections of the population in India. People rioted against them.
  • The East India Company made no effort to solve the problem of famine in Bengal.
  • Hence, the poor peasants and labourers fought against the British, and this revolt was supported by the sannyasies. So, these are known as Sannyasi Rebellion.
  • Along with the sannyasies, the Fakirs also joined the revolt against the British, and so, this revolt is also called the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion. Bhavani Pathak and Majnu Shah led the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 10

FROM AGRICULTURE TO REBELLION

  • The Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal was the most important agrarian revolt against the British colonial rule.
  • It was under the leadership of Digambar Biswas and Vishnu Biswas that the revolt started.
  • As riots spread across Bengal, farmers abandoned their indigo cultivation. Indico factories were then attacked.
  • When farmers resistance became strong, planters closed down the factories and indigo cultivation almost disappeared from Bengal.

The Santhals launched their struggles against the British in 1855 by mobilising the tribal people against the injustices they faced. Sidhu and Kanhu, who led these riots, were killed by the British. Although the rebellion was brutally suppressed, the Santhal Rebellion became an important chapter in the history of tribal resistance.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 11

ULGULAN (THE GREAT TUMULT)

  • ‘Ulgulan’ was a tribal riot that took place in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
  • It is commonly known as Munda Rebellion.
  • The word ‘ulgulan’ means ‘great uproar’ or ‘great upheaval’.
  • The rebellion was led by Birsa Munda, who sought to break British colonial rule and establish a Munda kingdom (Mundarajya) in the Munda tribal areas of present-day Jharkhand.

Reasons for the rebellion:

  • British colonial exploitation and land grabbing
  • financial exploitation by moneylenders and merchants

Suppression of the rebellion by the British: In 1899, the Munda tribe started an armed rebellion against the British. There were clashes with the British police at many places, and many Munda tribesmen were killed in the firing in Ranchi. Birsa Munda was imprisoned and died there. The Munda Rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British.

Kurichiya Rebellion, Pahariya Rebellion, Kol Rebellion, Bhil Rebellion and Khasi Rebellion are some of the tribal rebellions that took place in different parts of India against the British.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

THE UPROAR OF BATTLE

  • The policies of the British also affected the Poligars, the military leaders of Tamil Nadu.
  • Poligar: The English word ‘poligar’ is derived from the Tamil word ‘palayakkar,’ meaning camp or military camp.
  • Veerapandya Kattabomman, a poligar of Panchalam Kurichi at Tirunelveli, and Marut Pandya brothers, poligars of Sivagangai, played an important role in the struggle against the British.

The poligar was also responsible for collecting taxes from the people. The ruler of Panchalam Kurichi surrendered to the British, but Kattabomman was not willing to do so. The British further burdened the people by increasing the existing taxes. The fact that Kattabomman questioned the tax collection by the British made him their enemy.

Kattabomman and the Marut Pandya brothers, who were poligars, of Sivagangai fought against the British and died as heroes.

THE ATTINGAL REVOLT
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 12
A British contingent of one hundred and forty led by Gifford arrived to give gifts to the Attingal Rani, despite the opinion that was sufficient to give gifts only through the landlords This move led to a big conflict. The contingent was attacked and killed by the locals without any distinction of class, colour, caste and religion. Moreover, the British fort at Anchuthengu was surrounded and blockaded. The Attingal Revolt is significant as the first organised popular uprising against the British rule in Kerala.

THE ONWARD MOVEMENT OF WOMEN

  • Kittoor Rani Chennamma was a brave woman who took up arms and fought against the British.
  • Kittur was a princely state in Karnataka that recognised the supremacy of the Maratha rule.
  • When the British won the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Kittur area came under the control of the English East India Company. The ruler of Kittur was Sivalinga Rudradesai.
  • After his death, Chennamma, his widow, decided to adopt a boy. This was prevented by the English East India Company, which annexed Kittur to British India. Provoked by this, Rani Chennamma of Kittoor declared war against the British. Rani Chennamma died in 1829 while in British custody.

Many parts of India were against the English East India Company. The Company troops suppressed all such struggles. What happened in 1857 was an organised rebellion in India against British imperialism. Therefore, historians consider this revolt as India’s first struggle for independence. It was the first anti- British struggle in which various sections of the society, including natives, peasants, artisans, native kings, soldiers, and landlords took part. Administrative reforms implemented by the British led to the revolt. Two such British policies included the Subsidiary Alliance Policy and the Doctrine of Lapse.

THE SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE POLICY

  • The Subsidiary Alliance Policy was a plan implemented by Lord Wellesley who was the then Governor- General, for the expansion of the British empire in India and to strengthen its sovereignty.
  • According to this, the princely states entering into a military alliance with the British had to follow certain conditions. If these conditions were violated, the princely states would be annexed by the British.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 13

THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE

  • If the ruler of a princely state died without male heirs, there was a practice of finding a boy from another family as the heir.
  • However, the king’s power to adopt was abolished under the Doctrine of Lapse enacted by Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General.
  • In the absence of an heir, the princely state would fall under the control of the English East India Company.
  • Many princely states were annexed to British India under these two policies. The princely state of Awadh (Oudh) was also annexed to British India on charges of misrule.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 14

  • Another reason for the Revolt of 1857 was the dissatisfaction of the Indian soldiers of the East India Company with the British.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

PATRIOTS FOUGHT AGAINST THE BRITISH

Venue of the Rebellion Persons who led the rebellion Features
Delhi Bahadur Shah II • The rebels declared him the Emperor of India
• After the revolution, the British exiled him to Rangoon.
General Bakht Khan • Military general of Bahadur Shah II
Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai • Ruler of Jhansi
Kanpur Nana Sahib • Ruler of Maratha
Tantia Tope • Nana Sahib’s army chief
• Practised guerilla warfare
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal • Ruler of Oudh
Ara in Bihar Kunwar Singh • Farmer lord of Jagdishpur

Limitations of the Revolt of 1857

  • The rebellion was confined to a few parts of northern India.
  • The rebellion had no organised leadership.
  • The Company army had more improvised military and organisational skills than the mutineers.
  • The middle class in India generally did not support the rebellion.
  • A section of princely rulers abstained from the rebellion.

Impact of the Revolt of 1857 in Indian History

  • The English East India Company’s rule in India ended.
  • The administration of India came under the direct control of the British Queen.
  • The position of Governor-General was replaced by Viceroy.
  • It inspired India’s later national movements.

Foreigners who came for trade gained political power in India. The subsequent national struggles were fuelled by the resistance and movements of people in various regions of India against this.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus

Reviewing SCERT Class 8 Basic Science Solutions and Kerala Syllabus Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 9 Cells and Cell Clusters Question Answer Notes Pdf can uncover gaps in understanding.

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 9 Cells and Cell Clusters Question Answer Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 9 Notes Kerala Syllabus Cells and Cell Clusters Question Answer

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes

Let’s Assess

Question 1.
Identify the word pair relationship and fill the blanks.
a) compound microscope : visible light
……………….. : electron beam
b) Plant cells : eukaryote
………………… : prokaryote
c) Endoplasmic reticulum : Material transport in the cytoplasm
………………….. : Centre for production and distribution of energy
Answer:
a) Electron microscope
b) Bacteria
c) Mitochondria

Question 2.
Choose the statements related to plant cell from the following.
(a) Centrosome is present
(b) Plasma membrane is absent
(c) Plastids are present
(d) Presence of comparatively large vacuoles
Answer:
(c) Plastids are present and (d) Presence of comparatively large vacuoles

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus

Question 3.
Information related to certain cell organelles are given in the table. Complete it by selecting suitable terms from the box.
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 1
Answer:
A – f) Golgi apparatus
B – e) Chloroplast
C – d) Ribosome
D – b) Leucoplast

Basic Science Class 8 Chapter 9 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Answers to the indicators on page no. 136
Question 1.
Where should the slide be placed in a microscope?
Answer:
The Slide should be placed on the stage of the microscope, and the stage clip is used to keep the slide in place.

Question 2.
Which is the part that regulates the light on the slide?
Answer:
The diaphragm in the condenser controls the amount of light. The condenser lens above this focuses the light onto the object being observed. Mirror- Reflects light from the light source onto the diaphragm.

