Kerala SSLC Maths Previous Year Model Question Papers with Answers Malayalam English Medium State Syllabus

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created KBPE Kerala SSLC Maths Previous Year Model Question Papers with Answers for Class 10 Kerala State Board Syllabus 2025-2026 in English Medium and Malayalam Medium Pdf free download are Part of Kerala SSLC Previous Year Question Papers with Answers. By solving Kerala SSLC Maths Previous Question Papers with Answers, SSLC Maths Model Question Papers and Answers, SSLC Maths Question Pool 2026 will help the students to check their progress.

Here we have provided SCERT Kerala SSLC Maths Model Question Papers 2025-26 with Answers for Class 10th Std. Students can view or download the Kerala State Board SSLC Maths Previous Year Question Papers and Answers Malayalam English Medium for their upcoming Kerala SSLC board examinations. Students can also read Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Maths Solutions.

Board Kerala Board
Textbook SCERT, Kerala
Class SSLC Class 10
Subject SSLC Maths
Chapter Previous Year Question Papers, Model Papers, Sample Papers
Year of Examination 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021.
Category Kerala Syllabus Question Papers

Class 10 Maths Previous Year Question Papers Kerala Syllabus

These SSLC Maths Model Question Papers 2026 Kerala with Answers Pdf are designed according to the latest exam pattern, so it will help students to know the exact difficulty level of the question papers.

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Kerala SSLC Maths Model Question Papers in English Medium

Kerala SSLC Maths Model Question Papers in Malayalam Medium

Old Syllabus

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Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Reviewing SCERT Class 8 Basic Science Solutions and Kerala Syllabus Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 11 Magnetism and Electricity Question Answer Notes Pdf can uncover gaps in understanding.

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 11 Magnetism and Electricity Question Answer Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 11 Notes Kerala Syllabus Magnetism and Electricity Question Answer

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes

Let’s Assess

Question 1.
A student is trying to make a device to find direction using a magnetic needle. For this, he places the magnetic needle inside a box made of iron.
a) Will this device work properly?
b) Explain your answer.
c) What changes should be made to make this device work properly?
Answer:
a) No, the device will not work properly.

b) Iron is a magnetic material with high permeability. This means it allows the Earth’s magnetic field lines to pass through it very easily. The iron box will attract all the magnetic field lines, causing them to pass through the walls of the box instead of passing through the inside. The compass needle inside will be shielded from the Earth’s magnetic field and will not align to the North-South direction. This is called magnetic shielding.

c) The box should be made of a non-magnetic material (an insulator) that does not interfere with magnetic field lines. Examples: A box made of plastic, cardboard, wood, or aluminum.

Question 2.
AB is a bar magnet shown in the figure below. An iron rod CD is placed near its B pole.
• Which magnetic poles will be formed at the ends C and D?
• Which property of magnets does this phenomenon demonstrate?
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 1
Answer:
This is an example of Magnetic induction.

  • The pole nearer to the magnet gets the opposite polarity.
  • The pole farther from the magnet gets the same polarity.

Therefore:

  • End C (nearer to B’s South pole) will become a North pole (N).
  • End D (farther from B’s South pole) will become a South pole (S).

This phenomenon demonstrates Magnetic Induction. Magnetic Induction is the phenomenon where a magnetic substance acquires magnetism (Induced Magnetism) due to the presence of a magnet.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Question 3.
A bar magnet and a U magnet are shown in figures (a, b) each having two iron nails hanging from them.
a. Which is the correct figure in each case?
b. Explain the reason clearly.
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 2
Answer:
a.

  • For the bar magnet: Figure A is correct.
  • For the U-magnet: Figure B is correct.

b. Reason: The nails are magnetized by magnetic induction. When induced, the like poles (which form at the free ends of the nails) will repel each other.

In Figure A (Bar magnet): The magnet’s pole (e.g., North) induces an opposite pole (South) at the head of both nails and a like pole (North) at the tips. Since both tips are North poles, they repel each other and move apart.

In Figure B (U-magnet): The two poles of the U-magnet (N and S) are used. The nail on the N pole gets an S pole at its head and an N pole at its tip. The nail on the S pole gets an N pole at its head and an S pole at its tip. Since the free tips of the nails are now unlike poles (N and S), they will attract each other and move closer.

Question 4.
You are given a soft iron piece, a steel piece of the same size, insulated copper wire and a battery:
a. Suggest a method to make a powerful permanent magnet.
b. Suggest a method to make a temporary magnet.
Answer:
a. To make a permanent magnet, you must use the steel piece, which has high retentivity (the ability to retain magnetism).

  • Method: Wrap the insulated copper wire around the steel piece many times to create a coil.
  • Connect the ends of the wire to the battery and pass a strong electric current through it for some time.
  • Even after the battery is disconnected, the steel will retain its magnetism.

b. To make a temporary magnet (an electromagnet), you must use the soft iron piece, which has high susceptibility (gets magnetized easily) but low retentivity (loses magnetism quickly).

  • Method: Wrap the insulated copper wire around the soft iron piece.
  • Connect the ends of the wire to the battery.
  • The soft iron will become a strong magnet only as long as the electricity is flowing. It will lose its magnetism when the battery is disconnected.

Question 5.
In an experiment, a plastic car with an iron piece inside it, is made to run on a wooden table by sliding a strong magnet below it.
a) The experiment failed when a steel table was used. What is the reason for this?
b) If an aluminium table is used instead of steel, what will happen? Why?
Answer:
a) Reason: Magnetic Shielding.
Steel is a magnetic material (like iron). When the magnet is moved under the steel table, the steel table’s high permeability causes the magnetic field lines to pass through the table itself rather than passing above the table to reach the car. The steel table effectively shields the iron piece in the car from the magnet’s force, so the car does not move.

b) What will happen: The experiment will work.
Why: Aluminium is a non-magnetic material (like plastic or wood). It does not block or interfere with magnetic field lines. The magnetic field from the magnet will pass through the aluminium table easily and attract the iron piece in the car, making it move.

Basic Science Class 8 Chapter 11 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Textbook Page No : 186 & 187

Question 1.
Some situations in which magnets are used are given below. Add more situations.
Answer:

  • MRI scanning machines
  • Headphones and speakers
  • Magnetic compass
  • Electric motors
  • Digital Compasses
  • Electromagnets
  • Maglev trains (Magnetic Levitation)

Question 2.
Some familiar magnets are given below. Complete the table.
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 3
Answer:
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 4

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Textbook Page No : 188 & 189

Question 3.
What happens when the north pole of a magnet is brought near to the north Dole of another maanet?
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 5
observe the changes and complete the table.
Answer:

Activity Observation
When the north poles are brought close to each other Repels
When the north pole and the south pole are brought close to each other Attracts
When the south poles are brought close to each other Repels

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 6
Question 4.
Why is the pencil not falling down and floating in the air like this?
Answer:
The pencil is floating because of magnetic levitation. The magnetic force of repulsion between the magnets on the pencil and the magnets on the cardboard is strong enough to balance the force of gravity, causing the pencil to float in the air.

Question 5.
Can you move the pencil backward without touching it? How can it be possible?
Answer:
Yes, it’s possible. You can move the pencil by bringing another magnet near one of the floating magnets. If you bring a like pole (e.g., North pole to North pole), the repulsion will push the floating magnet and the pencil away.

Question 6.
What will happen if you bring another magnet near one side of the top magnet?
Answer:
It depends on which pole you bring close. If you bring a like pole near the top magnet, it will repel and move away. If you bring an unlike pole near it, it will attract and move towards the magnet you are holding.

Question 7.
Do you know if this special property of magnet is used in any technology?
Answer:
Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) Trains

Question 8.
What are Maglev trains?
Answer:
This is a major technology that uses magnetic levitation.

  • Maglev trains are trains that run with out wheels.
  • They use powerful electromagnets on the train and the track to repel each other.
  • This levitates (suspends) the train above the track.
  • Advantage: The absence of physical contact eliminates friction. This allows Maglev trains to reach extremely high speeds with minimal energy loss, and provides a quieter, smoother ride.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Textbook Page No : 190 & 191

Question 9.
When a bar magnet is suspended freely, in / which direction does it align?
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 7
Answer:
If a magnet can move freely, it always aligns in the north-south direction of the Earth.

Question 10.
Why does a magnetic compass always show the north-south direction?
Answer:
It is because of the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field. The Earth acts like a giant magnet with its own magnetic poles. The magnetic north pole of the Earth is near the geographic south pole, and the Earth’s magnetic south pole is near the geographic north pole.

Question 11.
How can we make an artificial magnet?
Answer:
You can make one by taking a magnetic material (like a hacksaw blade) and rubbing it with one pole of a strong magnet. You must rub it repeatedly in the same direction from one end to the other.

Textbook Page No : 192 & 193

Question 12.
How can you identify the poles of a ring magnet or a U-shaped magnet?
Answer:
You can use a magnetic compass (magnetic needle). If the north pole of the compass needle (often the red end) is repelled, that part of the magnet is a North pole. If the north pole of the compass is attracted, that part of the magnet is a South pole.

Question 13.
What is your conclusion after breaking a magnet into smaller pieces?
Answer:
No matter how small a magnet is, it will always have two poles (a north and a south pole). A magnet with only one pole (a monopole) does not exist.

Textbook Page No : 195 & 196

Question 14.
Is the distribution of magnetic field lines the same everywhere?
Answer:
No, the distribution of magnetic field lines is not the same everywhere around a magnet. The spacing of the lines indicates the strength of the magnetic field.

Question 15.
How is magnetic field strength related to magnetic field lines?
Answer:
The magnetic field is strongest where the magnetic field lines are closest together. These areas have a higher magnetic flux density.

Question 16.
What will happen to the magnetic flux if the size of the surface it passes through increases?
(Increase/ decrease)
Answer:
The magnetic flux will increase. Since magnetic flux is the total number of field lines passing perpendicular / normally through a surface, a larger surface will catch more lines.

Question 17.
Is the magnetic flux density higher at the poles of a magnet or at other places?
Answer:
The flux density is higher at the poles. The text states, “The poles of a magnet have the highest magnetic flux density.”

Question 18.
In the experiment with iron filings in a bottle (Fig 11.19), where do the filings stick the mo¬st and where do they stick the least?

Answer:
Most: The iron filings stick the most at the poles of the magnet.

Least: The filings are seen the least in the middle of the magnet, away from the poles. This happens because the magnetic field strength is greatest at the poles and gets weaker as you move away from them.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Textbook Page No : 197 & 198

Experiment (Fig. 11.20 & 11.21)
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 9
Question 19.
“Bring another pin near the free end of the first pin. Isn’t the second needle getting attracted?”
Answer:
Yes, the second pin gets attracted. This is because the first pin has become an induced magnet and can now attract other magnetic substances.

Question 20.
“Now, bring a magnetic compass near the free end of the needle. Isn’t the direction of the compass needle changing?”
Answer:
Yes, the direction of the compass needle changes. This confirms that the first pin has acquired Induced Magnetism and is acting as a magnet with defined poles.

Question 21.
“Then, carefully remove the first needle from the magnet. Does it still show magnetic properties? Write your observations in the science diary.”
Answer:
Observation: The first pin will still show some magnetic properties (attract paper clips or other pins) immediately after being removed, but this induced magnetism will be temporary and quickly weaken, depending on the material the pin is made of (e.g., iron or steel).

Question 22.
“What are the uses of magnetic induction? Discuss.”
Answer:

  • Used in making electromagnets, where soft iron cores are induced to become temporary magnets.
  • It is the principle by which a permanent magnet can attract non-magnetized magnetic objects (like iron nails).
  • Used in magnetic separation techniques and the operation of certain electrical devices.

Question 23.
Which of these has greater susceptibility? (Soft iron/Steel)
Answer:
Soft iron.

Question 24.
Which of these has greater retentivity? (Soft iron/Steel)
Answer:
Steel

Textbook Page No : 199 & 200

Question 25.
Based on the characteristics you observed, which is more suitable for making strong temporary magnets, soft iron or steel?
Answer:
Soft iron is more suitable. Temporary magnets (electromagnets) need to acquire magnetism easily (high susceptibility) and lose it quickly (low retentivity) when the current or external field is removed.

Question 26.
When making permanent magnets, which magnetic property of steel should be utilised?
Answer:
The property of high retentivity should be utilised. Permanent magnets need to retain their magnetism for a long time.

Permeability and Experiment
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 10
Question 27.
What do you observe?
Answer:
Observation: When the iron filings are sprinkled and the plate is tapped, the filings will cluster around the magnets but will not stick to the area over the gap (the hole) in the large iron nut. The magnetic field lines are concentrated through the iron nut, bypassing the area where the air gap is.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Question 28.
Are the iron filings sticking to the area where the gap in the iron nut is present?
Answer:
No, the iron filings are not sticking to the area where the gap in the iron nut is present.

Question 29.
What conclusion do you reach?
Answer:
Conclusion: Soft iron (like the iron nut) has a higher ability than air to allow magnetic field lines to pass through it. The magnetic field lines prefer to travel through the path of least resistance, which is the soft iron, rather than the air gap.

Question 30.
Why do compass needles not show direction when placed inside a box made of soft iron?
Answer:
Explanation: Soft iron has very high permeability. When a compass is placed inside a soft iron box, the soft iron effectively diverts the Earth’s external magnetic field lines, causing them to pass through the box material instead of the air inside it. This magnetic shielding effect prevents the magnetic field from reaching the compass needle, so the needle cannot align itself with the Earth’s field and show direction.

Question 31.
Electromagnet Experiment; complete the table
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 11
Answer:

Experiment Observation
When electricity flows, the soft iron piece and the paper clips attracts
After removing the cell, the soft iron piece and the paper clips does not attract

Question 32.
Based on this experiment, can you write down the different ways to increase the strength of an electromagnet?
Answer:

  • Increasing the number of turns of the coil around the soft iron core.
  • Increasing the current flowing through the coil (by increasing the number of cells/battery voltage).
  • Increasing the cross-sectional area of the soft iron inside the coil.
  • Using a core material with higher permeability (like soft iron).

Question 33.
Let’s write examples of devices that use electromagnets
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 12
Answer:

  • Electric bells
  • Loudspeakers
  • Cranes (used to lift heavy iron objects)

Question 34.
What is the charge of the paint droplets?
Answer:

Electromagnets Permanent Magnets
Poles can be changed The gained magnetism can be retained for a long time
Magnetic strength can be changed/ varied (by changing the current or number of turns) Magnetic strength cannot be increased

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 11 Question Answer Extended Activities

Question 1.
What is the important role of neodymium magnets in electric vehicles (EVs)? How does the use of these magnets affect the vehicle’s efficiency, speed, and driving range? Collect information about this and prepare a report.
Answer:
Neodymium magnets are used to create permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM), which are highly efficient and powerful.

Efficiency: PMSMs with neodymium magnets are very efficient, converting a large percentage of electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Speed/Power: They allow for high power density, enabling faster acceleration and higher top speeds.

Driving Range: The high efficiency reduces energy consumption, leading to an extended driving range for the EV on a single charge.

Question 2.
Build a model of a vehicle that operates using magnetic levitation. Prepare a slide/chart explaining its working principle.
Answer:
This is a project-based activity involving building a model (e.g., a simple Maglev train model).

Working Principle (for the slide/chart): Magnetic levitation works using repulsive forces between magnets (either permanent magnets or electromagnets) to lift the vehicle above the track, eliminating friction. An electromotive force is then used to propel the vehicle forward.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Magnetism and Electricity Notes Kerala Syllabus

Magnets are objects that can attract (ആകർഷിക്കുക) and repel (വികർഷിക്കുക) other objects. This property is called magnetism. Magnets are used in many devices.

Examples of Magnet Uses

  • MRI scanning machines
  • Headphones and speakers
  • Magnetic compass
  • Electric motors
  • Maglev trains (Magnetic Levitation)

ആകർഷിക്കാനും വികർഷിക്കാനും കഴിവുള്ള വസ് തുക്കളാണ്. കാന്തങ്ങൾ. കാന്തിക ബലം ഉപയോഗി ച്ച് വസ്തുക്കളെ വായുവിൽ ഉയർത്തി നിർത്താൻ സാധിക്കും (Magnetic levitation).

Natural Magnets & Artificial Magnets

Natural Magnets (പ്രകൃതിദത്ത കാന്തങ്ങൾ)

  • These are magnets that are obtained directly from nature.
  • Example: Lodestone, Magnetite

Artificial Magnets (കൃത്രിമ കാന്തങ്ങൾ)

  • These are magnets made by people in specific shapes, sizes, and strengths.
  • They are typically made using metal alloys (ലോഹസങ്കരങ്ങൾ).

Types of Artificial Magnets
Artificial magnets are made from d materials.

  • Alnico Magnets:
    These are alloys made from aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and iron (Fe).
  • Ceramic/Ferrite Magnets
    These are made by mixing iron oxide with carbonates of elements like barium or strontium.
  • Electromagnet
    This is a temporary magnet made by passing electricity through a wire coiled around a soft iron core.

General Properties of Magnets (കാന്തത്തിന്റെ പൊതുവായ സവിശേഷതകൾ)
1. Poles Exist in Pairs: Every magnet has two poles, a North pole (N) and a South pole (S). A magnet with only one pole (monopole) does not exist. If you break a magnet, each piece becomes a new, complete magnet (Each has two poles)
‘ഒരു കാന്തത്തെ എത്ര ചെറുതാക്കിയാലും, അതിന് എപ്പോഴും ഒരു ഉത്തരധ്രുവവും ദക്ഷിണധ്രുവവും ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കും. ഒരൊറ്റ ധ്രുവം (N or S) മാത്രമായി ഒരു കാന്തത്തിന് നിലനിൽക്കാൻ കഴിയില്ല.

2. Attraction & Repulsion: The fundamental law of magnetism is:

  • Like poles repel ((സജാതീയ ധ്രുവങ്ങൾ വികർഷിക്കുന്നു.) (e.g., N-N or S-S).
  • Unlike poles attract (വിജാതീയ ധ്രുവ ങ്ങൾ ആകർഷിക്കുന്നു) (e.g., N-S).

3. Directional Property: If a magnet is suspended freely (like being suspended by a string), it will always align itself with the Earth’s North-South direction.
ഒരു കാന്തത്തെ സ്വതന്ത്രമായി തൂക്കിയിട്ടാൽ, അത് എപ്പോഴും ഭൂമിയുടെ വടക്ക് തെക്ക് ദിശയിൽ വന്ന് നിൽക്കും. ഇതാണ് കാന്തത്തിന്റെ ദിശാസൂചക സ്വഭാവം.

Application: This is the working principle of a Magnetic Compass (വട ക്കുനോക്കിയന്ത്രം).).

  • A compass is a device that uses this property.
  • It contains a small magnetic needle that can rotate freely.
  • This needle always points to the Earth’s North-South direction, allowing us to easily determine all other directions (East, West).