Question 3.
Which are the lenses used in microscopes?
Answer:
The eyepiece, objective lens, and condenser are the main parts of a microscope that are attached to the lens.

Question 4.
Completed illustration 9.2
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 2
Answer:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 3

Question 5.
Completed table 9.1
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 4
Answer:

Part of a microsope Function
Eye piece lens The image formed by the objective lens is again magnified
Knobes Used to focus the lenses on the object being observed. The larger knob is called coarse adjustment and the smaller knob is called fine adjustment
Objective lens The image of the object being observed is magnified and projected into the inner surface of the eyepiece. The part where the objective lenses are mounted is called the nosepiece.
Stage Used to place slide
Clip Used to keep the slide in place
Diaphragm in condenser Control the amount of light
Condenser lens Helps focus light onto the object.
Mirror Light from the light source is reflected onto the diaphragm

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus

Question 6.
Completed table 9.2 comparing the peculiarities of different types of microscopes.
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 5
Answer:

Peculiarity Compound microcope Electron microscope
Need of light Light is needed Electron beam is used instead of light
Magnifying power Up to a thousand times It magnifies objects more than a million times more than a normal microscope
Lens Using multiple lenses Electro magnets are used

Question 7.
Note prepared based on the illustration 9.3 page 140
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 6
Answer:
A normal microscope can observe mitochondria, bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, animal cells, plant cells, paramecium, and ova. An electron microscope is an instrument that magnifies objects more than a million times larger than a normal microscope. It helps in the detailed observation of living cells, viruses, and molecular structures. An electron microscope helps in the detailed observation of DNA, viruses, and proteins, which cannot be observed under a normal microscope.

Answers to the indicators on page 141
Question 8.
While preparing the slide:
Answer:

  • Use a sharp blade for smooth, thin sections.
  • Take the thinnest sections possible. Thin sections allow light to pass through easily.
  • Cut straight across to get a proper cross-section.
  • Place the thin section on a clean glass slide.
  • Add a few drops of water or glycerin to prevent drying.
  • Cover with a cover glass using a needle to prevent air bubbles from entering.

Question 9.
Staining:
Answer:

  • Use a suitable stain such as safranin or methylene blue.
  • Stain for only a few seconds
  • Rinse gently with water to remove excess stain before covering with a coverslip.

Question 10.
Observing in high power and low power:
Answer:
Low Power: Observe with a low-power objective lens. Helps to see the epidermis, cortex, pith, etc. Adjust the mirror for a clear view.
High Power: Switch to high power to see things like xylem and phloem. Use the fine adjustment knob to adjust the clarity. Do not move the slide when switching from low power to high power.

Question 11.
Observing and illustrating:
Answer:

  • Observe carefully and patiently.
  • Draw neatly with a pencil.
  • Draw only what you see.
  • Use arrows for labelling and write names neatly.

Question 12.
Practical record on page 142 of the textbook:
Answer:
Experiment Name: Plant Stem Observation
Objective: Observe the cells in a plant stem through a microscope.
Materials Required: Microscope, plant stem, Petri dish, glass slide, cover glass, glycerin, blade, tissue paper, needle, brush, water, safranin stain, watch glass.

Procedure:
To prevent dehydration of the object to be observed, place it in Water in a Petri dish. Take thin cross-sections of the object to be observed. Transfer the sections to the water in a watch glass using a brush. Place the thinnest and most complete sections in a diluted stain taken in another watch glass. Add one or two drops of glycerin to prevent the object from drying out. Use a brush to pick up the stained section gently, then wash it in clean water and place it in glycerin on the slide. Cover it with a cover glass using a needle to prevent air bubbles from entering. Wipe off excess glycerin with tissue paper. Observe under a microscope.

Observation:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 7
Conclusion:
Various types of cells are found in plant stems.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus

Question 13.
Completed illustration 9.5 page 143
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 8
Answer:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 9

Question 14.
Completed illustration 9.7 page 147
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 10
Answer:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 11

Question 15.
Completed table 9.3 page 149
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 12
Answer:

Plant tissues Characteristics Functions
Parenchyma Contain living cells.
Thin cell wall.
Intercellular spaces are present. Cells in some parts have the ability to divide.
Perform functions such as photosynthesis and food storage.
Collenehyma A tissue made up of living cells.
The cell wall is made of substances such as cellulose and pectin.
The cell wall is thicker only in some parts.
Helps in maintaining the shape of plant parts.
Selerenehyma A tissue consists of dead cells.
Thick-cell-wall.
The cell wall is of uniform thickness throughout.
Providing strength and support to plant parts.
Xylem Made up of cells of different shapes and sizes. Conduction of water and salt to the leaves take place through xylem.
Phloem Made up of cells of different shapes and sizes. Carries food synthesised by the leaves to different parts of the plant body.

Question 16.
Completed illustration 9.9 page 151
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 13
Answer:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 14

Question 17.
Completed illustration 9.10 page 152
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 15
Answer:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 16

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus

Question 18.
Completed table 9.4 page 153
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 17
Answer:

Part Plant cell Animal cell Function
Cell wall present Absent Provides protection and shape to the cell
Centrioles Absent Present Helps in cell division
Plastids Present Not present Helps in the production and storage of food.
Lysosome Absent Present Destroying foreign objects

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 9 Question Answer Extended Activities

Question 1.
Prepare models of Plant cell and Animal cell using materials available in your surroundings.

Question 2.
Prepare a picture chart showing the diversity of cells and exhibit it in the class.
Answer:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 18

Question 3.
Prepare a timeline showing the development of cytology and present it in the class.
Answer:
Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 19

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Cells and Cell Clusters Notes Kerala Syllabus

  • Cell biology is the study of cells.
  • Human eye can distinguish two spots having a distance of 0.2 mm in adequate light. This distance is called resolution of the eye.
  • A simple microscope in which a single lens is used, can magnify an object upto 10 times than the original size, while in a compound microscope, in which more than one lens is used, can magnify an object up to 1000 times.
  • Magnification power of a lens is its ability to magnify objects.
  • Electron microscope is an instrument that magnifies objects more than a million times. It helps to observe cells, viruses and molecular structure in detail.
  • In electron microscope electron beam is used instead of light.
  • In 1934 German scientists Ernest Raska and Max Knoll invented electron microscope.
  • The various parts of a plant cell are the cell wall, cell membrane or plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cell organelles.
  • Organelles are parts found in the cytoplasm that perform functions necessary for the survival of the cell.
  • The organelles in plant cells are nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosome, vacuole, etc.
  • Plastids are specialized parts of plant cells that help produce and store food. Chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplasts are different forms of plastids.
  • The group of similar type of cells are known as tissues. Tissues that are composed of similar type of cells are known as simple tissues. Xylem and phloem are composed of cells with different shape and size. So they are called complex tissues.
  • Meristermatic tissues are composed of cells that are capable of continuous division. Meristematic cells cause growth of plants. Cell clusters or tissues that have lost their ability to divide are known as permanent tissues, Parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma, xylem arid phloem are examples for permanent tissues.
  • Some organelles, such as lysosomes and centrioles, are found in animal cells that are not found in plant cells.
  • Tissues composed of group of similar cells perform various functions in the body of animals are called animal tissues. Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Neural tissue are different types of animal tissues.
  • Stem cells are specialised cells that can develop into various types of cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, etc. Stem cells help to eliminate damaged cells, promote the growth of new cells and maintain healthy tissues.

INTRODUCTION

Imagine looking at your hand, or a leaf from a tree, or even a tiny ant. Have you ever wondered what these living things are made of? Well, just like a building is made of many bricks, all living organisms, from the smallest bacteria to the largest elephant, are made up of tiny basic units called cells.

Cells are often called the “building blocks of life” because they are the smallest units that can perform all the functions necessary for life, like taking in nutrients, growing, and reproducing. They are so tiny that you can’t see them with your naked eye; you need a special instrument called a microscope to observe them.

In this chapter, we’re going to explore the amazing world of cells. We’ll learn about what a cell looks like and its different parts, how different cells come together to form cell clusters (Tissues), Cell theory, and contributions of different scientists in this field.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus

HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY

  • Cell biology is the study of cells.
  • Matthias Jakob Schleiden discovered that all plants are composed of cells.
  • Theodor Schwann discovered that all animals are composed of cells.
  • Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept that new cells are formed from pre-existing cells.

Cell Theory

    • All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
    • The cell is the basic unit of life.
    • New cells originate from pre-existing cells.
  • Different types of microscopes are used to observe very small or tiny cells. In simple microscopes, lenses are used to magnify objects.
  • The human eye can distinguish two spots having a distance of 0.2 mm in adequate light. This distance is called the resolution of the eye.
  • A lens is required to distinguish spots having a distance of less than 0.2 mm.
  • A simple microscope in which a single lens is used can magnify an object upto 10 times than its original size.
  • A compound microscope, in which more than one lens is used, can magnify an object up to 1000 times.
  • The magnification power of a lens is its ability to magnify objects. If eye piece lens magnifies the object to 10 x (10 times) and objective lens magnifies it into 40 x (40 times), the magnification power of the lens is 400 x.

Electron microscope

  • An instrument that magnifies objects more than a million times.
  • It helps to observe cells, viruses and molecular structure in detail.
  • In an electron microscope electron beam is used instead of light.
  • In 1934, German scientists Ernest Raska and Max Knoll invented the electron microscope.
  • In an electron microscope, electromagnetic lenses are used to focus a beam of electrons onto the specimen, allowing for much higher resolution imaging compared to light microscopes.

LET’S OBSERVE CELLS

  • Living organisms have cells of different shapes and sizes in their bodies.
  • The basic structure of all the different cells in a leaf and a stem is the same.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 20

  • Cell Wall – The cell wall is the rigid outer layer of the cell membrane.
  • The cell membrane, or plasma membrane – Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell. Substances enter and leave the cell through the cell membrane.
  • The plasma membrane does not allow all substances to pass through. Therefore, the plasma membrane is known as the semi-permeable membrane.
  • Protoplasm – It consists of all the components inside the cell membrane, including the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Cytoplasm – A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell. It maintains all the organelles in their place and serves as the medium for chemical reactions.
  • Organelles are the parts found in the cytoplasm and perform the functions necessary for the survival of the cell.
  • The organelles of a plant cell are the cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.
  • Nucleus – The centre that controls the cell. The chromatin network is the structure that appears like a network of threads within the nucleoplasm. During cell division, these chromatin networks condense into chromosomes.
  • Golgi Apparatus – Cell organelles that appear as stacked membrane layers. These organelles transport proteins and lipids to various parts of the cell and outside the cell, wrapped in membranous sacs.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum – Organelles appear as a network of tubules within the cell, and serve as pathways for conducting materials. It helps in the synthesis and removal of materials required by the cell.
  • Mitochondria – The energy production centre of the cell.
  • Plastids – Specific parts in the plant cells that help in the synthesis and storage of food materials. They have a two-layered membrane. Different types of plastids perform different functions.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 21

  • Vacuole – Stores water, nutrients and wastes. Usually, large vacuoles are seen in plant cells.
  • Ribosome – Found in the cytoplasm either freely or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They function as the centre for protein synthesis.

TISSUES
PLANT TISSUES

  • The group of similar type of cells are known as tissues.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 22

  • Tissues that are composed of similar types of cells are known as simple tissues.
  • Xylem and phloem are composed of cells with different shapes and sizes. So they are called complex tissues.
  • The transport of water and salts to the leaves takes place through the xylem.
  • The food produced by the leaves is transported to various parts by the phloem tissue.
  • Meristematic tissues are composed of cells that are capable of continuous division. Meristematic cells are responsible for the growth of plants.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 23

  • Cell clusters or tissues that have lost their ability to divide are known as permanent tissues. Parenchyma, sclerenchyma. Collenchyma, xylem and phloem are examples of permanent tissues.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus

ANIMAL TISSUES

  • The animal body is also made up of different types of cells (Animal tissues).
  • Some organelles, such as lysosomes and centrioles, are found in animal cells that are not found in plant cells.

Cells and Cell Clusters Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 9 Kerala Syllabus 24
Stem cells are specialised cells that can develop into various types of cells, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, etc.

  • Stem cells help to eliminate damaged cells, promote the growth of new cells and maintain healthy tissues.
  • In modern medicine, stem cells have great significance.
  • Despite these differences, there are many similarities among living organisms.
  • These common characteristics of living things lead us to the reality that the basis of life is one and the same.

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Reviewing SCERT Class 8 Basic Science Solutions and Kerala Syllabus Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 5 Elements and Compounds Question Answer Notes Pdf can uncover gaps in understanding.

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 5 Elements and Compounds Question Answer Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 5 Notes Kerala Syllabus Elements and Compounds Question Answer

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes

Let’s Assess

Question 1.
Match the following

A
Element
B
Symbol
C
Base
Francium Rb continent
Curium Eu satellite
Rubidium Ti colour
Neptunium Cm country
Europium Fr planet
Titanium Np scientist

Answer:

A
Element
B
Symbol
C
Base
Francium Fr Country
Curium Cm Scientist
Rubidium Rb Colour
Neptunium Np Planet
Europium Eu Continent
Titanium Ti Satellite

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Question 2.
Cl is the symbol of the element chlorine. How can we represent two chlorine atoms and one chlorine molecule using this symbol?
Answer:

  • Two chlorine atoms – 2 Cl
  • One chlorine molecule – Cl2

Question 3.
Find the number of atoms in each of the following and write which of them contains the most number of atoms.
5NH3, 2H2O, 5NO2, 4CO2

Element Number of Atoms
5NH3 5 N + (5 × 3) H = 5 N + 15 H = 20
2H2O (2 × 2)H + 2 O = 4H + 2 O = 6
5NO2 5 N + (5 × 2) O = 5 N + 10 O = 15
4CO2 4C + (4 × 2) O = 4C + 8 O = 12

Ammonia contains the most number of atoms.

Question 4.
Complete the table.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 1
Answer:

Element Basis of nomenclature Symbol
Indium Indigo – colour In
Rutherfordium Rutherford – Scientist Rf
Germanium Germany – Country Ge
Silver Argentum – Latin name Ag

Question 5.
The names of some scientists are given.
(Dobereiner, Lavoisier, Newlands, Mendeleev)
Match the statements given below with the names given in brackets
i. The chemical and physical properties of the elements are functions of their atomic masses.
ii. Elements were divided into groups containing three elements (triads) with similar properties.
iii. The elements were classified into metals and non-metals.
iv. When the elements were arranged in ascending order of atomic masses, it was found that every eighth element was a repetition of the first, in terms of its properties.
Answer:
i. Mendeleev
ii. Dobereiner
iii. Lavoisier
iv. Newlands

Basic Science Class 8 Chapter 5 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
What do you know about molecules? Try to write it.
Answer:
Molecules are tiny particles made of two or more atoms stuck together by invisible bonds, forming the basic building blocks of all matter.

Question 2.
Can you formulate a definition for molecules?
Answer:
Molecules are the smallest, independent and stable particles that have all the fundamental properties of a pure substance.
New molecules are formed through chemical reactions.

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Question 3.
Let’s do an experiment.
a) Burn a magnesium ribbon which is scrubbed clean. Record your observations.
Answer:
Observation: Magnesium burns brightly in air. A white powder is obtained.

b) What is the white powder obtained as a result of the reaction?
Answer:
It is magnesium oxide, produced when magnesium reacts with oxygen.
This is an example of the formation of new molecules through chemical reactions between different types of molecules.
We can dissociate molecules to make new molecules.

Question 4.
Take some sugar in a dry boiling tube. Cover the mouth of the boiling tube with a piece of cotton. Heat the boiling tube strongly for a few minutes. Write your observations.
Observation – A black substance remains in the boiling tube.

a) What is the black substance left in the boiling tube?
Answer:
Carbon

b) What is the substance seen on the sides of the boiling tube?
Answer:
Water

We can observe that when sugar is heated, carbon and water are formed. Sugar molecules can be broken down through chemical reactions.

Question 5.
Let’s do another experiment.
Take some dilute hydrochloric acid in a test tube and add a small piece of magnesium to it. Introduce a burning incense stick to the mouth of the test tube. Record your observations.
Observation – A vigorous chemical reaction takes place. A gas is released. When the incense stick is introduced to the mouth of the test tube, the gas burns with a pop sound.

a) What is the gas produced as a result of the reaction?
Answer:
Hydrogen (H2)

b) How can we represent this reaction?
Answer:
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid → Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

Question 6.
Collect the hydrogen gas obtained in this experiment into another moisture-free test tube and introduce a burning incense stick to it. Record your observations.
Answer:
The gas burns with a popping sound. Water droplets are visible on the sides of the test tube.