4. Magnetic Levitation: The repulsion of like poles can be used to make an object float, balancing the force of gravity (e.g., Maglev trains).

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Maglev Trains

  • This is a major technology that uses magnetic levitation.
  • Maglev trains are trains that run without wheels.
  • They use powerful electromagnets on the train and the track to repel each other.
  • This levitates (suspends) the train above the track.
  • Advantage: The absence of physical contact eliminates friction. This allows Maglev trains to reach extremely high speeds with minimal energy loss, and provides a quieter, smoother ride.

The Earth as a Giant Magnet (ഭൂമി ഒരു വൻകാന്തം)
The directional property of a compass works because the Earth itself acts like a big magnet, with its own magnetic field and poles.

  • Cause of Earth’s Magnetism: This magnetic nature is believed to be caused by the movement of large amounts of molten iron and nickel in the Earth’s inner core.
  • The “Pole-Swap”: The Earth’s magnetic poles are inverted compared to its geographic poles.
    1. The Earth’s Magnetic South Pole is located near the Geographic North Pole (the “top” of the world).
    2. The Earth’s Magnetic North Pole is located near the Geographic South Pole (the “bottom” of the world).
  • How a Compass Works: A compass needle’s North pole is attracted to the Earth’s Magnetic South Pole (which is at our Geographic North). This is why a compass needle always points north!

ഭൂമി ഒരു വലിയ കാന്തമായി പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നു. ഭൂമിയുടെ കാന്തിക ദക്ഷിണ ധ്രുവം (Magnetic South Pole) അതിന്റെ ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രപരമായ ഉത്ത ര ധ്രുവത്തിന് (Geographic North Pole) അടു ത്താണ്. ഒരു വടക്കുനോക്കിയന്ത്രത്തിലെ കാന്ത സൂചിയുടെ ഉത്തരധ്രുവം (N pole), ഭൂമിയുടെ ഈ കാന്തിക ദക്ഷിണ ധ്രുവത്താൽ ആകർഷിക്ക പ്പെടുന്നു. ഇതുകൊണ്ടാണ് കാന്തസൂചി എപ്പോഴും വടക്ക് ദിശയിലേക്ക് തിരിഞ്ഞുനിൽക്കുന്നത്.

Magnetisation (കാന്തവൽക്കരണം)
We can create artificial magnets using a process called magnetisation. One common way is the “single-touch” method.

Procedure (Fig. 11.12):
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 13

1. Place a hacksaw blade on a table.
2. Take a strong bar magnet. Using one pole (e.g., the North pole), rub the blade starting from one end (A) to the other end (B).
3. Lift the magnet and bring it back to end A.
4. Repeat this process several times, always rubbing in the same direction (A to B).

• Result: The hacksaw blade will become a magnet. The end where the rubbing starts (A) will become the North pole, and the end where the rubbing ends (B) will become the South pole.
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 14
• Observation (Fig. 11.13): When a magnet is broken into smaller pieces, each piece instantly becomes a new, complete magnet with its own North pole and South pole.
• Conclusion: “No matter how small a magnet is, it will always have two poles. A magnet with only one pole does not exist.” (These single poles are called ‘monopoles’).

ഒരു കാന്തത്തെ ഏത് ചെറിയ കഷണങ്ങളായി മുറിച്ചാലും, ആ ഓരോ കഷണവും ഒരു പൂർണ്ണ കാന്തമായിരിക്കും (അതിന് സ്വന്തമായി ഒരു നോ ർത്ത് പോളും സൗത്ത് പോളും ഉണ്ടാകും). ഒരു ധ്രുവം (Nor S) മാത്രമുള്ള ഒരു കാന്തത്തെ (magnetic monopole) നിർമ്മിക്കാൻ സാധ്യമല്ല.

Magnetic Field and Field Lines (കാന്തിക മണ്ഡലവും മണ്ഡലരേഖകളും)
Magnetic Field
The region around a magnet where its force can be felt is called the magnetic field.

Magnetic Field Lines (Fig. 11.16):
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 15

  • Definition: These are imaginary lines used to represent the direction and strength of a magnetic field.
  • Properties:
    1. They are closed loops.
    2. Outside the magnet, their direction is always from the North pole to the South pole.
    3. Where the lines are closer together (at the poles), the magnetic field is stronger.
  • How to Draw Field Lines (Experiment):
    1. Place a bar magnet on a piece of paper.
    2. Place a magnetic compass near the North pole.
    3. Put a dot on the. paper where the north tip of the compass needle points.
    4. Move the compass so its south tip is at the dot you just made.
    5. Repeat this process, making new dots, until you reach the South pole.
    6. Connect the dots to draw a single magnetic field line.

ഒരു കാന്തത്തിന് ചുറ്റും അതിന്റെ ശക്തി (ആകർ ഷണ/വികർഷണ ബലം അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്ന മേഖല യാണ് കാന്തിക മണ്ഡലം (Magnetic Field), ഈ കാന്തിക മണ്ഡലത്തെ ചിത്രീകരിക്കാൻ ഉപയോഗി ക്കുന്ന സാങ്കൽപ്പിക രേഖകളാണ് കാന്തിക മണ്ഡല രേഖകൾ (Magnetic Field Lines). ഈ രേഖകൾ കാന്തത്തിന് പുറത്ത് എപ്പോഴും നോർത്ത് പോളിൽ നിന്ന് ആരംഭിച്ച് സൗത്ത് പോളിൽ അവസാനിക്കുന്നു.

Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetic Flux Density
These terms describe how strong a magnetic field is.

Magnetic Field Strenth
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 8
This is how strong the magnet’s influence is. The iron filing experiment (Fig. 11.19) shows that the magnetic field strength is greatest at the poles and gets weaker as you move away.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Magnetic Flux ((കാന്തിക ഫ്ളക്സ്))

  • Definition: “The total number of magnetic field lines passing normally (perpendicularly) through a given surface”.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 16

  • If the size of the flat surface in Fig 11.18 increases, the magnetic flux passing through it will also increase.

Magnetic Flux Density (കാന്തിക ഫ്ളക്സ് ഡെൻസിറ്റി)

  • Definition: “The number of magnetic field lines passing normal through a unit area…”.
  • This is a measure of how concentrated or dense the field lines are.
  • Key Relationship: Magnetic flux density is higher where the magnetic field strength is more. Since the field strength is greatest at the poles (where iron filings stick the most), the poles of a magnet have the highest magnetic flux density.
  • മാഗ്നറ്റിക് ഫ്ളക്സ് ഒരു പ്രതലത്തിലൂടെ ലംബ മായി കടന്നുപോകുന്ന കാന്തിക മണ്ഡല രേഖക ളുടെ ആകെ എണ്ണമാണ് (Total number) ഫ്ളക്സ്.
  • മാഗ്നറ്റിക് ഫ്ളക്സ് ഡെൻസിറ്റി: ഒരു നിശ്ചിത വിസ്തീർണ്ണത്തിൽ (Unit Area) എത്രമാത്രം മണ്ഡലരേഖകൾ ഉണ്ട് (അവയുടെ ‘തിക്ക്’. ‘അ ടുപ്പം’) എന്നതാണ് ഫ്ളക്സ് ഡെൻസിറ്റി.
  • കാന്തത്തിന്റെ ശക്തി (Strength) ഏറ്റവും കൂടു തലുള്ളത് ധ്രുവങ്ങളിൽ (poles) ആണ്. ഇവിടെ കാന്തിക മണ്ഡലരേഖകൾ വളരെ അടുത്തടുത്താ ണ് സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്നത്. അതിനാൽ, കാന്തിക ശ ക്തി എവിടെയാണോ കൂടുതൽ, അവിടെ ഫ്ളക് സ് ഡെൻസിറ്റിയും കൂടുതലായിരിക്കും.

Magnetic Induction (കാന്തിക പ്രവേശനം)

This is the phenomenon of making a temporary magnet without touching it.

  • Definition: “The phenomenon of a magnetic substance (like an iron pin) acquiring magnetism due to the presence of a magnet is known as Magnetic Induction”.
  • The magnetism the substance (pin) gets is called Induced Magnetism.

Polarity of Induced Magnetism:

  • The polarity of the induced magnet is fixed:
    • Unlike polarity develops at the nearer end.
    • Like polarity develops at the farther end.
  • Example (Fig 11.21): The permanent magnet’s North pole (N) is near the pin.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 17

    • The head of the pin (nearer end) gets the unlike pole: South pole (S).
    • The tip of the pin (farther end) gets the like pole: North pole (N).

ഒരു കാന്തത്തിന്റെ സാന്നിധ്യം (presence) മൂലം മറ്റൊരു കാന്തിക വസ്തുവിന് (magnetic substance, e.g., ആണ്) താൽക്കാലികമായി കാന്തശ ക്തി ലഭിക്കുന്ന പ്രതിഭാസമാണ് മാഗ്നറ്റിക് ഇൻഡക്ഷൻ.

പ്രത്യേകത: കാന്തത്തിന്റെ ഏത് ധ്രുവമാണോ അടു ത്തു കൊണ്ടുവരുന്നത്, അതിന് വിപരീത ധ്രുവം (unlike pole) ആയിരിക്കും ആണിക്ക് അറ്റത്ത് ലഭി ക്കുക. ആണിക്ക് മറ്റേ അറ്റത്ത് കാന്തത്തിന്റെ അതേ ധ്രുവം (like pole) ആയിരിക്കും ലഭിക്കുക.

Properties of Magnetic Materials (Soft Iron & Steel)
Different materials react to magnetic fields differently.

• Experiment (Fig 11.22 & 11.23):
Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus 18

  • Soft Iron (പച്ചിരുമ്പ്): Gets magnetized easily when placed near a magnet. But when the magnet is removed, it quickly loses its magnetism.
  • Steel (ഉരുക്ക്): Takes more time to get magnetised. However, even after the magnet is removed, it does not lose its magnetism quickly.
    This leads to four important properties:

Susceptibility

  • Definition: The ability of magnetic materials to get magnetised due to the influence of an external magnetic field.
  • Soft Iron has greater susceptibility.

Retentivity

  • Definition: The ability to retain the magnetism.
  • Steel has greater retentivity.

Permeability

  • Definition: The ability of a substance to pass magnetic field lines through it.
  • Soft Iron has a high permeability.

Soft Iron VS Steel (പച്ചിരുമ്പും ഉരുക്കും)

Material Susceptibility (പെട്ടെന്ന് കാന്തമാകും) Retentivity (കാന്ത ശക്തി നിലനിർത്തും) Use (ഉപയോഗം)
Soft Iron High Low Temporary magnets (e.g., Electromagnets)
Steel Low High Permanent magnets

Applications:

  • Soft Iron is suitable for making temporary magnets (like electromagnets) because of its high susceptibility and low retentivity.
  • Steel is suitable for making permanent magnets because of its high retentivity.
  • Magnetic Shielding: A compass placed inside a soft iron box will not show direction because soft iron’s high permeability forces the Earth’s magnetic field lines to pass through the box rather than the in-side, shielding the compass.

Magnetism and Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 11 Kerala Syllabus

Electromagnets വൈദ്യുതകാന്തങ്ങൾ

  • Definition: A temporary magnet made by passing electricity through an insulated wire coiled around a soft iron core.
  • Property: Only magnetic when the cur¬rent is on.
  • Uses: Electric bells, loudspeakers, MRI machines.
  • Increasing Strength: You can make an electromagnet stronger by:
    1. Increasing the number of turns in the coil (ചുറ്റുകളുടെ എണ്ണം കൂട്ടുക).
    2. Increasing the strength of the current (വൈദ്യുതിയുടെ ശക്തി കൂട്ടുക).
    3. Increasing the cross-sectional area of the soft iron core (പച്ചിരുമ്പിന്റെ കനം കൂട്ടുക).

ഒരു പച്ചിരുമ്പ് കോറിന് (soft iron core) ചുറ്റും കവചിത ചാലകം (insulated wire) ഉപയോഗിച്ച് വൈദ്യുതി കടത്തിവിടുമ്പോൾ നിർമ്മിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന താൽക്കാലിക കാന്തങ്ങളാണ് വൈദ്യുതകാന്തങ്ങൾ. വൈദ്യുതി നിലയ്ക്കുമ്പോൾ ഇവയുടെ കാന്തശ ക്തി നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നു.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Reviewing SCERT Class 8 Basic Science Solutions and Kerala Syllabus Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 10 Static Electricity Question Answer Notes Pdf can uncover gaps in understanding.

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 10 Static Electricity Question Answer Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 10 Notes Kerala Syllabus Static Electricity Question Answer

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes

Let’s Assess

Question 1.
Assume you are given an object with a positive charge. Write down a suitable method to charge a metal sphere using this.

Object Charge to be gained Suitable charging method
Metal sphere Positive
Metal sphere Negative

Answer:

Object Charge to be gained Suitable charging method
Metal sphere Positive Charging by Conduction
Metal sphere Negative Charging by Induction

Question 2.
At petrol pumps, the nozzle used for filling petrol is earthed. Why?
Answer:
To prevent sparks and fire.

  • Reason: As petrol (a highly flammable liquid) flows quickly through the pipe and nozzle, friction can build up a significant amount of static electricity on both the nozzle and the vehicle.
  • If this static charge becomes large enough, it can discharge as a spark to the car’s body.
  • A spark in the presence of petrol fumes will cause a dangerous fire or explosion.
  • Earthing the nozzle provides a continuous path for any static charge to flow safely into the ground, neutralizing it and preventing any sparks from forming.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Question 3.
A plastic pen can be easily charged by rubbing it on hair. However, this is not possible when a steel spoon is used instead of this. What is the reason?
Answer:
The reason is the difference between insulators and conductors.

  • Plastic Pen: Plastic is an insulator). When you rub it, the static charge builds up on its surface and stays there because it cannot flow easily.
  • Steel Spoon: Steel is a conductor. Your hand and body are also conductors. When you rub the steel spoon, charges are indeed separated. However, they immediately flow through the spoon, through your hand and body, and safely into the Earth.
  • Because the charge cannot accumulate, the spoon remains neutral and doesn’t show any static electric effects.

Question 4.
If a positively charged metal object comes into contact with another negatively charged metal object of equal magnitude, determine the charge on both objects.
Answer:
The charge on both objects will be zero (0). They will become electrically neutral.

When the two objects touch, the excess electrons from the negatively charged object flow to the positively charged object, which has a corresponding deficit of electrons. Since the charges were of equal magnitude, this transfer perfectly balances the charges, resulting in no net charge on either object. This is called neutralization.

Question 5.
Poorly earthed lightning conductors are more harmful than beneficial. What is the reason?
Answer:
A lightning conductor is designed to attract a lightning strike by using induction at its sharp point. Its only job is to provide a safe, low-resistance path for the massive electrical charge to go directly into the Earth.

  • If it is “poorly earthed” (meaning the connection to the ground is broken, loose, or not deep enough), it will still attract the lightning strike.
  • However, the charge will not have a safe path to the ground. Instead, the lightning will find the next easiest path, which will be the building itself (through its metal pipes, wiring, or concrete).
  • This will cause a massive surge of electricity through the building, leading to major fires, explosions, and destruction. A poorly earthed rod essentially invites the lightning to strike the building and provides no protection.

Basic Science Class 8 Chapter 10 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Textbook Page No : 167 & 168

Question 1.
How might the teacher have resolved the children’s doubt (about anti-static gloves)?
Answer:
The teacher would explain that the anti-static gloves are used to avoid static electricity. They prevent the static charge that accumulates on a person (e.g., from clothes rubbing) from transferring to and damaging sensitive electronic components inside devices like mobile phones.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 1
Question 2.
Can you see the hairs being attracted to the balloon?
Answer:
Yes, the hairs are attracted to the balloon.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 2
Question 3.
What do you observe? (Plastic pen near paper before rubbing)
Answer:
There is no observable attraction.

Question 4.
What difference do you notice? (Plastic pen near paper after rubbing)
Answer:
The pen now attracts the piece of paper.

Question 5.
Is there any change for the water stream? (Plastic scale near water before rubbing)
Answer:
No, there is no change for the water stream

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 3
Question 6.
What do you observe? (Plastic scale near water after rubbing)
Answer:
The water stream is attracted to and deflected towards the rubbed plastic scale.

Question 7.
What can you infer from the activities done so far?
Answer:
Rubbed objects gain a charge and thus gain the ability to attract other objects.

Question 8.
Table 10.1 Completion (Attracts small pieces of paper / Doesn’t attract (X))
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 4
Answer:
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 5
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 6

Question 9.
Do all objects gain the ability to attract when rubbed?
Answer:
No. Only some pairs of objects gain this ability when rubbed against each other.

Textbook Page No : 169 & 170

Question 10.
What are the main particles in an atom?
Answer:
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

Question 11.
What are the main particles in the nucleus?
Answer:
Protons and Neutrons.

Question 12.
What is the charge of each of these particles?
Answer:
Protons: Positive charge (+).
Neutrons: No charge (Neutral).
Electrons: Negative charge (-).

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Question 13.
Electrons revolve around the nucleus. What is the charge of electrons?
Answer:
The charge of electrons is negative (-). Electrons are the subatomic particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom. They carry a fundamental unit of negative electric charge.

Question 14.
Table 10.2: Find the Charge
Answer:

No. of Protons No. of Electrons Charge (Positive/Negative/Neutral)
26 26 Neutral
26 24 Positive
17 16 Positive

Answer the questions given below based on the table
Question 15.
What is the reason for an atom to be electrically neutral?
Answer:
An atom is electrically neutral because it has an equal number of positive protons and negative electrons.

Question 16.
What is the charge obtained if the number of electrons in an atom is greater than the number of protons?
Answer:
The atom obtains a negative charge.

Question 17.
What is the charge obtained if the number of protons in an atom is greater than the number of electrons?
Answer:
The atom obtains a positive charge.

Question 18.
Table 10.3: Charging by Rubbing
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 7
Answer:
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 8

Textbook Page No : 171 & 172

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 9
Question 19.
What charge do balloons gain when rubbed with wool?
Positive / Negative
Answer:
Negative charge (Rubber gains electrons from wool).

Question 20.
What charge does the wool gain after rubbing?
Positive / Negative
Answer:
Positive. (Wool loses electrons to the balloons).

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Question 21.
Is attraction or repulsion the most suitable indication to confirm the charge of an object?
Answer:
Repulsion

Question 22.
If two objects attract each other, can it be confirmed that both are charged? What if they repel?
Answer:
If they attract, it cannot be confirmed that both are charged (since a charged object attracts a neutral object). If they repel, it can be confirmed that both are charged with the same type of charge

Question 23.
Can static electricity light up a bulb?
Answer:
No. Static electricity means the charge “remains in the same place.” A light bulb needs a continuous flow of charge (electric current) to light up. A static discharge (like a small spark) is a very brief flow and is not enough to light a standard bulb.

Textbook Page No : 171
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 10
Question 24.
Complete the observation table: Answer:
Answer:

After touching the glass rod Observations (Attraction / Repulsion)
Between the pith balls Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 11 Repulsion (Both balls gain the same charge).
Between the pith balls and glass rod Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 12 Repulsion (Both have the same charge).

Question 25.
What charge does a glass rod acquire when rubbed with a silk cloth?
Answer:
Positive charge.

Question 26.
What is the charge of the pith balls (after touching the glass rod)?
Answer:
Positive charge (They repel the positively charged rod). Yes, the pith balls were charged by contact (conduction).

Textbook Page No : 174

Question 27.
The method of charging a metal sphere using a negatively charged glass rod is shown in the picture. Observe the picture and write down the different steps.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 13
Answer:

Step Action Short Result
1. Induction Bring the negatively charged rod near the neutral sphere. Positive charge is attracted to the near side, negative charge is repelled to the far side.
2. Earthing Touch the far side of the sphere to the ground while the rod is still near. Repelled negative charge flows into the Earth.
3. Remove Earthing Remove the ground connection first. The positive charge is trapped on the sphere.
4. Remove Rod Remove the charged rod. The trapped positive charge spreads evenly, leaving the sphere permanently positively charged.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Question 28.
What is the charge of the paint droplets?
Answer:
Negative (-)

Question 29.
What is the charge of the part to be painted?
Answer:
Positive

Question 30.
Why do paint droplets stick to the charged surface?
Answer:
Unlike charges attract each other.

Textbook Page No : 175 & 176

Photocopier (Fig 10.14):
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 14
Question 31.
What is the charge given to the toner particles here?
Answer:
Negative (-).

Question 32.
What causes the toner particles to stick to the drum as it rotates?
Answer:
The negative toner is attracted to the positive areas on the drum (where the image is).

Question 33.
What is the charge given to the paper?
Answer:
Negative

Question 34.
What is the charge of the paint droplets?
Answer:
Positive (+) (A stronger positive charge than the drum).

Question 35.
Why do the toner particles stick to the paper?
Answer:
The negative toner is more strongly attracted to the positively charged paper and transfers from the drum to the paper.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Question 36.
Image 10.16 (Person touching a doorknob): Discuss the reasons for small sparks.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 15
Answer:
Friction (e.g., from walking) causes a static charge to accumulate on the person’s body. When the person touches the metallic doorknob (grounded conductor), the stored charge discharges rapidly, creating a spark as it flows to the Earth.

Question 37.
Damage to Electronic Components (Fig. 10.17)
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 16
Answer:
Yes, the rapid flow of high voltage from the human body (Electrostatic Discharge or ESD) can damage or destroy the delicate, small-scale electronic components in the circuit.

Question 38.
Charged Pen/Scale Touched to the Ground
Answer:
It will no longer attract pieces of paper. The object becomes neutralized because the Earth, being an “electron bank,” transfers electrons to or from the object.

Question 39.
Neutralization by Earthing (Fig. 10.19 a & 10.19b)
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 17
Answer:

  • Negatively Charged Object (Excess Electrons): The excess electrons flow from the object to the Earth (down arrow).
  • Positively Charged Object (Deficient Electrons): Electrons flow from the Earth to the object (up arrow).

Textbook Page No : 177 & 178

Child on Slide (Fig 10.20):
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 18
Question 40.
How did the charge accumulate in the hair?
Answer:
Through friction between the child’s body/hair and the plastic slide.

Question 41.
Can you suggest a method to neutralise the charge?
Answer:
Earthing. The child can touch the ground, or a metal part of the slide structure that is connected to the ground.

Question 42.
Write about the earthing mechanism in dangerous situations.
Answer:
In situations where static electricity is dangerous (e.g., handling sensitive electronics), earthing is used to neutralize accumulated charge. The Earth acts as an “electron bank” and allows any excess charge on the object/person to flow safely to the ground. This prevents a sudden, damaging Electrostatic Discharge (ESD).

Question 43.
What will happen if a negatively charged rod is placed near a metal sphere?
Answer:
A redistribution of charges takes place in the metal sphere, a process called electrostatic induction.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Textbook Page No : 179 & 180

Question 44.
The metal sphere is earthed. Now, remove the earthing and then the charged rod. Won’t the metal sphere acquire a permanent charge?
Answer:
Yes, the sphere will acquire a permanent positive charge. This is achieved by:

  1. Earthing while the rod is nearby: Repelled electrons flow from the sphere into the Earth.
  2. Removing the earthing (trapping the positive charge).
  3. Removing the rod (allowing the positive charge to spread).

Question 45.
Write down the parts of an electroscope.
Answer:

  • Metal sphere
  • Glass jar
  • Metallic conductor (Rod)
  • Golden leaves (or Aluminum foil leaves)

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 19
Question 46.
What do you observe? What is the reason?
Answer:
The aluminum foil leaves will diverge (move apart).
Reason: The charged rod induces the same type of charge onto both leaves through induction. Since like charges repel, the leaves push each other apart.

Question 47.
Bring a neutral object nearby. Do the leaves diverge now?
Answer:
No, neutral objects cause no movement in the leaves.

Question 48.
When plate A is positively charged, observe the induction of charges in B. What if plate B is earthed?
Answer:

  • Induction on B: Plate A’s positive charge attracts negative charges to the near side of B and repels positive charges to the far side of B.
  • Plate B Earthed: Electrons flow up from the Earth to neutralize the repelled positive charges on plate B, trapping the net negative charge on the near side.

Question 49.
Draw the distribution of charges (Fig. 10.28).
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 20
Answer:

  1. Plate A: Positively charged (+).
  2. Plate B: Negatively charged (-).

Textbook Page No : 181 & 182

Question 50.
How are charges distributed on a metal surface?
Answer:

  1. In electrical conductors, the charge is distributed only on the surface.
  2. The amount of charge will be very high at the sharp edges (or points) of the conductor.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 21
Question 51.
How does the cloud get charged?
Answer:
Various air currents cause friction (rubbing) between ice crystals and water droplets, leading to the accumulation of electric charges in the clouds.

Question 52.
What types of charges are accumulated in clouds?
Answer:
Both positive and negative charges.

Question 53.
Why are the objects on Earth oppositely charged?
Answer:
Due to electrostatic induction. The highly charged cloud induces an opposite charge on objects directly below it on the Earth’s surface.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Question 54.
What all can we do to protect ourselves from lightning?
Answer:

  • Do not seek shelter under tall or isolated trees.
  • Do not attempt to operate electrical appliances.
  • Stay inside a fully enclosed building or a car.

Question 55.
Why is a positive charge induced at the sharp points of the lightning conductor when clouds are negative?
Answer:
Reason: The high concentration of charge at sharp points and the principle of induction cause the opposite charge (positive) to be strongly induced and discharged into the atmosphere.

Question 56.
What if the clouds have a positive charge?
Answer:
A negative charge will be induced at the sharp points of the lightning con¬ductor, following the rule that opposite charges are induced.

Question 57.
First Aid if a Person is Struck by Lightning
Answer:

  • Lay the person flat in a well-ventilated area.
  • Massage the entire body to warm it up (to help with circulation).
  • Provide artificial respiration
  • Apply intermittent pressure on the chest (CPR) if you are trained.
  • Call for emergency medical help immediately.

Class 8 Basic Science Chapter 10 Question Answer Extended Activities

Question 1.
Seat a child on a plastic chair in such a way that both their feet do not touch the ground. Charge the chair using a woolen cloth. Let the child hold one terminal of a Neon bulb, and make another person touch the other terminal. What do you observe? Write down the observations.
Answer:
Setup: A child sits on a plastic chair (insulator) with feet off the ground (isolated from Earth). You charge the plastic chair by rubbing it with wool. This charges the child’s body by induction. (For example, if the chair becomes negative, it will repel electrons in the child’s body to their hands/head).

Observation: When the child holds one terminal of the neon bulb and another person (who is earthed/standing on the ground) touches the other terminal, the neon bulb will flash briefly.

Reason: The child has a high static charge (potential). The other person is at Earth’s potential (zero). The neon bulb creates a path for the static charge to discharge from the child, through the bulb, to the other person, and into the Earth. This tiny, quick flow of current is enough to make the neon gas inside the bulb light up for a moment.

Question 2.
Prepare and present a seminar on Van de Graff generator.
Answer:
Van de Graaff Generator

A Van de Graaff generator is a machine designed to build up an extremely high static electric charge on a large metal sphere. It works by using a moving belt to physically carry charges from a source at the bottom and deposit them onto the sphere at the top. It is famously used in science demonstrations to make a person’s hair stand on end when they touch it (for the same reason the balloon makes hair stand up, just on a much larger scale!).

Static Electricity Class 8 Notes

Class 8 Basic Science Static Electricity Notes Kerala Syllabus

Static Electricity (സ്ഥിത വൈദ്യുതി)
When you rub a balloon on dry hair, your hair is attracted to the balloon. Similarly, a plastic pen rubbed on hair can attract small pieces of paper. This ability of objects to attract after being rubbed is due to electric charge.

Static electricity is the result of an imbalance of electric charges on the surface of an object.

“If electric charge remains in the same place without being able to flow, such electricity is called static electricity.”
Example: Rubbing a balloon on dry hair causes the hair to be attracted to the balloon.
ഒരു വസ്തുവിൽ ഉണ്ടാകുന്ന വൈദ്യുത ചാർജു കൾ ഒരിടത്ത് തന്നെ തങ്ങിനിൽക്കുന്നതിനെയാണ് സ്ഥിത ർജുകൾക്ക് ആകർഷിക്കാനുള്ള കഴിവുണ്ട്. ഉദാ ഹരണത്തിന്, ഒരു പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് പേന മുടിയിൽ ഉര സി ചെറിയ കടലാസ് കഷണങ്ങൾക്ക് അടുത്തേ ക്ക് കൊണ്ടുവരുമ്പോൾ അവ ആകർഷിക്കപ്പെടു ന്നു. ഇത് സ്ഥിത വൈദ്യുതി മൂലമാണ്.

The Atom (ആറ്റം)
All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. The charges we observe come from the particles inside the atom.

An atom has two main parts:
1. Nucleus (the center): Contains:
Protons (have a positive charge ‘+’)
Neutrons (have no charge / are neutral)

2. Orbits (the paths around the nucleus): Contain:
Electrons (have a negative charge ‘-‘)
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 22
An object gets charged by the transfer of electrons. Protons do not move.
എല്ലാ പദാർത്ഥങ്ങളും ആറ്റങ്ങൾ എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്ന അതിസൂക്ഷ്മ കണങ്ങളാൽ നിർമ്മിതമാണ്. ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ കേന്ദ്രഭാഗമാണ് ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്. ഇതിൽ പോസിറ്റീവ് ചാർജുള്ള പ്രോട്ടോണുകളും (‘+’) ചാർജില്ലാത്ത ന്യൂട്രോണുകളും അടങ്ങിയിരിക്കു ന്നു. ന്യൂക്ലിയസിന് ചുറ്റുമുള്ള പാതകളിൽ നെഗ റ്റീവ് ചാർജുള്ള ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ (‘-‘) കറങ്ങി ക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.

  • Loses electrons (e-) → Positively charged
    (ഇലക്ട്രോൺ നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടാൽ പോസിറ്റീവ് ചാർജ്).
  • Gains electrons (e-) → Negatively charged
    (ഇലക്ട്രോൺ നേടിയാൽ നെഗറ്റീവ് ചാർജ്).

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Electric Charge

  • Electrically Neutral Object: Contains an equal number of protons and electrons (net charge is zero).
  • Positively Charged Object: Has a deficiency of electrons (more protons than electrons).
  • Negatively Charged Object: Has an excess of electrons (more electrons than protons).

Characteristics of Electric Charges
1. Like Charges Repel: Objects carrying the same type of charge (e.g., two positive charges or two negative charges) will push each other away.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 23
when two balloons are rubbed with the same piece of wool, they both gain the same type of charge (negative charge, as rubber gains electrons from wool). When brought near each other, they move apart.
സജാതീയ ചാർജുകൾ (Like Charges): ഒരേത രം ചാർജുകൾ (പോസിറ്റീവും പോസിറ്റീവും, അ ല്ലെങ്കിൽ നെഗറ്റീവും നെഗറ്റീവും) പരസ്പരം വികർ ഷിക്കുന്നു. (ഉദാ: കമ്പിളിയിൽ ഉരസിയ രണ്ട് ബല ണുകൾ പരസ്പരം അകന്നുപോകുന്നു).

2. Unlike Charges Attract: Objects carrying opposite charges (one positive and one negative) will pull each other closer.
The wool (which lost electrons) is now positively charged. The balloon (which gained electrons) is negatively charged. When the wool is brought near the balloon, the balloon is attracted to it.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 24
സജാതീയ ചാർജുകൾ (Like Charges): ഒരേത രം ചാർജുകൾ (പോസിറ്റീവും പോസിറ്റീവും, അ ല്ലെങ്കിൽ നെഗറ്റീവും നെഗറ്റീവും) പരസ്പരം വികർ ഷിക്കുന്നു. (ഉദാ: കമ്പിളിയിൽ ഉരസിയ രണ്ട് ബല ണുകൾ പരസ്പരം അകന്നുപോകുന്നു).

3. Charged Objects Attract Neutral Objects: A charged object can induce temporary charge separation in a neutral object, resulting in a net attractive force.

A charged object (like the acrylic sheet) can also attract a neutral, uncharged object (like the thermocol balls).
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 25
ചാർജുള്ള ഒരു വസ്തുവിന് ചാർജില്ലാത്ത (netural) വസ്തുക്കളെയും ആകർഷിക്കാൻ കഴിയും.

A charged object can attract a neutral object. Therefore, repulsion is the sure test to confirm if an object is charged.
ആകർഷണം (attraction) ചാർജുള്ള വസ്തു വും ചാർജില്ലാത്ത വസ്തുവും തമ്മിലും നടക്കാം. എന്നാൽ വികർഷണം (repulsion) ഒരേതരം ചാർജുള്ള വസ്തുക്കൾ തമ്മിൽ മാത്രമേ നടക്കൂ. അതിനാൽ, ചാർജ് ഉണ്ടോ എന്ന് ഉറപ്പിക്കാനുള്ള മാർഗ്ഗം വികർഷണമാണ്.

Methods of Charging (ചാർജ് ചെയ്യുന്ന രീതികൾ)

  1. Charging by Friction (ഘർഷണം): Charging by rubbing two objects together (e.g., glass rod and silk).
  2. Charging by Conduction (ചാലകം വഴിയുള്ള ചാർജിംഗ്)
    • “Charging by conduction is the method of charging an object by direct physical contact with a charged object.”
    • The object gets the SAME charge. (തൊടുമ്പോൾ, അതേ ചാർജ് ലഭിക്കുന്നു.)
  3. Charging by Induction (പ്രവേശനം):
    • “Charging by induction is the method of charging an object without direct physical contact of a charged object.”
    • The object gets the OPPOSITE charge. (തൊടാതെ അടുത്ത് കൊണ്ടുവരുമ്പോൾ, വിപ രീത ചാർജ് ലഭിക്കുന്നു).

Applications of Static Electricity (സ്ഥിത വൈദ്യുതിയുടെ ഉപയോഗങ്ങൾ)

We can use the properties of static electricity (like charges repel, unlike charges attract) in useful ways.
A. Electrostatic Spray Painting
This method is used in workshops to paint vehicles efficiently.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 26
□ Process:

  1. The nozzle of the spray gun gives the tiny paint droplets a negative charge (-).
  2. The car body (or object to be painted) is given the opposite positive charge (+).

□ Result: Because unlike charges attract, the negative paint droplets are strongly attracted to the positive car body. This method reduces paint waste and ensures the paint covers the surface evenly, even “wrapping around” edges.
‘വിപരീത ചാർജുകൾ ആകർഷിക്കും’ (Unlike charges attract) എന്ന തത്വം ഇവിടെ ഉപ യോഗിക്കുന്നു. പെയിന്റ് കണങ്ങൾക്ക് നെഗറ്റീവ് ചാർജും കാറിന് പോസിറ്റീവ് ചാർജും നൽകുന്നു. ഇത് പെയിന്റ് പാഴാകാതെ കാറിൽ കൃത്യമായി പ റ്റിപ്പിടിക്കാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു.

B. Photocopier Machine
Photocopiers also use static electricity to create a copy.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 14
□ Process:

  1. A special drum inside is given a positive charge (+) in the exact shape of the letters or images on the original paper.
  2. The toner (a fine black powder) is given a negative charge (-).
  3. The negative toner is attracted to the positive areas of the drum.
  4. A sheet of paper is then given a stronger positive charge (+) than the drum.
  5. The negative toner is pulled from the drum onto the paper because of this stronger attraction.
  6. Finally, the paper is heated to melt the toner and make the copy permanent.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Situations where static electricity is harmful (സ്ഥിത വൈദ്യുതി ദോ ഷകരമാകുമ്പോൾ)

While useful, a sudden discharge of static electricity can be a problem.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 15
Electric Shock : When you walk on a carpet or slide across a car seat, friction can build up a large static charge on your body. When you touch a metal doorknob or the car door, this charge suddenly discharges as a spark, giving you a small, sharp shock.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 27
Damaging Electronics : This same sudden discharge (spark) is very dangerous for sensitive electronic components, like those inside a mobile phone or computer. A person with a static charge on their hand can permanently damage a circuit board just by touching it. This is why technicians wear antistatic gloves.
ഘർഷണം മൂലം നമ്മുടെ ശരീരത്തിൽ സ്ഥിത വൈദ്യുതിയുടെ ചാർജ് അടിഞ്ഞുകൂടാം. ഇത് ഒരു ലോഹ വസ്തുവിൽ തൊടുമ്പോൾ ഒരു ‘സ്പാ ർക്ക്’ ആയി ഡിസ്ചാർജ് ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നു (ഇതാണ് നമുക്ക് ചെറിയ ഷോക്ക് അടിക്കുന്നത്. ഈ ഡി സാർജ് ഇലക്ട്രോണിക് ഉപകരണങ്ങളിലേക്കാ ണെങ്കിൽ, അത് ആ ഉപകരണത്തെ നശിപ്പിക്കാൻ സാധ്യതയുണ്ട്.

Earthing (എർത്തിംഗ്) grounding
Earthing is the process of connecting a charged object to the Earth to neutralize it.

“The Earth is an electron bank. Due to its size and conductivity, the Earth can donate and receive electrons. Therefore, charged objects are neutralised when earthed.”

How it works:

  • A positively charged object pulls electrons (e-) from the Earth.
  • A negatively charged object pushes excess electrons (e-) to the Earth.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 28

  • Petrol pump nozzles are earthed to prevent sparks (from friction) that could cause a fire.

ചാർജുള്ള ഒരു വസ്തുവിനെ ഭൂമിയുമായി ബന്ധി പ്പിച്ച് അതിനെ നിർവീര്യമാക്കുന്ന (neturalize) പ്രക്രിയയാണ് എർത്തിംഗ്.