а) What do you understand from the presence of water droplets on the sides of the test tube?
Answer:
Hydrogen in the test tube reacts with oxygen to form water.
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water

Henry Cavendish proved that water is a substance made up of more than one element. His experiment of burning hydrogen gas in the presence of oxygen helped to know about the components of water.
In 1806, Sir Humphry Davy discovered that water could be split into hydrogen and oxygen by passing electricity through it.

Question 7.
Which are the substances obtained when water is dissociated?
Answer:
Hydrogen and Oxygen

Question 8.
Can hydrogen and oxygen be further split in to components?
Answer:
No

Question 9.
Look at the table below

Molecules Atoms in a molecule
Ammonia One atom of nitrogen
Three atoms of hydrogen
Oxygen Two atoms of oxygen
Chlorine Two atoms of chlorine
Methane One atom of carbon
Four atoms of hydrogen
Hydrogen Two atoms of hydrogen
Carbon dioxide One atom of carbon
Two atoms of oxygen

a) Which molecules in the table consist of the same type of atoms?
Answer:
Oxygen, Chlorine, Hydrogen

b) Which of these molecules consist of different types of atoms?
Answer:
Ammonia, Methane, Carbon dioxide

  • Elements are pure substances made up of the same type of atoms. They cannot be further divided into components through chemical reactions.
  • Compounds are pure substances formed by the combination of atoms of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. These can be dissociated into constituent elements through chemical reactions.

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Question 10.
Categorise the following into elements and compounds.
Oxygen, water, salt, sugar, carbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, magnesium oxide
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 2
Answer:

Elements Compounds
• Oxygen
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Water
• Salt
• Sugar
• Carbon dioxide
• Ammonia
• Magnesium oxide

Question 11.
Note the list of other elements represented by the first letter of their name. Expand the list by adding more elements.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 3
Answer:

Element Symbol
Carbon C
Nitrogen N
Sulphur S
Oxygen O
Boron B
Phosphorus P
Fluorine F
Iodine I
Vanadium V
Yttrium Y
Uranium U

Question 12.
The element Helium is represented by the symbol ‘He’. The first and second letters of the English name are used here. What could be the reason?
Answer:
H is the symbol for hydrogen. More than one element may have the same first letter.

  • Some elements are represented by another, letter along with the first letter of the English name in upper case. See more examples of using two letters as symbols.
Element Symbol
Aluminium Al
Chlorine Cl
Curium Cm
Calcium Ca
  • The first letter of the English name is used upper ease along with the second letter or any other prominent letter in lower case.

Question 13.
Find more examples and expand the list.
Answer:

Element Symbol
Germanium Ge
Neon Ne
Manganese Mn
Cobalt Co
Zinc Zn
Beryllium Be
Magnesium Mg
Barium Ba
Radium Ra
Silicon Si

Some elements have symbols based on their Latin names.

Question 14.
Find more examples and expand the list.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 4
Answer:

Element Latin name Symbol
Sodium Natrium Na
Potassium Kalium K
Iron Ferrum Fe
Gold Aurum Au
Copper Cuprum Cu
Silver Argentum Ag
Tin Stannum Sn
Lead Plumbum Pb
Antimony Stibium Sb
Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg
Element Latin name Symbol

• The symbol “W” is derived from the German name ‘Wolfram’ for the metal tungsten.

Question 15.
Find put how the elements given below got their names.
• Chromium
• Iridium
• Neptunium
Answer:
• Chromium – From the world “chroma,” meaning colour.
• Iridium – From the word “Iris,” meaning Rainbow.
• Neptunium – From the name of the planet “Neptune”.

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Question 16.
Analyse the Periodic Table and write down the name and symbol of any 5 elements.
Answer:

  • Lithium (Li)
  • Sodium (Na)
  • Beryllium (Be)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • Calcium (Ca)

Question 17.
Find out which elements were added last to the periodic table.
Answer:

  • Nihonium (Nh)
  • Flerovium (Fl)
  • Livermorium (Lv)
  • Tennessine (Ts)
  • Oganesson (Og)

Question 18.
List the elements existing in solid, liquid and gaseous state with the help of periodic table.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 5
Answer:

Solid Liquid Gas
Lithium Caesium Hydrogen
Sodium Francium Nitrogen
Potassium Mercury Oxygen
Rubidium Gallium Fluorine
Beryllium Bromine Chlorine
Magnesium Helium
Calcium Neon
Strontium Argon
Barium Krypton
Radium Xenon
Radon

Question 19.
Find the synthetic elements with the help of the periodic Table.

  • Technetium
  • Dubnium
  • Bohrium
  • Meitnerium
  • Roentgenium
  • Nihonium
  • Moscovium
  • Tennessine
  • Promethium
  • Plutonium
  • Curium
  • Californium
  • Fermium
  • Nobelium
  • Rutherfordium
  • Seaborgium
  • Hassium
  • Darmstadtium
  • Copemicium
  • Flerovium
  • Livermorium
  • Oganesson
  • Neptunium
  • Americium
  • Berkelium
  • Einsteinium
  • Mendelevium
  • Lawrencium

Question 20.
Is there any difference between 2N and N2?
Answer:
2N refers to two free nitrogen atoms. N2 refers to a nitrogen molecule formed by two nitrogen atoms bonded together.

  • 2N – refers to two free nitrogen atoms.
  • N2 – refers to a nitrogen molecule formed by two atoms.
  • 2N2 – refers to two nitrogen molecules.

Question 21.
What is the total number of atoms in 2N2?
Answer:
2N2 refers to two nitrogen molecules (N2 + N2)
2 atoms in a nitrogen molecule.
Total number of atoms in 2N2 = 2 + 2 = 4

Question 22.
Check the abbreviation of the molecules of some elements.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 6
Answer:

Molecule Number of atoms Category
He 1 Monoatomic elements.
O2 2 Diatomic elements.
S8 8 Polyatomic elements.
H2 2 Diatomic elements
P4 4 Polyatomic elements
Ne 1 Monoatomic element
Cl2 2 Diatomic elements
Ar 1 Monoatomic element
O3 3 Triatomic element

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Question 23.
Is it clear that, monoatomic elements are elements that have only one atom in a molecule? Write the difference between diatomic elements and polyatomic elements.
Answer:
Diatomic elements are elements that have two atoms in a molecule. Elements that have more than three atoms in a molecule are called polyatomic elements.

Chemical formula of the molecule represent one molecule of a substance.

Question 24.
Find the number of molecules and the total number of atoms in the following.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 7
Answer:

Substance No. of molecules No. of atoms
H2 1 1 × 2 = 2
5O2 5 5 × 2 = 10
6N2 6 6 × 2 = 12
4Cl2 4 4 × 2 = 8
8 1 1 × 8 = 8

Question 25.
Write the symbols for hydrogen and chlorine.
Answer:
Hydrogen – H
Chlorine – Cl
A molecule of hydrogen chloride contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom.
We represent a molecule of hydrogen chloride as HCl.

Question 26.
How can we represent a molecule of water in the same way?
Answer:
H2O

Question 27.
Complete the table.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 8
Answer:
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 9
A compound has a certain ratio between the number of atoms of its constituent elements.
Example: HCl =1 : 1
H2O = 2 : 1
NH3 = 1 : 3
CO2 = 1 : 2

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Question 28.
Find the number of molecules and the total number of atoms present in 3CO2.
Answer:
Number of molecules = 3
Atoms C = 3 × 1 = 3
0 = 3 × 2 = 6
Total number of atoms = 9

Question 29.
Complete the table given below.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 10
Answer:

Compound No. of molecules No. of atoms
2HCl 2 H – 2 × 1 = 2
Cl – 2 × 1 = 2
4
4SO2 4 S – 4 × 1 = 4
0 – 4 × 2 = 8
12
3C2H5OH 3 C – 3 × 2 = 6
H – 3 × 6 = 18
0 – 3 × 1 = 3
27
2C6H12O6 2 C – 2 × 6 = 12
H – 2 × 12 = 24
O – 2 × 6 = 12 48

Question 30.
What are the reactants in this reaction?
Answer:
Carbon, Oxygen

Question 31.
What are the products?
Answer:
Carbon Dioxide

Question 32.
How do you write the reactants using chemical formula?
Answer:
C, O2

Question 33.
How about products?
Answer:
CO2
This chemical reaction can be represented as C + O2 → CO2

A chemical equation is the representation of a chemical reaction which helps to understand it at a glance. It uses symbols/chemical formulae to represent the reactants and products.