പോസിറ്റീവ് ചാർജുള്ള വസ്തുവിനെ എർത്ത് ചെ യുമ്പോൾ, ഭൂമിയിൽ നിന്ന് ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ ആ വസ്തുവിലേക്ക് പ്രവഹിച്ച് അതിനെ നിർവീര്യമാ ക്കുന്നു.

നെഗറ്റീവ് ചാർജുള്ള വസ്തുവിനെ എർത്ത് ചെ യുമ്പോൾ, ആ വസ്തുവിൽനിന്നും അധികമുള്ള ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ ഭൂമിയിലേക്ക് പ്രവഹിക്കുന്നു.

Charging by Induction (പ്രവേശനം വഴിയുള്ള ചാർജിംഗ്)
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 29
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 30
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 31
Process (Figs 10.22, 10.23, 10.24):

  1. Step 1 : A negatively charged rod is brought near (not touching) a neutral metal sphere.
  2. Step 2 : (Electrostatic Induction): The negative rod repels the free electrons (-) in the sphere, causing them to move to the far side. The side of the sphere near the rod becomes positive (+) due to a lack of electrons. This separation is called redistribution of charges.
  3. Step 3: While the rod is still held nearby, the sphere is earthed. The repelled electrons get an escape path and flow from the sphere into the Earth.
  4. Step 4: The earthing is removed first. The sphere is now left with an overall positive charge, which is still held near the rod.
  5. Step 5: The rod is removed. The positive charges (which were crowded near the rod) now spread out evenly over the surface of the sphere.
    • The sphere has become permanently positively charged. Notice that the charge it gained is opposite to the charge of the rod used (negative rod → positive sphere).

പ്രേരണ മുഖേനയുള്ള ചാർജിംങ് : ചാർജുള്ള ഒരു വസ്തുവിനെ (rod) മറ്റൊരു വസ്തുവിന്റെ (sphere) അടുത്തേക്ക് (തൊടാതെ) കൊണ്ടുവന്ന് ചാർജ് ചെയ്യുന്ന രീതിയാണിത്.

  1. നെഗറ്റീവ് ദണ്ഡ് അടുത്ത് വരുമ്പോൾ, ഗോള ത്തിലെ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ വികർഷിച്ച് ദൂരേക്ക്മാറുന്നു.
  2. ഈ സമയത്ത് ഗോളത്തെ എർത്ത് ചെയ്യു മ്പോൾ, ഈ ഇലക്ട്രോണുകൾ ഭൂമിയിലേക്ക് ഒഴുകിപ്പോകുന്നു.
  3. ആദ്യം എർത്തിംഗ് മാറ്റുക. അതിനുശേഷം ദണ്ഡ് മാറ്റുക.
  4. ഇപ്പോൾ ഗോളത്തിന് സ്ഥിരമായ പോസിറ്റീവ് ചാർജ് (ഇലക്ട്രോണുകളുടെ കുറവ് ലഭിക്കു ന്നു. ഇൻഡക്ഷൻ വഴി ലഭിക്കുന്ന ചാർജ്, ഉപ യോഗിച്ച ദണ്ഡിന്റെ ചാർജിന് വിപരീതമായി രിക്കും.

Electroscope
An electroscope is a scientific instrument used to detect the presence of electric charge on an object.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 32
Parts (Fig 10.25): It consist’s of a metal sphere (or disc) on top, a metal rod, and two very thin, lightweight “leaves” (often gold or aluminium foil) at the bottom, all enclosed in a glass jar to protect from air currents.

How it Works (Working Principle):

  1. Bring a charged object (e.g., a positively charged rod) near the top metal sphere.
  2. By induction, electrons (-) from the leaves and rod are attracted upwards towards the positive rod.
  3. This leaves both the leaves at the bottom with a deficit of electrons, so both leaves become positively charged.
  4. Since like charges repel, the two positive leaves move apart, or “diverge”.
  5. If you bring a neutral object near the electroscope, nothing happens because it does not cause the charges to separate.

ഒരു വസ്തുവിന് ചാർജുണ്ടോ എന്ന് കണ്ടെത്താനു ള്ള ഉപകരണമാണ് ഇലക്ട്രോസ്കോപ്പ്. ചാർജുള്ള ഒരു വസ്തു ഇതിന്റെ മുകളിലെ ലോഹഗോളത്തിന ടുത്ത് കൊണ്ടുവരുമ്പോൾ, ഇൻഡക്ഷൻ മൂലം താഴെയുള്ള നേർത്ത ഇലകൾക്ക് (leaves) ഒരേത രം ചാർജ് ലഭിക്കുന്നു. സജാതീയ ചാർജുകൾ വികർഷിക്കുന്നതിനാൽ (like charges repel), ഈ ഇലകൾ പരസ്പരം അകലുന്നു (diverge).

Capacitor
A capacitor is a device used for storing electric charge.
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 33
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 34
How it Works (Fig 10.27, 10.28): A simple capacitor consists of two metal plates placed very close together, separated by an insulator.

  • When one plate (A) is given a charge (e.g., positive), it induces an opposite charge (negative) on the near side of the second plate (B).
  • If plate B is earthed, the repelled positive charges flow to the Earth, “locking” the negative charges on plate B. This allows even more positive charge to be stored on plate A.
    • Capacitance: The ability of a capacitor to store charge is called capacitance. Its SI unit is the Farad (F).
    • Dielectric: The insulating material between the plates (like paper, air, or polyester) is called a dielectric. It helps to increase the capacitance.

വൈദ്യുത ചാർജ് സംഭരിച്ചുവെക്കാൻ (store eletcric charge) ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന ഒരു ഉപകരണമാ ണ് കപ്പാസിറ്റർ. ഇതിന്റെ ചാർജ് സംഭരിക്കാനുള്ള കഴിവിനെ കപ്പാസിറ്റൻസ് എന്ന് പറയുന്നു. ഇതി ന്റെ യൂണിറ്റ് ഫാരഡ് (F) ആണ്. ഫാനുകളിലും മോട്ടോറുകളിലും മറ്റ് ഇലക്ട്രോണിക് ഉപകരണങ്ങ ളിലും ഇത് വ്യാപകമായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus

Distribution of Electric Charges ((ചാർജുകളുടെ വിതരണം))
Where do charges stay on a conductor?

  1. On the Surface: In electrical conductors, charge is always distributed only on the outer surface.
  2. At Sharp Edges: The amount of charge (charge density) will be much higher at the sharp edges or pointed parts of a conductor.

ഒരു ചാലകത്തിന് (conductor) ചാർജ് നൽകു മ്പോൾ, ആ ചാർജ് അതിന്റെ പ്രതലത്തിൽ (surface) മാത്രമാണ് വിതരണം ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നത്. ചാ ലകത്തിന്റെ കൂർത്ത അഗ്രങ്ങളിൽ (sharp edges) ചാർജിന്റെ അളവ് വളരെ കൂടുതലായിരിക്കും. (ഇടിമിന്നൽ രക്ഷാചാലകം അഥവാ lightning conductor പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നത് ഈ തത്വമനുസരി ച്ചാണ്).

Lightning and Lightning Conductor (ഇടിമിന്നലും രക്ഷാചാലകവും)
Lightning
Lightning is a massive-scale natural example of static electricity and electrostatic discharge.
How does lightning occur?
Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 21

1. Charging the Clouds: Cloud friction generates massive static charge (+ & -).
2. Induction on Earth: Charged cloud induces opposite charge on the Earth’s surface.
3. Electric Discharge: WExcessive charge discharges through the air to the Earth as a giant spark (lightning).
1. മേഘങ്ങളിൽ ഘർഷണം (friction) മൂലം വൻതോതിൽ വൈദ്യുത ചാർജ് (പോസിറ്റീവും നെഗറ്റീവും) ഉണ്ടാകുന്നു.
2. ചാർജ് ചെയ്ത മേഘം, ഇൻഡക്ഷൻ (induction) വഴി ഭൂമിയുടെ ഉപരിതലത്തിൽ വിപരീത ചാർജ് (opposite charge) ഉണ്ടാക്കുന്നു.
3. ചാർജിന്റെ അളവ് വളരെ കൂടുമ്പോൾ, അത് വാ യുവിലൂടെ ഭൂമിയിലേക്ക് ഒരു ഭീമൻ സ്പാർക്കാ യി ഡിസാർജ് ചെയ്യുന്നു. ഇതാണ് ഇടിമിന്നൽ.
□ Charge Distribution: On a conductor, charge stays on the surface and is most concentrated at sharp points. (കുർത്ത അഗ്രങ്ങളിൽ ചാർജ് കേന്ദ്രീകരിക്കുന്നു).

Lightning Conductor (Arrester)
A metal rod installed on the top of tall buildings and connected by a thick wire to a metal plate deep in the ground.

  • Function: It provides a safe, low-resistance path for the lightning strike’s current to flow directly into the Earth, protecting the structure from damage.
  • Note: The charge naturally concentrates and discharges from the sharp points of the conductor, neutralizing the cloud’s charge gradually. A poorly earthed conductor is dangerous as it cannot safely handle the massive current.

Lightning Arrester vs. Lightning Conductor

  • Lightning Conductor (രക്ഷാചാലകം) protects the building structure from a direct hit.
  • Lightning Arrester is a different device used to protect the electrical system (like transformers at a KSEB substation, Fig 10.35) from sudden high-voltage surges caused by lightning.

Static Electricity Class 8 Questions and Answers Notes Basic Science Chapter 10 Kerala Syllabus 35

Personal Safety Measures During Lightning

  • Do not stand under tall, isolated trees.
  • Do not touch electrical appliances or metallic objects.
  • The safest places are inside a fully enclosed building or a car (the metal body acts as a Faraday cage).

First Aid for Lightning Strike

  • If a person is struck, follow these steps:
  • Lay the person flat in a Well-ventilated area.
  • Massage the entire body to warm it up.
  • Provide artificial respiration.
  • Apply intermittent pressure on the chest.

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf English Medium Malayalam Medium

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf Download English Medium and Malayalam Medium of SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions Notes Pdf, Class 6 Social Science Notes Kerala Syllabus, 6 Standard Social Science Question Answer are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here we have given 6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf in English Medium of State Syllabus Class 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Part 1 and Part 2.

SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions

SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions

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6th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf in English Medium Part 1

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SCERT Class 6 Social Science Solutions (Extra Questions)

  1. Early Humans and Civilizations Class 6 Important Questions
  2. Early States Class 6 Important Questions
  3. State and Government Class 6 Important Questions
  4. From the Globe to the Map Class 6 Important Questions
  5. Culture and Cultural Diversities Class 6 Important Questions
  6. From Agriculture to Industry Class 6 Important Questions
  7. Through the Continents Class 6 Important Questions
  8. Towards South Indian History Class 6 Important Questions
  9. An Introduction to Constitution Class 6 Important Questions
  10. Through the Oceans Class 6 Important Questions
  11. Let’s Save for the Future Class 6 Important Questions
  12. Japan: History and the Present Class 6 Important Questions

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Social Science Question Paper English Medium

Std 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium Download

Std 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium

Std 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium Download Part 1

SCERT Class 6 Social Science Notes Pdf Malayalam Medium Part 2

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Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Textbook Solutions Notes Question Answers Pdf

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Textbook Solutions Notes Question Answers Pdf Download English Medium of SCERT Class 6 English Solutions, 6th Standard English Activities are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here we have given SCERT 6th Class English Textbook Solutions of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Notes Pdf Part 1 and Part 2.

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SCERT Class 6 English Solutions

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6th Standard English Unit 2 Question Answer Towards New Horizons

6th Standard English Unit 3 Question Answer Embracing Differences

SCERT 6th Class English Textbook Solutions Part 2

6th Standard English Unit 4 Question Answer For Half the Sky

6th Standard English Unit 5 Question Answer Hearth and Home

Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard English Summary

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SCERT 6th Class English Textbook Solutions (Old Syllabus)

Unit 1 Rain of Love

Unit 2 Still We Rise

Unit 3 Glimpses of Nature

Class 6 English Notes Kerala Syllabus Part 2

6th Standard English Unit 4 Question Answer Work is Worship

6th Standard English Unit 5 Question Answer Helping Hands

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Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Textbook Solutions Answers Notes Pdf

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created SCERT Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Textbook Solutions Answers Notes Pdf Download, Std 6 Hindi Textbook Solutions, Class 6 Hindi Notes Kerala Syllabus Chapters Summary in Malayalam are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here we have given SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions of 6th Standard Hindi Question Answer Kerala Syllabus Part 1 and Part 2.

SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions

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Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Notes Pdf इकाई 1

Class 6 Hindi Notes Kerala Syllabus इकाई 2

Std 6 Hindi Textbook Solutions इकाई 3

6th Std Hindi Notes इकाई 4

  • Chapter 1 मिले सबको (कविता) – Mile Sabko Hindi Poem Question Answer
  • Chapter 2 इच्छू और बिनिया – Ichuu Aur Biniya Question Answer

SCERT Class 6 Hindi Solutions इकाई 5

  • Chapter 1 मुन्नू की स्वतंत्रता – Munnu Ki Swatantrata Question Answer
  • Chapter 2 उल्टा-पुल्टा (कविता) – Ulta Pulta Hindi Poem Question Answer

∗∗ Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Hindi Grammar

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इकाई 1

इकाई 2

इकाई 3

इकाई 4

इकाई 5

Class 6 Hindi Previous Year Question Paper Kerala Syllabus

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Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Maths Textbook Solutions Notes Pdf English & Malayalam Medium

Expert Teachers at HSSLive.Guru has created Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Maths Textbook Solutions Notes Pdf Download English & Malayalam Medium of SCERT Class 6 Maths Solutions are part of Kerala Syllabus 6th Standard Textbooks Solutions. Here HSSLive.Guru has given SCERT 6th Class Maths Textbook Solutions of Class 6 Maths Solutions Kerala Syllabus Part 1 and Part 2.

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A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Students often refer to Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Textbook Answers and A Long Walk with Granny in Malayalam & English before discussing the text in class.

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Summary

A Long Walk with Granny Summary in English

Granny could hear the distant roar of the river and smell the pine needles, and feel the presence of her grandson, Mani. She couldn’t see the river or the trees. She could only make out Mani’s fuzzy hair, and sometimes, his blackberry eyes and the gleam of his teeth when he smiled.
A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 1
Granny wore a pair of old glasses. She’d been wearing them for well over ten years.
Her eyes had grown steadily weaker, and the glasses were now scratched and spotted. So, there was very little she could see through them. Mani and his father felt that it was high time Granny had her eyes tested and got herself new glasses.

“Well, you know we can’t get them in the village,” said Granny.
Mani said, “You’ll have to go to the eye hospital in Mussoorie. That’s the nearest town.”
“But that’s a two-day journey,” protested Granny.

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Granny was looking for excuses. She did not want to be parted from Mani. He was eleven and quite capable of looking after himself. But Granny had brought him up ever since his mother had died when he was only a year old. She was his Nani (maternal grandmother), and had cared for boy and father, and the cows and hens in the household, with great energy and devotion.

“I can manage quite well,” she said.
“Now listen,” said Mani’s father sternly. “We’re not sending you off on your own, I’ll take you to Mussoorie.”

“And leave Mani here by himself ? How could you even think of doing that?”
“Then I’ll take you to Mussoorie,” said Mani eagerly. “I’ve been to Mussoorie before, with my school friends. I know where we can stay. But . . .” He paused a moment and looked doubtfully from his father to his grandmother. “You wouldn’t be able to walk all the way to Nain, would you, Granny?”

“Of course I can walk,” said Granny. “I may be going blind, but there’s nothing wrong with my legs!”
“But you’re seventy, Granny.”

“What has that got to do with it? And besides, it’s downhill to Nain.” ‘And uphill coming back.” “Uphill is easier!”said Granny.

Now that she knew Mani might be accompanying her, she was more than ready to make the journey. “While we’re in Mussoorie, we’ll get some seeds and bulbs. And a new bell for the white cow. And a pullover for your father. And shoes for you.”

“Now just a minute,” said Mani’s father. “Are you going there to have your eyes tested or are you going on a shopping trip? I’ve got only a hundred rupees to spare. You’ll have to manage with that.”

“We’ll manage,’ said Mani. ‘We’ll sleep at the bus shelter.”
“No, we won’t,” said Granny. “I’ve got fifty rupees of my own. We’ll stay at a hotel!”
Early next morning, in a light drizzle, Granny and Mani set out on the path to Nain.

Mani carried a small bedding-roll on his shoulders; Granny carried a large cloth shopping bag and an umbrella. “Whenever you feel tired, we’ll take rest,” said Mani.

“We’ve only just started out,” said Granny. “We’ll rest when you’re hungry!”
They walked at a steady pace, without talking too much. A flock of parrots whirled overhead, flashes of red and green against the sombre sky. There were no other sounds, except for the hiss and gentle patter of the rain.

Mani stopped to pick wild blackberries from a bush. Granny wasn’t fond of berries and did not slacken her pace. Mani had to run to catch up with her. Soon his lips were purple with the juice from the berries.

The rain stopped and the sun came out. Below them, the light green of the fields stood out against the dark green of the forests, and the hills were bathed in golden sunshine. Mani ran ahead.

“Can you see all right, Granny?” he called.
“I can see the path and I can see your white shirt. That’s enough for just now.”
Granny and Mani ate their light meal on the roadside, in the shade of a whispering pine, and drank from a spring. By late afternoon they were directly above Nain.

“We’re almost there,” said Mani. “I can see the temple near Uncle’s house.”
“I can’t see a thing,” said Granny.
“That’s because of the mist. There’s a thick mist coming up the valley.”
It began raining heavily as they entered the small market town on the banks of the river. Granny’s umbrella was leaking badly. But they were soon drying themselves in Uncle’s house, and drinking glasses of hot, sweet milky tea.

Mani got up early the next morning and ran down the narrow street to bathe in the river. As Mani dressed, he heard the blare of a bus horn. There was only one bus to Mussoorie. He scampered up the slope, wondering if they’d miss it. But Granny was waiting for him at the bus stop. She had already bought their tickets. The bus was old and rickety, and rattled so much that the passengers could barely hear themselves speaking.

The driver drove at some speed, and whenever he went round a bend, everyone in the bus was thrown about. In spite of all the noise and confusion, Granny fell asleep, her head resting against Mani’s shoulder.

Suddenly, the bus came to a grinding halt. People were thrown forward in their seats. “What’s happening?” Granny asked. “Have we arrived?”
“No, something is blocking the road,” said Mani.
“It’s a landslide!” exclaimed someone, and all the passengers put their heads out of the windows to take a look.

It was a big landslide. Earth, trees and bushes had given way and come crashing down, completely blocking the road. Nor was it over yet. Debris* was still falling. Mani saw rocks hurtling down the hill and into the river.