Question 34.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) decomposes to form calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). How can this chemical reaction be represented?
Answer:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Question 35.
Write the chemical equations of some chemical reactions that you are familiar with.
Answer:

  • 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
  • H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
  • 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
  • CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
  • Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 5 Question Answer Extended Activities

Question 1.
Make models of the molecules using materials available in your surroundings.
• Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
• Ammonia (NH3)
• Water (H2O)
Answer:
Here are short instructions for making the molecule models:

General Materials:

  • Atoms: Different coloured clay/Play-Dough/thermocol balls (e.g., Black/Grey for C, Green for Cl, Blue
    for N, White for H, Red for O).
  • Bonds: Toothpicks or short stick pieces.

1. Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)

  • Atoms: 1 Carbon (large, black/grey), 4 Chlorine (smaller, green).
  • Instructions: Connect the central Carbon ball to four Chlorine balls using toothpicks, spreading them out to form the shape of carbon tetrachloride.

2. Ammonia (NH3)

  • Atoms: 1 Nitrogen (medium, blue), 3 Hydrogen (small, white).
  • Instructions: Connect the central Nitrogen ball to three Hydrogen balls using toothpicks. Arrange the Hydrogen atoms to form the base of a pyramid with Nitrogen at the top.

3. Water (H2O)

  • Atoms: 1 Oxygen (medium, red), 2 Hydrogen (small, white).
  • Instructions: Connect the central Oxygen ball to two Hydrogen balls using toothpicks. Angle the Hydrogen atoms to create a V-shaped molecule.

Question 2.
Prepare a slide presentation/chart on the history of development of Periodic Table and exhibit it in the classroom.
Answer:
The Periodic Table: A Journey of Discovery
(Slide 1 / Chart Title)
Slide 2 / Section 1: Early Groupings (1800s)

  • Dobereiner’s Triads (1829): Grouped elements in threes with similar properties.
  • Newlands Law of Octaves (1865): Noted repeating properties every eighth element when arranged by atomic weight.

Slide 3 / Section 2: Mendeleev’s Breakthrough (1869) ‘

  • Dmitri Mendeleev: Arranged elements by increasing atomic weight.
  • Key Insight: Left gaps for undiscovered elements and predicted their properties.
  • Significance: His predictions were later proven correct, validating his table.

Slide 4 / Section 3: Moseley’s Refinement (1913)

  • Henry Moseley: Discovered that elements are best arranged by increasing atomic number (number of protons).
  • Impact: Fixed drawbacks in Mendeleev’s table, leading to the modern version.

Slide 5 / Section 4: The Modem Periodic Table

  • Basis: Organised by increasing atomic number.
  • Structure: Elements with similar properties fall into the same groups (columns).
  • Importance: Essential tool for understanding chemistry and predicting element behaviour.

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Elements and Compounds Notes Kerala Syllabus

  • When sugar is heated, carbon and water are formed. Sugar molecules can be broken down through chemical reactions.
  • Molecules are the smallest particles obtained by dissociating various substances having their fundamental properties.
  • Atoms are obtained when molecules are split.
  • Dalton’s Atomic theory
    • All matter is made up of minute particles called atoms.
    • An atom is the smallest particle that can participate in a chemical reaction.
    • An atom cannot be divided during a chemical reaction.
    • An atom cannot be created or destroyed.
    • All atoms of an element are of the same size, property and mass.
    • Atoms of different elements differ in their size, property and mass.
  • Elements are pure substances made up of the same type of atoms. They cannot be further divided into components through chemical reactions.
  • Compounds are pine substances formed by the combination of atoms of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. These can be dissociated into constituent elements through chemical reactions.
  • A symbol represents an atom of an element.
  • The modern symbol system of representing elements by letters was introduced by a scientist named Berzelius.
  • The element hydrogen is represented by the letter ‘H’. That is, the first letter of name of the element is used here as the symbol.
  • Some elements are represented by another, letter along with the first letter of the English name in upper case.
  • The first letter of the English name is used upper case along with the second letter or any other prominent
    letter in lower case.
  • Some elements have symbols based on their Latin names.
  • Elements are named on the basis of country, scientists, colour, name of planets, satellites, continents, etc. Example: Francium (Country – France)
    Einsteinum (Scientist – Albert Einstein)
  • Lavoisier made the earliest attempts to classify elements. He classified the then-known elements into metals and non-metals.
  • Dobereiner classified the elements of similar properties into groups of three. These groups were called triads. He stated that the atomic mass of the element in the middle of the triads was approximately the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. Only a few elements could be classified in this way.
  • Newlands found that when elements were arranged in ascending order of atomic mass, each eighth element was a repetition of the first in its properties. He compared this to the seven notes in music. This classification was known as the Law of Octaves.
  • A scientist named Mendeleev arranged the 63 elements known till that day in ascending order of their atomic masses and prepared a table. It was found that elements with common properties were repeated at regular intervals.
  • Mendeleev’s periodic law: The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic mass.
  • The horizontal rows in the table are called periods and the vertical columns are called groups. Elements in a group show similar chemical properties.
  • Advantages of Mendeleev’s periodic table:
    • Elements were arranged in the ascending order of atomic mass.
    • Blank spaces were left for elements to be discovered and their properties were predicted.
    • Elements with similar properties were grouped together to simplify the study of elements and their compounds.
  • • Limitations of Mendeleev’s periodic table
    • The order of atomic mass was not strictly followed in the case of all elements. Hydrogen could not be given an exact position.
    • Elements with very different properties had to be placed in the same group.
  • Henry Moseley later discovered that the properties of elements depend on their atomic number. The periodic table developed by him is the modern periodic table used today.
  • Chemical formula of the molecule represent one molecule of a substance.
  • Atomicity is the number of atoms in a molecule.
  • In diatomic and polyatomic elements, the atomicity is written as a subscript on the right of the symbol to obtain their chemical formula.
  • The total number of molecules is written on the left side of the chemical formula.
  • A chemical equation is the representation of a chemical reaction which helps to understand it at a glance. It uses symbols/chemical formulae to represent the reactants and products.

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

INTRODUCTION

All the objects we see around us are made up of different molecules. Atoms are the smallest particles that are obtained by dividing molecules. Elements are pure substances that contain the same type of atoms. 118 Elements have been discovered so far. Compounds are formed when atoms of elements combine with each other. In the language of chemistry, symbols are used to represent elements, and chemical formulas are used to represent compounds. The periodic table, which has been prepared by classifying the elements comprehensively, makes the study of compounds and elements easier. In this unit, we will learn about the origins of element names, their symbols, chemical formulas of molecules, and the history of element classification.

We know that all objects around us are made up of different molecules. Let us examine how each of these molecules differ with respect to their structural characteristics.

ATOM

  • Molecules are the smallest particles obtained by dissociating various substances having their fundamental, properties.
  • Atoms are obtained when molecules are split.
  • The molecules of every substance are made up of minute atoms. All substances in the universe are made up of atoms. The word “atom” comes from the Greek word “atomos,” which means indivisible.
  • Democritus proposed that all matter is made up of indivisible particles called atoms.
    In 1807, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory to explain the nature of atom. Dalton’s Atomic Theory is one of the important theories in modem chemistry. The ideas put forward by Dalton are given below.

    • All matter is made up of minute particles called atoms.
    • An atom is the smallest particle that can participate in a chemical reaction. .
    • An atom cannot be divided during a chemical reaction.
    • An atom cannot be created or destroyed.
    • All atoms of an element are of the same size, property and mass.
    • Atoms of different elements differ in their size, property and mass.

A water molecule is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

SYMBOLS

  • Symbols are used to represent concepts in a clear and simple manner. Symbols make communication and interpretation easier.
  • Similarly, signs are used to represent elements. These are known as chemical symbols. A symbol represents an atom of an element.
  • The modern symbol system of representing elements by letters was introduced by a scientist named Berzelius.
A symbol represents an atom of an element.

ORIGIN OF SYMBOLS
• The element hydrogen is represented by the letter ‘H’. That is, the first letter of name of the element is used here as the symbol.

HOW ELEMENTS GOT THEIR NAMES
Elements are named on the basis of country, scientists, colour, name of planets, satellites, continents, etc.
Example: Francium (Country – France)
Einsteinum (Scientist – Albert Einstein)

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
In a library we can see that books are arranged by categorising them into essays, poems, stories, novels, etc, Elements are also classified in this manner. So far, 118 elements have been discovered which include natural and synthetic elements. It is very difficult to study all these elements and their compounds separately. It would be easier if elements with similar properties are classified into groups.

• The Periodic Table is a table in which all the elements are categorised and arranged based on their properties.

EARLIER ATTEMPTS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
The modern Periodic Table that we use today is the result of the efforts of many scientists.

  • Lavoisier made the earliest attempts to classify elements. He classified the then-known elements into metals and non-metals.
  • Dobereiner classified the elements of similar properties into groups of three. These groups were called triads. He stated that the atomic mass of the element in the middle of the triads was approximately the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. Only a few elements could be classified in this way.
Element Atomic mass
Li 7
Na 23
K 39
Ca 40
Sr 87.6
Ba 137.3
Cl 35.5
Br 80
I 127
  • Newlands found that when elements were arranged in ascending order of atomie mass, each eighth element was a repetition of the first in its properties. He compared this to the seven notes in music. This classification was known as the Law of Octaves. As more elements were discovered, it became clear that all elements could not be arranged in this way.
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
  • A scientist named Mendeleev arranged the 63 elements known till that day in ascending order of their atomic masses and prepared a table. It was found that elements with common properties were repeated at regular intervals.
The physical and chemifcal properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic mass.

MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table is shown in the figure. The horizontal rows in the table are called periods and the vertical columns are called groups. Elements in a group show similar chemical properties.
Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus 11

Elements and Compounds Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 5 Kerala Syllabus

CHARACTERISTICS

  • Elements were arranged in the ascending order of atomic mass. Blank spaces were left for elements to be discovered and their properties were predicted.
  • Elements with similar properties were grouped together to simplify the study of elements and their compounds.
  • However, the order of atomic mass was not strictly followed in the case of all elements. Hydrogen could not be given an exact position.
  • Elements with very different properties had to be placed in the same group.

When Mendeleev’s Periodic Table was formed in 1869, there was limited knowledge about the structure of the atom and its elementary particles. Henry Moseley later discovered that the properties of elements depend on their atomic number. The periodic table developed by him is the modern periodic table used today.

CHEMICAL FORMULA
CHEMICAL FORMULA OF MOLECULES
We use symbols to identify elements easily. If we write N, it refers to nitrogen and one atom of nitrogen.

CHEMICAL FORMULA OF ELEMENTS

  • In monoatomic elements, the symbol itself is considered as the chemical formula.
  • In monoatomic molecules, the number written on the left of the symbol indicates, the number of molecules. This is also the number of atoms.

Example: 2He → 2 Helium atoms / 2 Helium molecules
3Ne → 3 Neon atoms / 3 Neon molecules
Atomicity is the number of atoms in a molecule. In diatomic Mid polyatomic elements, the atomicity is written as a subscript on the right of the symbol to obtain their chemical formula. The total number of molecules is written on the left side of the chemical formula.
We can find the number of molecules and the number of atoms from the chemical formula of the elements.
3O2 → 3 oxygen molecules .
Total number of atoms = 3 × 2 = 6 oxygen atoms
5Cl2 → 5 chlorine molecules
Total number of atoms = 5 × 2 = 10 chlorine atoms

CHEMICAL FORMULA OF COMPOUNDS
Hydrogen and Chlorine are the constituent elements in hydrogen chloride.

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Reviewing SCERT Class 8 Basic Science Solutions and Kerala Syllabus Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 6 Metals and Non Metals Question Answer Notes Pdf can uncover gaps in understanding.

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 6 Metals and Non Metals Question Answer Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 1 Notes Kerala Syllabus Metals and Non Metals Question Answer

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes

Let’s Assess

Question 1.
Match the following.
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 1
Answer:

A B C
Name of the metal Characteristic property Symbol
Silver High electrical conductivity Ag
Platinum High ductility Pt
Gold The highest malleability Au

Question 2.
The names of certain metals are given in the box.
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 2
Choose the appropriate metal for the following situations.
a. Reacts with the components of air and forms tarnish on the surface.
b. It is the best conductor of heat.
c. The metal that melts when placed on the palm.
d. It exists in the liquid state in normal temperature.
e. This metal is present in bones and teeth.
Answer:
a. Copper
b. Silver
c. Gallium
d. Mercury
e. Calcium

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 3.
Certain metals are given in the following table. Find any two uses of each and the characteristic property responsible for it.
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 3
Answer:

Metal Use Characteristic property
Copper Manufacture of electric wire Electrical conductivity, Ductility
Manufacture of utensils, Idols Malleability
Gold Manufacture of ornaments Malleability, Ductility
Manufacture of coins Metallic lustre, Malleability
Aluminium Manufacture of utensils for cooking Thermal conductivity, Malleability
Manufacture of electrical wires Electrical conductivity, Ductility
Iron Manufacture of wires, tools etc. Hardness
Used for the manufacture of sheets. Malleability
Silver Used for the manufacture of ornaments Malleability, Ductility, Metallic lustre
Used for the manufacture of coins, idols, etc. Metallic lustre, Malleability

Question 4.
Oxides of elements A and B are dissolved in water in two separate beakers.
a) How can you identify the acidic solution and the basic solution?
b) Which of these elements is more likely to be a metal? Why?
Answer:
a) Dip red and blue litmus papers in both solutions.

  • The solution which turns blue litmus red is the acidic solution.
  • The solution which turns red litmus blue is the basic solution.

b) The solution that turns red litmus into blue is formed by a metal oxide, because metal oxides are basic in nature.
Therefore, the element whose oxide formed the basic solution is more likely to be a metal.

Basic Science Class 8 Chapter 6 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
You must be familiar with different kitchen utensils. What are the common materials used to make utensils for cooking?
Answer:
Aluminium, Copper, Steel, Iron

Question 2.
Let’s do an activity.
Take some water into a flat bowl. Place a wooden ladle and a steel ladle in it and let it boil. Touch the ladles and find out which one is hotter. Why is it so?
Answer:
A steel ladle heats up more because steel conducts heat.

Question 3.
Why are you warned against handling iron-like objects during thunder and lightning?
Answer:
Metals like iron are good conductors of electricity. Therefore, they are susceptible to lightning strikes.

Question 4.
Find out the characteristics of metals as indicated in the above situations.
Answer:
Thermal conductivity
Electrical conductivity

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 5.
Complete the table below.
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 4
Answer:
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 5

Question 6.
What are the other characteristics of metals familiar to you?
Answer:

  • Very Hard
  • High melting point
  • High Boiling point
  • High Density

Question 7.
Define metals?
Answer:
Metals are substances that exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity and possess lustre and hardness.

MALLEABILITY
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 6
Have a look at the picture.

Question 8.
What is the blacksmith doing?
Answer:
A hammer strikes the piece of metal.

Question 9.
What changes occur when a piece of metal is hammer blown?
Answer:
The piece of metal flattens into a sheet.

Question 10.
Haven’t you seen aluminium foil which is used to wrap tablets and food materials? Which characteristic property of metals is used in this case?

Malleability

Generally, metals can be hammered and flattened into thin sheets. This characteristic property of metals is known as malleability.
  • All metals are not malleable to the same extent.
  • Gold is the most malleable metal.

Question 11.
Write examples for utilising the malleability of metals.
Answer:

  • Metal sheets are used to make roofing of buildings.
  • Used for making thin foils. Aluminium foil for packaging food.
  • Used for jewellery making.
  • Metal sheets are used to make cupboards and furniture.