“Not a suitable place for a bus stop,” observed Granny, who couldn’t see a thing.
Even as she spoke, a shower of stones and small rocks came clattering down on the roof of the bus. Passengers cried out in alarm. The driver began reversing, as more rocks came crashing down.
A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 2

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

“I never did trust motor roads,” said Granny.
The driver kept backing until they were well away from the landslide. Then everyone tumbled out of the bus. They could tell it would take days to clear the road. Most of the passengers decided to return to Nain with the bus. But a few bold spirits agreed to walk to Mussoorie, taking a short cut up the mountain which would bypass the landslide. Mani looked at Granny. “Shall we go back?”

“It’s only ten miles?” said Granny. “We did that yesterday.”
So they started climbing a narrow path, and by the time they got to the top of the mountain, Granny and Mani were on their own. Their village was hidden by the range to the north. Far below rushed the river. Far above circled a golden eagle.

“Did you bring any food from Uncle’s house?” asked Mani.
“Naturally,” said Granny, “I knew you’d soon be hungry. There are pakoras and buns, and peaches from Uncle’s garden.”
“Good!” said Mani, forgetting his tiredness. “We’ll eat as we go along. We’ll stop when you’re tired, Granny.” “Oh, I can walk forever,” said Granny, laughing. “But not if it’s raining. This umbrella leaks badly.”

Down again they went, and up the next mountain, and over bare windswept hillsides, and up through a dark gloomy deodar forest. And then just as it was getting dark, they saw the lights of Mussoorie twinkling ahead of them.

As they came nearer, the lights increased, until presently they were in a brightly lit bazaar. Jostled in the crowd, Granny kept one hand firmly on Mani’s shoulder so that she did not lose him.

They asked around for the cheapest hotel. But there were no cheap hotels. So they spent the night in a dharamsala adjoining the temple.

Next morning, at the eye hospital, they joined a long queue of patient patients. The eye specialist, a portly man in a suit and tie dealt with the patients in a brisk but kind manner. After an hour’s wait, Granny’s turn came.

The doctor took one horrified look at Granny’s glasses and dropped them in a wastebasket.

Then he fished them out and placed them on his desk and said, “On second thought, I think I’ll send them to a museum. You should have changed your glasses years ago. They’ve probably done more harm than good.”

He examined Granny’s eyes and said, “Your eyes are very weak, but you’re not going blind. We’ll fit you up with a stronger pair of glasses.” Then he placed her in front of a board covered with letters in English and Hindi, large and small, and asked Granny if she could make them out.

“I can’t even see the board,” said Granny. “Well, can you see me?” asked the doctor. “Some of you,” said Granny.

“I want you to see all of me,” said the doctor, and he balanced a wire frame on Granny’s nose and began trying out different lenses.

Suddenly, Granny could see much better. She saw the board and the biggest letters on it.
“Can you see me now?” asked the doctor.
“Most of you”, said Granny. And then added, by way of being helpful, “There’s quite a lot of you to see.”

“Thank you,” said the doctor. “And now turn around and tell me if you can see your grandson.”
Granny turned, and saw Mani clearly for the first time in many years.
“Mani!” she exclaimed, clapping her hands with joy. “How nice you look! What a fine boy I’ve brought up! But you do need a haircut. And a wash. And buttons on your shirt. And a new pair of shoes. Come along to the bazaar!”

“First have your new glasses made,” said Mani, laughing. “Then we’ll go shopping!”
A day later, they were in a bus again. Granny had a window seat, and Mani sat beside her. He had new shoes and Granny had a new umbrella and they had also bought a thick woollen Tibetan pullover for Mani’s father. And seeds and bulbs and a cowbell.

As the bus moved off, Granny looked eagerly out of the window. She could see many things that she hadn’t seen for a long time – distant villages, people working in the fields, milkmen on the road, two dogs rushing along beside the bus, monkeys in the trees, and, most wonderful of all, a rainbow in the sky. She couldn’t see perfectly, of course, but she was very pleased with the improvement.

Mani watched for a time and listened to her excited chatter. Then his head began to nod. It dropped against Granny’s shoulder, and remained there, comfortably supported. The bus swerved and jolted along the winding mountain road – but Mani was fast asleep.
(Adapted)

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

A Long Walk with Granny Summary in Malayalam

Granny could hear the distant, …………………. protested Granny (Textbook Page. 9)
മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് നദിയുടെ വിദൂരമായ ഇരമ്പൽ (distant roar) കേൾക്കാനും, പൈൻ മരത്തിന്റെ സൂചി കളുടെ ഗന്ധം അറിയാനും, പേരക്കുട്ടിയായ മണി യുടെ സാന്നിധ്യം (presence) അനുഭവിക്കാനും കഴിഞ്ഞു. അവർക്ക് നദിയോ മരങ്ങളോ കാണാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞില്ല. മണിയുടെ മൃദുവായ (fuzzy) മുടിയും, ചിലപ്പോൾ അവൻ പുഞ്ചിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ കറു ആ കണ്ണുകളും പല്ലുകളുടെ തിളക്കവും (gleam) മാത്രമേ അവർക്ക് തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞുള്ളൂ. മുത്തശ്ശി ഒരു പഴയ കണ്ണടയാണ് ധരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. പത്ത് വർഷത്തിലേറെയായി അവർ അത് ഉപയോ ഗിക്കുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. അവരുടെ കണ്ണിന്റെ കാഴ്ച ക്രമേണ (steadily) കുറഞ്ഞുവരികയും. കണ്ണട യിൽ ഇപ്പോൾ പോറലുകളും (scratched) പുള്ളി കളും (spotted) വീഴുകയും ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. അതു കൊണ്ട്. അതിലൂടെ വളരെ കുറച്ച് മാത്രമേ അവർ ക്ക് കാണാൻ കഴിയുമായിരുന്നുള്ളൂ. മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണ് പരിശോധിപ്പിച്ച് പുതിയ കണ്ണട വാങ്ങാൻ സമയം അതിക്രമിച്ചെന്ന് (high time) മണിക്കും അവന്റെ അച്ഛനും തോന്നി.

“നമുക്കത് ഗ്രാമത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വാങ്ങാൻ കഴിയില്ലെ ന്ന് നിനക്കറിയാമല്ലോ” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു.

‘മസൂറിയിലെ നേത്രരോഗ ആശുപത്രിയിൽ പോ കേണ്ടിവരും. അതാണ് ഏറ്റവും അടുത്തുള്ള പട്ടണം.’ മണി പറഞ്ഞു.
‘പക്ഷേ അത് രണ്ട് ദിവസത്തെ യാത്രയല്ലേ,’ മുത്തശ്ശി എതിർത്തു (protested).

Granny was looking for excuses …………………. nothing wrong with my legs (Text book page 10)
മുത്തശ്ശി ഓരോരോ ഒഴികഴിവുകൾ നോക്കുകയാ യിരുന്നു. മണിയിൽ നിന്ന് വേർപിരിയാൻ (parted) അവർ ആഗ്രഹിച്ചില്ല. അവന് പതിനൊന്ന് വയ സ്സായിരുന്നു, സ്വന്തം കാര്യങ്ങൾ നോക്കാൻ തികച്ചും കഴിവുള്ളവനുമായിരുന്നു. എന്നാൽ ഒരു വയസ്സു ള്ളപ്പോൾ അമ്മ മരിച്ചത് മുതൽ മുത്തശ്ശിയാണ് അവനെ വളർത്തിയത്. അവർ അവന്റെ അമ്മയുടെ അമ്മയായിരുന്നു, കൂടാതെ കുട്ടിയെയും അച്ഛനെ യും, വീട്ടിലെ പശുക്കളെയും കോഴികളെയും വളരെ ഊർജ്ജസ്വലതയോടെയും അർപ്പണബോധത്തോടെ യും (devotion) പരിപാലിച്ചു.

“എനിക്ക് നന്നായി കാര്യങ്ങൾ നോക്കാൻ കഴിയും”, അവർ പറഞ്ഞു.

“ഇവിടെ നോക്ക്.” മണിയുടെ അച്ഛൻ കർശന മായി (sternly) പറഞ്ഞു. “നിങ്ങളെ തനിച്ച് അയ ക്കുന്നില്ല, ഞാൻ. നിങ്ങളെ മസൂറിയിലേക്ക് ഞാൻ കൊണ്ടുപോകാം.”

“എന്നിട്ട് മണിയെ ഇവിടെ തനിച്ചാക്കാനോ?’ നിങ്ങ ൾക്ക് അങ്ങനെയൊന്ന് ചിന്തിക്കാൻ പോലും എങ്ങ നെ കഴിഞ്ഞു?”

“എന്നാൽ പിന്നെ ഞാൻ മുത്തശ്ശിയെ മുസൂറിയി ലേക്ക് കൊണ്ടുപോകാം,” മണി ആകാംഷയോടെ (eagerly) പറഞ്ഞു. “ഞാൻ മുൻപ് സ്കൂളിലെ കൂട്ടു കാരുടെ കൂടെ മസൂറിയിൽ പോയിട്ടുണ്ട്. നമുക്ക് എവിടെ തങ്ങാൻ പറ്റുമെന്ന് എനിക്കറിയാം. പക്ഷേ അവൻ ഒരു നിമിഷം നിർത്തി, സംശയത്തോടെ (doubtfully) അച്ഛനെയും മുത്തശ്ശിയെയും മാറി മാറി നോക്കി.

“മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് നൈനിലേക്കുള്ള ദൂരം മുഴുവൻ നട ക്കാൻ കഴിയില്ലല്ലോ, അല്ലേ?”

“തീർച്ചയായും എനിക്ക് നടക്കാൻ കഴിയും,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്റെ കണ്ണിന് കാഴ്ച കുറയുന്നുണ്ടാവാം, പക്ഷേ എന്റെ കാലുകൾക്ക് ഒരു കുഴപ്പവുമില്ല!”

But you are seventy, Granny ………………….. on the path to Nain (Text Book Page 10)
“പക്ഷേ മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് എഴുപത് വയസ്സായില്ലേ.”

“അതിനെന്താ? മാത്രമല്ല, നൈനിലേക്ക് ഒരു ഇറക്ക മാണ് (downhill).”

“തിരിച്ചുവരുമ്പോൾ കയറ്റവും (uphill).” “കയറ്റം കൂടുതൽ എളുപ്പമാണ്!” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു.

മണി കൂടെയുണ്ടാകുമെന്ന് (accompanying) അ റിഞ്ഞപ്പോൾ, ആ യാത്ര പോകാൻ അവർ പൂർ ണ്ണമായും തയ്യാറായി. “നമ്മൾ മസൂറിയിലായിരിക്കു മ്പോൾ, കുറച്ച് വിത്തുകളും കിഴങ്ങുകളും (bulbs) വാങ്ങണം. പിന്നെ വെളുത്ത പശുവിന് ഒരു പുതി യ മണിയും. നിന്റെ അച്ഛനൊരു പുൾ ഓവറും (pul lover), നിനക്ക് ഷൂസും.”

“ഒരു നിമിഷം നിൽക്കൂ,” മണിയുടെ അച്ഛൻ പ റഞ്ഞു. “നിങ്ങൾ കണ്ണ് പരിശോധിപ്പിക്കാനാണോ അതോ സാധനങ്ങൾ വാങ്ങാനുള്ളയാത്രയിലാണോ? എന്റെ കയ്യിൽ അധികമായി (to spare) നൂറ് രൂപ യേ ഉള്ളൂ. അതുകൊണ്ട് കാര്യങ്ങൾ നോക്കണം.”

“നമുക്കത് മതിയാവും,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു. “നമുക്ക് ബസ് കാത്തിരിപ്പ് കേന്ദ്രത്തിൽ (bus shelter) ഉറങ്ങാം.”

“വേണ്ട, നമ്മൾ അങ്ങനെയൊന്നും ചെയ്യില്ല,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്റെ കയ്യിൽ സ്വന്തമായി അൻ പത് രൂപയുണ്ട്. നമ്മൾ ഒരു ഹോട്ടലിൽ താമ സിക്കും!”

അടുത്ത ദിവസം അതിരാവിലെ, ഒരു നേരിയ ചാറ്റ ൽ മഴയിൽ (drizzle), മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും നൈ നിലേക്കുള്ള വഴിയിലേക്ക് യാത്ര തിരിച്ചു (set out).

Mani carried a small …….. Mani ran ahead. (Text Book Page 11)
മണി തോളിൽ ഒരു ചെറിയ കിടക്കവിരിപ്പ് (bedding-roll) ചുമന്നിരുന്നു; മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കയ്യിൽ ഒരു വലിയ തുണിസഞ്ചിയും കുടയുമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. “മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് എപ്പോൾ ക്ഷീണം തോന്നുന്നുവോ, അപ്പോൾ നമുക്ക് വിശ്രമിക്കാം,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു. “നമ്മൾ യാത്ര തുടങ്ങിയിട്ടല്ലേയുള്ളൂ, മുത്തശ്ശി പറ ഞ്ഞു. നിനക്ക് വിശക്കുമ്പോൾ നമുക്ക് വിശ്രമിക്കാം!” അധികം സംസാരിക്കാതെ, ഒരേ വേഗതയിൽ (steady pace) അവർ നടന്നു. ഒരു കൂട്ടം തത്തകൾ തലയ്ക്ക് മുകളിലൂടെ വട്ടമിട്ട് പറന്നു (whirled), മ്ലാനമായ (sombre) ആകാശത്ത് ചുവപ്പും പച്ചയും നിറങ്ങൾ മിന്നിമറഞ്ഞു. മഴയുടെ ചീറ്റലും നേർത്ത മുഴക്കവും (patter) അല്ലാതെ മറ്റ് ശബ്ദങ്ങളൊന്നും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല.

മണി ഒരു കുറ്റിച്ചെടിയിൽ നിന്ന് ബ്ലാക്ക്ബെറികൾ പറിക്കാനായി നിന്നു. മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് പഴങ്ങളോട് വലിയ ഇഷ്ടമില്ലായിരുന്നു, അതിനാൽ അവർ നടത്തത്തി ന്റെ വേഗത കുറച്ചില്ല (did not slacken), മുത്ത ശ്ശിക്കൊപ്പം എത്താൻ മണിക്ക് ഓടേണ്ടിവന്നു. താമ സിയാതെ അവന്റെ ചുണ്ടുകൾ പഴച്ചാറ് കൊണ്ട് കരി നീല നിറമായി. മഴ നിന്നു, സൂര്യൻ പുറത്തുവന്നു. അവർക്ക് താഴെ, ഇരുണ്ട പച്ച നിറമുള്ള കാടുകൾക്ക് നടുവിൽ ഇളംപച്ച പാടങ്ങൾ വേറിട്ടുനിന്നു (stood out), കുന്നുകൾ സുവർണ്ണ വെയിലിൽ കുളിച്ചുനി ന്നു (bathed in). മണി മുന്നോട്ട് ഓടി.

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

“Can you see all right, Granny ?” he called…….. themselves speaking. (Text Book page 11,12)
“മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് ശരിക്ക് കാണാമോ?” അവൻ വിളിച്ചു ചോദിച്ചു. “എനിക്ക് വഴിയും നിന്റെ വെള്ള ഷർട്ടും കാണാം. തൽക്കാലത്തേക്ക് അതുമതി.” മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും വഴിയരികിൽ, മന്ത്രിക്കുന്ന പൈൻ മരത്തി ന്റെ തണലിലിരുന്ന് ലഘുവായ ഭക്ഷണം കഴിക്കു കയും ഒരു നീരുറവയിൽ (spring) നിന്ന് വെള്ളം കുടിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. ഉച്ചകഴിഞ്ഞ് അവർ നിന് തൊട്ടുമുകളിലെത്തി. “നമ്മൾ ഏകദേശം എത്തി,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു.“എനിക്ക് അമ്മാവന്റെ വീടിനുത്തു ള്ള അമ്പലം കാണാം.”

“എനിക്കൊന്നും കാണാൻ വയ്യ.” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. അത് കോടമഞ്ഞ് (mist) കാരണമാണ്. താഴ്വരയിൽ (valley) നിന്ന് കനത്ത മഞ്ഞ് പൊങ്ങിവരുന്നുണ്ട്.” നദീതീരത്തുള്ള ചെറിയ കച്ചവടകേന്ദ്രത്തിലേക്ക് പ്ര വേശിച്ചപ്പോൾ മഴ കനത്തു. മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കുട നന്നായി ചോരുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു (leaking). എന്നാൽ താമസിയാതെ അവർ അമ്മാവന്റെ വീട്ടിലിരുന്ന് ദേഹം തുടച്ചുണക്കുകയും, ചൂടുള്ള മധുരമുള്ള പാൽച്ചായ കുടിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. അടുത്ത ദിവസം അതിരാവിലെ എഴുന്നേറ്റ് മണി, പുഴയിൽ കുളി ക്കാനായി ഇടുങ്ങിയ (narrow) തെരുവിലൂടെ ഓടി.

മണി വസ്ത്രം മാറുമ്പോൾ, ഒരു ബസ്സിന്റെ ഉച്ച ത്തിലുള്ള ഹോൺ ശബ്ദം (blare) അവൻ കേട്ടു. അവിടെ ആകെ ഒരു ബസ് മാത്രമേ ഉണ്ടായിരു ന്നുള്ളൂ. മസൂറിയിലേക്ക് പോകുന്നതായിരുന്നു. അവർക്ക് ബസ് കിട്ടാതെ പോകുമോ എന്നോർത്ത് അവൻ കുന്നിൻ ചെരുവിലൂടെ (slope) ഓടിക്കയറി (scampered). എന്നാൽ മുത്തശ്ശി ബസ് സ്റ്റോപ്പിൽ അവനെ കാത്തുനിൽപ്പുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. അവർ അവർക്കുള്ള ടിക്കറ്റുകൾ നേരത്തെ വാങ്ങിയിരുന്നു. ബസ് പഴയതും ഇളകിയാടുന്നതും (rickety) ആയിരുന്നു. അത് വളരെയധികം കിരുകിരു ശബ്ദമുണ്ടാക്കിയതിനാൽ (rattled) യാത്രക്കാർക്ക് അവർ പരസ്പരം സംസാരിക്കുന്നത് കഷ്ടിച്ച് കേൾക്കാമായിരുന്നു.

The driver drove at ……….. rocks came crashing down (Text Book Page 12)
ഡവർ അത്യാവശ്യം വേഗതയിലാണ് ഓടിച്ചി രുന്നത്, ഓരോ വളവ് തിരിയുമ്പോഴും ബസിലുള്ള എല്ലാവരും ആടിയു ലഞ്ഞു. ഈ ബഹള ത്തിനും കോലാഹല ത്തിനും (confusion) ഇടയിലും, മുത്തശ്ശി മണിയുടെ തോളിൽ തലചായ്ച്ച് ഉറങ്ങിപ്പോ യി പെട്ടെന്ന്, ഉരയുന്ന ശബ്ദത്തോടെ (grinding halt) ബസ് നിന്നു.ആളുകൾ അവ രുടെ ഇരിപ്പിടങ്ങളിൽ നിന്ന് മുന്നോട്ട് ആഞ്ഞു പോയി. “എന്താ സംഭവിക്കുന്നത്?” മുത്തശ്ശി ചോദിച്ചു. “നമ്മൾ എത്തിയോ?” “ഇല്ല, എന്തോ വഴി തടഞ്ഞിരിക്കുകയാണ്,” മണി പറഞ്ഞു.