DUCTILITY
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 7

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 12.
What metal is the filament of the bulb in the picture made of?
Answer:
Tungsten

Question 13.
Can you explain why tungsten is used to make the filament?
Answer:
Tungsten can be drawn into very thin wires.

Question 14.
Define Ductility
Answer:
Metals can be drawn into thin wires. This property of metals is known as ductility.

Metals like gold and copper can be drawn into very fine wires. Gold and Platinum are the most ductile metals.

Question 15.
There are a lot of situations where ductility of metals is utilized. List a few of them.
Answer:

  • Electric wires
  • Filaments in light bulbs
  • Musical instrument strings
  • Jewellery
  • Construction wires

Question 16.
Which among these objects made the bulb glow?
Answer:
A piece of razor blade, A fine iron wire, aluminium wire, Copper wire,

Question 17.
Are they metals or non-metals?
Answer:
They are metals
The ability of a material to conduct electricity through it is known as electrical conductivity. All metals are electrical conductors.
Silver is the best electrical conductor among the metals. The electrical conductivity of the metals such as silver, copper, gold, and aluminium decreases in the following order.
Silver > Copper > Gold > Aluminium

Question 18.
Which metal is used in household electrical wiring?
Answer:
Copper

Question 19.
Which metal is used to make electric lines for the public distribution of electricity?
Answer:
Aluminium

Question 20.
Why is silver not used for this purpose?
Answer:
High Cost
Low availability

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 21.
Utensils for cooking are usually made of metal. Which characteristic properties of metals are utilised in this case?
Answer:
Thermal conductivity
Malleability

Question 22.
Define thermal conductivity.
Answer:
The ability of metals to conduct heat is called thermal conductivity. It is one of the fundamental characteristics of metals.

Silver is the best conductor of heat among metals. Metals such as aluminium and copper have relatively high thermal conductivity.

Question 23.
Aluminium is extensively used for cooking utensils. Find the reasons.
Answer:

  • High Thermal Conductivity
  • Malleability
  • More availability
  • Low cost

The non-metal carbon exists in two main allotro ic forms, diamond and graphite

Diamond Graphite
High thermal conductivity High electrical conductivity
It is used to cut glass It is used as electrode

The strikingly different properties of diamond and graphite are due to the differences in the carbon
carbon bonding in them.

Question 24.
Give examples of situations where sonority is useful.
Answer:

  • Bells, church bells
  • Gongs of bells
  • Musical Instruments

Question 25.
Identify the situations in which metallic lustre is made use of?
Answer:

  • For making ornaments.
  • Mirrors and Reflectors.
  • Utensils and Cookware.

Question 26.
Is it possible to cut metals such as copper, aluminium and gold in the same manner?
Answer:
No. Lithium, sodium and potassium are soft metals. But other metals are harder.

Question 27.
Give an example of a hard metal.
Answer:
Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Gold

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 28.
Give an example of soft metals.
Answer:
Lithium, Sodium, Potassium

Question 29.
Are there metals that exist in a liquid state?
Answer:
Yes

Question 30.
Write the names of metals that exist in a liquid state.
Answer:
Mercury (Hg)
Gallium (Ga)
Caesium (Cs)

  • Metals generally have high melting points
    However, gallium and caesium are metals that have low melting points. They start melting when placed on our palm. In other words, they exist in the liquid state on warmer days.
  • Metals generally have high boiling points.
  • Metals generally have high density.

Question 31.
Take some articles made up of different metals (iron nail, aluminium wire), a small piece of wood, charcoal, thermocol and cork. Put each of them one by one in water in a beaker. Which among these articles sink into the water? Which of these floats over water?
Answer:
Articles sink into the water: An Iron nail, an Aluminium wire, A small piece of wood
Articles float on water: Charcoal. Thermocol, Cork.

Metals are substances that generally exist in the solid state, exhibit high conductivity of heat and electricity, and possess Metallic lustre and hardness.

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 8

Question 32.
What are the characteristics of non-metals in comparison with metals?
Answer:
Generally, non-metals are less hard than metals

  • They do not show sonority.
  • They generally do not conduct electricity.
  • They generally show a very low boiling point and Melting point.

Question 33.
List some non metals in your Science Diary. Classify them into solid, liquid and gas.
Answer:

Solid Liquid Gas
Boron Bromine Hydrogen
Carbon Nitrogen
Silicon Oxygen
Germanium Fluorine
Phosphorous Chlorine
Arsenic Iodine
Sulphur Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Radon
Xenon

Question 34.
Observe the newly formed surface of sodium when it is cut with a knife. Record your observation.
Answer:
Good metallic lustre.

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 35.
Observe the surface after keeping it exposed to air for some time. What change do you observe?
Answer:
Metallic lustre disappears, and the surface becomes dull or tarnished.

Question 36.
Why did it lose its metallic lustre?
Answer:
It is because sodium reacts with the components of air

Question 37.
Haven’t you noticed the dull appearance of the surface of old objects made of aluminium?
Answer:
Most metals react with the atmosphere to form various compounds, and this is the reason for their dull appearance.

Question 38.
Take an aluminium wire and scrub it with sandpaper. What change do you observe?
Answer:
When you scrub an aluminium wire with sandpaper, you observe that the dull surface becomes shiny or lustrous again.
Most metals, such as copper and magnesium, react with air in a similar manner.

Question 39.
Burn a piece of magnesium in air. What is left behind?
Answer:
Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form the compound magnesium oxide.
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Question 40.
a) Dissolve the magnesium oxide formed, in water taken in a beaker. What is the colour change when a red litmus paper is dipped in it?
b) What is the reason?
Answer:
a) Red litmus paper changes to blue.
b) Magnesium oxide dissolves in water to form magnesium hydroxide, which is a base.

  • Most of the metals (except silver, gold and platinum) react with oxygen in air to form the corresponding oxide.
  • Almost all the metal oxides show a basic nature in the presence of water.
  • Some metals react with the components of air like moisture and carbon dioxide in addition to oxygen.
    Oxides of metals are generally basic in nature.

OXIDES OF NON-METALS
Carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
C + O2 → CO2

Question 41.
Do you know how soda water is prepared?
Answer:
Soda water is prepared by dissolving carbon dioxide in water at high pressure.
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

Question 42.
Dip a blue litmus paper in soda water. Notice the change in colour.
Answer:
When a blue litmus paper is dipped in soda water, the blue litmus paper will turn red.
It is clear that soda water is acidic in nature. Carbonic acid is present in soda water.

Oxides of nonmetals are generally acidic in nature.

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 43.
What is Metal Corrosion?
Answer:
Metals react with different components of air and form various compounds. This is known as metal corrosion.
Examples:
Rusting of iron
Copper tarnishes.
Metals lose their lustre.

Question 44.
What are the factors that influence the rusting of iron?
Answer:

  • Presence of oxygen and moisture.
  • Presence of impurities.
  • Temperature.
  • Presence of salts like common salt accelerates the rusting process of iron.

EXPERIMENT
Materials required

Clean and dry test tubes (4), cork (4), rust-free and shiny iron nails (4), anhydrous calcium chloride, table salt, ordinary water, distilled water, boiled distilled water, and oil.

Procedure
Take four test tubes. Put a rust-free and shiny iron nail in each of them. Add distilled water in the first test tube, salt solution in the second test tube and distilled water soon after boiling in the third test tube. Iron nails should be fully immersed in these three test tubes. Add oil in the third test tube in such a way that the surface of the water is completely covered by oil. Take anhydrous calcium chloride or quicklime in the fourth test tube. All the four test tubes should be closed immediately with cork after putting the materials.
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 9

Question 45.
Keep the test tubes at rest for a few days and watch the iron nails afterwards. Indicate the test tubes in which the iron nails got rusted.
Answer:
The iron nails in the first and second test tubes have rusted.
Air and moisture are present in the first test tube.
The salt solution in the second test tube influences the rusting of iron.

Question 46.
The iron nails in the third and fourth test tubes haven’t undergone any change. What is the reason?
Answer:
Since the third test tube contains distilled water soon after boiling and oil floating on the surface of water, the iron nail cannot come in contact with air. Anhydrous calcium chloride or quicklime absorbs the moisture present in the fourth test tube.

Anhydrous calcium chloride absorbs moisture from atmosphere very quickly. Silica gel and quick lime are also used for this purpose.

Question 47.
Why was boiled distilled water used in this experiment?
Answer:
To completely remove air and achieve a high temperature.

Question 48.
Do you know why iron window bars in houses close to the seashore corrode faster?
Answer:
The presence of salt in the atmospheric air causes faster rusting of iron.

Question 49.
Besides iron, which other metals are used in our daily life that undergo corrosion in the presence of atmospheric air?
Answer:

  • Copper
  • Aluminium
  • Silver
  • Zinc

Question 50.
Very reactive metals like sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene. Can you find the reason for it?
Answer:
Highly reactive metals quickly undergo chemical reactions in the presence of air and moisture. They are stored in kerosene to avoid contact with air and moisture.

Question 51.
After cutting a lemon, if the iron knife is left without wiping, it starts rusting faster. You are familiar with the acid present in lemon, aren’t you?
Answer:
Iron rusts faster in the presence of acids. Citric acid is present in lemon.

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 52.
Why are food items with having sour taste, such as pickles and curd, are not stored in vessels made of aluminium and Iron?
Answer:
Sour substances contain acids (pickles – acetic acid, curd – lactic acid). Metal vessels react with these. Therefore, pickles and curd are not stored in metal vessels.

Question 53.
Do all metals similarly undergo corrosion?
Answer:
Metals that react with components in the atmospheric air are susceptible to corrosion. Less reactive metals, such as gold, Platinum, and Silver, do not corrode quickly.

Question 54.
What are the disadvantages of the corrosion of metals

  • Causes metals to lose their shine and original appearance, becoming dull or discoloured.
  • Environmental Pollution
  • Results in economic loss
  • Leads to structural failures (bridges, buildings), leaks, and explosions in pipelines
  • Mechanical failures in vehicles and aircraft.

Question 55.
What are the methods to prevent corrosion?
Answer:

  • Painting
  • Greasing/Oiling
  • Galvanisation
  • Apply Non-Metallic coating
  • Convert to alloys

Question 56.
What are alloys?
Answer:
Metals are combined-with other metals or non-metals to make alloys.
It is done to obtain materials with desirable properties and to resist corrosion.
A very small number of non-metals like carbon, phosphorous, etc. are also added to such alloys.
For e.g:-stainless steel, brass, bronze

Question 57.
What are the advantages of alloying metal?
Answer:

  • Increased strength and Hardness
  • Preventing corrosion
  • Improve appearance
  • Improved Durability

Question 58.
The presence of certain metals is essential for the normal functioning of the human body. Give examples.
Answer:
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Cobalt and Zinc are examples of such metals.

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

Question 59.
Name the metal contained in haemoglobin in the blood is?
Answer:
Iron

Question 60.
Name the most abundant metal in the human body?
Answer:
Calcium

  • It gives strength to bones and teeth.
  • It helps to regulate blood pressure.

As the human body cannot synthesise those metals, they should be made available through food in sufficient quantities.

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 6 Question Answer Extended Activities

Question 1.
Alloys have a variety of uses. Duralumin, which is used to make the parts of aircrafts and Alnico, which is used to make magnets are examples. Collect information about the alloys and their uses. Present it in your class as slides or charts.
Answer:
Hints

Alloys Components Uses
Steel Fe, C Used for the manufacture of tools, Building materials, bridges, and railway tracks
Stainless Steel Fe, Ni, Cr, C To manufacture household appliances and surgical instruments
Brass Cu. Zn To make locks, handles, and musical instruments
Bronze Cu, Sn To make medals, statues, musical instruments, etc.
Alnico Al, Ni, CO, Fe To make permanent magnets
Duralumin Al, Cu, Mg, Mn To make aircraft parts
Magnalium Mg, Al To make aircraft parts
Nichrome Ni, Cr, Fe, C To make heating coils
Solder Sn, Pb To connect electric wires
Ornamental Gold Au, Zn/Ag To make jewellery and coins

Question 2.
Metals are present not only in the human body, but in plants as well. Collect information regarding the important metals present in plants and their functions. Prepare a science article based on this.
Answer:
Metals in the plant body

  • Magnesium – The main component of chlorophyll Helps in photosynthesis
  • Potassium, Calcium – Helps with growth and nutrition
  • Cobalt, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Molybdenum, Nickel, Zinc – Plays an important role in growth, enzyme production, and metabolic functions

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Metals and Non Metals Notes Kerala Syllabus

  • Metals are substances that generally exist in the solid state. Show high conductivity of heat and electricity, metallic lustre and hardness.
  • Generally, metals can be hammered and flattened into thin sheets. This characteristic property of metals is known as malleability.
  • Gold is the most malleable metal.
  • Metals can be drawn into thin wires. This property of metals is known as Ductility.
  • Metals like gold and copper can be drawn into very fine wires. Gold and Platinum are the most ductile metals.
  • The ability of a material to conduct electricity through it is known as electrical conductivity. All metals are electrical conductors.
  • Silver is the best electrical conductor among the metals.
  • The ability of metals to conduct heat, viz., thermal conductivity, is one of the fundamental characteristics of metals.
  • Silver is the best conductor of heat among metals.
  • The ability of metals to produce characteristic sound when striked with a hard material is known as sonority.
  • The shiny appearance of the surface of metals is known as metallic lustre.
  • Generally, metals are hard.
  • Metals generally have high melting point.
  • Metals generally have high boiling points.
  • Metals generally have high density.
  • Characteristics of Non-Metals
    • Generally, non-metals are less hard.
    • They do not show sonority.
    • They generally do not conduct heat.
  • Reactions of metals with atmospheric air
    • Most of the metals (except silver, gold and platinum) react with oxygen in air to form the corresponding oxide. Almost all the metal oxides show basic nature in the presence of water. Some metals react with the components of air like moisture and carbon dioxide in addition to oxygen.
  • Oxides of metals are generally basic in nature.
  • Oxides of non-metals are generally acidic in nature.
  • Metals react with different components of air and form various compounds. This is known as corrosion of metals.
  • Metals are combined with other metals or non-metals to make alloys. It is done to obtain materials with
    desirable properties and to resist corrosion. A very small amount of non-metals like carbon, phosphorus, etc. are also added to such alloys.
  • Essential metals like sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, cobalt, and zinc are crucial for normal human body functioning, with calcium being the most abundant and vital for bones, teeth, and blood pressure regulation. Since the body cannot synthesise these, they must be obtained in sufficient quantities through diet.

INTRODUCTION

It can be observed that most of the elements discovered so far are metals. The discovery and use of metals greatly accelerated the pace of human progress. Tools, machinery, construction materials, vehicles, bridges, railway tracks, ornaments, and household appliances are just a few of the numerous objects made from metals. Certain characteristics of metals make them beneficial for various uses. This unit will delve into the specific characteristics of metals that make them so versatile and invaluable, covering topics like malleability, ductility, electrical and thermal conductivity, sonority, metallic lustre, and hardness. Metals undergo corrosion due to interaction with the atmosphere. In this unit, we will understand the causes of metal corrosion and methods to prevent it, as well as the properties of non-metals.

Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Complete the circuit as shown in the figure
Metals and Non Metals Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 6 Kerala Syllabus 10
A few materials are given on the table. Put them one by one in the place marked as P, Q. Repeat the experiment using more objects. Record the observation and inference.

Object Bulb glows/does not glow Conductor of electricity /not a conductor of electricity
A folded piece of paper Bulb does not glow Not a conductor of electricity
A piece of plastic scale /ruler Bulb does not glow Not a conductor of electricity
A piece of a razor blade Bulb glows Conductor of electricity
A fine iron wire Bulb glows Conductor of electricity
Aluminum wire Bulb glows Conductor of electricity
Jute Bulb does not glow Not a conductor of electricity
Piece of cloth Bulb does not glow Not a conductor of electricity
Copper wire Bulb glows Conductor of electricity
Rubber band Bulb does not glow Not a Conductor of electricity

SONORITY
The ability of metals to produce a characteristic sound when strike with a hard material is known as sonority.

METALLIC LUSTRE
The shiny appearance of the surface of metals is known as metallic lustre.
Certain metals show metallic lustre when they are cut into pieces or polished.

HARDNESS
You know that it is easy to cut sodium metal with a knife.

PROPERTIES OF METAL
• Generally, metals are hard
Metals generally exist in the solid state.