അതൊരു മണ്ണിടിച്ചിലാണ് (landslide)! ആരോ ഉറക്കെ വിളിച്ചു പറഞ്ഞു (exclaimed), എല്ലാ യാത്രക്കാരും പുറത്തേക്ക് നോക്കാനായി ജനലിലൂടെ തലയിട്ടു. അതൊരു വലിയ മണ്ണി ടിച്ചിലായിരുന്നു. മണ്ണും മരങ്ങളും കുറ്റിച്ചെടികളും ഇടിഞ്ഞ്, റോഡ് പൂർണ്ണമായും തടസ്സപ്പെടുത്തി താഴേക്ക് പതിച്ചു. അത് അവിടം കൊണ്ടും തീർന്നിരുന്നില്ല; പാറക്കഷണങ്ങൾ (debris) അപ്പോഴും വീഴുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. പാറകൾ കുന്നിന് മുകളിൽ നിന്ന് പുഴയിലേക്ക് അതിവേഗം പാഞ്ഞു വീഴുന്നത് (hurtling) മണി കണ്ടു. “ഒരു ബസ് സ്റ്റോപ്പിന് പറ്റിയ സ്ഥലമല്ല,” ഒന്നും കാണാൻ കഴിയാതിരുന്ന മുത്തശ്ശി അഭിപ്രായപ്പെട്ടു (ob served). അവർ സംസാരിച്ചുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ തന്നെ, ഒരു കൂട്ടം കല്ലുകളും ചെറിയ പാറകളും ചടപട ശബ്ദത്തോടെ (clattering) ബസിന്റെ മേൽ കൂരയിലേക്ക് വീണു. യാത്രക്കാർ ഭയത്തോടെ (alarm) നിലവിളിച്ചു. കൂടുതൽ പാറകൾ ഇടി ഞ്ഞുവീഴാൻ തുടങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ ഡ്രൈവർ ബസ് പി ന്നോട്ട് എടുക്കാൻ (reversing) തുടങ്ങി.

I never did trust motor roads”…..From uncle’s gardens (Text Book page 13)
എനിക്ക് ഈ മോട്ടോർ വാഹനങ്ങൾ പോകുന്ന വഴികളെ ഒട്ടും വിശ്വാസമില്ല (trust), മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. മണ്ണിടിച്ചിലിൽ നിന്ന് വളരെ ദൂരെ എത്തു ന്നതുവരെ ഡ്രൈവർ വണ്ടി പിന്നോട്ട് എടുത്തു കൊണ്ടിരുന്നു. അതിനുശേഷം എല്ലാവരും ബസ്സിൽ നിന്ന് തിക്കിത്തിരക്കി (tumbled out) പുറത്തിറങ്ങി. റോഡ് ശരിയാക്കാൻ ദിവസങ്ങളെ ടുക്കുമെന്ന് അവർക്ക് മനസ്സിലായി. യാത്രക്കാരിൽ ഭൂരിഭാഗവും ബസിനൊപ്പം നൈനിലേക്ക് മടങ്ങാൻ തിരുമാനിച്ചു. എന്നാൽ ധൈ ര്യശാലികളായ (bold spirits) കുറച്ചുപേർ, മണ്ണിടിച്ചിലിനെ മറികടന്നുപോകുന്ന (bypass) ഒരു കുറുക്കുവഴി യിലൂടെ മലകയറി മുസൂറിയിലേക്ക് നടക്കാൻ സമ്മ തിച്ചു. മണി മുത്തശ്ശിയെ നോക്കി.

“നമുക്ക് തിരിച്ചു പോയാലോ?” വെറും പത്ത് മൈലല്ലേ? മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “അത്രയും ദൂരം നമ്മൾ ഇന്നലെ നടന്ന താണല്ലോ.” അങ്ങനെ അവർ ഒരു ഇടുങ്ങിയ പാത കയറാൻ തുടങ്ങി, അവർ മലയുടെ മുകളിൽ എത്തി യപ്പോഴേക്കും മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും തനിച്ചായി രുന്നു. അവരുടെ ഗ്രാമം വടക്കുള്ള മലനിരകളാൽ മറഞ്ഞിരുന്നു. ദൂരെ താഴെ പുഴ കുതിച്ചൊഴുകി. ദൂരെ മുകളിൽ ഒരു സ്വർണ്ണപ്പരുന്ത് വട്ടമിട്ടു പറന്നു. “അമ്മാവന്റെ വീട്ടിൽ നിന്ന് എന്തെങ്കിലും ഭക്ഷണം കൊണ്ടുവന്നോ?” മണി ചോദിച്ചു. തീർച്ചയായും, മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു, “നിനക്ക് പെട്ടെന്ന് വിശക്കുമെന്ന് എനിക്കറിയാമായിരുന്നു.” പക്കവടയും ബണ്ണും, പിന്നെ അമ്മാവന്റെ തോട്ടത്തിലെ പീച്ച് പഴങ്ങളുമുണ്ട് .

Good” said Mani……………. adjoining the temple. (Text Book page 13)
“കൊള്ളാം!” ക്ഷീണം മറന്നുകൊണ്ട് മണി പറഞ്ഞു. “നമുക്ക് പോകുന്ന വഴിക്ക് കഴിക്കാം. മുത്തശ്ശി ക്ഷീ ണിക്കുമ്പോൾ നമുക്ക് നിർത്താം.” “ഓ, എനിക്ക് എക്കാലവും നടക്കാൻ പറ്റും, മുത്തശ്ശി ചിരിച്ചു കൊണ്ട് പറഞ്ഞു. പക്ഷേ മഴപെയ്യുകയാണെങ്കിൽ പറ്റില്ല. ഈ കുട നന്നായി ചോരുന്നുണ്ട്. വീണ്ടും അവർ ഇറങ്ങി, അടുത്ത മല കയറി, മരങ്ങളില്ലാത്ത കാറ്റടിക്കുന്ന (windswept) കുന്നിൻചെരിവുകൾ കടന്ന്, ഇരുണ്ടതും വിഷാദപൂർണ്ണവുമായ (gloomy) ദേവദാരു വനത്തിലൂടെ മുകളിലേക്ക് പോയി. ഒടുവിൽ ഇരുട്ടായപ്പോൾ, മസൂറിയിലെ ദീപങ്ങൾ അവർക്ക് മുന്നിൽ മിന്നിത്തിളങ്ങുന്നത് (twinkling) അവർ കണ്ടു. അവർ അടുത്തേക്ക് വരുന്തോറും വെളിച്ചം കൂടിവന്നു, താമസിയാതെ അവർ ശോഭ യുള്ള ഒരു കമ്പോളത്തിൽ (bazaar) എത്തി. ആൾ ക്കൂട്ടത്തിൽ ഉന്തുംതള്ളുമേറ്റപ്പോൾ (jostled), മണിയെ നഷ്ടപ്പെടാതിരിക്കാൻ മുത്തശ്ശി ഒരു കൈ കൊണ്ട് അവന്റെ തോളിൽ മുറുകെ പിടിച്ചു. ഏറ്റവും വില കുറഞ്ഞ ഹോട്ടലിനായി അവർ പലയിടത്തും അന്വേഷിച്ചു. എന്നാൽ വില കുറഞ്ഞ ഹോട്ടലുകൾ ഒന്നും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല. അതിനാൽ അവർ ആ രാത്രി അമ്പലത്തോട് ചേർന്നുള്ള (adjoin ഒരു സത്രത്തിൽ (dharamsala) കഴിച്ചുകൂട്ടി.

Next morning, at the eye……………”There’s a quite a lot of you to see (Text Book Page 14)
A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 3
അടുത്ത ദിവസം രാവിലെ, നേത്രരോഗ ആശുപത്രിയി ൽ, ക്ഷമയോടെ കാത്തുനിൽക്കുന്ന രോഗികളുടെ നീണ്ട നിരയിൽ (queue) അവരും ചേർന്നു. സ്യൂട്ടും ടൈയും ധരിച്ച, തടിച്ച (portly) ഒരു നേത്രരോഗ വി ദഗ്ദ്ധൻ, വേഗതയേറിയതും (brisk) എന്നാൽ ദയ യോടെയുമുള്ള രീതിയിലാണ്. രോഗികളുമായി ഇടപെട്ടത്. ഒരു മണിക്കൂർ കാത്തിരുന്നതിന് ശേഷം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ ഊഴമെത്തി, ഡോക്ടർ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണട കണ്ട് ഭയന്നുപോയി (horrified), അതെടുത്ത് ചവറ്റുകുട്ടയിൽ ഇട്ടു, പിന്നെ അതെടുത്ത് (fished them out) തന്റെ മേശപ്പുറത്ത് വെച്ചുകൊണ്ട് പ റഞ്ഞു, “ഒന്നുകൂടി ആലോചിച്ചപ്പോൾ, ഞാനിത് ഒരു മ്യൂസിയത്തിലേക്ക് അയക്കാമെന്ന് തോന്നുന്നു. നിങ്ങളിൽ വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് മുൻപ് മാറ്റേണ്ടതായിരുന്നു. ഇത് ഗുണത്തേക്കാളേറെ ദോഷമാണ് (harm) ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ടാവുക.” അദ്ദേഹം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണു കൾ പരിശോധിച്ചതിന് (examined) ശേഷം പറ ഞ്ഞു, “നിങ്ങളുടെ കണ്ണിന് കാഴ്ച വളരെ കുറവാ ണ് പക്ഷെ കാഴ്ച പൂർണ്ണമായി പോകുന്നില്ല. ഞ ങ്ങൾ കൂടുതൽ ശക്തിയുള്ള ഒരു കണ്ണട വെച്ചുതരാം.”

എന്നിട്ട് വലുതും ചെറുതുമായ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്, ഹിന്ദി അക്ഷരങ്ങളുള്ള ഒരു ബോർഡിന് മുന്നിൽ മുത്തശ്ശിയെ നിർത്തി, അത് തിരിച്ചറിയാൻ (make them out) കഴിയുന്നുണ്ടോ എന്ന് ചോദിച്ചു. “എനിക്ക് ബോർഡ് കാണാൻ പോലും പറ്റുന്നില്ല,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “ശരി, എന്നെ കാണാമോ?” ഡോക്ടർ ചോദിച്ചു. “നിങ്ങളിൽ കുറച്ചുപേരെ കാണാം.” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്നെ മുഴുവനായി കാണണ മെന്നാണ് എന്റെ ആഗ്രഹം.” ഡോക്ടർ പറഞ്ഞു, എന്നിട്ട് അദ്ദേഹം ഒരു വയർ ഫെയിം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ മൂക്കിൻ തുമ്പത്ത് ഉറപ്പിച്ചു (balanced) നിർത്തി ഓരോ ലെൻസുകളായി പരീക്ഷിക്കാൻ തുടങ്ങി. പെട്ടെന്ന്, മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് കാഴ്ച മെച്ചപ്പെട്ടു. അവർക്ക് ബോർഡും അതിലെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ അക്ഷരങ്ങളും കാണാമായിരുന്നു. “ഇപ്പോൾ എന്നെ കാണാമോ?” ഡോക്ടർ ചോദിച്ചു. നിങ്ങളിൽ മിക്കവരെയും കാണ -ാം,” മുത്തശ്ശി പറഞ്ഞു. എന്നിട്ട്, ഒരു സഹായമെന്ന നിലയ്ക്ക് (by way of being helpful) കൂട്ടിച്ചേർത്തു, “കാണാനായി നിങ്ങൾ ഒരുപാടുണ്ടല്ലോ.”

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

“Thank you”, said the doctor. ……….. but mani was fast asleep (Text Book Page 15)
“നന്ദി,” ഡോക്ടർ പറഞ്ഞു. “ഇനി തിരിഞ്ഞുനിന്ന് നിങ്ങളുടെ പേരക്കുട്ടിയെ കാണാൻ കഴിയുന്നുണ്ടോ എന്ന് പറയൂ.” മുത്തശ്ശി തിരിഞ്ഞു, വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേ ഷം ആദ്യമായി മണിയെ വ്യക്തമായി കണ്ടു. “മണീ!” സന്തോഷത്തോടെ കൈകൊട്ടിക്കൊണ്ട് (clapping) അവർ അതിശയത്തോടെ പറഞ്ഞു (exclaimed). “നിന്നെ കാണാൻ എന്തു ഭംഗിയാണ്! എത നല്ല കുട്ടിയെയാണ് ഞാൻ വളർത്തിയത്. പക്ഷേ നിന്റെ മുടി വെട്ടണം. പിന്നെ ഒന്നു കുളിക്കണം. ഷർ ട്ടിൽ ബട്ടൺ വെക്കണം. ഒരു പുതിയ ഷൂസും വേണം .. വാ, കമ്പോളത്തിലേക്ക് പോകാം!” “ആദ്യം മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ പുതിയ കണ്ണട വാങ്ങാം,” മണി ചിരി ച്ചുകൊണ്ട് പറഞ്ഞു. “എന്നിട്ട് നമുക്ക് സാധനങ്ങൾ വാങ്ങാൻ പോകാം!” ഒരു ദിവസത്തിന് ശേഷം, അവർ വീണ്ടും ബസ്സിലായിരുന്നു. മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് ജന ലിന്റെ അടുത്തുള്ള സീറ്റ് കിട്ടി, മണി അവരുടെ അരികിലിരുന്നു.

അവന്റെ കയ്യിൽ പുതിയ ഷൂസും മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കയ്യിൽ പുതിയ കുടയുമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു, കൂടാതെ അവർ മണിയുടെ അച്ഛനുവേണ്ടി കട്ടി യുള്ള കമ്പിളി കൊണ്ടുള്ള ഒരു ടിബറ്റൻ പുൾ ഓവ റും വാങ്ങിയിരുന്നു. അതോടൊപ്പം വിത്തുകളും കിഴങ്ങുകളും ഒരു പശുമണിയും. ബസ് മുന്നോട്ട് നീങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ, മുത്തശ്ശി ആകാംഷയോടെ (eagerly) ജനലിലൂടെ പുറത്തേക്ക് നോക്കി. ഒരുപാട് കാലമായി കാണാതിരുന്ന പലതും അവർക്ക് കാണാ മായിരുന്നു – ദൂരെയുള്ള ഗ്രാമങ്ങൾ, വയലുകളിൽ ജോ ലി ചെയ്യുന്ന ആളുകൾ, വഴിയിലെ പാൽക്കാർ, ബ സിനരികിലൂടെ ഓടുന്ന രണ്ട് നായ്ക്കൾ, മരങ്ങളിലെ കുരങ്ങന്മാർ, എല്ലാത്തിലും അതിശയമായി ആകാ ശത്തൊരു മഴവില്ലും.

അവർക്ക് പൂർണ്ണമായി കാണാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞിരുന്നില്ല, എന്നിരുന്നാലും കാഴ്ച യിലുണ്ടായ ഈ പുരോഗതിയിൽ (improvement) അവർ അതീവ സന്തുഷ്ടയായിരുന്നു (pleased). മണി കുറച്ചുനേരം അത് നോക്കിയിരുന്നു, മുത്ത ശ്ശിയുടെ ആവേശത്തോടെയുള്ള സംസാരം (chatter) അവൻ ശ്രദ്ധിച്ചു. പിന്നെ അവന്റെ തല പതിയെ ആടാൻ (nod) തുടങ്ങി. അത് മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ തോളിലേക്ക് ചാഞ്ഞ്, സുഖപ്രദമായ ഒരു താങ്ങിൽ അവിടെ നിന്നു. വളഞ്ഞുപുളഞ്ഞ വളഞ്ഞുപുളഞ്ഞ (winding) മലപതയിലൂടെ ബസ്സ് വെട്ടിത്തിരിയുകയും (swerved) ശക്തിയായി കുലുങ്ങുകയും (jolted) ചെയ് തുകൊണ്ടിരുന്നു – പക്ഷേ മണി ഗാഢനിദ്രയിലായിരുന്നു.

A Long Walk with Granny by Ruskin Bond About the Author

A Long Walk with Granny Summary Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 4
Ruskin Bond (1934 -) was born at Kasauli, in Himachal Pradesh. For over 50 years, Bond has experimented with different genres of writing including novels, short stories and memoirs. His notable works include The Room on the Roof, Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra, A Flight of Pigeons, The Blue Umbrella, etc. He was awarded the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 1957, the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1992, the Padma Shri in 1999 and the Padma Bhushan in 2014.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Parents often use SCERT Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard English Notes Pdf Unit 1 Chapter 1 A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes to assist their kids with homework.

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Question Answer Activities

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Class 8

8th Standard English A Long Walk with Granny Question Answer

Question 1.
Why couldn’t Granny see properly through her glasses?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മുത്തശ്ശിക്ക് അവരുടെ കണ്ണടയിലൂടെ ശരിക്ക് കാണാൻ കഴിയാഞ്ഞത്?
Answer:
Granny couldn’t see properly because her glasses were very old. They had many scratches and spots on them. Also, her eyesight had become weaker over the ten years she had used them.

Question 2.
Why didn’t Granny want to be parted from Mani?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മുത്തശ്ശി മണിയിൽ നിന്ന് വേർപിരി യാൻ ആഗ്രഹിക്കാഞ്ഞത്?
Answer:
Granny didn’t want to be parted from Mani because she loved him a lot. She had taken care of him like a mother since he was a one-year-old baby after his own mother died.

Question 3.
Do you think Granny was confident about walking to Nain? Give reasons.
നൈനിലേക്ക് നടന്നുപോകുന്ന കാര്യത്തിൽ മുത്ത ശ്ശിക്ക് ആത്മവിശ്വാസമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു എന്ന് നിങ്ങൾ കരു തുന്നുണ്ടോ? കാരണങ്ങൾ നൽകുക.
Answer:
Yes, Granny was very confident about walking. She gave two reasons:

  1. She said that even if her eyes were getting weak, her legs were still very strong.
  2. She also said that the journey was only ten miles, and they had walked that much the day before.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Question 4.
Why does Mani’s father call Granny’s journey to Mussoorie, a shopping trip?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മണിയുടെ അച്ഛൻ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ മുസൂറിയിലേക്കുള്ള യാത്രയെ ഒരു ഷോപ്പിംഗ് ട്രിപ്പ് എന്ന് വിളിച്ചത്?
Answer:
When Granny agreed to go to Mussoorie, she started making a list of many things to buy, like seeds, a bell for the cow, a pullover for Mani’s father, and shoes for Mani. Because she planned to buy so many things, Mani’s father jokingly called her journey a “shopping trip” instead of a trip to the eye hospital.

Question 5.
Why couldn’t Mani keep up with Granny on the walk?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് നടത്തത്തിനിടയിൽ മണിക്ക് മുത്ത ശ്ശിക്കൊപ്പം എത്താൻ കഴിയാഞ്ഞത്?
Answer:
Mani couldn’t keep up with Granny because he stopped on the way to pick wild blackberries from a bush. Granny did not stop and kept walking at her usual speed.

Question 6.
Landslides are becoming more frequent now, aren’t they? Make a list of recent natural calamities. Discuss the possible causes of these.
ഉരുൾപൊട്ടലുകൾ ഇക്കാലത്ത് പതിവാകുകയാണല്ലോ, അല്ലേ? സമീപകാലത്തുണ്ടായ പ്രകൃതി ദുരന്തങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു പട്ടിക തയ്യാറാക്കുക.
Answer:
Yes, natural calamities like landslides are becoming more frequent. Here is a list of some natural calamities:
Floods (വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കം)
Landslides (ഉരുൾപൊട്ടൽ)
Cyclones (ചുഴലിക്കാറ്റ്)
Drought (വരൾച്ച)
Possible causes for these are:
For Landslides: Heavy rain makes the soil on hills loose. Cutting down too many trees (deforestation) also makes the soil weak and causes it to slide down.

For Floods: Very heavy rain for many days can cause rivers to overflow. Sometimes, throwing throwing plastic and waste blocks the drains, which also leads to floods in cities.

Climate Change: Pollution from factories and vehicles is making the earth warmer. This changes our weather and leads to either too much rain (floods) or very little rain (drought).

Question 7.
Sometimes journeys are delayed on account of breakdowns or natural calamities. Narrate your experiences of any of these.
ചിലപ്പോൾ വാഹനങ്ങൾ കേടാകുന്നത് കൊണ്ടോ പ കൃതി ദുരന്തങ്ങൾ കൊണ്ടോ യാത്രകൾ വൈകാറുണ്ട്. ഇത്തരത്തിലുള്ള നിങ്ങളുടെ ഏതെങ്കിലും അനുഭവം വിവരിക്കുക
Answer:
Once, my family and I were going to Wayanad in our car. It started raining very heavily. As we were going up the mountain road, we saw that a big tree had fallen and completely blocked the road. All the cars had to stop. We were delayed by three hours. We waited patiently until the fire force came and cut the tree into small pieces to clear the hot road.

Question 8.
The doctor says he will send Granny’s glasses to the museum. What does he mean?
(ഡോക്ടർ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ കണ്ണട മ്യൂസിയത്തിലേക്ക് അയക്കുമെന്ന് പറയുന്നു. എന്താണ് അദ്ദേഹം അതു കൊണ്ട് അർത്ഥമാക്കുന്നത്?)
Answer:
When the doctor says he will send Granny’s glasses to the museum, he is making a joke. He means that the glasses are so old and useless that they belong in a museum where very old things are kept. It was his way of telling Granny that she should have changed her glasses many years ago.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Question 9.
What was Granny’s reaction when she saw Mani clearly?
(മണിയെ വ്യക്തമായി കണ്ടപ്പോൾ മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ പ്ര തികരണം എന്തായിരുന്നു?)
Answer:
When Granny saw Mani clearly for the first time in many years, she was very happy and full of joy. She exclaimed “Mani!” and clapped her hands. Then, she lovingly told him how nice he looked, but also said that he needed a haircut, a wash, new buttons, and new shoes.

A Long Walk with Granny Class 8 Question Answer – Let’s Rewind

Question 1.
Why does Granny finally agree to travel to Mussoorie?
എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് മുത്തശ്ശി ഒടുവിൽ മുസൂറിയിലേക്ക് പോകാൻ സമ്മതിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
Granny finally agrees to travel to Mussoorie because she learns that her grandson, Mani, will be going with her. She did not want to travel alone or leave Mani behind. When Mani himself offered to take her, she became ready and happy for the journey.

Question 2.
Granny’s courage and determination are evident in the story. Substantiate this statement with instances.
മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ ധൈര്യവും നിശ്ചയദാർഢ്യവും കഥയി ൽ വ്യക്തമാണ്. ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ സഹിതം ഈ പ്രസ് താവനയെ സാധൂകരിക്കുക.)
Answer:
We can see Granny’s courage and determination in many parts of the story.

  1. First, even at the age of seventy, she agrees to undertake a long, two-day journey.
  2. Second, when the bus is stopped by a landslide, she is not scared. She readily agrees to walk ten miles over the mountain to reach Mussoorie.
  3. Third, she walks confidently through hills and forests, saying her legs are strong, which shows her strong will.

Question 3.
How does Mani support Granny during their journey? What does this reveal about his character?
(യാത്രയിലുടനീളം മണി എങ്ങനെയാണ് മുത്തശ്ശിയെ പിന്തുണയ്ക്കുന്നത്? ഇത് അവന്റെ സ്വഭാവത്തെക്കു റിച്ച് എന്ത് വെളിപ്പെടുത്തുന്നു?
Answer:
Mani supports Granny in many loving ways during their journey.

  • He offers to take her to the hospital when his father can’t.
  • He carries her bedding-roll for her.
  • He offers his shoulder for her to rest on while sleeping in the bus.
  • He always thinks about her comfort, telling her they can rest whenever she is tired.

This reveals that Mani is a very loving, caring, and responsible grandson who is deeply attached to his grandmother.

Question 4.
‘A shoulder to rest on is a blessing indeed.’ Don’t you agree? How does the story highlight the bond between generations?
ചായാൻ ഒരു തോൾ തീർച്ചയായും ഒരു അനുഗ്രഹ മാണ്. നിങ്ങൾ യോജിക്കുന്നുണ്ടോ? തലമുറകൾ തമ്മി ലുള്ള ബന്ധത്തെ ഈ കഥ എങ്ങനെയാണ് എടുത്തു കാണിക്കുന്നത്?
Answer:
Yes, I agree completely. It means that having someone to give us emotional and physical support during difficult times is a great comfort and a true blessing.

The story highlights the beautiful bond between generations through Granny and Mani.

  • Granny raised and cared for Mani his whole life.
  • Now, Mani takes care of his grandmother on their difficult journey. He provides physical support by carrying things and giving her his shoulder, and emotional support by staying with her. They love and depend on each other, showing a strong and beautiful connection that crosses generations.

A Long Walk with Granny Activities

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Activities Pdf – Let’s recall and recreate

Activity 1

A. Read the following excerpt from, ‘A Long Walk with Granny.’
The rain stopped and the sun came out. Below them, the light green of the fields stood out against the dark green of the forests, and the hills were bathed in golden sunshine.

B. Granny and Mani stand on the summit of the peak on their way to Nain. They look around. Mani is really amazed by the beauty of the scene. Imagine this is the view.
A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 1
This is how he describes the place to a friend.

The view of the snow-capped peaks, the rocky terrain and the crystal-clear water in the river nearby were just breathtaking. A beam of light coming through the white clouds spread its brilliance all around. The tall dark green trees seemed glowing too. The misty morning was giving way to a brighter day. The vast valley was filled with wonderful green shades, all of which were mesmerising.

Now, let’s list the words/phrases that helped Mani describe the place in the table below. One has been done for you.
A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 2
Answer:

Describing words/ Phrases Nouns described
snow-capped peak
rocky terrain
crystal-clear water
tall dark green trees
misty morning
vast valley

C. Now let’s try to describe the place given below using suitable descriptive adjectives.
A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus 3
Answer:
This is a picture of a beautiful meadow. A narrow path goes through the lush green grass. On the left, there is a lovely green tree, and on the right, there is a bright, golden-yellow tree. The sky above is blue with fluffy white clouds. The whole place looks very peaceful and calm.

A Long Walk with Granny Questions and Answers Activities Notes Class 8 English Kerala Syllabus

Class 8 English A Long Walk with Granny Question Answer – Activity 2

A. Granny and Mani return after their thrilling experience of walking and exploring the surroundings. At home, Mani shares his experience with his father. Write the likely narrative.
നടത്തത്തിന്റെയും ചുറ്റുപാടുകൾ കണ്ടതിന്റെയും ആവേശക രമായ അനുഭവത്തിന് ശേഷം മുത്തശ്ശിയും മണിയും തിരിച്ചെ ത്തുന്നു. വീട്ടിൽ വെച്ച്, മണി തന്റെ അനുഭവം അച്ഛനുമായി പങ്കുവെക്കുന്നു. ആ വിവരണം എഴുതുക.
Answer:
Father, you won’t believe the adventure Granny and I had! The journey to Mussoorie was so exciting. On the way, our bus had to stop because of a huge land- slide. The road was blocked! But Granny was so brave. We decided to walk the rest of the way, just like we did the day before. We stayed in a dharamsala near a temple. The next day, we met the doctor. He gave Granny new glasses, and now she can see everything clearly! She was so happy when she saw me properly. On the way back, she looked out of the window and was amazed to see the distant villages and even a rainbow. It was a long walk, but it was the best journey ever.

B. The eye-specialist couldn’t forget Granny and his interaction with her. He recollects the encounter in his diary. Write the likely diary entry.
നേത്രരോഗ വിദഗ്ദ്ധന് മുത്തശ്ശിയെയും അവരുമായുള്ള സംഭാഷണവും മറക്കാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞില്ല. അദ്ദേഹം ആ കൂടിക്കാഴ്ചയെക്കുറിച്ച് തന്റെ ഡയറിയിൽ ഓർത്തെഴുതുന്നു. ആ ഡയറിക്കുറിപ്പ് എഴുതുക.
Answer:
Wednesday, June 11, 2025
Dear Diary,

Today, I met a very memorable patient. An old woman came with her young grandson, Mani. When I saw her glasses, I was shocked! They were so old and scratched, they belonged in a museum. I joked with her about it. She was a woman of great spirit and courage. When I was testing her eyes, she gave the funniest answers. When she finally wore the new glasses and saw her grandson’s face clearly for the first time in years, the look of pure joy on her face was priceless. It’s days like these that make my job so special. I will not forget her soon.

C. Have you recently visited a tourist spot or a place that caught your attention with its beauty? Attempt a descriptive paragraph on the spot you visited.
നിങ്ങൾ ഈയടുത്ത് ഏതെങ്കിലും വിനോദസഞ്ചാര കേന്ദ്രമോ അതിന്റെ ഭംഗികൊണ്ട് നിങ്ങളുടെ ശ്രദ്ധ പിടി ച്ചുപറ്റിയ സ്ഥലമോ സന്ദർശിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടോ? നിങ്ങൾ സന്ദർ ശിച്ച ആ സ്ഥലത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് ഒരു വർണ്ണനാപരമായ ഖണ്ഡി ക എഴുതുക.
Answer:
Last Sunday, I visited Kozhikode beach my family. The beach looked beautiful in the evening light. The vast sea stretched out before me, and the waves made a loud roaring sound as they hit the shore. The sand was soft and golden under my feet. I saw the sun setting in the west, painting the sky with bright orange and red colours. The old, rusty sea piers stood like silent giants in the water. We ate some delicious hot snacks from a small shop while enjoying the cool, salty sea breeze. It was a very beautiful and memorable evening.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

By reviewing Kerala Syllabus 8th Standard Social Science Notes Pdf and Class 8 Social Science Chapter 1 Invasion and Resistance Notes Questions and Answers Kerala SCERT Solutions, students can improve their conceptual understanding.

Class 8 Social Science Chapter 1 Invasion and Resistance Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science Invasion and Resistance Notes Questions and Answers

Class 8 Social Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Kerala Syllabus

Question 1.
Observe the map and find the following
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 1
a. The starting point of Vasco da Gama’s voyage
b. The place where Vasco da Gama arrived
c. The oceans and continents he traversed
Answer:
a. Lisbon in Portugal
b. Kappad near Kozhikode
c. Continents: Europe, Asia and Africa
Oceans: Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean

Question 2.
Find and list the Malayaiam names of the things given in the picture.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 2
Answer:

  • Table (mesha)
  • Chair (kasera)
  • Almarah (alamara)
  • Window (janala)
  • Pen (pena)
  • Sack (chakku)

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

Question 3.
This is a picture from Hortus Malabaricus. Identify the plant.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 3
Answer:
Caryota urens Fishtail palm (Panankula)

Question 4.
Look at the given map and find the major centres under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch and French.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 4
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 5
Answer:

Portuguese Dutch French
• Kochi • Nagapattanam • Pondicherry
• Goa • Chinsurah • Pondicherry
• Daman • Ahmedabad • Yanam
• Diu • Bharuch • Mahe

Question 5.
Discuss how the Company attained dominance in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta and interfered in the administration of these territories.
Answer:
The East India Company first came to India for trade, but slowly started gaining power in different parts of the country. In Madras (Chennai), they built Fort St. George and supported local kings in wars to gain more control. In Bombay (Mumbai), the British got the land from the Portuguese as a gift to their king and gave it to the Company. The Company turned Bombay into a strong trading and military center. In Calcutta (Kolkata), they built Fort William and began trading in Bengal. Later, they defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. This gave them control over Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, they got the right to collect taxes in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. With more money and a strong army, the Company started interfering in the administration, removing local rulers, and taking charge of running the regions. This is how the Company slowly became powerful and started ruling parts of India.

Question 6.
Discuss and prepare a note on how the economic policies of the British affected the farmers and artisans.
Answer:
With the introduction of the British tax system, farmers were forced to take loans from moneylenders so as not to lose their agricultural land. This resulted in farmers falling into debt traps. Moneylenders had the power to seize the land of these farmers. Instead of food crops, the British forced the farmers to grow cash crops such as indigo and cotton, which they needed. The spread of cash crops also led to reduced production of food crops, which led to food shortages. This increased commercialisation of agriculture helped the moneylenders exploit the farmers. After the harvest, the farmers were forced to sell the agricultural products at whatever price they could get. Machine-made products from Britain were imported into India. Due to competition with similar products, the market for handicrafts, including cotton-silk-wool clothes, pottery, leather, and edible oil, was lost. This led to the loss of employment for those engaged in handicrafts. Many were forced to give up their traditional occupations.

Question 7.
Prepare a flowchart of the main events of the English East India Company’s dominance in India and display it in the class.
Answer:
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 6

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

Question 8.
Following was an excerpt from Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s Bengali novel Anandamath. Discuss the plight of the people of Bengal at that time from the novel Anandamath and the circumstances that led to it.

When monks also became warriors
Summer in 1773… Padachinha, a village in Bengal… When it rained, the people felt comforted and rejoiced. But the rain suddenly stopped. The crops dried up. There was famine. The government did not stop collecting taxes… They ran around collecting taxes and arrears in a compulsory fashion. Bengal went through a miserable phase. People suffered. They sold their cattle. Then, they sold their tools used for agriculture. They even sold the seeds; then their jewellery and utensils. Some had to even remove the doors of their houses and sell them. After all, human beings have no value in the market. Therefore, nobody could sell them in the market. The villagers plucked the grass, leaves and dug up tubers and ate them… They even satisfied their hunger by eating rats, cats and dogs… Diseases spread-fever, plague and smallpox spread like the wild wind. There was no one to take care of the sick or even bury the dead. Dead bodies were left to rot in houses.

Courtesy: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Anandamath
7th ed D. C Books

Answer:

  • In 1773, Bengal faced a severe famine due to failed rains. Crops dried up, and there was no food.
  • The British government continued to collect heavy taxes.
  • People sold their cattle, tools, seeds, jewellery even house doors to survive.
  • They ate grass, leaves, tubers, rats, cats, and dogs out of hunger.
  • Deadly diseases like fever, plague, and smallpox spread rapidly.
  • There was no help for the sick or to bury the dead; bodies rotted in homes.

Question 9.
When the forest woke up

The Santhals displayed the most adventurous courage. They did not want to surrender even though they did not know when they would be caught and killed. Once, forty-five Santhals took shelter in a mud hut and fought against the British soldiers. The British soldiers fired indiscriminately at the hut. Each time, the Santhals responded with arrows. When the soldiers finally stopped firing and entered the hut, they found only one old man alive, and a soldier asked him to surrender. Then the old man rushed and cut him down with his axe.

Bipan Chandra – India’s Struggle for Independence

Above is a note that shows the bravery of the Santhal tribal people. Why do you think, the Santhal people fought against the British?
Answer:

  • The Santhal people fought against the British because:
  • The British took away their land and gave it to moneylenders and landlords.
  • The Santhals were treated unfairly and had to pay high taxes.
  • They were cheated and forced to work in bad conditions.
  • They wanted to protect their land, freedom, and way of life.
  • They were brave and did not want to surrender to injustice.

Question 10.
These are the words about the bravery of Kunwar Singh who fought against the British in the revolt of 1857.

“When Kunwar and his group started moving towards the middle of the river, the English soldiers started firing from the land. Kunwar Singh’s left arm was shot and was broken and hung. Kunwar Singh, the hero did not hesitate to take the dagger that was shielded in his waist and cut off his useless arm. “I offer this to Mother Ganga,” he said and threw the severed arm into the river.

K.S.I.C.L-History of National Freedom Struggle for Children.

Why did Kunwar Singh fight against the British?
Answer:
Kunwar Singh fought against the British in the Revolt of 1857 because he wanted to protect his kingdom and freedom. The British were taking away land and disrespecting Indian traditions. Even though he was old, Kunwar Singh showed great bravery and joined the fight to end British rule in India.

Question 11.
Complete the flow chart by analysing the revolts that took place in India against the British.
Answer:
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 7

Question 12.
Discuss how the Indian Princely states were captured by the British with the Subsidiary Alliance Policy and the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
The British used two main policies to capture Indian princely states:

  • Subsidiary Alliance Policy: Introduced by Lord Wellesley. According to this, Indian kings had to keep British soldiers in their kingdoms and pay for their expenses. They could not make decisions or alliances without British permission. If they broke the rules, the British took over their state.
  • Doctrine of Lapse: Introduced by Lord Dalhousie. If a king died without a natural (biological) son, his kingdom would be taken over by the British. Adopted sons were not accepted as heirs.

Using these two policies, the British slowly took control of many Indian states.

Class 8 Invasion and Resistance Questions and Answers Extended Activities

Question 1.
Read the accounts of foreigners who visited India before the Portuguese and find out their itineraries, travelogues, etc. and prepare a magazine.
Answer:
(Hints: Based on the following information, prepare a magazine.)

Traveller Country Period Book Notes
Megasthenes Greece Around 300 BCE Indica Described India’s society, administration, and cities.
Fa-Hien (Faxian) China 5th Century CE Record of Buddhist Kingdoms Wrote about Indian cities, Buddhism, and social life.
Al-Biruni Persia (Iran) 11th Century Tahqiq-i-Hind Studied Indian science, astronomy, and culture.
Ibn Battuta Morocco 14th Century Rihla (The Journey) Describe the court, cities, and lifestyle of India.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

Question 2.
Prepare an article by gathering news and pictures from various sources on peasant, tribal and women’s movements in various parts of India against the British.
Answer:
(Hints)
1. Peasant Movements
Indigo Revolt (1859 – 60) Bengal: Indigo farmers were forced to grow indigo instead of food crops.
Deccan Riots (1875) – Maharashtra: Poor peasants were burdened by taxes and loans.

2. Tribal Movements
Santhal Rebellion (1855 – 56) – Jharkhand/Bihar

  • Santhals rebelled against British officials, landlords, and moneylenders.
  • Led by brothers Sidhu and Kanhu.
    Munda Uprising (1899 – 1900) – Jharkhand
  • Led by Birsa Munda, a tribal leader and freedom fighter.

3. Women’s Role in the Freedom Movement
Rani Lakshmi Bai – 1857 Revolt: Queen of Jhansi who fought bravely against the British.
Tribal Women in Revolts

  • Women also joined in tribal uprisings like the Santhal and Munda rebellions.
  • Fought side by side with men using bows, axes, and stones.
    Durgabai Deshmukh, Sarojini Naidu, and Kasturba Gandhi
  • Took part in civil disobedience and protests.
  • Worked to improve education and health for women during the freedom struggle.

Question 3.
Create a digital album of 1857 revolt centres and leaders.
Answer:
(Based on the given hints, prepare a digital album)

Place Leader of revolt
Delhi Bahadur shah jafar, Baku singh
Kanpur Nana Sahib
Lucknow Begam Hazrat Mahal and Birjis Qadar
Jhansi Laxmi Bai
Bihar Kuar Singh
Allahadbad Liyakat Ali

Question 4.
Prepare a screenplay for a documentary based on the anti-British revolts in India.
Answer:
Title: “India’s Voice of Rebellion”
Scene 1: Beginning of Revolt
Visuals: Mangal Pandey refusing to load greased cartridge.
Narration: “In 1857, Mangal Pandey lit the spark of India’s first major revolt against British rule.”

Scene 2: Soldiers and Kings Join
Visuals: Soldiers marching to Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar declared emperor.
Narration: “Indian soldiers and rulers united. The 1857 revolt spread across North India.”

Scene 3: Peasants Rise Up
Visuals: Indigo farmers protesting, burning tax records.
Narration: “Peasants fought against unfair taxes and forced farming. Their ploughs became their protest.”

Scene 4: Tribal Revolts
Visuals: Santhal warriors, Birsa Munda addressing tribals.
Narration: “Tribal heroes like Sidhu, Kanhu, and Birsa Munda stood up to protect their land and people.”

Scene 5: Women in Freedom Struggle
Visuals: Rani Lakshmi Bai fighting, women in protests.
Narration: “Women like Rani Lakshmi Bai, Sarojini Naidu, and Kasturba Gandhi played a brave role in the fight.”

Closing Scene
Visuals: Indian flag waving, freedom fighters.
Narration: “From farmers to queens, India’s people fought with courage. Their sacrifice brought us freedom.”

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Pdf

Std 8 Social Science Invasion and Resistance Notes

  • The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea.
  • Vasco da Gama from Portugal was the first to reach India by sea. In 1498, he reached Kappad near Kozhikode.
  • Europeans had trade relations with other parts of the world from ancient times. Asia was also included in this.
  • The Kunjali Marakkars protected the Zamorin and the western coast from the attacks of the Portuguese. Kunjali Marakkar was a designation.
  • The Europeans who came to India after the Portuguese were from Holland (Netherlands). They are also known as the Dutch.
  • After the Dutch, the British (English) and then the French came to India for trade.
  • The wars fought between the British and the French for dominance in South India are known as the Carnatic Wars.
  • The British established political dominance in India with the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
  • With the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the right to collect taxes in the provinces of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
  • The poor peasants and labourers fought against the British, and this revolt was supported by the sannyasies. So, these are known as Sannyasi Rebellion.
  • The Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal was the most important agrarian revolt against the British colonial rule.
  • ‘Ulgulan’ was a tribal riot that took place in the last decade of the nineteenth century. It is commonly known as Munda Rebellion.
  • Poligar: The English word ‘poligar’ is derived from the Tamil word ‘palayakkar,’ meaning camp or military camp.
  • The Attingal revolt happened in 1727.
  • Kittoor Rani Chennamma was a brave woman who took up arms and fought against the British.
  • The Subsidiary Alliance Policy was a plan implemented by Lord Wellesley.
  • Doctrine of Lapse enacted by Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General.
  • First War of Independence: The Revolt of 1857.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter, “Invasion and Resistance,” discusses how the British arrived in India and how the Indian people resisted them. In the beginning, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea to trade. Later, the British East India Company also came for trade, but slowly they began to take control of Indian land and power. They made unfair agreements like the Subsidiary Alliance Policy, which forced Indian kings to keep British soldiers in their kingdoms. They also used the Doctrine of Lapse to take over kingdoms when a king had no son. Many Indian rulers lost their power. Farmers were forced to grow crops for the British and pay heavy taxes. Tribal people lost their forests and lands. Indian traditions were also disrespected. Because of all this, many people, kings, peasants, tribals, and even women like Rani Lakshmi Bai rose in rebellion. These revolts showed the bravery and unity of Indians who wanted freedom from British rule.

VOYAGE OF THE PORTUGUESE TO INDIA

  • The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea.
  • Vasco da Gama from Portugal was the first to reach India by sea. In 1498, he reached Kappad near Kozhikode.
  • Europeans had trade relations with other parts of the world from ancient times. Asia was also included in this.
  • These connections led to the discovery of an eastward sea route from Europe by the end of the fifteenth century. The main reasons for this are as follows:
    • Technological advances in European shipbuilding and sailing.
    • Growth in knowledge about geography.
    • Advances made in compass and map making.
    • Travel writings by voyagers provided knowledge about new territories and their wealth.
    • The commercial market for Asian products like pepper in Europe.
    • Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks.

At that time, Kozhikode was ruled by the Zamorin dynasty. The Arabs controlled the foreign trade with Kozhikode. The Zamorin did not accept the demand of the Portuguese to expel the Arabs and grant them exclusive trading rights. Vasco da Gama returned home with goods worth sixty times more than the cost of his journey. The Zamorin did not give the Portuguese a monopoly in trade. This led to conflicts between the Zamorin and the Portuguese. The Portuguese had to face stiff resistance from the Kunjali Marakkars, who were the naval chiefs of the Zamorin. After the era of Kunjali Marakkars, the Portuguese did not face much threat from India.

The ships of Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama and his crew reached India with three ships named Sao Gabriel, Sao Raphael and Berrio.

Kunjali Marakkar

  • The Kunjali Marakkars protected the Zamorin and the western coast from the attacks of the Portuguese. Kunjali Marakkar was a designation.
  • Four people have occupied this position at different times.
  • Kunjali III defeated the Portuguese and captured Fort Chalium. Kunjali IV was executed by the Portuguese in Goa.
  • With the fall of the Kunjalis, the decline of the Zamorin also began.

The contact between India and the Portuguese resulted in Malayalam receiving words from the Portuguese language. The impact of Portuguese contact in India in different areas:

Political field Agricultural sector Knowledge sector Cultural sector
• The regions of Kochi, Goa, Daman and Diu came, under the rule of the Portuguese. • Cashew tree (parangi mavu), papaya, guava (perakka) and pineapple were introduced. • Printing technology was popularised.
• Training was given in war tactics and European weapons
• The first European Fort in India (Fort Manuel), was established in Kochi.
• Art forms such as Chavittunatakam and Margamkali were popularised.
• The European style of construction was started.
• Christian religious education centres were started.

THE DUTCH

  • The Europeans who came to India after the Portuguese were from Holland (Netherlands). They are also known as the Dutch.
  • Nagapattinam, Bharuch, Ahmedabad and Chinsura were the major trading centres of the Dutch in India.
  • The Dutch defeated the Portuguese in their competition for monopoly in trade.

BATTLE OF COLACHEL
In 1741, Marthandavarma, who ruled Travancore, clashed with the Dutch at Colachel near Kanyakumari. With the defeat in this war, the Dutch lost their supremacy in India. This was the first battle in which a European power lost to an Indian ruler.

HORTUS MALABARICUS

  • The greatest contribution of the relationship with the Dutch is the work Hortus Malabaricus.
  • Information about seven hundred and forty-two medicinal plants of Kerala is presented in this book.
  • Hendrik van Rheed, the then-Dutch governor, was the compiler of this work.
  • Itti Achuthan, an indigenous medical practitioner, helped him in this composition.
  • Appu Bhat, Ranga Bhat and Vinayaka Bhat also contributed to the composition of this work. Hortus Malabaricus was the first book to be printed with some Malayalam words. This work was translated into Malayalam and English by Dr. K. S. Manila).

THE FRENCH

  • After the Dutch, the British (English) and then the French came to India for trade.
  • The wars fought between the British and the French for dominance in South India are known as the Carnatic Wars.
  • The British won in this decisive war. As a result, French dominance was reduced to Pondicherry (Pudhucherry), Yanam, Karaikal and Mahe.

Carnatic War

The wars fought between the British and the French in India are known as the Carnatic Wars. These battles took place in the Carnatic region which included a major portion of the present-day Tamil Nadu and the coastal areas of Southern Andhra Pradesh. There were three Carnatic War.

FROM TRADE TO POWER

  • The British established political dominance in India with the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
  • The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, was defeated in this battle by the forces of the East India Company led by Robert Clive.
  • Land taxes in agriculturally rich Bengal helped the British build up their military power and raise money to conquer the rest of the country.
  • With the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the right to collect taxes in the provinces of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
  • The British defeated the combined forces of the Mughal ruler Shah Alam II, the Nawab of Oudh, Shujaud-Daulah and the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim in this battle.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 8

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

PRINCELY STATES AND THE COMPANY

  • The princely states of India were subjugated by the British through wars and diplomacy.
  • The Anglo-Mysore Wars were fought between the southern princely state of Mysore and the English East India Company. The Mysore army was led by Hyder Ali who was the ruler of Mysore and his son Tipu Sultan.
  • After Hyder Ali’s death in 1782, Tipu Sultan commanded the Mysore forces. In the Fourth Mysore War of 1799, Mysore fell when Tipu Sultan was killed by the Company forces.
  • The Anglo-Maratha Wars were fought between the East India Company and the Marathas. After the Third War, the Maratha lands came under British control.
  • The Anglo-Sikh Wars led to the defeat of the Sikhs, and Punjab also came under British rule.

The Tax policies implemented by the British

Tax Implemented areas Executed persons Features
Permanent land revenue settlement (1793) Bengal
Bihar
Orissa
Lord Cornwallis • The zamindars, who were the landlords, collected high taxes on behalf of the British.
• Farmers were required to pay a fixed amount as tax regardless of fluctuations in yield.
Ryotwari System (1820) South India
Deccan
Thomas Munro Alexander Reed • Peasants were considered as landlords.
• The British collected taxes directly from the farmers.
• The British seized the land of farmers who failed to pay taxes.
Mahalwari system (1822) North India
Central India
Punjab
Holt Mackenzie • The village was treated as a unit, and tax was collected.
• The village that defaulted in tax payment was annexed to British India.

General features of the taxation systems implemented by the British
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 9
The new legal system and land tax systems of the British encouraged moneylenders. Instead of food crops, the British forced the farmers to grow cash crops such as indigo and cotton, which they needed. The spread of cash crops also led to reduced production of food crops, which led to food shortages. This increased commercialisation of agriculture helped the moneylenders exploit the farmers. After the harvest, the farmers were forced to sell the agricultural products at whatever price they could get.

British tax policies affected farmers by following ways:

  • Farmers found it difficult to pay the high taxes.
  • Even if crops were damaged due to flood or drought, there was no tax relief
  • Farmers had to rely on moneylenders to avoid losing their farmland
  • Debt-ridden farmers lost their land
    • Like the peasants, the British policies also made the lives of artisans miserable. Machine-made products from Britain were imported into India.
    • Due to competition with similar products, the market for handicrafts, including cotton-silk-wool clothes, pottery, leather, and edible oil, was lost.
    • This led to the loss of employment for those engaged in handicrafts. Many were forced to give up their traditional occupations.

RESISTANCE AGAINST EXPLOITATION

  • The economic policies of the British adversely affected various sections of the population in India. People rioted against them.
  • The East India Company made no effort to solve the problem of famine in Bengal.
  • Hence, the poor peasants and labourers fought against the British, and this revolt was supported by the sannyasies. So, these are known as Sannyasi Rebellion.
  • Along with the sannyasies, the Fakirs also joined the revolt against the British, and so, this revolt is also called the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion. Bhavani Pathak and Majnu Shah led the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 10

FROM AGRICULTURE TO REBELLION

  • The Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal was the most important agrarian revolt against the British colonial rule.
  • It was under the leadership of Digambar Biswas and Vishnu Biswas that the revolt started.
  • As riots spread across Bengal, farmers abandoned their indigo cultivation. Indico factories were then attacked.
  • When farmers resistance became strong, planters closed down the factories and indigo cultivation almost disappeared from Bengal.

The Santhals launched their struggles against the British in 1855 by mobilising the tribal people against the injustices they faced. Sidhu and Kanhu, who led these riots, were killed by the British. Although the rebellion was brutally suppressed, the Santhal Rebellion became an important chapter in the history of tribal resistance.
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 11

ULGULAN (THE GREAT TUMULT)

  • ‘Ulgulan’ was a tribal riot that took place in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
  • It is commonly known as Munda Rebellion.
  • The word ‘ulgulan’ means ‘great uproar’ or ‘great upheaval’.
  • The rebellion was led by Birsa Munda, who sought to break British colonial rule and establish a Munda kingdom (Mundarajya) in the Munda tribal areas of present-day Jharkhand.

Reasons for the rebellion:

  • British colonial exploitation and land grabbing
  • financial exploitation by moneylenders and merchants

Suppression of the rebellion by the British: In 1899, the Munda tribe started an armed rebellion against the British. There were clashes with the British police at many places, and many Munda tribesmen were killed in the firing in Ranchi. Birsa Munda was imprisoned and died there. The Munda Rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British.

Kurichiya Rebellion, Pahariya Rebellion, Kol Rebellion, Bhil Rebellion and Khasi Rebellion are some of the tribal rebellions that took place in different parts of India against the British.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

THE UPROAR OF BATTLE

  • The policies of the British also affected the Poligars, the military leaders of Tamil Nadu.
  • Poligar: The English word ‘poligar’ is derived from the Tamil word ‘palayakkar,’ meaning camp or military camp.
  • Veerapandya Kattabomman, a poligar of Panchalam Kurichi at Tirunelveli, and Marut Pandya brothers, poligars of Sivagangai, played an important role in the struggle against the British.

The poligar was also responsible for collecting taxes from the people. The ruler of Panchalam Kurichi surrendered to the British, but Kattabomman was not willing to do so. The British further burdened the people by increasing the existing taxes. The fact that Kattabomman questioned the tax collection by the British made him their enemy.

Kattabomman and the Marut Pandya brothers, who were poligars, of Sivagangai fought against the British and died as heroes.

THE ATTINGAL REVOLT
Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 12
A British contingent of one hundred and forty led by Gifford arrived to give gifts to the Attingal Rani, despite the opinion that was sufficient to give gifts only through the landlords This move led to a big conflict. The contingent was attacked and killed by the locals without any distinction of class, colour, caste and religion. Moreover, the British fort at Anchuthengu was surrounded and blockaded. The Attingal Revolt is significant as the first organised popular uprising against the British rule in Kerala.

THE ONWARD MOVEMENT OF WOMEN

  • Kittoor Rani Chennamma was a brave woman who took up arms and fought against the British.
  • Kittur was a princely state in Karnataka that recognised the supremacy of the Maratha rule.
  • When the British won the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Kittur area came under the control of the English East India Company. The ruler of Kittur was Sivalinga Rudradesai.
  • After his death, Chennamma, his widow, decided to adopt a boy. This was prevented by the English East India Company, which annexed Kittur to British India. Provoked by this, Rani Chennamma of Kittoor declared war against the British. Rani Chennamma died in 1829 while in British custody.

Many parts of India were against the English East India Company. The Company troops suppressed all such struggles. What happened in 1857 was an organised rebellion in India against British imperialism. Therefore, historians consider this revolt as India’s first struggle for independence. It was the first anti- British struggle in which various sections of the society, including natives, peasants, artisans, native kings, soldiers, and landlords took part. Administrative reforms implemented by the British led to the revolt. Two such British policies included the Subsidiary Alliance Policy and the Doctrine of Lapse.

THE SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE POLICY

  • The Subsidiary Alliance Policy was a plan implemented by Lord Wellesley who was the then Governor- General, for the expansion of the British empire in India and to strengthen its sovereignty.
  • According to this, the princely states entering into a military alliance with the British had to follow certain conditions. If these conditions were violated, the princely states would be annexed by the British.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 13

THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE

  • If the ruler of a princely state died without male heirs, there was a practice of finding a boy from another family as the heir.
  • However, the king’s power to adopt was abolished under the Doctrine of Lapse enacted by Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General.
  • In the absence of an heir, the princely state would fall under the control of the English East India Company.
  • Many princely states were annexed to British India under these two policies. The princely state of Awadh (Oudh) was also annexed to British India on charges of misrule.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1 14

  • Another reason for the Revolt of 1857 was the dissatisfaction of the Indian soldiers of the East India Company with the British.

Invasion and Resistance Class 8 Notes Questions and Answers Social Science Chapter 1

PATRIOTS FOUGHT AGAINST THE BRITISH

Venue of the Rebellion Persons who led the rebellion Features
Delhi Bahadur Shah II • The rebels declared him the Emperor of India
• After the revolution, the British exiled him to Rangoon.
General Bakht Khan • Military general of Bahadur Shah II
Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai • Ruler of Jhansi
Kanpur Nana Sahib • Ruler of Maratha
Tantia Tope • Nana Sahib’s army chief
• Practised guerilla warfare
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal • Ruler of Oudh
Ara in Bihar Kunwar Singh • Farmer lord of Jagdishpur

Limitations of the Revolt of 1857

  • The rebellion was confined to a few parts of northern India.
  • The rebellion had no organised leadership.
  • The Company army had more improvised military and organisational skills than the mutineers.
  • The middle class in India generally did not support the rebellion.
  • A section of princely rulers abstained from the rebellion.

Impact of the Revolt of 1857 in Indian History

  • The English East India Company’s rule in India ended.
  • The administration of India came under the direct control of the British Queen.
  • The position of Governor-General was replaced by Viceroy.
  • It inspired India’s later national movements.

Foreigners who came for trade gained political power in India. The subsequent national struggles were fuelled by the resistance and movements of people in various regions of India against this.